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Voihnitakottiosi TURAL HI PTORY CANAGONA WILADCZa4. voihnitaK ottiosi • .7° erc I a IMO% 0‘ 11 a 111 #141..■ V .4 t - - ° , . ,.. ...it. **.t. ,:- ■■,4 • . t •• — a , -. , ."; * -- . .• • - . 7.-7- ;„_*^C. 7,1. -- - :*:::2 -::' ::-. .-'Z ..- ...# "`..,...-- 4*-'- *-...1 •-- TA '' .gs"i".',..•'...z'.,:z.' • `•*: "*-- ".**, **-,-;. 4 ......, - ,... -,„,_.,...,.,.... z.,, .....4 s- --.... ----- •- ...e -. • _ ,-....0-1c 4.. .,. ..--.." ..,k ..: ,....... - •---..---_ ,..., .... ;••••• 4 4.:4,..A% qw,lb.......... r,,,....._-."•-----.. , - - --. „ ..r........ , ..... -..,........ ....... _ I ..:11i,,,, ..- *. p ,..".„. --, , - ...1 ..,. '"" .......... - ...;,. ..P..** .... •,-, -*-- . ,.... 'nes.. ,,,,__fir,_ ''''' _ '`w• e _ z ,-- • 'At''1 , • A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE CANACONA TALUKA OF GOA THESIS submitted to GOA UNIVERSITY for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY by PANDURANG R. PHALDESAI under the guidance of DR. PRATIMA P. KAMAT, Head, Department of History, Goa University. 1 k ■ ) (1) (2X7D3 (./?_ K-ec- vt 4:VT) ► DECLARATION [ under 0.19.800 1 This thesis is based entirely on the original work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. Pratima Kamat. To the best of my knowledge, the present study is the first comprehensive work of its kind from the area mentioned. The literature related to the problem investigated has been surveyed and list of references is appended. Due acknowledgements have been made wherever outside facilities and suggestions have been availed of. I hereby declare that the thesis or part thereof has not been published anywhere or in other form. It has not been previously submitted by me for a degree of any university. Certified that the above statement made by the candidate is correct. ( r. Pratima K t) Guide CERTIFICATE [ under 0.19.8 (vi)] This is to certify that the thesis entitled "A Cultural History of the Canacona Taluka of Goa." submitted by Pandurang R. Phaldesai for the award of the degree of Ph.D. in History, is a record of the original research work done by the candidate under my supervision and to the best of my knowledge, the thesis or any part thereof, has not been previously submitted for any other degree or diploma in any university or institution. I hereby certify that Pandurang R. Phaldesai has satisfactorily pursued his course of research under ••••■•■•■,- the conditions prescribed by Goa Univ 0 o \Jit Place : Date : \\ — ")--c7D) This Thesis is dedicated to my beloved PARENTS Late Shri. RAMCHANDRA, Smt. SITA and my dear wife AMITA without whom this work would not have materialised. V k5m isr41q111 tgwrrtzTritgrq I tretrq--4;mtrati ii crigp3R-R., Just as the light of the lamp drives away the darkness in a room, The study of history illuminates the mind and clears it from all the temptations. (Mahabharata, Shantiparv, IV.) CONTENTS List of Maps, photographs and illustrations Glossary Preface Chapter I Introduction Chapter II The Setting 16 Chapter III Historical Background 69 Chapter IV Religious Precepts and Practices — I 129 Chapter V Religious Precepts and Practices — II 201 Chapter VI Case Study of Loliem- A Culturally Resourceful Village 272 Chapter VII Cultural Impact of the Portuguese 336 Chapter VIII Conclusion 387 Epilogue 398 Bibliography 428 Appendices 441 List of maps, photographs and illustrations Figure Chapter II Page 2.1 Map of a- India, b- Goa & c- Canacona. 2.2 Physiographic divisions of Canacona taluka. 26 2.3 Thumb shaped rock at Canacona- a geological wonder. 64 2.4 Chapoli dam and reservoir- the largest irrigation project in Canacona taluka. 64 2.5 Cotigao Wild Life sanctuary 65 2.6 Traditional fishing boats. 64 2.7 Traditional cattle protection sheds. 66 2.8 Paddy fields. 66 2.9 Seasonal vegetables and spices. 69 2.10 Early human migration routes. 54 Chapter III 3.1 Lead Coins of Satavahanas and their feudatories found in Goa-Karwar region. A & B Coins of Chutukulananda. 11 4 C & D Coins of Satavahanas. llz E & F Punch-mark coins of Satavahanas. 114 G & H Shivrais - Coins of Shivaji. 114 Chapter IV 4.1 Monadevi from Sadthem. 189 4.2 A decorated image of Shantadurga Chamundeshwari from Galiem. 189 4.3 Sateri- a newly installed idol from Cola. 189 4.4 A mask of Ellamma taken around Canacona by devotees from Karnataka. 189 4.5 A medireview Navdurga idol from Mahalwada. 189 4.6 An ancient idol of Durgadevi from Badegal. 189 4.7 Ancient stone image of Devi from Baddem-dando c. 5 th to 7th century. 189 4.8 A metallic image decorating an anthill at Yeda Cotigao. 189 4.9 Sat; stone from Yeda Cotigao. 190 4.10 Sati stone from Nadkem Cotigao. 190 4.11-a Ritual of Earth Mother worship- Dhillo. 190 4.11-b Dhillo dance performed by Kunhi women. 190 4.12 Dhalo performance. 191 4.13-a & b Wooden painted masks used in Kalo. 191 4.14 Ritualistic symbol of cowherd and cow-shed. 192 4.15 Dhangaram mel - A group of pastoral artistes. 192 4.16 Talgadi - a dance of peasant community. 192 4.17 Goph- a colourful group dance of the farming community. 192 4.18 Representative Betal Images of Canacona 193 a- Mahalwada Poinguinim. b- Soliem Cola. c- Torso Dingar Loliem. d- Chapoli. e- Swords offered to Betal. 4.19 a- Procession of Tako and other insignia of the deities. 194 dial 4.18 b- Tako - Inscribed banner. 194 4.19 Gadyam Zatra- the symbolic hook swinging ceremony. 194 4.20 Tako from Mallikarjun temple, Gaondongri. A- Obverse & b- Reverse. 166 4.21 Gadyam Zatra - the symbolic hook swinging ceremony. 194 4.22 Hooks pierced in the back muscles of the gado. 195 4.23 Gudulya gitam- singing of folk narrative/musical story-telling. 195 4.24 Phallic wooden pillar worshipped by communities in Canacona. 195 Chapter V 5.1 Symbolic cooking of rice on a hearth made of human heads. 257 5.2 Three granite human heads symbolizing the ancient ritual of Shisharanni at Gaondongri. 257 5.3 Wooden panels of wood-carved images depicting Hindu mythology. 258 5.4 Intricately carved kirtimukha on capital in Mallikarjun temple, Shristhal. 258 5.5 A composite zoo-anthropomorphic wooden motif ofRajnag and tortoise. 258 5.6 Stone image of Bagilpaik- the guarding deity. 258 5.7 A metallic image of avtar purush, as a crowning insignia. 258 5.8 Bhagats with swords in Shisharanni ritual. 257 5.9 Sword and wooden hammer used in Shisharanni ritual. 25) 5.10 Newly installed image of Parashuram at Welwada Poinguinim. 259 5.11-a Graffiti designs painted in simple monochromatic shades on temple walls. 259 5.11-b Graffiti designs painted in simple monochromatic shades on temple walls. 260 5.12 Anthropomorphic figures on capital in Parashuram temple. 261 5.13 Carved pillars - a common feature in many temples in Canacona. 260 5.14 Carved pillar from Betal temple (Mahalwada). 260 5.15 Plastered stone pillar with ornamental graffiti. 261 5.16 Kurmasana- a ritualistic object. 261 5.17. Avnythibian/reptilian form of wood carving depicted in palanquin handle. 261 5.18 Renovated complex of a Vaishnavite monastery (math). 262 5.19 Circular temple of Mukhyapran (Maruti) at Partagali. 262 5.20 Stone idol of Mukhyapran from the circular temple at Partagali. 262 5.21 Votive mask of Narayan Bhuta worshipped at Partagali. 263 5.22 Ornamented processional chariot (rath). 263 5.23 Group singing-cum-dancing Pene performed by Devdasis. 263 5.24 A chariot shaped palanquin used for carrying the deity. 264 5.25 Wooden painted masks used in Kato. 264 5.26 Cloth costumes and mask of the Puranic demon, Sankasur. 264 5.27 Costumes used by mythological characters in the folk play Khel. 265 5.28 Ground Plan of Hindu temple in Canacona taluka. 245 5.29 Plan of circular type temple. 246 5.30 Images of Nandi from Siddheshwar temple (Poinguinim) c. 6 th to 8th century A.D. 265 5.31 Nandi image of Vijayanagara priod (Mallikarjun temple Avem). 265 5.32 Nandi with polished pointed horns at Gaondongri. (c.17 th -18th century). 265 5.33. Wooden image of Dwarapala (place-guard). 264 5.34 Mosque situated in Municipal area of Canacona. 265 ix Chapter VI 6.1 Map of Loliem village. 277 6.2 Hoysala style Vishnu idol of 13 61-15th century A.D. 322 6.3 Five-hooded anthropomorphic Phanindra of Gupta period. 322 6.4 Ganesh found in Vishnu temple (4th - 5th century A.D.). 322 6.5 Ganesh image of c. 561-7th A.D. installed in a compound wall at Pedem. 322 6.6 Finely-crafted Keshava idol showing Hoysala influence. 323 6.7 Early medireviewpeetha of linga. 323 6.8 Ancient peetha and linga symbolizing Mahadev. 323 6.9 Nandi of Kadamba period. 323 6.10 Stone carved idol of Aryadurga depicting Vijayanagara influence. 324 6.11 Maruti or Hanuman of 10 th-11 th century A.D. 324 6.12 Roof slab of Aryadurga temple with lotus medallions in Kadamba style. 324 6.13 Bhagavati idol showing South Konkan Shilahara influence. 325 6.14 Roof slab with typical lotus medallion (Kadamba period). 325 6.15 Mutilated idol of Ravalnath (Kadamba period). 325 6.16 A majestic idol of Betal in tribhanga posture. 325 6.17 Dadd depicting folk iconography. 326 6.18 Dakkhan devta of early medreview period. 326 6.19 Bhu-Venkatesh idol installed in 1784 A.D. at Panaskane. 326 6.20 A late medreview idol of Maruti indicating Vaishnavite influence. 326 6.21 Padukas (feet impressions carved in stone) at Devli in Kundrem. 327 6.22 Bhumika idol at Polem (A form of Mahishasurmardini). 327 6.23 Menhirs, possibly of megalithic age, found at Pedem. 328 6.24 A finely-crafted virgal of Kadamba period. 328 6.25 Mulvir- a guardian village post (Kadamba-Shilahara period).
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