Dose Response Relationship of Subterranean Termite
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Estimation of Total Factor Productivity Growth In
Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 56(4), 943-951; 2019 ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-0906 DOI:10.21162/PAKJAS/19.3948 http://www.pakjas.com.pk DIVERSITY PROFILE OF PROTISTS FLAGELLATES ISOLATED FROM HINDGUT OF Heterotermes indicola WASMANN (BLATTODEA: RHINOTERMITIDAE) IN PAKISTAN Asma Ashraf1, Naveeda Akhtar Qureshi1,*, Muhammad Haseeb1, Muhammad Qasim Hayat2, Muhammad Afzal1 and Saeed-ul-Hassan Khan1 1Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Science, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; 2Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Termites cause a serious menace to wood structures all over the world. They rely mostly on the entozoic fauna for the digestion of cellulosic materials. The present study is based upon the diversity of flagellates protists isolated from the gut of a lower termite, Heterotermes indicola, belonging to three genera i.e. Holomastigotes (H. campanula, H. annandalei and H. metchnikowi), Holomastigotoides (H. hemigynum, H. hartmanni, H. kempi, H. koidzumi and H. metchnikowi) and Pseudotrichonympha (P. grassii). The largest and most abundant species Pseudotrichonympha grassii was identified by molecular studies using the SSU rRNA gene, confirmed by phylogenetic analysis and compared with that of the P. grassii isolates reported from other parts of the world. The results showed that the P. grassii observed in our study was phylogenetically most closely related to the Japanese P. grassii isolate. The biodiversity of the entozoic flagellates is important in targeting for biological control of termites as well as for isolation and culturing of flagellates to produce cellulases, an important industrial enzyme. -
Isoptera Book Chapter
Isoptera 535 See Also the Following Articles Biodiversity ■ Biogeographical Patterns ■ Cave Insects ■ Introduced Insects Further Reading Carlquist , S. ( 1974 ) . “ Island Biology . ” Columbia University Press , New York and London . Gillespie , R. G. , and Roderick , G. K. ( 2002 ) . Arthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation . Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47 , 595 – 632 . Gillespie , R. G. , and Clague , D. A. (eds.) (2009 ) . “ Encyclopedia of Islands. ” University of California Press , Berkeley, CA . Howarth , F. G. , and Mull , W. P. ( 1992 ) . “ Hawaiian Insects and Their Kin . ” University of Hawaii Press , Honolulu, HI . MacArthur , R. H. , and Wilson , E. O. ( 1967 ) . “ The Theory of Island Biogeography . ” Princeton University Press , Princeton, NJ . Wagner , W. L. , and Funk , V. (eds.) ( 1995 ) . “ Hawaiian Biogeography Evolution on a Hot Spot Archipelago. ” Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington, DC . Whittaker , R. J. , and Fern á ndez-Palacios , J. M. ( 2007 ) . “ Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation , ” 2nd ed. Oxford University Press , Oxford, U.K . I Isoptera (Termites) Vernard R. Lewis FIGURE 1 Castes for Isoptera. A lower termite group, University of California, Berkeley Reticulitermes, is represented. A large queen is depicted in the center. A king is to the left of the queen. A worker and soldier are he ordinal name Isoptera is of Greek origin and refers to below. (Adapted, with permission from Aventis Environmental the two pairs of straight and very similar wings that termites Science, from The Mallis Handbook of Pest Control, 1997.) Thave as reproductive adults. Termites are small and white to tan or sometimes black. They are sometimes called “ white ants ” and can be confused with true ants (Hymenoptera). -
Foraging Populations and Distances of the Desert Subterranean Termite, Heterotermes Aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Associated with Structures in Southern Arizona
HOUSEHOLD AND STRUCTURAL INSECTS Foraging Populations and Distances of the Desert Subterranean Termite, Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), Associated with Structures in Southern Arizona 1 2 PAUL B. BAKER AND MICHAEL I. HAVERTY J. Econ. Entomol. 100(4): 1381Ð1390 (2007) ABSTRACT MarkÐreleaseÐrecapture studies were conducted on foraging populations of Hetero- termes aureus (Snyder) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) associated with three structures in Tucson, AZ. Foraging population estimates ranged from 64,913 to 307,284 termites by using the Lincoln Index and from 75,501 to 313,251 termites using the weighted mean model. The maximum distance between monitors ranged from 26 to 65 m, with minimum total foraging distance ranging between 297 and 2,427 m. Characterizations of the cuticular hydrocarbons of foraging groups were qualitatively identical. Quantitative similarities within sites and differences among sites suggested that each site was occupied by a single colony during the sampling period. The colony at each site had a proportion of soldiers (0.135, 0.069, and 0.040) that was signiÞcantly different from the colonies at each of the other sites. From this study, we question the assumption of equal mixing of marked H. aureus foragers throughout the occupied collars around structures. KEY WORDS colony density, colony size, cuticular hydrocarbons, markÐreleaseÐrecapture, soldier proportions Subterranean termites have signiÞcant economic im- tion of foraging populations requires knowledge of pact worldwide. In the United States, subterranean foraging biology. However, our ability to understand termites cost consumers at least US$1.5 billion (Su and the population and foraging dynamics of H. aureus is Scheffrahn 1990). Species of Reticulitermes, Copto- restricted by its cryptic nature. -
Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes Spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes Gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes
insects Article Morphometric Analysis of Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) in Indonesia and Evidence of Coptotermes gestroi Extreme Head-Capsule Shapes Bramantyo Wikantyoso 1,2,*, Shu-Ping Tseng 3, Setiawan Khoirul Himmi 2 , Sulaeman Yusuf 2 and Tsuyoshi Yoshimura 1 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan; [email protected] 2 Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Jl. Raya Bogor km 46 Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; [email protected] (S.K.H.); [email protected] (S.Y.) 3 Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: The morphological characteristics of the soldier caste in termites provide valuable taxonomic information at the species level. Head-shape variation in soldiers was often used as an indicative characteristic in some genera. While species with egg-shaped and waterdrop-shaped head capsule (HC), Coptotermes gestroi and C. curvignathus, respectively, are familiar in Indonesia, neither a measurement nor head index may avoid the subjectivity of shape interpretation. We conducted linear Citation: Wikantyoso, B.; Tseng, S.-P.; and geometric morphometrics analyses of soldiers’ HC of Coptotermes spp. obtained from various Himmi, S.K.; Yusuf, S.; Yoshimura, T. locations in Indonesia. Although subtle differences were observed, the posterior parts of the HC Morphometric Analysis of laterally expanded in a gradual manner in C. gestroi, C. sepangensis, and C. curvignathus in that order. Coptotermes spp. Soldier Caste Furthermore, three extreme head-shape variations of C. -
Toxicity Potential of the Heartwood Extractives from Two Mulberry Species Against Heteroternes Indicola
ISSN impresa 0717-3644 Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología 21(2): 153 - 162, 2019 ISSN online 0718-221X DOI: 10.4067/S0718-221X2019005000203 TOXICITY POTENTIAL OF HEARTWOOD EXTRACTIVES FROM TWO MULBERRY SPECIES AGAINST Heterotermes Indicola Babar Hassan1,♠, Sohail Ahmed1, Nasir Mehmood1, Mark E Mankowski2, Muhammad Misbah-ul-Haq3 ABSTRACT Choice and no-choice tests were run to evaluate natural resistance of the woods of two Morus species (Morus alba and Morus nigra) against the subterranean, Heterotermes indicola, under field conditions. Tox- icity, antifeedant and repellency potential of the heartwood extractives was also investigated under laboratory conditions. Heartwood extractives were removed from wood shavings by using methanol or an ethanol: tolu- ene (2:1) mixture. Results of choice and no-choice tests with sap and heartwood blocks exposed to termites, showed that both mulberry species were resistant to termites but in comparison, Morus alba wood was more resistant than Morus nigra to termite feeding as it showed <5 % weight loss after 90 days. Termites exhibited a concentration dependent mortality after exposure to either mulberry species’ heartwood extractives. The high- est termite mortality occurred after termites were exposed to filter paper treated withMorus alba extractives at a concentration of 5 %. At this concentration, antifeedancy and repellency were calculated to be 91,67 and 84 % respectively. Our results also showed that extractives from either mulberry species imparted resistance to vacuum-pressure treated non-durable Populus deltoides wood. Termite mortality was greater than 75 % after feeding on Populus deltoides wood treated with extractives from Morus alba. Solvent only (methanol) treated Populus deltoides controls, showed a minimum weight loss of 2,69 % after 28 days. -
Effect of Carica Papaya, Helianthus Annus and Bougainvillea Glabra Aqueous Extracts Against Termite, Heterotermes Indicola (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Punjab Univ. J. Zool., Vol. 32 (1), pp. 051-056, 2017 ISSN 1016-1597(Print) ISSN2313-8556 (online) Original Article Effect of Carica papaya, Helianthus annus and Bougainvillea glabra aqueous extracts against termite, Heterotermes indicola (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) 1 2 1 3 Ayesha Aihetasham * Khalid Zamir Rasib , Syeda Rida Hasan , Imran Bodlah 1Department of Zoology. University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2Biological Sciences, FC College University, Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan 3Department of Entomology, PMAS- Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan (Article history: Received: March 11, 2017; Revised: June 01, 2017) Abstract The present study involves the entomocidal efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts of three medicinal plants viz., Carica papaya (paw paw), Helianthus annus (Sunflower) and Bougainvillea glabra (Paper flower) against Heterotermes indicola. The leaf extract of C. papaya caused highest mortality i.e. 100% of 10%, 5% and 3% concentration. Bougainvillea glabra and H. annus caused 100% mortality at 10% and 5% concentration while 96.4% mortality on 3% concentration after exposure period of 10 hours. B. glabra extracts also caused 100% mortality on 10% and 5% concentration while 96.4% mortality on 3% concentration. C. papaya showed the minimum LT50 of 3.03, 3.8 and 4.86 hours at 10, 5 and 3% concentrations respectively. LT50 of B. glabra was 3.58, 4.17 and 5.07 hours at 10, 5 and 3% concentrations respectively whereas, H. Annus showed LT50 of 3.8, 4.75 and 6.55 hours at 10, 5and 3% concentrations respectively. It can be concluded from the present findings that the tested plant extracts can be used for the management of H. -
Methane Production in Terrestrial Arthropods (Methanogens/Symbiouis/Anaerobic Protsts/Evolution/Atmospheric Methane) JOHANNES H
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 5441-5445, June 1994 Microbiology Methane production in terrestrial arthropods (methanogens/symbiouis/anaerobic protsts/evolution/atmospheric methane) JOHANNES H. P. HACKSTEIN AND CLAUDIUS K. STUMM Department of Microbiology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Science, Catholic University of Nijmegen, Toernooiveld, NL-6525 ED Nimegen, The Netherlands Communicated by Lynn Margulis, February 1, 1994 (receivedfor review June 22, 1993) ABSTRACT We have screened more than 110 represen- stoppers. For 2-12 hr the arthropods (0.5-50 g fresh weight, tatives of the different taxa of terrsrial arthropods for depending on size and availability of specimens) were incu- methane production in order to obtain additional information bated at room temperature (210C). The detection limit for about the origins of biogenic methane. Methanogenic bacteria methane was in the nmol range, guaranteeing that any occur in the hindguts of nearly all tropical representatives significant methane emission could be detected by gas chro- of millipedes (Diplopoda), cockroaches (Blattaria), termites matography ofgas samples taken at the end ofthe incubation (Isoptera), and scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae), while such meth- period. Under these conditions, all methane-emitting species anogens are absent from 66 other arthropod species investi- produced >100 nmol of methane during the incubation pe- gated. Three types of symbiosis were found: in the first type, riod. All nonproducers failed to produce methane concen- the arthropod's hindgut is colonized by free methanogenic trations higher than the background level (maximum, 10-20 bacteria; in the second type, methanogens are closely associated nmol), even if the incubation time was prolonged and higher with chitinous structures formed by the host's hindgut; the numbers of arthropods were incubated. -
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• tateif owledge ZOOLOG C su VEYO OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 223 RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Termite (Insecta: Isoptera) Fauna of Gujarat and Rajasthan -Present State of Knowledge Narendra S. Rathore Asit K. Bhattacharyya Desert Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Jhaianland, Pali Road, Jodhpur 342 005, Rajasthan, India. E-mail: [email protected] Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Zoological Survey of India Kolkata CITATION Narendra S. Rathore and Asit S. Bhattacharyya 2004. Termite (Insecta: Isoptera) Fauna of Gujarat and Rajasthan - Present State of Knowledge, Rec. zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 223 : 1-77. (Published by the Director, Zoo!. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published February, 2J04 ISBN 81-8171-031-2 © Government of India, 2004 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this publication may be reproduced. stored in a retrieval system or transmitted. in any form or by any means. electronic. mechanical. photocopying. recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not. by way of trade. be lent. resold. hired out or otherwise disposed' of without the publisher's consent. in any form of binding or cover other than that in whic~ it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. PRICE India : Rs. 300.00 Foreign: $ (U.S.) 20; £ 15 Published at the Publication. Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, 234/4, AJ .C. -
Revision of Diagnostic Morphological Traits in Three Caribbean Species of Heterotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Revision of Diagnostic Morphological Traits in Three Caribbean Species of Heterotermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Author: Zach H Griebenow Co-Presenters: Major: Entomology Research Advisor: Susan Jones Termites of the genus Heterotermes Froggatt (Rhinotermitidae: Heterotermitinae) are pantropical subterranean wood-feeders capable of causing significant structural damage. Despite their economic importance, the taxonomy of Heterotermes remains understudied due to a lack of robust morphological characteristics enabling reliable identification. The aim of this study was to investigate a range of novel morphometric attributes in four Caribbean species of Heterotermes previously identified by sequencing of three genes. All samples were from Puerto Rico and genetically attributed to either Heterotermes cardini (Snyder), H. convexinotatus (Snyder), H. tenuis (Hagen), or an undescribed Heterotermes sp. Only members of the soldier caste were examined. Soldiers (at least three from each sample) were imaged and measurements made using the image-stacking AutoMontage program. Preliminary results demonstrated that measures of the pronotum (the upper surface of the first thoracic segment [prothorax]) were useful for species identification, and thus this aspect of termite anatomy was singled out for extensive investigation. For each specimen, three pronotal morphometric indices were examined: the ratio of pronotum breadth to width, curvature of the anterior pronotal margin, and curvature of the posterior pronotal margin. In addition, mandible and head length were measured. Initial comparison of morphometric and genetic data suggested that only traits of the anterior pronotal margin, a novel taxonomic character, were useful in discriminating among these four Heterotermes species. In particular, morphometric data suggested that the undescribed Heterotermes sp. was a distinct species as opposed to a member of a species complex with H. -
Effects of Heartwood Extractives on Symbiotic Protozoan Communities and Mortality in Two Termite Species
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 123 (2017) 27e36 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ibiod Effects of heartwood extractives on symbiotic protozoan communities and mortality in two termite species * Babar Hassan a, , Mark E. Mankowski b, Grant Kirker c, Sohail Ahmed a a Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan b USDA-FS, Forest Products Laboratory, Starkville, MS, USA c USDA-FS, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA article info abstract Article history: Lower termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) are considered severe pests of wood in service, crops and Received 1 November 2016 plantation forests. Termites mechanically remove and digest lignocellulosic material as a food source. The Received in revised form ability to digest lignocellulose not only depends on their digestive tract physiology, but also on the 19 May 2017 symbiotic relationship between termites and their intestinal microbiota. The current study was designed Accepted 19 May 2017 to test the possible effects of four heartwood extractives (Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Cedrus deodara and Pinus roxburghii) on the mortality, feeding rate and protozoan population in two lower termites, Reticulitermes flavipes and Heterotermes indicola. All wood extractives tested rapidly lowered protozoan Keywords: Subterranean termites numbers in the hindgut of termite workers, which was closely correlated with worker mortality. The R. flavipes average population of protozoans in both termite species was diminished in a dose-dependent manner H. indicola after fifteen days feeding on treated filter paper. Mortality of termites increased when fed on filter paper Heartwood extractives treated with T. grandis or D. sissoo heartwood extractives with minimum feeding rate at the maximum À Gut protozoa concentration (10 mg ml 1). -
Evidence for Hybridization Between Two Sympatric Termite
Asymmetric genetic differentiation: evidence for hybridization between two sympatric termite species in nature Jia Wu1, Qiuying Huang2, Huan Xu1, and Hassan Ali 1 1Affiliation not available 2Huazhong Agricultural University College of Plant Science and Technology May 26, 2020 Abstract Hybridization between species is likely to be associated with a new ecological impact. However, in termites, reports of hy- bridization mostly focus on hybrid zones caused by species invasion or the development of initial-stage colonies. In this study, we combined microsatellite genotyping with mitochondrial DNA sequencing to investigate the hybridization and adaptive in- trogression between two sympatric, long-differentiated related termite species, Reticulitermes flaviceps and R. chinensis, in nature. Similar levels of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic diversity were found in R. flaviceps and R. chinensis. Asymmetric interspecific genetic differentiation was observed between mitochondrial and nuclear genes, with high genetic divergence found in mitochondrial DNA but low genetic divergence in nuclear genes. Our results indicated a lack of mitochondrial gene exchange in R. flaviceps and R. chinensis but unconstrained nuclear introgression between them. This asymmetric genetic differentiation between nuclear and cytoplasmic material strongly suggests that there is interspecific hybridization between R. flaviceps and R. chinensis in nature, which provides new insight into the dynamics of hybridization and its potential consequences for speciation in termites. Introductions -
Potential of Bacterial Chitinolytic, Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia, In
Jabeen et al. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2018) 28:86 Egyptian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0092-6 Biological Pest Control RESEARCH Open Access Potential of bacterial chitinolytic, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, in biological control of termites Faiza Jabeen1*, Ali Hussain2, Maleeha Manzoor1, Tahira Younis1, Azhar Rasul1 and Javed Iqbal Qazi3 Abstract Termites are important pest of crops, trees, and household wooden installments. Two species Coptotermes heimi and Heterotermes indicola are the major species of termites that results in great economic loss in Asia including Pakistan. Chitinases have drawn interest because of their relevance as biological control of pests. The study was performed to screen chitinolytic bacteria from dead termites and to determine their chitinolytic activity in degrading chitin content of termites. Ten isolates were obtained forming clear zones on chitin-containing agar plates. One isolate (JF66) had the highest (3.3 mm) chitinolytic index. Based on sequence of 16S rRNA gene, the isolate was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with (99%) similarity under Accession number KC849451 (JF66), and DNA G + C content was found to be (54.17%). S. maltophilia (JF66) produces chitinases upto 1757.41 U/ ml at 30 °C and pH 6.0 employing diammonium phosphate as a nitrogen source. Chitinase gene was also extracted and gets sequenced that confirmed its presence. Whole culture and different concentrations of crude enzyme of the isolate were tested on the chitin covering of termites. Mortalities showed that crude enzyme of isolate could degrade chitin of both species of the termites C. heimi and H. indicola. Chitinase produced by S.