A Report on Membrane Activities in Europe and Israel

Home , BWT AG, Membrane reactor, Polish Chemical Society

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European Membrane Society Membrane Engineering – Section of the EFCE

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Institute on Membrane Technology ITM - CNR

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A Report on Membrane Activities in Europe and Israel

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1 INDEX

Introduction 4

Some information about the Section on Membrane Engineering of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE) 5

Acknowledgements 9

Membrane Activities in AUSTRIA 10

Membrane Activities in BELGIUM 16

Membrane Activities in BULGARIA 22

Membrane Activities in CYPRUS 28

Membranes Activities in CZECH REPUBLIC 29

Membrane Activities in DENMARK 48

Membrane Activities in FINLAND 52

Membrane Activities in FRANCE 54

Membrane Activities in GERMANY 62

Membrane Activities in GREECE 68

Membrane Activities in HUNGARY 74

Membrane Activities in ISRAEL 79

Membrane Activities in ITALY 82

Membrane Activities in NORWAY 91

Membrane Activities in POLAND 94

Membrane Activities in PORTUGAL 103

Membrane Activities in ROMANIA 118

Membrane Activities in SLOVAKIA 119

Membrane Activities in SLOVENIA 125

Membrane Activities in SPAIN 128

Membrane Activities in SWEDEN 148

Membrane Activities in SWITZERLAND 149 2

Membrane Activities in THE NETHERLANDS 154

Membrane Activities in TURKEY 169

Membranes Activities in UNITED KINGDOM 178

3 Introduction

Because of its intrinsic properties that well fit the requirements of Process Intensification Strategy, Membrane Technology has today well established applications in many industrial processes including water desalination, wastewater treatments, agro-food, chemical and petrol chemical industry, etc. The most interesting opportunities for industrial applications of membrane technology are related to the possibility to integrate various membrane operations in the same productive cycle or to integrate membrane operations with conventional operations, with important benefits in product quality, plant compactness, environmental impact and energy use. However, a good understanding of the materials properties and transport mechanisms, as well as the realization of innovative functional materials with improved properties, are key issues for the further development of this important technology, which require a further intensive research activity both at academic and industrial level. In this “Report on Membrane Activities in Europe and Israel” an overview of the main activities related to Membrane Science and Engineering in progress in most of the European Countries and in Israel, is presented. From the comparison with the data reported in the previous edition of this Report (published in 2002), are evident the important progresses occurred in the membranes field during the last decade. Unfortunately, for some Countries (Germany, Slovakia and Switzerland) at the date of printing of this Report, no updated information were available, therefore for these Countries you will find the same information reported in the previous “Report on Membrane Activities in Europe – Edition 2002”. If we will receive the necessary data in time, we will include them in a second edition of this report.

Enrico Drioli

4 Some information about the Section on Membrane Engineering of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE)

The EFCE (http://www.efce.info/home.html) Section on Membrane Engineering was founded in 2007 emanating from the previous Working Party on Membranes. The formal approval of the transformation and the first meeting of the Section on Membrane Engineering of the EFCE has been held at Copenhagen, on 19th September 2007, during the ECCE6 Conference. The motivations of the transformation of the Working Party on Membranes in a Section on Membrane Engineering are principally related to: 1. the large spectrum of problems covered today by membrane operations, that suggest to involve also non-membranologists but engineers and/or researchers expert in the various problems where membrane engineers can contribute; 2. the growth of membrane operations in a large variety of industrial areas and in the medical field, such as:

 Desalination of sea/brackish waters and in wastewater treatment and reuse.

 Gas separation, agro-food and packaging.

 Biochemical engineering and regenerative medicine.

 Petrochemical industry. The objectives of the Section on Membrane Engineering are as follows: 1. to develop European cooperation and professional activity in the interdisciplinary areas of chemical engineering and related fields; 2. to develop collaboration in fields complementary and strongly interacting with those covered by membranes; 3. to promote active cooperation of experts from different Working Parties, as for example with the WP on Process Intensification, in order to create strategic collaboration, for the investigation of important problems, suggesting and organizing symposia and conferences and addressing tasks complementary to those covered by the Working Parties. 4. to attract to the Federation a large number of chemical engineers, or specialists in related fields, willing to actively contribute to the activities of the Federation. CONTACT FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Chairperson: Prof. Enrico Drioli Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University of Calabria Institute on Membranes and Chemical Reactors of the National Research Council (ITM-CNR) c/o University of Calabria via P.Bucci cubo 17/C, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), ITALY E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

5 Table 1. List of the Members of the EFCE Section on Membrane Engineering (updated at April 2011)

COUNTRY Name of the Members

ITALY (CHAIRMAN) Drioli Enrico

AUSTRIA Friedl Anton

BELGIUM Michael Rebeilleau

Patricia Luis

CZECH REPUBLIC Petr Mikulasek

Miroslav Bleha

Luboš Novák

Karel Friess

Pavel Izak

DENMARK G.E. Jonsson

Sxren Prip Beier

FRANCE Gilbert Rios

Chris Dotremont

Eric Favre

Catherine Charcosset

Christelle Wisniewski

Samuel Heng

Francis Luck

Prof. Corinne Cabassud

Michel Pineri

Roger Benaim

Philippe Moulin

Emilie Carretier

Yvan Wyart

Christel Causserand

Carlos Muvdi Nova

Marc Pera Titus

GERMANY Thomas Melin

GREECE John H.Petropoulos

6 Doros N.Theodorou

HUNGARY Belafi-Bako Katalin

Endre Nagy

ISRAEL Gilron Jack

Raphael Semiat

Gregory Genkin

ITALY Enrico Drioli

Gaeta Soccorso

Giorgio De Luca

Alessandra Criscuoli

Francesca Macedonio

Giuseppe Barbieri

Efrem Curcio

Paola Bernardo

Marco Stoller

Adele Brunetti

NORWAY May-Britt Hagg

Arne Lindbrathen

POLAND Michal Bodzek

Warmuzinski Krzysztof

Szymon Modelski

PORTUGAL Maria Norberta de Pinho

Eduardo Silva

ROMANIA Simona Caprarescu

SLOVAKIA S. Schlosser

SPAIN Coca-Prados Josè

Urtiaga Mendia

Eugenio Bringas

SWEDEN Trägardh G.

SWITZERLAND Sohail Mirza

7 THE NETHERLANDS Jigar Jani

TUNISIE Nihel BEN AMAR

TURKEY Hasan Zerze

To become member of the Section on Membrane Engineering it is necessary to complete the form available at http://www.itm.cnr.it/data/section/

8 Acknowledgements

This report has been prepared by the Section on Membrane Engineering of the EFCE, in collaboration with the European Membrane Society (EMS). Particular acknowledgements have to be presented to Dr. Lidietta Giorno (past President of the EMS), to Prof. Susana Luque (President of the EMS) and to Prof. Pierre Aimar and Prof. Bart van der Bruggen, for their collaboration to this initiative.

Moreover, most of the work for the preparation and editing of this report has been done by young colleagues at ITM. I am very pleased to acknowledge the efforts of Enrica Fontananova, Francesca Macedonio, Adele Brunetti, Alessandra Criscuoli and Ilaria Mirabelli.

A special thank for their collaboration in the realization of the Report goes also to our Colleagues: Alconero Patricia Luis Alsoy Altinkaya Sacide Anton Friedl Bryjak Marek Coelhoso Isabel Crespo João Goulão Favre Eric Gallucci Fausto Gaeta Soccorso Hagg May-Britt Jönsson Ann-Sofi Karel Friess Li Kang Lipnizki Frank Nagy Endre Nechifor Georghe Peev Georgi Petropoulos John H. Theodorou Doros N. Trägårdh Gun

9 Membrane activities in AUSTRIA

Austrian Universities and companies are dealing with membrane process in various fields since more than 25 years. Universities research is concentrated to study the performance and possibilities of the several membrane processes in various areas. The Industry is focused on process development for specific applications.

Research and Application studies:

AMS – Austria Mikro System International AG Contact: Dr. Müller Development of industrial applications in the field of ultra pure water production (since 1982) and desalting of boiler feed water together with engineering partners.

AXIOM Angewandte Prozesstechnik Ges.m.b.H. Contact: Mag.Ing. Johannes SZIVACZ Axiom designs and produces membrane separation plants in the field of gas separation (air separation, biogas upgrading, natural gas treatment, drying and related applications), electrodialysis and reverse osmosis (water treatment). Research involves participation in national research projects in all the fields above with a focus on biogas upgrading technology.

BAXTER Bioscience, Vienna Contact: Dr. Hetzl Development of concentration and purification steps for biotechnological products.

BioTEC Systems Krems Contact: Dr. Strobl Several medical applications are investigated.

BRAU UNION Oesterreich Contact: Dipl.-Ing. Führer Application studies are performed for the filtration of beer, filtration of surplus yeast as well as water treatment using membrane processes

Center of Biomedical Technology, Donau-Universität Krems Contact: Prof Dr. Falkenhagen Research in the field of blood purification is done in co-operation with hospitals with special applications of artificial liver support, immune adsorption, multiorgan failure sepsis in cooperation with the company Fresenius Medical Care GmbH Deutschland (FMC).

Hermann Pfanner Getraenke GmbH Contact: Ing. Koller Application studies are performed for the filtration of fruit juice as well as water treatment using membrane processes

IFA- Tulln; Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology Contact: A.o. Univ. Prof. DI Dr. Werner Fuchs Research in the field of membrane bioreactors as well as direct MF,UF filtration of municipal and several types of industrial wastewater is performed. Pilot plant studies for various applications have been operated.

10 Johannes Kepler Univeritaet Linz, Institut f. Verfahrenstechnik Contact: O. Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Samhaber Basic Research as well as application studies are performed in the field of pressure driven membrane processes. Applications are generally all kind of membrane processing like water treatment, separation of aqueous and non aqueous solutions, research and development of chemical and natural agents, membrane application with supercritical CO2 and organic solvents for the isolation and separation of non- polar compounds, gas and vapour separation of hydrocarbons.

Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck; Institut für Textilchemie und Textilphysik Contact: Dr. Burtscher Research is concentrated on the use of membrane processes in the field of textile processing.

Sandoz GmbH Contact: Dr. Wagner Application development and use in production processes. RO, NF, UF in different module designs for low and high molecular products. Plant sizes from lab to pilot scale to several hundred m2 production plants.

Sappi Gratkorn GmbH Contact: Hr. Voetsch Applications of membrane processes in paper processing

Graz University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology Contact: Dr. Fritz Research topic is liquid membrane permeation with support layers. Goal is the industrial implementation of liquid membrane permeation with support layers. In Lab scale and in pilot plant scale membrane bleeding was prohibited. Furthermore the transferability to other chemical systems is tested.

University of Technology Vienna; Inst. for Chemical Engineering Contact: A.o. Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Friedl Basic and application research is concentrated on pervaporation, gas permeation, electrodialyses (standard and bipolar) as well as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis since 1985 with applications in the field of chemical and biochemical processes as well as environmental aspects. Recent applications involve the upgrading of biogas by gas permeation to produce bio-methane (largest gas grid feed-in in Austria, production of bio-CNG), gas permeation for the separation of bio-hydrogen, pervaporation and vapour permeation for the production of bio-ethanol and nanofiltration for the concentration of sugar solutions. Models for the membrane units have been developed which allow simulation of hybrid processes. For module optimisation computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied.

11 Table 2. Institutions involved in R & D – Work on Membrane Process in Austria

Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Studies Type of test Organization Fundamentals Processes Development Development facility AMS – Austria Mikro System International AG Schloß Premstätten Industry Life time studies RO, NF Ultra pure water production Industrial scale A - 8141 Unterpremstätten Desalting of boiler feed water Tel.: + 43 3136 500 - 0, Fax: + 43 3136 525 01 536 50 URL: http://www.austriamicrosystems.com/ AXIOM Angewandte Prozesstechnik Membrane Unterwaltersdorfer Straße 100/2 Industry characterisation GP, ED, ED bipolar, RO Chemical industry Pilot scale A - 2443 Deutsch Brodersdorf Membrane life time Petrochemical industry Industrial scale Tel.: + 43 2254 76282 Performance optimisation [email protected] Baxter Bioscience, Vienna Baxter AG Österreich Industry Protein Purification MF, UF, NF, RO Applications with Protein purification Lab scale Industriestrasse 67 manufacturers Protein concentration Pilot scale A 1221 Wien Water purification Industrial scale Tel.: + 43 1 20100 0, Fax: + 43 1 20100 566 E - mail: info@baxter - ag.at URL: http://www.baxter - ag.at/ BioTEC Systems Krems Magnesitstrasse 1, A - 3500 Krems Industry Hydrodynamics UF Polysulfon Hollow fibre Liver support therapy Lab scale Tel: + 43 27 32 82 699 - 0, Fax: + 43 27 32 82 699 - 15 Characterisation Dialyses - in vitro Prototype E - mail: office@biotec - systems.at Biocompatibility Hybrid process - clinical studies URL: http://www.biotec - systems.at Brau Union Oesterreich Postfach 281, Poschacherstrasse 35 Industry Life time studies MF, RO Beer filtration A - 4021 Linz Surplus yeast Filtration Tel.: + 43 0732 6979 - 0, Fax: + 43 0732 6979 - 2672 Water preparation E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.brauunion.at/index_en.htm BWT AG Walter - Simmer - Straße 4 Industry Characterisation MF, UF, NF, RO Leachate, process and waste water Lab scale 5310 Mondsee Life time treatment Industrial scale Tel.: + 43 6232 5011 - 0, Fax +43 6232 4058 E - mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.bwt - group.com Centre of Biomedical Technology; Donau-Universität Krems Dr. Karl - Dorrek - Strasse 30 University Mass Transfer UF In cooperation with Hollow fibre Blood purification Lab scale A - 3500 Krems Hydrodynamics Dialyses the manufacturer - artificial liver support Demonstration Tel.: + 43 2732 893 - 6000, Fax: + 43 2732 893 - 4258 Characterisation Memb. bioreactor Fresenius Medical - immune adsorption plants E - mail: info@donau - uni.ac.at Life time studies Hybrid process Care - multiorgan failure URL: http://www.donau - uni.ac.at Biocompatibility Combined membrane- adsorbent technologies Hermann Pfanner Getraenke GmbH 12 Alte Landstrasse 10 Industry Life time studies UF, RO Fruit juice filtration Industrial scale A - 6923 Lauterach Water preparation Tel: + 43 5574 6720 - 0, Fax: + 43 5574 6720-20 E - mail: marie - [email protected] URL: http://www.pfanner.com/ Hubertus Braeu Johann Kühtreiber OHG Industry Life time studies Gas Sterilefiltration Process gas preparation Industrial scale Hubertusgasse 1 RO Water preparation A - 2136 Laa/Thaya Tel:+43 02522 22 46, Fax:+43 02522 22 46/50 E - mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.hubertus.at/ IFA- Tulln; Dept. of Environmental Biotechnology Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 Research Institute Fouling MBR, MF, UF, NF MBR for municipal and ind. Demonstration A - 3430 Tulln Hydrodynamics wastewater; MF/UF for direct plant Phone:+43 2272 66280-522, Fax:+43 2272 66280 - 503 Process Control wastewater filtration; Pilot plant E - mail: [email protected] Behaviour of Biology Textile wastewater cleaning; Lab scale URL: http://www.ifa-tulln.ac.at/ Treatment of effluents from biogas plants Johannes Kepler Univeritaet Linz; Institute of Process Engineering Welser Straße 42 University Characterisation MF, UF, NF, RO, GP, Membrane Up- and downstream processing of Different specific A - 4060 Leonding Mass Transfer, Fouling VP modifications, sea and groundwater, organic lab scale Tel.: + 43 70 672 50 90, Fax: + 43 70 672 50 95 Simulation organophilic Chemical and and pilot scale E-mail: [email protected] In aqueous, organic, membranes Biotechnological processes plants URL: http://www.ivt.jku.at supercritical CO2 and solvent systems Leopold-Franzens Universitaet Innsbruck; Institut für Textilchemie und Textilphysik University Characterisation MF, UF, NF, RO Base purification Lab scale Höchsterstrasse 73 Life time Recycling aspects in textile Pilot scale A - 6850 Dornbirn Simulation processing Tel.: + 43 5572 28533 Fax: + 43 5572 28629 E - mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.uibk.ac.at/textilchemie/ Sandoz GmbH, Kundl Biochemiestraße 10 Industry MF, UF, NF, RO Feasibility Studies Lab scale A - 6250 Kundl Scale Up Studies Pilot Scale Tel: + 43 5338 200 - 0, Fax: + 43 5338 200 - 460 Industrial scale E - mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.sandoz.at Sappi Gratkorn GmbH Brucker Strasse 21 Industry Life time UF Recycling aspects in paper Industrial scale A - 8101 Gratkorn processing Tel.:+43 3124 201-0, Fax +43 3124 201 3038 URL: www.sappi.com University of Agriculture, Vienna, Department of Food Sciences and MF, UF, RO, ED, Technology University EDB Waste water treatment Lab scale Muthgasse 18 Foodtechnology Pilot scale A - 1190 Vienna, Biotechnology 13 Tel.: + 43 1 36006 - 6250, Fax: + 43 1 36006 - 6251 E - Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.dlwt.boku.ac.at/lmt.html Graz University of Technology; Institute of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Inffeldgasse 25C University Liquid Membrane LMP Selective heavy metal recycling, Lab scale A - 8010 Graz Permeation with support recovery of lactic acid Pilot scale Tel.:+43 316 873-7484, Fax:+ 43 316 873-107484 layers E - mail [email protected] URL: http://www.tvtut.tugraz.at University of Technology Vienna; Inst. of Chemical Engineering Getreidemarkt 9/166 University Mass transfer PV, GP, ED, Edbipolar, Module optimisation Bioproduct separation Lab scale A 1060 Wien Hydrodynamics MF, UF, NF, RO using CFD Gas and biogas upgrading Pilot scale Tel.:+43 1 58801/16601, Fax:+43 1 58801/16699 Simulation Environmental applications Demo plants: E - mail: [email protected] Biogas upgrading URL: http://www.vt.tuwien.ac.at Bruck/Leitha 180m³/h (www.virtuellesbiog as.at), Margarethen/Moos 75m³/h (bio.methan.at)

VA TECH WABAG GmbH Dresdner Str. 87-91 Industry Characterisation MF, UF, NF, ED, Treatment landfill leached Lab scale A - 1200 Vienna Process development Edbipolar, DD Industrial waste water Pilot scale Phone: +43 1 25105 0 , Fax: + 3 1 25105 130 Product recovery in pulp ind. Industrial plants E - mail: [email protected] Salt removal, acid base production URL: http://www.wabag.com/ and purification Nitrate removal groundwater

14 Table 3. Major Suppliers of Membrane Module and Membranes in Austria

Suppliers Type of Area of Membrane Membrane Module Available demonstration plant (DP) Activity Activity Processes Material Type and/or industrial plant (IP)

Johannes Kepler University R & D Basic and industrial Membrane modifications Linz, Institute of Process Engineering

Membrane suppliers: mainly local sales agencies or engineering companies that represent foreign membrane producers

15 Membrane activities in BELGIUM

1. Introduction

Research activities in Belgium started in the late 1980’s in the university of Leuven (K.U.Leuven) and at the research institute Vito. The university of Ghent (UGent) developed membrane-related activities in the 1990’s. During the last decade, university colleges associated with K.U.Leuven or UGent became more and more active. In Antwerp, research on synthesis of ceramics was developed together with Vito, whereas the associated university college focused more on applied research. Industrial interest grew steadily, and today a strong involvement of industrial partners can be found. Academic and industrial parties joined together in the Belgian Membrane Group (BMG), established in 2008.

2. VITO

VITO implements client-driven research projects and develops innovative products and processes. The multidisciplinary skills and technological know-how of more than 600 researchers make this organization a crossroad of technology, where state-of-the-art technologies are successfully blended into practical applications. Within the department of Industrial Innovation, the business unit Separation and conversion technology (80 people), addresses following research topics: process intensification, valorisation of rest streams, water and energy and sustainability evaluation. The strategic research programme is built around the theme ‘Sustainable chemistry’, addressing current and future industrial needs. The unit has specific experience and an international reputation in the field of membrane technology, ranging from membrane development (ceramic and polymeric) to process design & control and application studies.

Research groups:

Polymeric membrane development - MBR membranes and modules - Nanoactivated membranes - Organophilic pervaporation - Membrane contactors - Elektrodes

Ceramic membrane development - Hydrophobic nanofiltration - Hollow fibre gas separation - Membrane reactors

Process development/application studies: - organic solvent nanofiltration - biomass filtration (algae, ...) - enzyme immobilisation - in-situ product recovery (fermentation + membrane separation) - electrochemistry (microbial fuell cells, reversed elektrodialysis) - high T/P processes

VITO can rely on an extensive industrial and research network both on the national and on the European level. VITO is member of the European Membrane House (EMH) in which it is responsible for industrial relations. On the national level, VITO is currently coordinating an innovation programme to enhance implementation of membrane applications in chemical industry together with essenscia (Belgian Federation of Chemical Industry).

16 Contact: Dr. Inge Genné ([email protected])

VITO NV, Boeretang 200, BE-2400 MOL, België Tel. + 32 14 33 55 11

3. K.U.Leuven Association

A. Department of Chemical Engineering

Two groups in the department of Chemical Engineering are active in membrane research and have complementary activities: the division Applied Physical Chemistry and Environmental Technology (prof. Bart Van der Bruggen), and the division Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control (BioTec) (prof. Ilse Smets, prof. Jan Van Impe).

A.1. Applied Physical Chemistry and Environmental Technology (prof. Bart Van der Bruggen)

This group has general expertise on separation technologies, but with a strong focus on membrane processes, often integrated as hybrid configurations. The general objective is the development of membrane reactors and the use of membranes as tools for process intensification (in collaboration with prof. Tom Van Gerven). The research approach is based on principles of chemical engineering and ranges from membrane synthesis to modeling of transport through membranes, and applications in industrial separations and (waste)water treatment. Natural industrial partners are the chemical industry and related industries, and water production/purification companies. Apart from solvent separations and water treatment (production of process water and drinking water), research focuses on fractionation in aqueous solutions, ionic liquids, and design of closed cycles for wastewater regeneration and zero emission solutions. The lab has access to all necessary equipment for lab-scale membrane synthesis, membrane testing, autopsy/characterization, and chemical analyses of all aqueous and non-aqueous solutions.

Contact: Prof. Bart Van der Bruggen ([email protected])

Department of Chemical Engineering, K.U.Leuven – W. de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Tel. +32 16 322340 or +32 16 322726

A.2. Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control (BioTec) (prof. Ilse Smets, prof. Jan Van Impe)

From its early existence, model based monitoring, optimization and control of (bio)chemical conversion processes has been the mission statement of the research section BioTeC. The application areas range from predictive microbiology, over (bio)chemical reactor processes to biological wastewater treatment (with as most representative example the activated sludge systems) and have in common the microbial (or chemical) dynamics that have to be understood first to be able to manipulate them afterwards. BioTeC is a rather recent player in the MBR field but the built-up experience in monitoring and modeling of conventional activated sludge systems proves highly valuable. Quite unique in Belgium is BioTeC’s strong focus on the biological dynamics (including metabolism and bioflocculation aspects) and its relationship to membrane fouling. These insights are then integrated in models to feed model based control strategies to reduce the operational costs of MBRs. Several industrial collaborations strengthen the real-life applicability of the research. 17

Available equipment:

 Lab-scale MBR:

o Membrane type: flat sheet membrane (Kubota)

o Membrane surface: 0.3m²

o Bioreactor volume: 30L

o Flux: 0 - 40 L/m² h

o Data logging and process control through LabVIEW

 Image analysis procedure (ACTIAS) to automatically and quantitatively characterize activated sludge images (e.g., object size, fractal dimension and total filament length)

Contact: Prof. Ilse Smets ([email protected]) Department of Chemical Engineering, K.U.Leuven – W. de Croylaan 46, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Tel. +32 16 322687 or +32 16 322675

B. Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (C.O.K.)

Membrane research was started in 1990 with preparation of mixed matrix membranes for pervaporation. In 1994, research on catalytic membranes was initiated by preparing dense membranes in which homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts were embedded. A wide range of chiral and achiral reactions were studied since then. Around 2000, the focus shifted to solvent resistant nanofiltration to remove small molecules from organic streams. Over the last 3 years, research in gas separations, reverse osmosis and membrane bioreactors was also initiated. The research groups currently counts around 20 researchers, and is also quite active in patenting, licensing and in bilateral valorisation projects with a diversity of industries for the manufacturing, development and application of membranes. A spin-off was recently started to commercialise the developed high-throughput equipment (www.html-membrane.be) and to coordinate the servicing facilities.

Keywords: Membrane synthesis and processes, Catalysis, Adsorption Development processes: PV, UF, NF, RO, SRNF, dialysis, MBR, GS, hybrid processes (catalysis + membrane separations) Membrane development: Polymeric and mixed matrix membranes Application studies: Wastewater, drinking water, molecular separations in solvents, gas separations Type of test facility: Equipment for pressure based liquid and gas filtrations, MBR, pervaporation. Also in high- throughput and automated versions.

Contact: Prof. Ivo Vankelecom ([email protected])

Department of Molecular and Microbial Systems (M²S), Faculty of Bio-Engineering, K.U.Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, B 3001 Heverlee (P.O. Box 2461) Tel.: + 32 16 321594

18 C. University Colleges within Association K.U.Leuven

C.1 KaHo Sint-Lieven

The Laboratory for Chemical Process Technology develops applications for non-pressure driven membrane technologies such as electrodialysis, liquid membranes and membrane distillation. The laboratory focuses furthermore on technological feasibility, upscaling and economical feasibility of the tested applications. The group also has a strong expertise in ionic liquids and studies membrane applications of ionic liquids, in collaboration with the division Applied Physical Chemistry and Environmental Technology of the K.U.Leuven (prof. Bart Van der Bruggen, see above).

Contact : Dr. ir. Luc Pinoy ([email protected])

Gebroeders Desmetstraat 1, B-9000 Gent, Belgium Tel. + 32 9 265 86 37, Fax. + 32 9 265 87 24

C.2. KHBO: (Catholic) University College Ostend - Bruges

Within the frame of the Association of the (Catholic) University of Leuven with its partner University Colleges the ( Catholic) University College of Ostend - Bruges set up a collaboration with the Department of Chemical Engineering (Profs. Jan Van Impe and Bart Van der Bruggen) and the Department of Microbial and Molecular systems (Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, profs. Johan Martens and Ivo Vankelecom) of the (Catholic) Univerisity of Leuven. Principles and processes worked out at the university are upscaled to pilot scale. Current research focuses on electrodialysis and its potential for removing nutrients from waste waters and its potential central role in the water loop as a method to upgrade reverse osmosis retentates.

Contact: prof. Boudewijn Meesschaert ([email protected])

Department of Industrial Sciences and Technology, KHBO, Zeedijk 101, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium tel: +32 59 56 90 53 fax: +32 59 56 90 01

C.3. KHKempen

KHKempen focuses on solvent separations using a classical chemical engineering approach, combined with pervaporation, in view of developing methods for sustainable process technology and advanced separations, e.g., in multicomponent azeotropic mixtures. The group collaborates with the K.U.Leuven (Applied Physical Chemistry and Environmental Technology, prof. Bart Van der Bruggen) and Vito.

Contact: dr. Steven Vreysen ([email protected])

Kleinhoefstraat 4, B-2440 Geel, Belgium Tel. +32 14 562310

19 4. Ugent

A. Particle and Interfacial Technology Group

The Particle & Interfacial Technology Group of Ghent University studies fundamental aspects of membrane applications (especially NF and UF) in the treatment of aqueous feeds. Specific attention is paid to (prevention of) membrane fouling and especially to electrostatic effects. To that end, the charge properties of both solute and membrane can be determined. In addition, the beneficial effect of an applied electric field has been exploited in liposomal electro-ultrafiltration.

Research fundamentals: charge effects; fouling Development processes: NF, UF, MF Application studies: wastewater Test Facility: lab (cross-flow UF, MF), pilot (NF,RO)

Contact: Paul Van der Meeren ([email protected]), Hans Saveyn ([email protected]) Ghent University, Particle & Interfacial Technology Group, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent (Belgium) tel +32 9 2646003

B. Department of Organic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry Research Group

This group is active in advanced polymer chemistry as a basis for membrane synthesis. Keywords: Membrane formation, new polymer architectures, PV, MF, UF, track etched membranes, modified TEM's, polymer supports for catalytic applications, wastewater, fine chemical synthesis, ethanol production.

Contact: Prof. Filip Du Prez ([email protected])

University of Ghent, Polymer Chemistry Division, Krijgslaan 281 S4 bis, B 9000 Gent Tel: + 32 9 264 44 98 /45 03, Fax: + 32 9 264 49 72

C. BIOMATH

BIOMATH has been involved in MBR research as of 2002. The focus of the research group is on the development of an integrated model for MBR, which accounts both for the biological process as for the physical filtration step. A first milestone was the PhD of Tao Jiang that was completed in 2006 and dealt with aspects like ASM modeling and calibration of MBR using ASM2d, the extension of this model with an SMP (Soluble Microbial Products) model to better capture the sludge water COD levels, hereby characterizing SMP with LC-OCD measurements. Finally, a filtration model was developed and calibrated. All of the data was collected from a lab-scale MBR fed with synthetic wastewater and using an X-Flow side stream membrane module. A continuation of the work focuses on impacts of operational conditions on SMP production and degradation in order to improve the SMP model. Moreover, an extension of a benchmark model to investigate and compare different control strategies is developed (BSM-MBR) and will be used to develop better control strategies for MBR unlike just copying them from conventional systems. Another path of research deals with the modeling of hydrodynamics for better understanding of membrane fouling. In that respect, a recent PhD was finished (Nicolas Ratkovich) that developed (among other things) a CFD model for a two-phase slug flow in tubular membranes and validated it using dedicated shear stress

20 measurements near the membrane surface. In another project in collaboration with Norit and TU Delft, this CFD model is coupled with a population balance model to study the impact of particle size distribution on the filtration process.

Contact: Prof. Ingmar Nopens ([email protected])

Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium Tel. +32 9 2645939 Fax +32 9 2646220

5. University College Karel De Grote, dept. IWT (Antwerp)

Research focuses on reuse of (waste)water. The group focuses on pilot studies on e.g., nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in several projects, including wastewater of tank cleaning companies and process water of industriale laundries. Another main research topic is the treatment of concentrates from membrane operations, using mainly AOP’s. This also includes a study of ecotoxicologic effects of treatment methods for concentrate fractions from nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.

Contact: Luc Geuens ([email protected]) Karel de Grote Hogeschool, Department IWT, Labo BIT, Salesianenlaan 30, B-2660 Hoboken, Belgium Tel. +32 478 599 808

6. Providers

A. IEC NV

IEC manufactures ED installations and engineers ED applications. See: www.iec.be

Contact: Frans Custers ([email protected], [email protected]) IEC nv, Boostveld 7, B-3770 RIEMST, Belgium Tel. +32 12 45 57 40

21 Membrane activities in BULGARIA

In the period 2002-2011 Bulgaria has realized small progresses in membrane activities. Some institutions have introduced or increased this problem in their research program, but in other it has been completely neglected or considerably disregarded. There are several important reasons for this situation which concern the whole scientific development in the country: -An essential part of the qualified scientists in the most productive age (30-45 years) has left Bulgaria and found successful realization in USA and leading European countries; -Due to the low salary the scientific positions are not attractive and the institutions staff continuously decreases; -The economic crisis results in decreasing state budget for research and development.

1. Academic institutions: 1.1 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Polymers Address: Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Phone: (+3592) 8700309, (+3592) 9792209 Fax: (+3592) 8707523 E - mail: [email protected] The Institute of Polymers is the leading institution in Bulgaria in the polymer science. The Institute is carrying research and education/training relevant to the development and application of polymers and polymeric materials. Its research policy is in accordance with the priority of the European Union for knowledge based economy. The Institute is realizing successfully the model based on knowledge accumulation and education via scientific research and its transformation into new technologies and products to meet adequately the requirements of the society.

Laboratory “Conjugated Polymers”

The research on new materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) has started in 2000 under the supervision of Prof. Ivan Shopov ([email protected]). The investigations have been performed in close collaboration with the Max-Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany and Celanese Ventures GmbH, Germany. Since 2004 Assoc. Prof. Vesselin Sinigersky, PhD is head of the Laboratory. Laboratory “Conjugated Polymers” is nationally and internationally recognized for its dynamism and expertise in the field.

Major Research Activities

1. New solid polymer electrolyte materials for polymer electrolyte membranes fuel cells (PEMFC). Two main types of polybenzimidazole based membranes (PBI) are under development: · Low temperature membranes (operating temperatures up to 100 °C) - PBI membranes containing crosslinked polyvinylphosphonic acid (PVPhA) and PBI with grafted PVPhA chaines; · High temperature membranes (operating temperatures up to 180 °C) - crosslinked PBI doped with phosphoric acid, exhibiting improved mechanical properties; Proton conductivity, chemical stability and mechanical properties of these new materials are studied. 2. PBI based polymer membranes for micro- and nano-filtration (research started 2010).

International collaborations

In the frame of three EC funded projects (FP6) -Autobrane, NextGenCell and CARISMA - the Laboratory has intensively collaborated with leading universities and companies like Max-Plank Institute for Polymer 22 Research, Mainz, Germany, BASF Fuel Cell GmbH and Vaillant GmbH, Germany, University Montpellier- CNRS, France, DTU Lingby, Denmark. The developement of membranes for micro- and nanofiltration is carried out together with Imperial College, London, UK.

Patent Applications 1. Functionalized polyazoles, method for their preparation and application, WO 200405373, A1, 15.01.2004. 2. New functionalized polyazole containing repeating imidazole units useful in the application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells”, DE 10 2005 057644 A1, 14.06.2006. 3. Membrane-electrode assemblies and long-life fuel cells, US 2009/0098430 А1, 16.04.2009. 4. Membranes for fuel cells, containing polymers comprising phosphonic acid groups and/оr sulfonic acid groups, membrane-electrode units and the use thereof in fuel cells”, US 2009/0169955 А1, 02.07.2009. 5. Method for mechanically stabilizing polymers containing nitrogen”, WO 2011/003538, 13.01.2011.

Contact information: Assoc. Prof. Vesselin Sinigersky, PhD Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Tel. (+3592) 9793475; Mobile: (+359) 888325783; Fax: (+3592) 8700309 e-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected].

The Laboratory "Transfer processes in multiphase media" The head of this Laboratory is Prof. G. Angelov ([email protected]), D. Sc. This is the principal group from the Institute of Chemical Engineering of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences dealing in the field of membrane separations. This group works is in the field of extraction of metals and organic compounds in liquid - liquid and solid-liquid systems, recovery of valuable substances from waste waters, liquid membrane separation process, extraction of botanicals, application of nanomembranes to concentration of liquid extracts, development of integrated processes including membranes for simultaneous extraction and concentration of valuable substances. Unfortunately, the group has suffered from reduction of its stuff, and the research activity in the field of membrane science, is partially reduced. At local level the group collaborates with the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia. At iinternational level the most developed collaborations are with France and Slovakia.

The activity of Bulgarian group might be classified as application of membrane processes for metal separation, isolation of bioactive substances (alkaloids, organic acids) from botaniacals, integration of solid-liquid extraction with membrane separation , modeling of membrane processes, isolation of biosurfactants, application of nanomembranes.

A list of relevant publications from 2003 is enclosed below:

1. Boyadzhiev L., N. Kirilova, S. Alexandrova, A. Saboni, “Pertraction continue de tylosine dans un contacteur a films tournants”, Chem. Eng. Journal, 95, 137-141 (2003). 2. Boyadzhiev L., B. Yordanov, "Pertraction of citric acid", Bulg. Chem. Comm., 35, 14-20 (2003). 3. Zhivkova S., K. Dimitrov, G. Kyuchukov, L. Boyadzhiev, "Separation of zinc from iron by rotating film pertraction", Separ. Sci. Technol., 37, 9 (2004). 4. Boyadzhiev L., B. Yordanov, " Pertraction of indol alkaloids from Vinca minor L.", Separ. Sci. and Technol., 39, 1321 (2004). 23 5. Yordanov B., L.Boyadzhiev , Pertraction of citric acid by means of emulsion liquid membranes, J.Membr. Sci., 238, 191 (2004). 6. Yordanov B., L.Boyadzhiev, Integrated processes, extraction and liquid membrane preconcentration of indole alkaloids from (Vinca minor L.), Compt.rend. Bulg. Acad. Sci., 58, 771-774 (2005). 7. Dimitrov K., D.Metcheva, L.Boyadzhiev, Integrated processes of extraction and liquid membrane isolation of atropine from Atropa belladonna roots, Separ. & Purification Technolgy, 46, 41-45 (2005). 8. Dimitrov K., D. Metcheva, S. Alexandrova, and L. Boyadzhiev, Selective Recovery of Tropane Alkaloids Applying Liquid Membrane Technique, Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q. 20, 1, 55–59 (2006). 9. Dimitrov K., Recovery of tropane alkaloids from Deadly Nightshade. II. Modelling of solute transport in the extraction-pertraction hybrid process, Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 38, 4, 237–242 (2006).

1.2 University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy-Sofia

UCTM is one of the most prestigious higher educational institutions in Bulgaria recently ranked 5th among all Bulgarian Universities. It offers Bachelor, Master and PhD courses in the field of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Metallurgy, Materials Science, Control Engineering, Biotechnology, Ecology and Industrial Management. The University is of national importance for the Bulgarian chemical and metallurgical industries wherein the major part of the qualified specialists is its graduates. It has contracts for collaboration with over 50 institutions in the field of education and scientific research.

For contact: Rector: Assos. Prof. Dr. MitkoGeorgiev, Phone: +3592 8681513: FAX: +3592 8685488 e-mail: [email protected]

Department of Chemical Engineering

The research activities of the department have been devoted mainly to the mass-transfer processes (absorption, adsorption, solid-liquid extraction) and waste water treatment. Small group of researchers has considered transport phenomena in non-Newtonian liquids (rheology and diffusion). Three-phase fluidization of ferromagnetic powder in magnetic field has been investigated by another small group. Membrane activities have been included in the department research program in two aspects: -Ultrafiltration has been applied in the waste water treatment for separation and recovery of dyes as well as for emulsions separation. For contact: Prof. Dr. Bogdana Koumanova, e-mail [email protected], tel: +3592 8745117

-Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) has been applied for concentration of ethanolic extracts from various plants materials (herbs, propolis, defatted grape seeds, etc.). High rejections of biologically active compounds (phenolics, flavonoids, etc.) have been obtained by commercial cross-linked polyimide membranes. The possibility of permeate reuse for extraction instead of pure solvent has been confirmed showing the integration of solid-liquid extraction with OSN as an advantageous technological scheme. This research has been carried out in the frame of 7-th FP Project “Implementation of Membrane Technology to Industry” (IMeTI), financially suported by the European Commission under Grant Agreement PIAP-GA-2008-218068. -The department organized international workshop on "Implementation of Nanomembrane Technology in the Pharmaceutical Industry" as an activity of the above mentioned project, held 09-10th September 2011 in Sofia. For contact: Prof. DSc Georgi Peev, e-mail [email protected] , tel: +3592 8770181

Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Research (LAMAR) at the Department of Silicate Technology

24 Scintific interests of the LAMAR work group are in the area of the dense ceramic membranes processing and development of mixed-conducting oxide membranes, preparation of SOFC components and their investigation, supported perovskites for membrane application. Proton conducting membranes are of target R&D interest as well. In the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology there are activities for separation and recovery of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) from waste air streams. LAMAR has scientific relations with numerous research groups in different countries. Among them are Germany, Netherland, Japan, Greece, Switzerland, United Kingdom, , etc. The group works successfully on projects financed by the European Commission. In the field of SOFC as application to Energy sources the following RTD projects were successfully executed: In 3-th FP Project-SES6-2004-510435 in JOULE II No ERBCIPDCT 930331; in 5-th FP Project-ICA2-CT- 200010030; in 6-th FP-Integrated Project FP6-502612 (REAL-SOFC) and Network Project SES6-2004- 510435 (ENFUGEN). In Application of Nanoscience and Technology: NMP 6-th FP-Project SSA FP6-510314 (ANVOC) and Integrated Project NMP3-CT-2005-011783 (MULTIPROTECT).

For contact: Prof. DSc Vladimir Kozhukharov, Head of LAMAR, 8, Kl.Okhridskii blvd., 1756-Sofia, Bulgaria Phone: (+3592)8163375 ; FAX: (+3592)8685488 e-mail: [email protected]

1.3 University “Prof. Assen Zlatarov”

Bourgas “Prof. Asen Zlatarov University is the largest academic institution in south-eastern part of Bulgaria. The University undertakes teaching, scientific and service activities in 3 faculties and 3 colleges: Technical Faculty; Humanitarian Faculty; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Medical College; College of tourism; Technical College. The teaching staff of Bourgas “Prof. Asen Zlatarov” University includes 81 professors and 120 PhD holders. The number of students is approximately 5000.

For contact: Prof. Yakimov str.1, fax N 00359 56 858220 8010 Burgas Bulgaria

Department of “Organic Chemical technology” Prof. Georgi Kostov - [email protected], [email protected]

Advances in the Synthesis and Properties of Functional Fluoropolymer Membranes Novel fluorinated copolymers based on commercially available fluoroalkenes tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) with various fluorinated and non- fluorinated comonomers were synthesized by radical copolymerization either in bulk, solution and emulsion or by radiation grafting onto fluoropolymer films. TFE functional copolymers containing perfluorovinyl ethers with sulpho-, phosphonic or carboxylic pendant groups were used as proton exchange membranes at low temperatures. VDF based copolymers were synthesized by iodine transfer controlled radical polymerization with hexafluoropropene (HFP) and α-trifluoromethacrylic acid (MAF). α, ω -Diiodoperfluoroalkanes were used as the chain transfer agents (CTAs) and according to the CTA concentrations in the feed, molecular weights were ranging from 2,000 to 220,000 g/mol. The terpolymers were functionalized by chemical modification with heterocyclic benzimidazoles using Eaton’s catalyst or with aromatic sulphoacides by Mitsunobu reaction. On

25 the basis of functionalized CTFE copolymers containing imidazole vinyl ether or aromatic sulphoacids, original medium temperature (90-200 0C) membranes were obtained. The main properties of the membranes synthesized, such as: chemical inertness, decomposition and glass transition temperatures, proton and dual conductivities, water uptake and ion-exchange capacity were also investigated. Some aspects of their applications for fuel cell membranes, enzyme biosensors, chlor-alkali electrolysis, catalytic active metal complexes etc were studied.

Department of “Basic Chemical technology”.

PREPARATION AND MODIFICATION OF MEMBRANES Stoyko Petrov Petrov- e - mail: [email protected] Milena Pencheva Miteva, Violeta Ognyanova Slavova, Plamena Veleva Atanasova

Studies are under way on the preparation of ultrafiltration membranes based on polyacrylonitrile polymers aiming at their production on industrial scale. The modification and application of the membranes is carried out in several main directions:  Preparation of membranes from polymer mixtures.  Preparation of membranes by modification of LCST polymers.  Plasma treatment of membrane surface.  Metallization of membrane surface to improve their stability.  Using the membranes in the processes of purification of waters, polymer complexes, dyes, surfactants, etc.

Department of “Biotechnology” Prof. Tzonka Godjevargova - e - mail: [email protected]

It is part of the Faculty Technical Sciences at the Prof. Assen Zlatarov University. Members:  T. Godjevargova, PhD, Associate Professor, Head of Department of Biotechnology  N. Dimova, PhD, Associate Professor  K. Gabrovska, PhD, Assistant  Ruska Nenkova, Asistant  S. Georgieva, PhD, Student  G. Yordanova, Asistant  M. Manova, engineer biotechnologist Ivailo Marinov , PhD, Student

The Department of Biotechnology has achievements in the field of membrane for immobilization of enzymes and microorganisms, mainly polyacrylonitrile and polyamide membranes. This immobilized systems used for preparation of biosensors for determination of pesticides, glucose and for purification of wastewater.

- Research fundamentals (keywords): Modification of polymeric membranes, membrane characterization, immobilization of enzyme on modified membranes, Electrochemical Biosensors and Flow-injection methods, Immobilized enzymes - Development processes: UF - Membrane development: polymeric - Module development - Application studies: wastewater, biosensors - Type of test facility: gas filtrations

Contact: 26 Prof. Tzonka Godjevargova Head of Department of Biotechnology Head of Laboratory “Buluritest” for production of diagnostic test-strips Address: Bourgas, Prof. Assen Zlatarov University, Faculty Technical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Prof. Yakimov str. 1, BG-8010 Bourgas, Bulgaria Phone: +359 56 858 353, Fax - +359 56 858 220 E-mail: [email protected]

Department of Water Treatment Technology

Prof. Valentin Nenov - e - mail: [email protected] Assoc. Prof. Bogdan Bonev

The research group Water Treatment Lab was established in 1974. The main research trends are: 1) Water Conditioning for Thermal and nuclear Power stations and 2) Wastewater Treatment. The present permanent staff includes 1 full Professor and 3 associate professors. Annually about 15 students are graduating with master degree on Engineering in the field of Water Treatment. New studies associated with membrane processes and membrane materials have been initiated in 1997. These investigations are related mainly to the processes of sea water desalination and membrane separation in wastewater treatment. The processes of MF, UF and RO are applies in the above areas. Intensive studies on the application of MF and UF membranes in the hybrid processes of adsorption and membrane separation were carried out in the period of 2003-2006. During the last 6 years main topics are MBR and MFC.

The department owns all the required equipment for water analysis, lab & pilot scale equipment for UF, RO and MF, biological tests, ion exchange/sorption and precipitation tests. Expertise on Environmental Impact Assessment of water reservoirs is available.

27 Membrane activities in CYPRUS

1. University of Cyprus The Computational Science Laboratory (UCY-CompSci) was established in 2005 through a Marie Curie TOK- DEV grant. Today, UCY-CompSci operates under the School of Engineering at the University of Cyprus and is active in research covering a wide range of areas of computational science and engineering. UCY-CompSci is active in the modelling and numerical simulation of reverse osmosis processes. Website: http://www.ucy-compsci.org - Structure of organization: Research Laboratory at the University of Cyprus - Research fundamentals (keywords): Membrane fouling - Development processes: RO - Membrane development: N/A - Module development: N/A - Application studies: Drinking water, wastewater - Type of test facility: N/A Contact: Ass. Prof. Stavros Kassinos University of Cyprus 75 Kallipoleos Avenue, P.O.Box 20537 Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus Tel: +357-22892296 Fax: +357-22892254 Email: kassinos ucy.ac.cy

2. Cyprus University and Technology The research group is newborn, and has started its activities when in January of this year Professor Vassilis Gekas became a member of the Cyprus University of Technology, School of Geotechnical studies and the Environment. - Structure of organization: University - Research fundamentals (keywords): membrane fouling, membrane characterization, multi-component mixtures - Development processes: NF - Membrane development: N/A - Module development: N/A - Application studies: wastewater, drinking water, food processing, agro-food wastes - Type of test facility: DSS Labstack Contact: Professor Vassilis Gekas Cyprus University of Technology PAREA building, Athinwn and Anexartissias Limassol, Cyprus Email: [email protected] Tel: 00357-25002301 Tel: 00357-96492761 (mobile) Secretary phone and fax: 0035725002536

28 Membrane activities in CZECH REPUBLIC

1. Introduction

Until year 2008 membrane activities in Czech Republic have been arched over the Membrane Section of the Czech Society of Chemical Engineering (MSCSCHI). Membrane Section at that time developed a great initiative in the popularization of inland membrane field since the half nineties of the last century. However, certain form of fractionalism of the academic and industrial membrane research groups and their oftentimes competing advancement brought the leaders of academic membrane centers and industrial partners to an idea to proceed jointly, coordinately and more effectively. Therefore, on January 11th 2008 the Czech Membrane Platform (CZEMP) has been established as a successor of the Membrane Section. From beginning Platform became a professional association of membrane specialists, comprising personalities of science, research and work experience associating prominent experts and institutions focused on research, development, implementation and application of membrane operations in technological processes. Members gathered in the CZEMP are universities, institutes of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic and industrial partners (see Table 4). Some of them are focused on research, development and education in the area of natural and technical sciences with a special focus on synthetic membranes and membrane processes. In accordance with their activities, the manufacturing corporations are concerned with the membrane development and production, with units for membrane technologies or they utilize these technologies in own production processes or products.

Adopted principles of CZEMP can be summarized in following points:  interconnecting activities of professional community, academic sphere, industrial producers or users of products and technologies in the membrane area

 guaranteeing the knowledge transfer concerning membrane topics between academic and industrial sphere

 supporting the education in the field of membrane processes

 promoting the coordination of activities of subjects acting in the area of research and development of membrane processes

 monitoring calls and programs and both domestic and foreign financial resources

 supporting common interests of its members with the aim to popularize membrane topics to public and media and create a proper atmosphere for their development and wider utilization.

The cooperation of CZEMP at the European level with the partnership organization EMH (European Membrane House www.euromemhouse.com.) from October 2009 within the framework of ERA (European Research Area) ensures international contacts and cooperation, providing access to the involvement of Czech subjects in the international research, developing and educational projects.

CZEMP also participated as co-organizer of several international conferences and workshops in central Europe (PERMEA 2009, CHISA 2009 and 2010). Popularization of membrane processes and presentation of Platform professional activity will take place on workshop An Introduction to Membrane Processes in October 20th 2010.

29 In 2010 The Czech-English and English-Czech Membrane Dictionary was published under sponsorship of CZEMP. This explanatory book is a crucial achievement in the membrane field of Czech Republic because it introduces the official Czech membrane terminology. For year 2011 publication of the first comprehensive and original textbook in Czech language for higher education - Základy membránových procesů (Membrane Processes Fundamentals) is planned.

Board of CZEMP consists of :

 Ing. Miroslav Bleha, Ph.D. (ÚMCH AV ČR) - Executive director [email protected] or [email protected]  Ing. Luboš Novák, Ph.D. (MEGA a.s.) - Chairman of the Board, [email protected]  Prof. Dr. Ing. Karel Bouzek (VŠCHT Praha) - Vice-chairman of the Board, [email protected]  Prof. Ing. Petr Mikulášek, Ph.D. (Univerzita Pardubice) [email protected]  Ing. Aleš Černín, PhD. (MEGA a.s.), [email protected]

Table 4. Academic and Industrial Members of CZEMP

Czech Membrane Platform Members

Academic Industrial

ÚMCH AV ČR - www.imc.cas.cz MEGA a.s. – www.mega.cz

Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry

Ústav chemických procesů AV ČR, v.v.i. - DIAMO, s.p., o.z. GEAM – www.icpf.cas.cz www.diamo.cz

Institute of Chemical Processes Fundamentals INTERLACTO, s r.o. – www.interlacto.cz VŠCHT Praha - www.vscht.cz Kemwater ProChemie s.r.o. – Institute of Chemical Technology www.prochemie.cz

KEMIFLOC a.s. – www.kemifloc.cz

Univerzita Pardubice – www.upce.cz MemBrain s.r.o. – www.membrain.cz

University of Pardubice

Technická Univerzita Liberec – www.tul.cz TENEZ a.s. – www.tenez.cz

Technical University of Liberec MEGA-TEC s.r.o. – www.megatec.cz VWS Memsep s.r.o. – Vysoká škola báňská – Technická univerzita www.memsep.cz Ostrava – www.vsb.cz ASIO, spol. s r.o. – http://www.asio.cz/ Technical University of Ostrava

2. Membrane processes in Czech Republic

The majority of membrane processes (MP) are in Czech Republic designed for water treatment (drinking water, ultrapure water, recycled industrial water and decontamination). Some applications can be also found in food industry and in pharmaceutical or biotechnological companies. However, such companies keep information about using of membrane processes during production of their commodities strictly as their own know-how and obtain any information is nearly impossible. In other industrial areas is the wider expansion of membrane processes obstructed by certain form of technologist “conservatism“ hand-in-hand connected with low MP technical knowledge and with financial capacity. Thus, the situation is known and all “membrane subjects” are conscious of it. Therefore, founding of CZEMP was the first step in the long way of knowledge and technology transfer from research to industry, from lab scale to everyday use.

31 2.1. Science and research - Universities

2.1.1. Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague (ICT)

The Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Prague is a public university providing education and pursuing scientific, research, development and implementation activities. Institute was founded in 1952, but its roots date back to 1807 when the first course in chemistry was delivered at the Prague Polytechnic. ICT consists of four faculties, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology and Faculty of Chemical Engineering.

2.1.1.1. Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, ICT The Department of Inorganic Technology (within the Faculty of Chemical Technology, ICT) has a long- standing tradition in the education of young specialists for the production of inorganic substances. Besides teaching, research activity is a significant part of its activities.

Membrane activities: - PEM type fuel cells - Water electrolysis - Zeolite membranes for gas separation and membrane reactors - Electrodialysis process optimization - Mathematical modeling of membrane processes

Staff: Prof. Karel Bouzek, Ph.D. (Head of Department, contact person, [email protected]) Assoc. Prof. Vladimír Mejta, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Bohumil Bernauer, Ph.D. Ing. Martin Paidar, Ph.D. Ing. Vlastimil Fíla, Ph.D. Ing. Miloslav Lhotka, PhD.

Ph.D. students: Ing. Roman Kodým, Ing. Petr Pánek, Ing. Kristýna Vítková, Ing. Monika Drakselová, Ing. Karel Vazač, Ing. Jakub Polonský, Ing. Vladimír Buday, Ing. Petr Mazúr, Ing. Jaromír Hnát, Ing. Luděk Janík, Debabrata Chanda, MSc.

Contact: Department of Inorganic Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice Czech Republic Tel.: + 420 220 444 019 Fax: + 420 220 444 410 http://www.vscht.cz/kat/index_en.html 32

2.1.1.2 Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, ICT Department of Physical Chemistry is mainly focused on phase equlibria and applied thermodynamic. In 1978 The Laboratory of Membrane separation processes was founded at Department of Physical Chemistry and the research is goal-directed on study of transport of gases and vapours in and through polymer membranes by permeation or sorption methods using home-build apparatuses connected with GC-MS or IR instruments.

Membrane activities: - integral and differential gas and vapour permeation - binary vapour mixture permeation - liquid and vapour phase gravimetric sorption - gas sorption experiments - membrane dilation measurements

Staff: Assoc. Prof. Milan Šípek, Ph.D. (Head of group) Ing. Vlastimil Hynek, Ph.D. Ing. Karel Friess, PhD. (contact person, [email protected])

Ph.D. students: Ing. Ondřej Vopička, Ing. Miroslav Zgažar

Contact: Department of Physical Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice Czech Republic Tel.: +420 220 444 029 Fax: + 420 220 444 333 http://www.vscht.cz/fch/en/research/sipek.html

2.1.1.3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, ICT Research activities of Department of Chemical Engineering are focused on fluid modeling, flow dynamics, microreactors and membrane bioreactors.

Membrane activities: - Mass and fluid transfer - Process engineering (membrane bioreactors)

Staff: Prof. Igor Schreiber, Ph.D. (Head of Department) Assoc. Prof. Dalimil Šnita, Ph.D. (constact person, [email protected]) Prof. Pavel Hasal, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Michal Přibyl, PhD. Ing. Juraj Kosek, Ph.D.

Contact: Department of Chemical Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Prague

33 Technická 3 Czech Republic Tel.:+420 220 443 138 Fax: +420 220 444 320 http://www.vscht.cz/uchi

2.1.1.4 Department of Fermentation Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, ICT Research and pedagogical activities of department are focused on brewery, biotechnology in environmental protection, production of alternative fuels and in production of enzymes.

Membrane activities: - pressure membrane processes in separation, isolation and purification of food products - electrodialisys in production of organic acids (downstream processing)

Staff: Prof. Ing. Karel Melzoch, Ph.D. (Head of Department, contact person, [email protected]) Prof. Ing. Mojmír Rychtera, Ph.D.

Ph.D. students: Ing. Petr Fribert Ing. Josef Moravec Ing. Jakub Lipovský

Contact: Department of Fermentation Chemistry and Bioengineering Institute of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic Tel.:+ 420 220 444 035 Fax: +420 220 445 051 http://www.vscht.cz/kch/indexen.html

2.1.1.5 Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, ICT Testing and verification of applicability of membrane processes in purification and separation of raw materials in food industry and agriculture belongs to main research topics of Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Technology.

Membrane activities: - pressure membrane processes (nanofiltration) - pilot plant experiments

Staff: Prof. Ing. Zdeněk Bubník, Ph.D. (Head of department) Ing. Andrea Hinková, PhD. (contact person, [email protected]) Ing. Vladimír Pour, Ph.D. Ing. Svatopluk Henke Prof. Ing. Pavel Kadlec, DrSc. Ing. Evžen Šárka, Ph.D.

Contact: Department of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 3 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic Tel.:+ 420 220 443 111 Fax: +420 233 339 990 http://www.vscht.cz/sch/english.html

2.1.1.6 Department of Dairy and Fat Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, ICT Research group of Dairy chemistry and technology at this department is focused on pressure membrane processes and electrodialysis used in dairy industry.

Membrane activities: - demineralisation of whey (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, electrodialysis) - hydrolisis and preparation of galactooligosaccaharides

Staff: Assoc. Prof. Ladislav Čurda, Ph.D. (Head of Group, contact person, [email protected]) Ing. Jiří Štětina, Ph.D.

Ph.D. student: Ing. Lenka Diblíková

Contact: Department of Dairy and Fat Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 3 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic Tel.:+ 420 220 443 831 Fax: +420 233 443 285 http://www.vscht.cz/tmt/index-en.html

2.1.1.7 Department of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Technology, ICT Pedagogical and research activities of Department of Polymers are focused on preparation and study of polymer materials and additives, polymer aging and polymer analytics. Membrane preparation research group deals with linear and hyperbranched polymides.

Membrane activities: - Synthesis of new polymers - Polymer membrane preparation by solution casting - Preparation of mixed matrix membranes (polymer + macrocyclic nanofillers, CNT, SiO2 etc.)

Staff: Assoc. Prof. Petr Sysel, Ph.D. (Head of group, contact person, [email protected] ) Marie Čelišová

Ph.D. student: Mgr. Evgenia Minko

Contact: Department of Polymers Institute of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 3 166 28 Praha 6 Czech Republic Tel.:+ 420 220 443 196 Fax: +420 220 443 175 http://www.vscht.cz/pol/indexa.html

2.1.2 Masaryk University Brno (MU Brno)

Masaryk University (founded at 1919) is one of the largest and most considerable academic and research institution at Czech Republic. The Faculty of Natural Science at Masaryk University in Brno provides higher education in the scientific fields of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Earth Sciences.

2.1.2.1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, MU Brno Since 2007 is Department of Chemistry located in newly constructed University Campus at Brno-Bohunice. Department comprises organic, inorganic, analytical and physical chemistry. Membrane activities: - synthesis, characterization and testing of organic and inorganic compounds (nano-scale materials for gas/gas or gas/vapour separation membranes) - supramolecular chemistry including synthesis of new macrocyclic compounds

Staff: Assoc. Prof. Vladimír Šindelář, Ph.D. (Head of Group, contact person, [email protected])

Ph.D. students: Ing. Viktor Kolman Mgr. Marek Štancl Mgr. Jan Švec Muhammad Shamsul Azim Khan

Contact: Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences Masaryk University Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno Czech Republic Tel.:+420 549 49 8142 Fax: +420 549 49 2443 http://ustavchemie.sci.muni.cz

2.1.3 University of Pardubice (UPCE)

2.1.3.1 Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, UPCE Since its founding in 1950, the Faculty has become a renowned institution of higher education in a variety of chemistry related areas. In 1983 research activities of the Institute are targeted on membrane processes.

Membrane activities: - Pressure separation processes and membrane characterisation - Optimisation of process operation parameters - Transport characteristics of ion-exchange membranes Staff: Prof. Ing. Petr Mikulášek, Ph.D. (Head of pressure membrane processes group, contact person, [email protected]) Assoc. Prof. Jiří Cakl, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Zdeněk Palatý, Ph.D. (Head of diffusion membrane processes group) Ing. Petr Doleček, Ph.D. Ing. Hana Jiránková, Dr. Ing. Bedřich Šiška, Ph.D. Ing. Helena Bendová, Ph.D.

Contact: University of Pardubice Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic Tel.: +420 466 037 140 Fax: +420 466 037 068 Czech Republic http://www.upce.cz/en/fcht/uechi.html

2.1.4 Technical University of Liberec (TUL)

The Technical University of Liberec is the continuity of the College of Mechanical Engineering that was founded in 1953. Besides two original faculties (Mechanical Engineering and Textile Engineering), other four faculties emerged from 1990 to 2004.

2.1.4.1 Institute of Novel Technologies and Applied Informatics (NTI), Faculty of mechatronics, informatics and interdisciplinary studies, TUL Research and teaching activities of NTI are focused on research and applications of computer models, current information technologies, and nanotechnologies for studying of natural and technological processes aimed to their influence and control. Membrane activities: - Advanced remedial technologies for waste and contaminated water treatment - Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies

Staff: Prof. Jiří Maryška, Ph.D. (Head of Institute) Assoc. Prof. Miroslav Černík, Ph.D. (Head of Group, contact person, [email protected]) 37

Ph.D. students: Mgr. Pavel Hrabák Ing. Bc. Štěpánka Klímková Ing. Lenka Lacinová Ing. Jaroslav Nosek Ing. Jana Kolesárová Ing. Alena Rodová

Contact: NTI FM TUL Building A1 Hálkova 6, 461 17 Liberec 1 Tel: +420 485 353 017 Fax: +420 485 353 011 http://www.nti.tul.cz/en/Main_Page

2.1.5 Technical University of Ostrava (TUO) Technical University of Ostrava is a public university with seven faculties which provide more than 24 000 students in Bachelor, Master and Doctoral studying programmes. From the begining in 1945 is adherent to problems of coal and ore mining and their treatment.

2.1.5.1 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, TUO Research activity of the Institute of Environmental Engineering is targeted on assessing of influence of anthropogenic pollutants in agriculture, assessing of influence of waste deposition, and waste water treatment from mining industry.

Membrane activities: - reverse osmosis - reverse electrodialysis Staff: Prof. Pavel Prokop, Ph.D. (Head of Department) Assoc. Prof. Radmila Kučerová, Ph.D. (Head of group, contact person, [email protected]) Prof. Ing. Jiří Vidlář, Ph.D. Ing. Iva Bestová, Ph.D. Ing. Silvie Heviánková, Ph.D. Ing. Jan Thomas, Ph.D. Ing. Barbora Mikendová, Ph.D.

Ph.D. students: Ing. Jitka Hajduková Ing. Pavla Nábělková

Contact: VŠB-TU Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology 7. listopadu 15/2172 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba Tel: +420 597 321 242 Fax: +420 596 918 589 38 http://hgf10.vsb.cz/546/VODA/index.html

2.2. Science and research – Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR) is public non-academic institution consisting of system of institutes in the majority of cases focused on fundamental research. Research conducted by the ASCR endeavours to advance knowledge on national and international scale.

2.2.1 Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry ASCR v.v.i. (IMC)

The IMC is an academic institution focused on macromolecular (polymer) science. The main research covers synthetic of new polymers, their properties, and possible utilization based on a wide variability of polymer structures. The founder of the IMC in 1959 was Professor Otto Wichterle, the inventor of soft hydrogel contact lenses.

2.2.1.1 Department of Polymer Membranes Research activity of the Department of Polymer Membranes is focused on the innovative membrane separation techniques and membrane applications in energetics. New polymers, designed for the membrane preparation, are synthesized, new membranes are fabricated and their physicochemical properties are investigated. The methods implemented in the department include determination of permeabilities and diffusivities (in dry or swollen state), kinetics and extent of sorption in membranes, gas pycnometry and membrane ion conductivity.

Membrane activities: - Polymer synthesis and membrane preparation for gas separation, pervaporation, water electrolysis and for fuel cells -Vapour permeation and sorption experiments -Porous membrane characterisation (gas pycnometry) -Design and optimalisation of electrochemical behaviour of heterogenic systems for ion-exchange membranes (membrane ion conductivity) Staff: RNDr. Zbyněk Pientka, Ph.D. (Head of Group, contact person, [email protected]) Ing. Libuše Brožová, Ph.D. Ing. Miroslav Bleha, Ph.D.( contact person [email protected] or [email protected]) Ing. Jan Schauer,Ph.D. Zuzana Doubková

Ph.D. students: Ing. Jakub Peter Ing. Jan Žitka

Contact: Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Praha 6 - Břevnov Czech Republic Tel: +420 296 709 280 Fax: + 420 296 809 410 http://www.imc.cas.cz/en/umch/o_membr.htm

39 2.2.2 Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals ASCR v.v.i. (ICPF)

The Institute functions as a center for advanced research in chemical, biochemical, catalytic and environmental engineering and it acts as a graduate school for PhD. studies in the fields of chemical engineering, physical chemistry, industrial chemistry, and biotechnology.

2.2.2.1 Department of Separation Processes, ICPF General interest of working groups of Department of Separation Processes is research targeted on study of transport in polymer and inorganic membranes, gas and vapour separation and pervaporation and research and development of electrochemical bipolar microreator for electrochemical alkoxylation process.

Membrane activities: - Electromembrane separation of terephtal acid from recycled PET bottles - Study of vapour condensation effect in ceramic membranes pores - Separation of racemic mixtures by polymer membranes (pervaporation) - Separation of VOCs from air by supported ionic liquids membranes (permeation)

Staff: Ing. Vladimír Jiřičný, Ph.D. (Head of Department) Ing. Pavel Izák, Ph.D., (contact person, [email protected]) Ing. Petr Uchytil, Ph.D. Ing. Kateřina Setničková, PhD. Ing. Jiřina Řezníčková, PhD. Ing. Roman Petričkovič Ing. Václav Veselý, Ph.D. Ing. Jan Mikoláš Josef Chour

Ph.D. students: Mgr. Barbora Vokatá Ing. Magda Poloncarzová Ing. Marie Kohoutová Ing. Veronika Jarmarová

Contact: Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals Rozvojová 2/135 165 02 Praha 6 - Suchdol Czech Republic Tel.: +420 220 390 204 Fax: +420 220 920 661 http://www.icpf.cas.cz/en/department-separation-processes

2.2.3 J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry ASCR v.v.i. (JHI)

The Institute is a centre of fundamental research in physical chemistry, electrochemistry and chemical physics. Much of the scientific work is concerned with fundamental research, but several groups, in particular in catalysis and electrochemistry, are also making contributions in more applied aspects.

40 2.2.3.1 Department of Structure and Dynamics in Catalysis, JHI Scientific work at Department of Structure and Dynamics in Catalysis is oriented on synthesis of micro- and mesoporous hierarchical solid materials in a form of thin films, layers and membranes, and their application in selective sorption, transport, catalytic and photo-induced processes.

Membrane activities: - preparation of gas separation ceramic zeolite-based membranes - preparation of gas separation polymer-zeolite composite membranes - preparation of ceramic zeolite membranes for membrane reactors

Staff: Doc. Ing. Zdeněk Sobalík, Ph.D. (Head of Department) RNDr. KOČIŘÍK Milan, Ph.D. (contact person, [email protected]) Ing. Marie Fryčová, Ph. D. Ing. Pavel Hrabánek, Ph. D. RNDr. Arlette Zikánová, Ph.D.

Contact: J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Praha 8 Czech Republic Tel.: +420 266 053 626 Fax: +420 286 582 307 http://www.jh-inst.cas.cz/www/department.php?p=38&d=5

2.3. Development and process innovation

2.3.1 Mikropur s.r.o. Producer of original laboratory and pilot-scale test units for micro-, ultra- and nanofiltration. All membrane separations apparatuses are designed according to customer requirements. Membrane activities: - industrial reverse osmosis and microfiltration units - vacuum and high pressure filtration units - membrane process development and engineering

Contact person: Ing. Jaroslav Přidal, Ph.D., [email protected] Contact: MIKROPUR s.r.o. Wonkova 799, 500 02 Hradec Králové 2 Czech Republic Tel. : +420 606 628 937 Fax: +420 495 499 072 http://www.mikropur.cz

41 2.3.2 MemBrain s.r.o.

MemBrain s.r.o. (daughter of MEGA a.s.), is a research, engineering-technological company, focusing primarily on the basic and applied research and other innovative activities in the field of membrane processes.

Membrane activities: - transferring of result of own and our partners’ research of complex membrane program into industrial practice (segments: water, food, pharmacy, automotive, gas separation, energy) - innovation, research and development of membrane separation electro-membrane processes (membrane and membrane production, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, membrane electrolysis, electrophoresis, membrane energy systems) - innovation, research and development of pressure-driven processes (reverse osmosis, nanofiltration , ultrafiltration and microfiltration) - services of project coordination, membrane laboratory, piloting, facilities studies, sale and lease of laboratory and pilot membrane equipments, training and education)

Staff: Ing. Aleš Černín, Ph.D. (Executive director and Corporate Agent), contact person, [email protected]) Ing. Pavlína Kotrbatá (Marketing and sales Department)

Contact: MemBrain s.r.o. Pod Vinicí 87 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem Czech Republic Tel: +420 487 888 304 Fax: +420 487 888 102 http://www.membrain.cz

2.4. Production and distribution

2.4.1 Mega a.s.

MEGA a.s. is a company providing since 1992 first-class technology and complex services in fields of water treatment, material surface finishing and ecology with maximal respect to environment. Producer and supplier of membranes and membrane technologies for water treatment, food processing, pharmaceutical and chemical industry.

- treatment and modification of water and industrial solution - production of RALEX membranes for electrodialzsis and reverse osmosis - production of electrophoretic cells - electrocoating

Contact person: Ing. L. Novák, Ph.D., [email protected]

Contact: Mega a.s. Pod Vinicí 87 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem

42 Czech Republic Tel. : +420 487 888 111 Fax: + 420 487 888 102 http://www.mega.cz

2.4.2 Ekosystem s.r.o.

The main scope of this company has been focused on removal of old environmental load in industrial enterprises, the remediation of the bedrock contamination caused by accidental leakages of harmful pollutants.

Membrane activities: - Manufacturing of plastic products for waste water treatment - Supplying of technological equipments for municipal wastewater treatment

Contact person: Ing. Jiří Kopřiva, [email protected]

Contact: EKOSYSTEM spol. s r.o. Podkovářská 6, 190 00 Praha 9 Czech Republic Tel.: +420 284 818 790, Fax: +420 222 531 639 http://www.ekosystem.cz

2.4.3 Watek s.r.o.

Watek company is one of prominent manufacturer and supplier of equipment complexes and single equipments for production of ultra pure water apparatuses for laboratory and technological purposes, technological water treatment units and potable water units for small town agglomerations and buildings. Membrane activities: - complete water purification equipment delivery - tailor – made devices meeting the specific needs - filtration apparatuses for chemical solutions and aggressive liquids Contact person: Ing. Zdeněk Tůma, [email protected]

Contact: WATEK, s.r.o., J. Wolkera 852 584 01 Ledeč nad Sázavou Czech Republic Tel.: +420 569 432 951 Fax: +420 569 721 099 http://www.watek.cz

43 2.4.4 VWS Memsep s.r.o.

The company VWS MEMSEP is a member of group Veolia specialized on industrial water treatment, drinking water treatment and industrial and municipal waste-treatment plants. Company offers also consultations, technical studies processing, particular equipment distribution and realization of water preparing plants or their reconstructions in form of turn-key distributions for clients in energetics, chemical, pharmaceutical and food processing industry, microelectronics and drinking water treatment.

Membrane activities: - full scale assembly of water purification equipment delivery (filtration)

Contact person: Ing. Tomáš Kutal, [email protected]

Contact: VWS MEMSEP s.r.o. U Nikolajky 1070/13 150 00 Praha 5 Czech Republic Tel.: +420 251 561 468 Fax: +420 251 561 469 http://www.memsep.cz/en/

2.4.5 Mega-Tec s.r.o.

Assembly and production company, a daughter of MEGA a.s., oriented on cathodic coating systems and other innovative surface treatment.

Membrane activities: - Surface finishing – cataphoresis - Waste water treatment

Contact person: Ing. Miroslav Matuška, [email protected]

Contact: MEGA-TEC s.r.o. Průmyslová 1415 593 01 Bystřice nad Pernštejnem Czech Republic Tel.: +420 566 551 926 Fax: +420 566 551 926 http://www.megatec.cz

2.4.6 Eurowater s.r.o.

Eurowater company is focused on developing, manufacturing and marketing of long-life water treatment plants

Membrane activities: -Reverse osmosis (RO) for demineralization water -Electrodeionisation step after RO for polishing demineralized low conductivity water

Contact person: Ing. Jan Heller, [email protected]

Contact: Eurowater, spol. s r.o. Ovčárecká 499 280 02 Kolín - Sendražice Czech Republic Tel.: +420 321 727 745 Fax: +420 321 727 785 http://www.eurowater.cz/

2.4.7 Alfa Laval Czech Republic s.r.o.

Alfa Laval supplies services and equipment in waste water treatment, sludge economy, metal cutting oil refinery and membrane filtrations. Membrane activities: - Producer and supplier of industrial filtration units (RO, MF, UF, NF) - Producer and supplier of membrane and spiral wounded modules and flat membranes and accessories

Contact person: Ing. Vladislav Hynek, [email protected]

Contact: Alfa Laval s. r. o. U Nákladového nádraží 6 130 00 Praha 3 Tel.: +420 234 710 700 Fax. +420 234 710 705 www.alfalaval.cz

2.4.8 Culligan Czech s.r.o.

In 2008 was founded CULLIGAN Czech s.r.o. company which covers with its activity whole Czech Republic. Company tenders services and technological equipment in drinking water and industrial water treatment.

Membrane activities: - Producer and supplier of filtration units(micro, ultra)

Contact person: Ing. Karel Slavík (Director), [email protected]

Contact: CULLIGAN Czech s.r.o. K Šancím 50 163 00 Praha 6 – Řepy Tel.:+420 235 300 604 Fax: +420 235 300 573 http://www.culligan.cz/

2.5. Application of Membrane Processes

2.5.1 DIAMO, s. p., o. z. GEAM

Company manages mining and milling of uranium ore at Rožná, the last open deposit. The division also performs dismantling of sites following uranium, other ores and coal mining.

Membrane activities: - Electrodialysis for desalination of uranium ore treatment technological solutions from 33 mS/cm to conductivity ca 15 mS/cm - Reverse osmosis for final desalination of diluate from 15 mS/cm to conductivity lower than 0.5 mS/cm

Contact person: Mgr. František Toman, Ph.D., [email protected] Contact: DIAMO, s. p., o. z. GEAM Máchova 201, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem Czech Republic Tel.: +420 487 851 338 Fax: +420 487 851 456 http://www.diamo.cz

2.5.2 INTERLACTO GROUP s.r.o. (Moravia Lacto a.s., Mlékárna Olešnice)

Supplier of basic fresh milk products, semi-hard and hard cheeses.

Membrane activities: -implementation of electrodialysis in demineralisation of whey

Contact person: MVDr. Oldřich Gojiš, [email protected] Contact: INTERLACTO, spol. s r.o. Koubkova 13/228, 120 00 Praha 2 Czech Republic Tel.: +420/222 515 398, Fax : +420/222 512 951 http://www.interlacto.cz (http://www.moravialacto.cz, http://www.ole.cz)

2.5.3 PLZEŇSKÝ PRAZDROJ, a.s.

Plzeňský Prazdroj (part of SABMiller plc. global group) is the leading brewing company in Central Europe. It has the largest beer sales in the Czech Republic and is the largest exporter of beer to more than 50 countries all over the world.

Membrane activities: - Reverse osmosis (RO) for source water purification (substitution of kieselguhr filters) in order to receive more stable flavour ripeness

Contact person: Petr Holeček, Corporate Manager of Environmental Affairs, [email protected]

Contact: Plzeňský Prazdroj, a. s. U Prazdroje 7, 304 97 Plzeň Tel.: +420 377 062 888, Fax: +420 377 062 715 http://www.prazdroj.cz

47 Membrane activities in DENMARK

1. Universities

Aalborg University, Section of Chemistry Membrane activities at Aalborg University are fairly new endeavors, based on long term experience with other separation and filtration processes in different types of biosolids. Three themes direct the research. One focus on getting insight to fouling problems of particles and macromolecules and this activity is based on a successful synthesis of models compounds such as core-shell particles, which are hard, submicrometer particles with a soft shell of varying thickness and pH-dependent swelling properties. Likewise hydrophobically modified polyacrylic acid serves a model compound for macromolecules as the degree of hydrophobic properties as well as the charge density may be modified in the synthesis. Membrane bioreactor has become a key activity with 4 PhD students the coming years. Focus will be on particle fouling and the interaction with the hydrodynamic environment of the MBR-system. Further, emphasis will be given the fouling caused by biofilm formation on top and in the membrane. A merging activity is the implementation of membrane based separation processes in biorefineries on a more systematic basis. Currently electrodialysis and pervaporation units are tested, hopefully leading to studies with recovery of volatile fatty acids and of alcohols. www.bio.aau.dk/

Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Since 1970 teaching and research in membrane technology have taken place at the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering. This includes membrane processes like: Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, diafiltration, dialysis, electrodialysis and bipolar membrane technology, pervaporation, gas separation, membrane distillation and membrane contactors. Transport phenomena in membranes, concentration polarization, gel formation and fouling of membranes, membrane formation and surface treatment of membranes. The research has to a large extend been focused on how to minimize fouling and concentration polarization problems and has resulted in several patents and 3 spin-off companies. On-going projects involve: 1) separation of proteins by electro-ultrafiltration, 2) dynamic membrane filtration using high frequency backflushing and vibrating hollow fiber membrane systems, 3) continuous membrane microbioreactors (MMBR) for development of integrated pectin modification and separation processes, 4) production and purification of prebiotic oligosaccharides by chromatography and membrane systems, 5) characterization and optimization of membrane bioreactors (MBR) for waste water treatment, 6) modeling of lactic acid fermentation integrated with reverse electro-enhanced dialysis (REED) and bipolar membrane technology, 7) permeation characteristics of nanoporous polymeric membranes (derived from block copolymers) for biosensors, 8) testing and characterization of biomimetic aquaporin membranes. www.membranegroup.kt.dtu.dk/

Syddansk Universitet, University of Southern Denmark (SDU) Activities at the Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bio,- and Environmental Technology (CBE) is mainly centered around the use of various types of membranes for extraction of fatty acid esters (biodiesel) from the reaction of enzymatic transesterification of triglycerides to biodiesel. Latest trials have been with ceramic UF/MF membranes delivered from the Danish company CoMeTas. Other activities are concerned with an industrial development of a hydrophobic membrane contact method for stripping ammonia from wastewater sludge in order to recover nitrogen. A new project concerning extraction of butanol from fermentation broth is under preparation. This project will include development of membrane materials of various types for the task. Presently three faculty members, one PhD student and several master students are active in this research. 48 A special center for research in biological membranes, Memphys, is very active at SDU – please visit their homepage for detailed information: http://www.memphys.sdu.dk/index.php

2. Industries – Industrial membranes

Alfa Laval – Business Centre Membranes, Nakskov In 1965, Alfa Laval Nakskov was established under the name of DDS Filtration and became one of the pioneers within the area of cross-flow membrane separation. DDS Filtration was the membrane development and production facility of De Danske Sukkerfabrikker A/S, later part of Danisco A/S. The first plant was sold in 1970 and today more than 2,000 membrane filtration systems have been installed and commissioned all over the world. Through the development of a great variety of flat sheet membranes as well as the unique plate- and-frame system, DDS Filtration gained worldwide recognition within the industry. In 1989, DDS Filtration was acquired by The Dow Chemical Company and became part of Dow Liquid Separation Systems. The company in Nakskov operated as the European membrane and membrane filtration facility. Due to a change of strategy, The Dow Chemical Company divested the business in Nakskov in 1997 and the activities were taken over by a newly formed company called Danish Separation Systems AS (DSS). DSS expanded in 2000 when DSS Silkeborg AS was established to focus on activities within the dairy industry. In September 2002, Alfa Laval acquired DSS and the Business Centre Membranes was formed. DSS Silkeborg was not part of the acquisition and is today operating as an independent company. www.alfalalaval.com

APV – SPX, Silkeborg APV, part of SPX Corporation, is a global supplier of process engineering and automation solutions to the dairy, food, beverage, marine, pharmaceutical and healthcare industries and was founded 1910. The membrane history in APV is related to Pasilac, a company in the DDS group - see Alfa Laval - which focused on membrane applications in the diary industry. In 1987, APV acquired Pasilac and concentrated its membrane activities in Silkeborg (Denmark). www.apv.com

Aquaporin, Lyngby Aquaporin is a cleantech company founded in 2005 and it is located in Copenhagen. Aquaporin works on new water purification and seawater desalination concepts based on industrial biotechnological techniques and thinking. The main strategy is to develop the Aquaporin membrane technology™ capable of separating and purifying water from all other compounds. Primary market focus includes ultra pure water (UPW) used in extreme applications such as medico, biotech, in the production of semiconductors and flat panels and other industrial purposes. Secondary market focus includes desalination of seawater and pressure retarded osmosis applications. www.aquaporin.dk

CoMeTas, Bagsvaerd CoMeTas – Copenhagen Membrane Technology A/S – was founded on 1 February 2006 and is located in Bagsvaerd north of Copenhagen. CoMeTas focuses on the production and marketing of silicon carbide membranes for MF and UF. The membranes are based on in-house development and development work done by LiqTech and Saint-Gobain. The application range of the membranes includes water treatment, fuel and chemicals, industrial manufacturing, food and beverage, biotech and pharma plus steam filtration. www.cometas.dk/

49 DSS Silkeborg, Silkeborg DSS Silkeborg was established in 2000 in the town of Silkeborg. Initially, DSS Silkeborg was part of Danish Separation Systems (DSS), see Alfa Laval – Business Centre Membranes. When Alfa Laval acquired DSS in September 2002, DSS Silkeborg became an independent company supplying membrane filtration products to the dairy industry worldwide. DSS Silkeborg has an international distribution network and has commissioned more than 150 plants to the dairy industry. www.dss.eu/

GEA Filtration, Skanderborg GEA Filtration is part of GEA Group AG, an international process engineering company based in Germany. The global headquarters of GEA Filtration is in Hudson, USA, and the location in Skanderborg is one of four regional centres focusing on the dairy and pharmaceutical industries. GEA Filtration produces cross-flow membrane filtration processes for the food, dairy, pharmaceutical/biotechnology and starch and sweetener industries worldwide. www.geafiltration.com

Grundfos Biobooster, Bjerringbro Released in 2007, the Grundfos BioBooster is a very compact biological wastewater treatment plant especially developed for industries with high discharge levels of organics, e.g. dairies, soft drink, and other process industries. The technology is based around a pressure bioreactor (PBR) and membrane bioreactor (MBR). By using this approach with very short residence times, it is possible to deliver a complete, compact wastewater treatment plant in 20-foot containers instead of in large open tanks. http://grundfos-biobooster.com

HOH Water Technology, Greve

HOH Water Technology A/S in Greve outside Copenhagen is the parent company of the HOH Group and was established in 1975. The HOH Group is today part of the Austrian company, BWT – Best Water Technology. HOH Water Technology A/S is developing solutions that provide private consumers, the public sector and industry with optimum water quality for various purposes using technology such as e.g. reverse osmosis, electrolysis and UV-disinfection. www.hoh.com

Jurag, Alleroed Jurag Separation A/S was founded in 2001 and is located in Alleroed north of Copenhagen. The company is specialised in developing, designing and delivering electro-membrane processes for the pharmaceutical, biotech, food and feed ingredient industries as well as environmental applications inside and outside these industries. One of Jurag’s key technologies is the Reverse Electro-Enhanced Dialysis (REED) process for the continuous extraction of organic acids from e.g. fermentation broth. www.jurag.dk

Tetra Pak Filtration, Aarhus Tetra Pak is an international food processing and packaging company founded 1951 in Lund, Sweden. The Tetra Pak Filtration headquarters, Engineering and R&D department are situated in Aarhus and focuses mainly on membrane processes for the dairy industry. One Tetra Pak key technology is the Tetra Alcross Bactocatch process for the removal of bacteria and spores from milk. www.tetrapak.com

Industries – Fuel Cell Technology Several companies in Denmark are developing and producing fuel cell technology based on either polymeric or ceramic membranes (PEMFC and DFMC or SOFC): Topsoe Fuel Cell http://www.topsoefuelcell.com/ 50 IRD Fuel Cell Technology http://www.ird.dk/ DPS - Danish Power Systems http://www.daposy.dk/

51 Membrane Activities in FINLAND

Membrane research activity has increased in Finland during the last decade. Basic research is carried out mostly at the Universities. The research work of the different groups is generally focused on specific topics or areas. The main membrane research activities in Finland are found at Lappeenranta University of Technology. Their research has mostly focused on pressure driven membrane processes. Membrane characterisation, modification, process optimisation and recently also membrane manufacturing as well as on-line fouling measurements have been studied. Acid-metal separation, purification of various waste waters and recovery of sugars from waste liquors are examples of the research topics. The most intensive research trend in 2011 is membrane processes in biorefineries. Membranes are studied for instance to recover valuable products such as polymeric and oligomeric carbohydrates or organic acids from various streams and to purify various solvents.

An intensive research on fuel cells has been carried out at Aalto University School of Science and Technology and University of Helsinki. Manufacturing of ceramic membrane has been the main research topic at Tampere University of Technology. At University of Oulu pervaporation, micellar enhanced membrane processes and mine waters purification has been studied recently. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has been active in ultrasonic or electrical methods to improve filtration performance.

Companies like Danisco Plc. and Valio Ltd have also been active in membrane application research and several patents have been admitted to them. Kemira Plc is chemical producers focusing mostly for water treatment chemicals. Recently they have also shown interest in membrane processes.

Industrial applications and membrane/module production Although membrane manufacturing has been studied in some groups there is not membrane producing industry in Finland and only one company produces membrane filters. Metso Paper inc. is a manufacturer of the Cross-Rotational (CR) filters. These extreme high shear rate filters are applied largely in the pulp and paper industry. Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes can be used in the CR-filters. The CR-filters have been utilized e.g. in Sappi Ltd Kirkniemi paper mill since 1993. The filters generally operate at low pressure (0.8 bar) but at a high flux of around 300 L/(m2h) when paper mill process waters are purified by ultrafiltration.

Several companies have installed membranes in their processes. In Finland bioethanol (Etanolix process) is produced from the waste generated by the local food processing industry in several decentralized plants. 85% ethanol solution is transported to the central drying units (located in Hamina) which remove the water to achieve the 99.7% ethanol required for fuel components. Zeolite membranes (400 m2) are used in the drying step.

UPM-Kymmene Plc use membranes to purify paper mill process waters for reuse and to recover coating pigments from waste waters. In Tervasaari paper mill (Valkeakoski) the CR-filters (560 m2 ultrafiltration membrane) purified 120 m3/h process water for reuse. Lassila and Tikanoja Plc use tubular ceramic membranes to treat oily waste waters in Lahti. Valio Ltd has several membrane installations from microfiltration to reverse osmosis in their dairies. They have also patented a process in which lactose is removed from milk based on various membrane filtration processes in series. Membranes are also utilised to isolate and purify enzymes in three mills (Hanko, Jokioinen and Jämsänkoski) in Finland.

52 Excess fluoride ions are removed from drinking water using reverse osmosis in several small drinking water plants. Numerous companies use membranes for production of pure or ultrapure water for the electronic industry, breweries, chemical industry etc. RO is used also to purify boiler water at a Fortum Suomenoja power plant. One RO installation is even in operation aiming to desalt sea water for drinking purposes.

53 Membrane activities in FRANCE In Tables 5-7, the lists of Professional Societies, membrane and module producers, equipment suppliers, public and academic reseacr centers currently active in France are reported.

Table 5. Profesionnal Societies

Name Address Activity Contact

Club Français des 1919, route de Mende 150 members Stéphane SARRADE Membranes 34293 MONTPELLIER (CFM) Cedex 5 (academic and : (33) 4 67 72 87 42 industry) Email: [email protected]

Table 6. Industry: Membrane and module producers, equipment suppliers

Name Address Activity Contact

NOVASEP Novasep Process MF, UF, NF Didier DHALER Site Eiffel - BP 50 Blvd de la Moselle Polymeric and mineral Email: 54340 Pompey membranes [email protected]

Pharma and biomolecules TAMI Industries ZA Les Laurons MF, UF, NF Eric PAPIN CS65 Mineral membranes 26111 Nyons cedex modules and gaskets Email : [email protected] Water, food, health  : (33) 4 75 26 47 69

CTI Route de Saint-Privat UF, MF, GS Jean-Pierre JOULIN 30340 SALINDRES Mineral membranes and modules Email : [email protected]

: (33) 4 66 85 88 70

AQUASOURCE AQUASOURCE MF, UF, NF Nouhad ABIDINE 20, avenue Didier Daurat (polymeric HF : (33) 5 61 36 30 36 BP 64050 membranes, modules, 31029 TOULOUSE processes Cedex 4 FRANCE Water treatment (drinking water, process water, wastewater) POLYMEM POLYMEM MF, UF, NF Olivier LORAIN 54 Impasse de Palayré 31 100 Toulouse (polymeric HF Email: [email protected] membranes, modules, processes) : (33) 5 61 31 78 66

Water treatment (drinking water, process water, wastewater) EURODIA EURODIA INDUSTRIE ED Florence LUTIN S.A 14/16 Voie de (membranes, modules, Email : Montavas processes) [email protected] 91320 Wissous : (33) 1 60 11 06 94 Water and waste treatment Techniques Avenue Jean Moulin MF, UF, NF Sauveur PANNUZZO Industrielles BP12 Appliquées 84501 BOLLENE Water, food and pharma Email : [email protected] (TIA) CEDEX  : (33) 4 90 30 97 70

FAR Ingénierie 14 rue Schuman UF, NF, RO Jena François PAULY Parc d'Activité du Breuil F54850  : (33) 3 83 15 68 35 MESSEIN Water treatment (process and waste Email : jf.pauly@far- water) ingenierie.com PERMO France 103 rue Charles MF, UF, NF, RO Alain MULET BWT Michels 93200 SAINT-DENIS Water treatment Email : [email protected] CEDEX  : (33) 1 49 22 46 46

PALL-EXEQUIA BP 1 MF, UF, NF Corine COMBE-JAMES 65460 BAZET Membranes and Email : Corine_Combe- modules [email protected]

: (33) 5 62 38 95 57

Table 7. Public & academic research

NB: For staff number, permanent researchers only have been taken into account (PhD students, post-docs and masters are not included)

Name Address Research Activity Contact

QUALISUD UMR QUALISUD MF, UF, NF, RO, ED, MD Christelle WISNIEWSKI (UM1, UM2, TA B-95 / 16 SupAgro, CIRAD) 73, rue Jean- Engineering of membrane Email : François Breton processes [email protected] 34398 Hybrid processes christelle.wisniewski@univ- MONTPELLIER montp1.fr CEDEX 5 Fruit juice and agro-industrial wastes Water treatment  : (33) 4 11 75 96 64 Membrane bioreactor

4 researchers

Institut Européen des Université MF, UF, NF, RO, GS, ED, MC Gérald POURCELLY Membranes Montpellier II (IEM) Place Eugène Membrane preparation Email : Bataillon - CC047 (organic, ceramic, hybrid, [email protected] 34095 metal, plasma), mass transfer montp2.fr MONTPELLIER modeling, membrane CEDEX 5 reactors, hybrid processes  : (33) 4 67 14 91 10

Water, fuel cells, energy, food and health applications

62 researchers LGC Laboratoire de Génie MF, NF, UF, ED, OI Pierre AIMAR (CNRS/INP/UPS) Chimique Université Paul Sabatier Membrane preparation Email : [email protected] 118 Route de (polymeric hollow fiber), mass tlse.fr Narbonne transfer in UF and ED 31062 TOULOUSE (colloidal phenomena, : (33) 5 61 55 83 04 CEDEX polarization, fouling), membrane bioreactors Water treatment, food, health applications

8 researchers LISBP INSA MF,UF, OI, NF, MC, MD Corinne CABASSUD (CNRS/INSA/INRA) 135 avenue de Mass transfer and chemical Rangueil engineering of membrane Email : 31077 TOULOUSE processes and hybrid corinne.cabassud@insa- CEDEX 04 processes toulouse.fr

56 Insitu characterisation of fouling- aeration in modules  : (33) 5 61 55 97 73 Water treatment, desalination, membrane distillation, membrane bioreactors 4 researchers LRGP LRGP UPR CNRS GS, PV, NF, MC Eric FAVRE (CNRS) 3349 ENSIC Polymer and block-polymer 1, rue Grandville synthesis, membrane : (33) 3 83 17 53 90 54001 NANCY preparation Email: [email protected] Mass transfer, processes and nancy.fr hybrid processes modeling (bioreactors)

Chemical industry, energy, biotechnology, water

10 researchers M2P2 Aix Marseille MF,UF, NF, RO, GS, PV Philippe MOULIN (CNRS) University Laboratoire de Ceramic and hollow fiber Email : philippe.moulin@univ- Mécanique, membrane and module cezanne.fr Modélisation et designs Procédés Propres Membrane Characterization  : 06 67 14 14 18 (M2P2-UMR 6181) Membrane bioreactors Europole de l'Arbois, Numerical simulation bat. Laennec, Hall C Drinking water BP 80, 13545 AIX en PROVENCE Water and wastewater Cedex, France treatments Food and pharmaceutical, applications

6 researchers UTINAM Institut UTINAM MF, UF, NF Patrick FIEVET (CNRS) Equipe "NCM" UFR Sciences et Mass transfer, electrokinetic  : (33) 3 81 66 20 32 Techniques, phenomena, colloids 16 route de Gray, Email: patrick.fievet@univ- 25030 BESANCON Waste water treatment (ligand fcomte.fr Cedex assisted filtration)

6 researchers

LAGEP LAGEP MF, UF, NF, RO, MC Catherine (CNRS) 43 Bd du 11 CHARCOSSET Novembre 1918 Transport phenomena, 69 622 Villeurbanne membrane contactors,  (33) 4 72 43 18 67 membrane chromatography

57 Email : Pharmacoengineering, charcosset@ biotechnology lagep.univ-lyon1.fr

3 researchers

GEPEA GEPEA, UMR CNRS MF, UF, NF, RO Pascal JAOUEN (CNRS) 6144, 37 Bd Université, BP 406 Mass transfer, module  : 06 32 45 79 64 Saint-Nazaire hydrodynamics, and Cedex. (photo)bioreactor modelling Email : pascal.jaouen@univ- nantes.fr Marine biotechnology, seafood, sea wtaer fouling

7 researchers

IMP University of Lyon, GS Eliane ESPUCHE (CNRS) University Lyon 1- Ingénierie des Gas, vapour and liquid  : (33) 4 72 43 27 01 Matériaux transfer in polymers Polymères, Email : eliane.espuche@univ- IMP/LMPB, UMR Polymeric membranes, lyon1.fr CNRS 5223-Campus composites, hybrid de la Doua-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex Packaging, fuel cells

3 researchers

IPHC Laboratoire des GS, MC Barbara ERNST (CNRS) Procédés de Séparation Metal impregnated membrane Email : [email protected] DSA - IPHC UMR preparation strasbg.fr CNRS 7178 ECPM Membrane reactors (H2  : (33) 3 90 24 27 31 25 rue Becquerel separation), liquid 67087 membranes STRASBOURG Cedex 02 5 researchers

SCR Université Rennes I UF, NF Murielle RABILLER-BAUDRY (CNRS) UMR CNRS 6226 263 Avenue du Mass transfer in nanofiltration, Email : murielle.rabiller- Général Leclerc fouling of UF membranes, [email protected] Campus de Beaulieu organic solvents nanofiltration CS 74205 for catalyst recycling : (33) 2 23 23 57 52 Bât. 10A case courrier 1011 4 researchers 35042 RENNES CEDEX PBS Université de Rouen NF, GS, PV Stéphane MARAIS

58 (CNRS) UMR 6522 Bd Maurice de Gas transport in dense and Email : Broglie filled polymers stephane.marais@univ- rouen.fr 76821 MONT SAINT Packaging, fuel cells, water CEDEX treatment : (33) 2 35 14 67 02

6 researchers Polytech’Lille Polytech’Lille/IUTA MF, UF, RO, ED Pascal DHULSTER Bd. Paul Langevin Université Lille1 Membrane transport and Email : pascal.dhulster@univ- Sciences et membrane bioreactors lille1.fr Technologies 59655 Biotechnology, food  : (33) :3 28 76 73 90 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex 4 researchers

CEA Laboratoire des MF, UF, NF Bruno FOURNEL Fluides Supercritiques et des Ceramic membrane Email : [email protected] Membranes elaboration Commissariat à  : (33) 4 66 79 64 65 l'Energie Atomique Liquid wastes processing (CEA) Marcoule DTCD Hybrid processes including BP17171 membranes 30207 BAGNOLS SUR CEZE 3 researchers

STLO Institut National de la MF, UF, NF, RO Geneviève GESAN-GUIZIOU (INRA) Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Organic and mineral Email : genevieve.gesan- Science et membranes [email protected] Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO) Modelling mass transfer in  : (33) 2 23 48 53 25 65 rue de Saint- membrane modules Brieuc (hydrodynamics, fouling) 35042 RENNES CEDEX Food applications: Milk and whey separations

4 researchers

AgroParisTech Laboratoire Génie et RO, PV, MC Isabelle SOUCHON (INRA) Microbiologie des Procédés Mass transfer in polymeric Email : Alimentaires membranes and membrane [email protected] Institut National de la contactors. Molecular Recherche modeling.  : (33) 1 30 81 54 86 Agronomique (INRA) 78850 THIVERVAL Food applications (aroma

59 - GRIGNON recovery).

5 researchers

Œnologie (INRA) UMR INRA1219 MF, NF, RO, MC Martine MIETTON PEUCHOT ŒNOLOGIE Université Mass transfer modelling Email : mmietton@u- Bordeaux2 bordeaux2.fr ISVV Wine and wastewater 210 Chemin de : (33) 5 57 57 58 70 leysotte 8 researchers CS50008 33882 VILLENAVE D’ORNON MF : microfiltration, UF : Ultrafiltration, NF : Nanofiltration, RO : Reverse osmosis, ED : Electrodialysis GS : Gas separation, PV : Pervaporation, MC : Membrane contactors, MD : membrane distillation

ProBioGEM Laboratory ProBioGEM is a research laboratory created in 2004 which develops methods to produce and extract bioactive molecules or fractions with interest for agriculture or food industry. The research team comprises qualified staff (25 permanent researchers) with long and worldwide recognized experience in the fields of biological processes, enzymatic and microbial engineering and separation processes. Various separation techniques are developed and investigated in ProBioGEM. The integration of production of bioactive molecules by fermentation or enzymatic reactions with a suitable membrane separation (MF, UF, electrodialysis, pertraction etc.) is one of the main field of research in ProBioGEM laboratory. - Structure of organization: ProBioGEM is a laboratory in the University of Lille 1, France. - Research fundamentals (keywords):  Selective separation of bioactive molecules: proteins, peptides, lipopeptides (biosurfactants), alkaloids, polyphenols....  Transfer mechanisms  Modelling  Process integration (coupled bioreaction with membrane separation) - Development processes:  Electrodialysis with filtration membranes  MF, UF, NF, RO, ED  Liquid membranes (pertraction)  Membrane contactors - Membrane development - Module development  Liquid membrane contactors  Electrodialysis modules  Coupled fermentor and membrane in integrated system. - Application studies: o Biomolecule separations in solvents o Selective separation of bioactive peptides and biosurfactants 60

- Contact:

Address: Laboratoire ProBioGEM, Université de Lille 1, Polytech’Lille, Avenue Paul Langevin, 59655 Villneuve d'Ascq cedex, France Fax:+33 3.28.76.73.56  DHULSTER Pascal ([email protected], Tel:+33 3 28 76 73 90)  FIRDAOUS Loubna ([email protected], Tel:+33 3 28 76 77 09)  DIMITROV Krasimir ([email protected], Tel:+33 3 28 76 74 08)

61 Membrane Activities in GERMANY

For Germany, no updated information have been submitted at the date of printing of this report.Therefore for this Country you will find the report present in the previous publication “A Report on Membrane Activities in Europe and Israel”– Edition 2002. If received, the updated information will be included in a second edition of this report.

1. Introduction The interest in membrane science and technology has a long tradition in Germany and started more than 100 years ago. The first commercial membrane products were offered more than 50 years ago by Sartorius, which is still one of the leading membrane manufacturers in Germany.

2. Industrial activities and membrane/module production At first sight even today the membrane based industry seems to be quite large in Germany with more than 50 companies active in the field, generating more than DM 500 Millions in sales. A closer look, however, shows that more than 80% of these sales come from four companies, i.e. Enka AG, Gambro KG, Fresenius AG and Sartorius GmbH. The first three produce only membranes for artificial kidneys, while the fourth is generating the majority of its sales in the laboratory market. In addition to the four larger companies there are about a dozen small enterprises, such as Seitz Filterwerke, Schleicher & Schull, GFT, Berghof, Osmota, Sempas, Stantech, Ultrafilter, Amafilter, etc. All of these companies produce membranes and modules having a total market value of about DM 100 Millions, mostly for special processes or applications, such as pervaporation, vapor recovery and certain biotechnological and analytical applications. Finally there is a very large number of membrane equipment manufacturers such as Cillichemie, Dürr Anlagenbau, Eisenmann, Goema, Grünbeck, Hager & Elässer, J. van Opbergen, Linhoff, Rochem, seral etc. Most of these companies are active in the field of process water purification and waste water treatment, using reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes and modules manufactured in the USA and Japan. Analysing the sales of the German membrane based industry in terms of the area of application ant the processes involved, hemodialysis and hemofiltration membranes are the major products accounting for more than half of the German membrane industry's sales. The three companies producing artificial kidneys operate worldwide with the majority of their products sold outside Germany. The smaller membrane and module manufacturers are serving mainly the regional market of Germany and Europe. Their main products are micro and ultrafiltration membranes and or on a much smaller scale, gas separation and pervaporation membranes. There is virtually no reverse osmosis or electrodialysis membrane producing industry in Germany and consequently the German membrane equipment producing industry is importing all of their membranes and modules mainly from the USA and Japan. The market for the German membrane equipment producing industry is mainly in Germany, and to some extent also mainly in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.

3. R&D Activities Research and development work is made in Germany in all areas of pure and applied membrane science. Basic research is carried out at the Universities and various governmental institutions. The work of the different research groups is generally focused on specific topics or areas. For instance at the RWTH-Aachen the work is concentrated on the chemical engineering aspects of membrane processes, while at the University of Regensburg lipid bilayer membranes are the main research topics. At the Universities of Heidelberg and Köln the development and characterization of gas separation and pervaporation membrane are of special interest and at the Universities of Essen and Stuttgart development of membranes processes for biotechnological application are of special concern.

62 Large groups at the Kernforschungszentrum Jülich, at the Gesellschaft für Biologische Forschung in Stöckheim, The Fraunhofer Institut für Grenzflächen und Bioverfahrenstenchnik Stuttgart and at the University of Hannover are involved in studying the use of membranes in biotechnology as membrane reactors or in downstream processing of bioreactor constituents. Research in almost all areas except for biomedical application is carried out at the Forschungszentrum GKSS in Geesthacht. New membranes especially for biomedical applications and liquid -solid separations are also developed and studied at the Institut für Polymerchemie der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Teltow and at the TU Dresden and Köthen.

4. Applied Research While basic research in Germany is focused on all aspects of membrane science, there is also a large body of applied research carried out in the industry. This work is concentrated on very specific problems of special interest to these companies. Much of this work is more concentrated on exploring new applications of well- established membrane processes and products than on developing new products. The pretreatment of the feed water in reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration is still a major topic of the industry’s research and development work. With its sales of nearly DM 600 Millions the German membrane base industry is an important economical factor and membranes and membrane processes have found their application in almost all industries.

63 Table 8. Institutions involved in R&D -Work on Membrane Processes in GERMANY Institution Structure of Research Fundamentals Development Membrane Module Application Type of Organization Processes Development Development Studies Test Facility GKSS, Institute of Chemistry Helmholtz Association of Molecular modelling, polymer synthesis, NF, UF, FS,VP, EMP, HF, FM, TU, P&F Process industry, Lab scale, Pilot Prof. Paul Geesthachtl German Research interfaces, charged membranes, Med., FT Composite, Plasma Bio/med. Technology plants Teltow Centres membrane reactors, system design

Gesellschaft für Umweltkompatible Prozeßtechnik University/ Governmental Liquid separation Pilot plants mbH (UPT) Prof. Chmiel Saarbrücken Institute for Environmentally Compatible Process University Characterisation of membrane MF, UF, NF, RO, ED, MF, UF, Pressure-driven Water treatment; Laboratory, Technology, EDBM and submerged wastewater treatment; pilot and Im Stadtwald 47, water recycling, demonstration D-66123 Saarbrücken, chemical processes plants TU Dresden, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik Prof. University Transport MF Ripperger Dresden Universität Stuttgart, Institut für Chem. University/ Governmental EMP Verfahrenstechnik Prof. Eigenberger Stuttgart EMP = Electro Membrane Processor FT = Facilitated transport Universität GH Essen, University Transport UF Technische Chemie Prof. Ulbricht Essen Universität Heidelberg, Physikalisch- Chemisches University Transport VP, PV Lab scale Institut Prof. Lichtenthaler Heidelberg RWTH Aachen, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik University System design RO, VP, PV Pilot plants Prof. Melin Aachen TU Hamburg- Harburg, Arbeitsbereich University System design UF, RO Pilot plants Apparatebau Prof. Hapke Hamburg-Harburg Universität Hannover, Institut für University System design VP Verfahrenstechnik Prof. Mewes Hannover Universität Leipzig, Techn. Chemie Prof. Einicke University Transport Zeolite GS, PV Leipzig FhG, Institut für Grenzflächen-/ Governmental Keramik UF, MF, NF, ED Environment Pilot plants Bioverfahrenstechnik Prof. Brunner Stuttqart Department of Process Technology, University Membrane characterisation/Transport in MF, UF, NF, RO, ED, MF, UF, Pressure-driven Water treatment; Laboratory and University of the Saarland, membrane and modelling EDBM and submerged wastewater treatment; pilot plants Im Stadtwald 47, water recycling D-66123 Saarbrücken Table 9. Major Suppliers of Membrane Modules and Membranes in Water Technology in GERMANY Suppliers Type of Activity Area of Activity Membrane Membrane Module Type Available demonstration plant (DP) and/or Processes Material industrial plant (IP) Rhodia GmbH Membranes and Wastewater MF, UF, NF Ceramic Multi-tublular Städelstrasse 10 Modules ZrO2 60596 Frankfurt/Main Germany Tel.: +49 (0)69 6093-0 Fax. +49 (0)69 6093 333 Tami Deutschland Membranes and Wastewater MF, UF, NF Ceramic Multi-tublular Heinrich-Hertz-Strasse 2-4 Modules ZrO2 / TiO2 07629 Hermsdorf Germany Tel: +49 (0)36601 81012 Fax.:+49(0)036601 81170 e-mail: td-info@Tami- Deutschland.de Fa. Atech Membranes and Wastewater MF/UF Ceramic Multi-tublular Am Wiesenbusch 26 Modules Treatment Al2O3 /SiC 45966 Gladbeck Food industry Germany Chemical industry Tel. +49 (0)2043 94340 Biotechnology Fax. +49 (0)2043 9343 34 Fa. NF Nadir Membranes and Wastewater treatment in the textile UF, NF Polyethersulfone Spiral wound Rheingaustrasse 190-196 Modules industry Polysulfone module 65203 Wiesbaden Alkaline solutions Cellulose tri-acetate Tubular Germany Polyacrylnitrile Hollow fibers Tel. +49(0)611 962 8633 Fax: +49(0)611 962 9237

Table 10. Membrane manufacturing industry in GERMANY* Manufacturer Materials Type Application Altenburg. Electron. Cell, Zeol/Stahl R MF Saalbach Acordis Cell, PESu, PA HM, FM D, UF Wuppertal Beko Technik Psu HM UF Neuss TFC FM GS Berghof Membrant. PA, PE, PVDF, Psu, PI HM UF Eningen Psu NF Celgard Psu, PESu, GTA, Cell, PAN, PVDF, PESu,TFC HF, FM UF Wiesbaden FM NF Fresenius Psu HM D, UF St. Wendel FuMaTech SPEK+, PESu+, PESu, PVDF, PAN FM UF St. Ingbert FM UF Gambro PC, PA, PESu HM, FM D, UF Hechingen GMT Membr. Techn. Sil/PEI, PAN, PVDF FM VP, PV, GS Rheinfelden PAN FM UF W. L. Gore PVDF FM MF Putzbrunn

Kerafol Al2O3 FM UF, MF Eschenbach Microdyn PP HM MF Wuppertal Osmota M.- Technik Psu, PESu, CA HM, FM UF Korntal lexM+,- FM ED TFC FM RI Oxyphan PETP FM UF, MF Dresden Sartorius Cell, CA, GN, PP, PA FM MF Göttingen Psu UF Schleicher & Schüll Cell, CellEst, CA, CN, PA, PC, PTFE Cell, CN FM MF Dassel FM UF, D

Schumacher UT Al2O3 R MF Crailsheim Sulzer Chemtech Sil, PVA/PAN FM PV, VP Neunkirchen Silica/Keramik R PV, VP

* Of the 300 known suppliers, 100 have their own membrane maufacturing facilities 66 Tami/Procer -Al2O3 R MF Hermsdorf ZrO2/Ti R MF GKSS, HGF PAN, PVDF, CA FM UF, NF Geesthacht, Teltow PEBA FM PV PAN, PAI, PEI HM, FM UF, GS TFC HM, FM VP, GS IGB, FhG Polymere FM UF, ED, PV, VP Stuttgart Keramik R

67 Membrane Activities in GREECE

Table 11 summarizes the membrane research activities and institutions in Greece.

Table 11. Some membrane activities in the Universities, Research Centers and Industries in Greece Institution Structure of Organisa-tion Research & Fundamentals Development Processes Application Number of Studies Resear- chers National Technical University of University Molecular and mesoscopic modelling for the 5 Athens, School of Chemical prediction of sorption isotherms and diffusivities of Engineering, Department of gases and liquids in (a) amorphous polymers in the Materials Science and Engineering glassy and rubbery states, including swelling and (Prof. Doros Theodorou plasticization effects; (b) nanoporous materials, [email protected] such as synthetic zeolites and Zeolitic Imidazolate Dr. George K. Papadopoulos Frameworks (ZIFs) (EU-India collab. Project [email protected] ) AMCOS) NCSR “Demokritos,” Institute of National Research Centre 1. Theoretical studies of time lags and of various In collaboration with the 7 Physical Chemistry (Dr. John transient sorption and permeation kinetic regimes, “Demokritos” Institute of Petropoulos as diagnostics of one- and two-dimensional Microelectronics: Development [email protected] , structural membrane inhomogeneity. and evaluation of polymer- Dr. Merope Sanopoulou 2. Simulation of the performance of polymer- membrane sorbents for [email protected], Dr. membrane-based, simple and multilayer, matrix- capacitative VOC and Kyriaki Papadokostaki, controlled release devices. moisture sensors. [email protected], 3. Experimental studies relating to (2), of model Dr. Ioannis Economou drug release systems based on hydrophobic [email protected]) elastomeric or hydrogel membrane matrices. 4. Molecular modelling, in collaboration with NTU Athens NCSR Demokritos, Inst. of Physical National Research Centre 1. Polymeric hollow fiber membranes Hydrogen production, CO2 Gas to Liquid 19 Chemistry, Membranes for Environ- 2. Ceramic nanoporous membranes modified by separation, CO2/CO separation, process, CO2 mental Separations Laboratory CVI. olefin/paraffin separation,O2/N2 separation and (MESL) (Dr. G. Romanos 3. Carbon hollow fiber membranes separation, membrane distillation, conversion, [email protected] , Dr. 4. Carbon nanotube membranes nanofiltration. Catalytic Partial G. Karanikolos 5. AlPO4 membranes Oxidation, Waste [email protected] , 6. Ionic liquid membranes water treatment. Dr. A. Labropoulos 7. Catalytic membranes [email protected] , Dr. V. Favvas

68 [email protected], Dr. E. Vermi-soglou , G. Pilatos [email protected] , M. Veziri, Dr.N.Kanellopoulos [email protected] , in cooperation with Prof.M Tsapatsis [email protected]) Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Nanoporous, microporous, and macroporous 5 Department of Chemical membranes. Sorption, swelling, retrograde Engineering (Prof. Costas vitrification, and their (non-equilibrium) Panayiotou [email protected]) thermodynamics. Supercritical fluid processing of composite membranes. Hydrogel foaming. Tissue engineering scaffolding. Superhydrophobic surfaces. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University 1. Thin film ceramic membranes by CVD, CVI, 1. Gas separations (H2, CO2, N2, 1. Membrane 7 Dept. of Chemical Engineering ALD, using organometallic precursors. Pore CO, etc.)in energy processes. In- module (Prof. G.P. Sakellaropoulos structure analysis and modification of surface situ repair and modification. development, [email protected] , Dr S. properties. modification and Kaldis [email protected], 2. Separation of gaseous mixtures testing. Dr D. Koutsonikolas and olefins/paraffins [email protected] 2. Assymetric polymeric and composite (zeolite) Dr M. Mavroudi membranes. Transport and plasticization studies. 2. Process [email protected] Module modeling. 3. Removal and recovery of CO2 modeling and from flue gases. cascade separation design 3. Gas-liquid contact membranes; kinetic, transport 4. Decomposition of pollutants and wetting studies and modeling. (NH3, H2S). Hydrogen from water. 3. Pilot studies with various 4. Ceramic membrane catalytic reactors; solvents development and modelling 4. Pilot studies for pollutants and for hydrogen generation Centre for Research and National Research Centre 1. Interaction of colloidal particles and organic 1. Development of sensors and Advanced and Technology- Hellas (CERTH) / species with MF, UF, NF and RO membranes; integrated monitoring systems novel membrane 10 Chemical Process Engineering experimental and theoretical studies of for membrane desalination separations for Research Institute (CPERI) (Prof. deposition on membranes (fouling) and of plants. products of high [ 7 PhD Anastasios J. Karabelas mitigation methods. 2. Development of novel net-type added value or theses, [email protected]) 2. Experimental and theoretical studies of transport spacers for improved membrane improved quality, related to

69 phenomena inside membrane modules, towards module performance. in the chemical, membra- optimization of membrane module design and 3. Application of polymeric biochemical, food nes, operation; flat-sheet and hollow fiber membrane compounds (on-line) for processing and completed modules dealt with. performance restoration of RO other industries; after 2005 ] 3. Membrane Bio Reactors (MBR); experiments membranes. design and and modeling on inter-relation of separation and optimization of bio-processes. appropriate 4. Interaction of synthetic micro-pollutants systems. (pesticides etc) in aqueous media with dispersed organic matter and membrane surfaces during filtration. 5. Membrane-based separation processes (i.e., membrane extraction, distillation and crystallization); experiments and modelling.

Laboratory of Polymer Reaction National Research Centre  Production of composite membranes on organic Development of novel composite  Characterization 5 Engineering/ CERTH, Thessaloniki and inorganic supports via novel grafting membranes and filters for the of the (Prof. Costas Kiparissides techniques selective recognition and membrane [email protected])  Production of composite membranes utilizing separation of organic compounds, transport preformed well-defined functional nanoparticles such as pesticides, properties for environmental applications pharmaceutically active  Molecular and compounds and endocrine morphological disruptors, from water resources characterization (WATERMIM EU Project) of the polymers  Stability and regeneration of the composite membranes and filters Advanced monitoring of the target compounds Centre for Research and National Research Centre 1. Inorganic membrane synthesis 1. Ceramic Membrane Liquid 4 Technology- Hellas / Chemical 2. Control of porosity and pore size of development via sol-gel methods. separations: Process Engineering Research inorganic membranes. 2. Development of binary ceramic removal of ions Institute/ Laboratory of Inorganic 3. Development of dense membranes membranes. from Materials (Prof Vassilios T. 4. SEM/TEM characterization of porous 3. Separation of condensable from contaminated Zaspalis [email protected], Dr. inorganic membranes non-condensable gases. water Styliani D. Sklari Gas Separations: [email protected], Prof. 1. olefin-paraffin

70 Eustathios S. Kikkinides separations [email protected] ) 2. hydrogen recovery

University of Western Macedonia, Research Centre 1. Stochastic and/or process based Liquid 3 Department of Mechanical reconstruction of porous membranes separations: Engineering, Laboratory of based on SEM/TEM statistical removal of ions Environmental Technology information from (Prof Eustathios S. Kikkinides 2. Simulation of permeation properties of contaminated [email protected] ) ideal and non-ideal fluids on mesoporous water (in and/or macroporous membranes collaboration with 3. Multiscale modeling and simulation of CPERI/CERTH) gas permeation employing membrane Gas Separations: technology. Modelling, simulation and optimization of gas and 1. carbon dioxide liquid separations employing membrane removal (in technology. collaboration with CPERI/CERTH) 2. hydrogen recovery(in collaboration with CPERI/CERTH) Foundation for Research and National Research Centre 1. Experimental studies and molecular modelling of 1. Software for the design of 30 Technology – Institute of Chemical zeolites; simulation of porous membrane structure membrane distillation, gas Engineering and High Temperature and transport phenomena across scales separation, microfiltration Chemical Processes (FORTH/ICE- 2. Development of new porous/permeable polymer processes HT) membranes 2. Mainly as partner of a EU (Dr. Vasilis Burganos 3. Quantitative Assessment via SERS of the consortium for the Development [email protected], Prof. Jannnis Release/Permeation of Active Agents / Foulants and Evaluation of Polymer Kallitsis [email protected], from Polymer Membranes Membranes for Waste Water Prof. Vlasis Mavrantzas 4. Preparation of polymeric membranes for High Purification [email protected], Temperature PEM Fuel Cells (in collaboration with 3. Optimization of membrane Dr. George Voyiatzis Dept. of Chemistry Univ. Patras) electrode assemblies for HT PEM [email protected], 5. Molecular modelling of nano-scale sorption and Fuel Cells Dr. Vladimiros Nikolakis hydrodynamics in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with 4. Recommendations for the [email protected], emphasis on the transport of mixtures containing design of a new class of functional Dr. Theophilos Ioannides water and organic compounds. Issues to be low fouling [email protected] ) addressed include: (a) sorption thermodynamics of membranes for membrane these systems, (b) fluid molecular structure and bioreactor technology with high organization inside the CNT, and (c) permeability and constant water flux (25 l/m2/h) 71 and effective flow velocity within the CNT, as a and high function mainly of CNT diameter. rejection of organic pollutants with 6. Novel methods for measuring the mechanical low molecular weight (down to 300 properties and adsorption induced deformations of Da), in the context of partnership zeolite membranes/ films using magnetoelastic in EU consortium sensors (in collaboration with Dr. D. Kouzoudis, U. Patras) 7. Synthesis of carbon-based microporous membranes for separation of H2/CO2 mixtures (reformate gas). Advent Technologies S.A. Spin off Company Commercialization 10 of High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membranes and MEAs University of Ioannina University 1. Phase inversion porous polymeric flat & hollow - 3 (MS& E Dept) (Prof. Konstantinos fiber membranes. Microstructural and performance G Beltsios, [email protected] ) studies Collaboration with Tamkang U. (Taiwan).

2. In collaboration with MESL –Group (Institute of Physical Chemistry, NCSR Demokritos): Ceramic and other membranes

3. In collaboration with the Institute of Microelectronics, NCSR Demokritos): Polymeric films for sensing etc applications Technical University of Crete, University Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment Solar-power driven RO for 4 Department of Environmental with emphasis on micro-pollutant removal desalination Engineering (Prof. Evan Diamadopoulos [email protected])

73 Membrane activities in HUNGARY

The main Hungarian institutions involved in research, design and education of membrane processes are listed in Table 12. The education of membrane processes at the universities started at the middle of 80s only, the research groups are small, but the results are promising. Here a short summary is given about the activity of the four main research centres in Hungary, i.e.: - Research Institute on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem - Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged - Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Corvinus University of Budapest - Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest

These membrane groups have founded a joint institution in 2007 entitled “Hungarian Membrane Technical Research Centre” (HUNMEM) to put together the most respected Hungarian membranologists in a special R&D centre. The aims of the centre are

 to concentrate the knowledge and equipments available

 to solve various tasks jointly

 to work together in joint national and international (EU) research projects

 to organise events jointly in the area of membrane science [ http://www.emuv.kee.hu/membranecentre/ ]. As the first important result of the joint efforts, PERMEA07 Membrane Conference was organized in Siófok, Hungary, in 2-6 September 2007 in association with Membrane Section of the Hungarian Chemical Society. The selected presentations of the coneference were published in Desalination (Vol. 240 and 241) edited by K. Belafi-Bako (as guest editor, Veszprem). The Membrane Section of the Hungarian Chemical Society (its head is Prof. Gy. Vatai since 2011) started to publish an inland journal on membranes in 1997 (entitled „Membrántechnika”, edited by K. Bélafi - Bakó, in Veszprém), which appears quarterly, written in Hungarian to inform the membranologists.

1. Activities on Membrane Processes in Veszprem

In the 80-s the membrane research started in Veszprém. Slowly it was realised that the integration of membrane processes into bioconversion systems has several advantages and the membrane group in Veszprém has been focusing on this subject. In 1999 the group in Veszprém has successfully applied to EMS to organize the Membrane Summer School. The event was arranged by involving all the Hungarian experts on membrane processes, and it was successful according to the opinion of the guest lecturers and participants. The materials of the Summer School was edited by K. Bélafi - Bakó, L. Gubicza and M.H.V. Mulder and was published as a book by Kluwer/Plenum Press in 2000 (Integration of membrane processes into bioconversions). In 2010 majority of the membrane group moved into a new institute, a new site ( http://bme.mk.uni-pannon.hu/ ), where the director now is K. Belafi-Bako.

Currently, the main topics are:  Enzymatic production and separation of an important natural flavour ester: isoamyl acetate, lactates;  Study on gas separation by supported liquid membranes applying novel ionic liquids;

74  Production of bio - lubricants by lipase coupled with pervaporation for water removal  Biohydrogen fermentation coupled with gas separation  Combination of osmotic and membrane distillation for fruit juices concentration  Hydrolysis of pectin in a vacuum assisted enzyme-membrane reactor;  Polymerization of ionic liquids for gas separation  Electrodialysis for organic acid removal

In the group there are three senior researchers and a technician working permanently now and numerous PhD students, diploma workers and undergraduate students have been involved in the projects. The group has several bilateral cooperations with the Slovenian, Croatian, Czech, Slovakian, German, British, Portuguese, Polish, Bulgarian partners.

2. Activities on Membrane Processes in Szeged

The one predecessor of the University of Szeged was the College Faculty of Food Engineering. It was founded in 1962. Since then more than six thousand students have graduated here as engineers on BSc level. This Institute works now as a Faculty of the University; Faculty of Engineering. The original course structure has been changed: beside the tree traditional streams: Food engineer BSc, Food manager BSc, Food-mechanical engineer BSc, new topics, new courses has been launched: Bioengineer BSc, Food engineer MSc, Technical manager BSc, MSc. The main research fields of the Department of Process Engineering are the Transport Phenomena of the heat- and mass transfer processes. The membrane separation techniques (MST) have been studied since 1984 and the laboratory was established in 1989. The main investigated MST topics are following:

o Membrane technologies in the food industry - Whey separation: Sour and sweet whey - Cleaning techniques in the wine production - Concentration of fruit juice o Membrane technologies in the environmental industry -Waste water treatments and separations -Thermal water separations - Hybrid methods i.e. ozone-, ultrasound-, and/or microwave treatment at membrane separation - NF and RO in water and wastewater treatment - MEUF for metal separation o VSEP utilization in water and wastewater treatment -Fouling decreasing by Vibratory Shear-Enhanced Process (VSEP) -Comparison of vibratory and non vibratory methods -VSEP applications and its energy consumptions -Oil-water separation o Hybrid technologies -Effect of ozonation on the membrane separation -Hydrodynamics effects of inert particles on flux

The Department has numerous international connections with British, French, Dutch, Russian and German partners.

3. Activities on Membrane Processes at the Corvinus University of Budapest, Faculty of Food Science, Department of Food Engineering, Budapest

The Membrane Research Laboratory at the Department of Food Engineering was established in 1995 by two new - comer professors Erika Bekassy - Molnar and Gyula Vatai. The first elements of the equipment were donated by Hungarian Companies (Chemitechnic Pharma Engineering Ltd and Hidrofilt Ltd). The laboratory has been developing step by step with the financial support of research and design projects. The first PhD students entered to the department in 1996, and till now 18 PhD students defended his/her PhD thesis. Recently numerous PhD, MSc and BSc students have been working on different projects under the supervision of the two above professors helped by the young generation of associate professors.

The current research fields are as follows:  Wine filtration, concentration of the healthy components in the wine  Preparation of low alcohol wine by pervaporation and membrane filtration  Concentration of different aroma and vitamin rich fruit juices by combination of filtrations, membrane distillation and/or osmotic distillation  Alcohols dewatering by pervaporation and reverse osmosis  VOC removal from industrial wastewater by pervaporation  Elimination of pollutants from drinking water resources using ultrafiltration and nanofiltration  Separation of stable oil - water emulsions by nano - and ultrafiltration  Industrial wastewater treatment using nanofiltration and/or membrane distillation and/or pervaporation  Air/gas cleaning with membrane absorption/desorption and pervaporation  Whey utilization by complex membrane separation processes  Concentration of coffee extract for instant coffee production by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis  Concentration of sea-buckthorn juice for instant tea production by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.  Flux enhancement with turbulence promoters (static mixers)  Mathematical modeling and optimization of membrane processes and combined processes.

International contracts, bilateral cooperation, EU mobility projects and student exchanges are organized with several foreign institutions, e.g. Technical University of Hefei (China), Research Institute of CNR, Rende (Italy), INSA Toulouse (France), University of Angers (France), University of Maribor (Slovenia), University of Osijek (Croatia), Technical University of Munich (Germany).

4. Activities on Membrane Processes at the University of Technology and Economics of Budapest.

Membrane filtration and pervaporation, the mathematical description of these processes Main topics: Removal of heavy metal ions from waste water; Organophylic pervaporation of binary alcohol-water mixtures; Separation of three-component alcohol-water mixtures by means of pervaporation;

76 Table 12. Institutions involved in R & D – Work on Membrane Processes in HUNGARY

INSTITUTION Structure of Research Fundamentals Developmet processes Membrane Applications Type of test facility Institution Organization development Studies Corvinus University of University Transport phenomena of Cleaner technologies: Fruit Technology for Wine filtration Drinking water Budapest, Faculty of Food filtrations and mass transfer juice and wine Fruit Juice treatment Industrial waste water Sciences, Dep. of Food membrane operations. concentration, drinking Concentrate treatment Alcohol dewatering Engineering, Budapest (CP Modeling and optimization. water and wastewater Production Organic solvent removal from water, Békássy – Molnár and Vatai) treatment. VOC removal. Fruit Juice Clarification and Flux enhancement. Concentration, Whey Purification

University of Szeged, Dep.of University Transport phenomena and Membrane filtration (MF, UF in wine production MF in diary Food Processing and energy consumption of UF, RO) in food industry techn. Concentr. of fruit and vegetal Environmental Technique membrane filtration juices (CP Hodúr)

Budapest Univ. of University binary and three- coupling of distillation with distillation integrated with Technology and Economics component pervaporation pervaporation pervaporation (CP, Mizsey)

Research Institute on University Transport and kinetics in Membrane processes polymerization MBR Pervaporation for water removal Bioengineering, Membrane membrane bioreactors; integrated with of ionic liquids coupled with esterification; Technology and Energetics, Liquid membranes for gas bioconversions for gas electrodialysis of organic acids; Faculty of Engineering, separation; osmotic and separation fermentations integrated with University of Pannonia, membrane distillation membranes Veszprem (CP Bélafi – Bakó)

Table 13. Major Suppliers of Membrane Module and Membranes in HUNGARY

Suppliers Type of Acctivity Area of Activity Membrane Membrane Module Type Available demonstration plant (DP) Processes Material and/or industrial plant (IP) ZENON Systems LTD, Process and systems Water and Wastewater MF, UF, MBR Polysulfone Outside - in MF, UF, MBR, bench and pilot scale for Tatabánya design & treatmen hollow fibre surface & manufacturing ground water treatment as well as municipal and industrial wastewater treatment Hidrofilt Ltd, Nagykanizsa Process and systems Water and Wastewater Mebrane Polysulphone, Spiral wound MF, UF, MBR, bench and pilot scale for design & treatmen Filtration, Polyamide, module surface & manufacturing Membrane Ceramics ground water treatment as well as Distillation municipal and industrial wastewater treatment Chemitechnik Pharma Process and systems Water and Wastewater MF, UF, NF, RO Polysulfone, Hollow fibers, MF, UF, MBR, bench and pilot scale for Ltd, Budapest design treatmen polypropylene spiral wound surface &industrial wastewater treatment modules

78 Membrane activities in ISRAEL

In the following, information regarding membrane processes, plants, companies and research centers in Israel are reported.

Commercial companies and Startups: New membranes and modules: BPT – solvent and acid/base stable nanofiltration membranes, Dr. M. Perry GM MDC – oxidant stable nanofiltration and RO membranes, C. Linder and Y. Oren Lesico - Modular ED with cassette stacks and significantly reduced hydraulic pressure drops, R. Messalem, O. Kedem Mem-Tech – High-flux/low-energy UF membranes, M. Eisen and R. Semiat.

New/Innovative Processes: CELERA – fuel cells CEO – Dr. Dario Dekel EMEFCY - microbial fuel cells (MFC) for the direct production of electricity or hydrogen from wastewater. Ronen Schechter and Eitan Levy. Rotec – Flow reversal for higher recovery desalination with reduced or no antiscalant, early warning of membrane scaling with U/S (together with A. Greenberg, CU). J. Gilron (CTO), N. Perlmutter (CEO) Desalitech – Batch in series desalination – more even flux distribution and higher average fluxes, A. Efrati, N. Efrati Lesico – Wind-Aided Intensified evaporation (WAIV) for volume reduction of desalination brines with <10% land area of evaporation ponds. BRO- Backwash of RO desalination by forward Osmosis A. Sagiv and R. Semiat. RCC - Removal of Calcium Carbonate from concentrates for increased BRO recovery D. Hasson and R. Semiat. Electro-RCC – Removal of Calcium Carbonate from solutions by electrolysis. D. Hasson and R. Semiat 200 m3/day demonstration plant for tertiary and quarterly waste water treatment . Mekorot – BWRO for preventing salination of aquifer by generating hydrologic barrier, (Kidney membranes desalination) IDE - a) Osmotic flushing (periodic drop in applied pressure) b) Novel post-treatment technology (CO2 recycle recovery) c) Vertical mounted RO with 16 inch elements (Nahal Sorek)

Large-Scale RO Desalination (Seawater) Asheklon – (Veolia-IDE):127 Million m3/y Palmahim – (GES): 45 Million m3/y Hadera – IDE: 129 Million m3/y Nahal Sorek – IDE/Hutchison water (under construction): 150 Million m3/y

Medium-scale brackish and seawater desalination: Mekorot (close to 40 units in Eilat and all over the country), GES, Maagan Michael and more.

Design, operation and control of membrane processes: IDE, GES, Veolia Israel, ADAN Technologies, Nirosoft.

Industrial wastewater treatment Makhteshim – Kubota MBR+RO (Nirosoft) for recovering from saline wastewater and raising concentrate salinity of point of biological activity. Innovation in developing MBR process suitable for highly refractory compounds. TevaTech – GE-Zenon American Paper-Hadera – MBR

79 Ben Gurion international airport MBR WWTP and environmental infrastructure Haifa Refineries – recovery of waste water using membranes.

Academic: BGU-ZIWR Y. Oren – Silica scaling of ED membranes, CDI, ED processes in general, Impact of electric fields on biofouling of carbon surfaces (with M. Herzberg) Y. Oren and J. Gilron – Transport of scaling species across IX membranes Y. Oren, J. Gilron, Z. Ronen, J. Crespo (NUL) – Ion exchange membrane bioreactors for treating groundwater highly contaminated with perchlorate J. Gilron, Y. Oren and Y. Cohen (UCLA) – Interaction between biofouling and scaling of RO membranes J. Gilron, Y. Oren and A. Kushmaro (Biotech Eng.) – Biofouling of MD membranes J. Gilron – Scaling of MD membranes Oren, Gilron, Daltrophe, Messalem and Volkmann – Hybrid RO-ED-WAIV process for near-ZLD desalination of brackish water J. Gilron and Z. Wiesman (Applied Chemistry, BGU) – Combined physicochemical – membrane processes for olive mill wastewater treatment and polyphenol recovery M. Herzberg – Various aspects of biofouling of UF, NF and RO membranes, including influence of physicochemical conditions, quorum sensor inhibitors, antiscalants, flow and physiological conditions, involving combined techniques of QCM-D A. Messalem – PV-driven NF for greenhouses, UF, MBR studies for seawater pretreatment R. Kasher, H. Rappaport, and Y. Oren – Langmuir Blodget layers as models for mineralization templates R. Kasher – modification of membranes with bioactive peptides S. Belfer and V. Freger – redox grafting of membranes for fouling resistance V. Freger – hydrogels for fouling resistant membranes, transport phenomena in NF membranes, and modeling of interfacial condensation for TFC membranes, pressure-driven membrane micromodules for lab on a chip, aquaporin-based membranes G. Oron, M. Herzberg – Characterization of biofilm EPS of MBR G. Oron, A. Brenner, J. Gilron – operation of airlift MBR with carriers

BGU-Env Eng Unit A. Brenner – MBR studies, Removal of EDC (together with R. Messalem) by combined membrane treatment (MBR, CAS-UF, RO) Y. Gitis – Stability of PES, PSf to chlorination, GAC and NF for EDC removal (collaboration with Aachen)

Technion: The Rabin Desalination laboratory: D. Hasson, R, Semiat and H. Shemer: Desalination Pretreatment: Comparison of sand filtration and UF. Removal of organic contaminants Removal of phosphates from treated wastewater Increase water recovery: Efficiency of anti-scalants: Service for industry Techniques for removal of calcium salts and silica for concentrate treatment and water recycle: - CO2 removal and electrochemistry process. Development of RO backwash techniques Desalination energy and environmental issues: Zero discharge of BWRO concentrates Concentrate disposal Energy analysis of desalination processes. Recovery of iron oxides for reuse 80 Post treatment: Improvement of calcium carbonate addition Model developments: with A. Sagiv Forward Osmosis, backwash, energy production and solutions concentration Salts diffusion in Forward Osmosis. Membranes for separation in the process industry Catalytic membranes – M. Sheintouch.

Grand Water Research Institute: Membranes development: M. Eisen, Y. Cohen, E. Zussman and R. Semiat New UF membranes Micro Hollow-fibers Tubular membrane by extrusion. Wastewater treatment: C. Dosoretz, O. Lahav, M. Green, Y. Agnon and R. Semiat MBR systems Fate of bacteria in membrane processes Organic materials removal with membrane processes Separations using nano-filtration membranes Modeling in membrane operations Techniques for magnesium recovery for desalinated water Membrane slow release

81 Membrane activities in ITALY

Introduction

Various projects devoted to membrane operations have been carried out in Italy during the last years and more are in progress today. Universities, Research Agencies (CNR, ENEA e.g.) and Industrial Groups have activities in the field of membrane science, both in research and in application. In most cases academic and industrial research have been directly related in the same program. A typical case was the National oriented Program on Fine Chemistry sponsored by the CNR. From 1980 a specific area was identified in the program as "Membrane and membrane processes". Since then, both at national level and at international level (e.g. the EU international framework programmes), various research programs have had sections more or less dedicated to membrane science.

Research

Today over 30 different teams are active in the area. Various projects have been organized at industrial level. A typical case is the one sponsored by Tecnofarmaci Spa, and addressed to introducing membrane operations in the pharmaceutical industries. From 1985 various medium size industries have been involved in program having a total budget of about 8 million dollars. The ENEA Agency for Alternative energies), ENEL (National Agency for Electricity) etc. organized in their laboratories or sponsored Research programs related to membrane operations. National Research Programs in Chemistry, in Environmental Problems, in Biotechnology, sponsored by the Ministry for Research and University (MURST) all include projects related to membrane technology and also to membrane preparation. In Table 14 the major Academic Institutions and Research Agencies involved are indicated. An important industrial activity related to membrane technology is the one carried out at the De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici Company, related initially to Chloro - Soda production and today to fuel cell. The Company is one of the worldwide producers of plants in this area based today on membrane cells. Separem Spa, once an important producer of RO, UF and MF membranes, modules and related plants in Italy, currently has no more membrane production. Membrane modules for artificial kidneys and other biomedical applications are manufactured and distributed by Biosorin Spa (FIAT Group). Table 14 gives an overview of the public institutes active in membrane research in Italy. In Table 15 some data on the Membrane related Industry in Italy are summarized.

Academic research

Universities with significant research activities in the membrane field are the University of Calabria, University of Turin, Polytechnic of Milan, University of Perugia, University of Genoa, University of Bologna and University of Palermo. Together these cover the following fields: Polymers for membrane formation, synthesis and applications. Molecular imprinting polymers. Inverse phase transfer catalysis. Wastewater treatment, bioremediation of waste water. Material properties and transport phenomena of membranes. Inorganic and protonic membranes for fuel cells. UF, MF, RO, PV, Membrane reactors. Membrane separations and diffusion in polymers. Thermodynamics and thermomechanical properties of polymeric fluids. Chemical processes in microelectronics. Catalytic membranes and kinetics of heterogeneous processes. Membrane distillation. Membrane fouling inhibition studies and development of membrane process optimization methods.

National Research Council

82 In 1993 the National Research Council (C.N.R.), approving a proposal presented by Prof. Enrico Drioli, has created the Research Institute for Membranes and Modelling of Chemical Reactors (IRMERC); it has been operating from 1993 at the University of Calabria, Rende (Cs). In 2002 this institute has been merged with the CNR section of Padova (Italy) and renamed into Research Institute on Membrane Technology (ITM - CNR). This institute, with headquarters in Rende, is the only institute of this scale fully dedicated to membrane science. Currently the permanent staff consists of about 30 researchers; the same number of positions is covered by Graduate students, PhD students and Post - docs. The director is Dott. Lidietta Giorno. Founding Director is Prof. Enrico Drioli. Research activities at ITM cover virtually the entire field of membrane science. Nearly all research projects are carried out in close collaboration with industrial partners in Italy and abroad, as well as with numerous national and international research institutes and universities. Research activities range from laboratory scale membrane preparation and testing, via membrane module preparation up to design of entire processes based on membrane operations. ITM is a multidisciplinary Institute based on backgrounds in chemical engineering, process engineering, chemistry (organic and physical), biological science, food science, material science and physics. The main R & D topics are: Catalytic membranes and catalytic membrane reactors - Inorganic membranes, e.g. for steam reforming, partial oxygenation of methanol to syngas - Biocatalytic membranes, e.g. enzyme membrane reactores, continuous membrane fermentors, enantioselective membranes Integrated membrane operations - Integration of classical engineering processes with membrane separation technology, e.g. production of fruit juices, wastewater treatment and product recovery in leather industry. Membranes for artificial organs Membrane distillation and membrane contactors e.g. potable water production from seawater and brackish water, water/alcohol separations, purification of physiological solutions, preparation of water with controlled gas composition Transport phenomena in organic, inorganic and hybrid membranes. - Study of fundamental aspects of mass transport in relation to membrane preparation and membrane structure - theoretical support by computational methods (molecular dynamics simulations) Preparation and characterisation of new polymers for membranes.

Selected industrial activities

A wide variety of industrial institutions has research activities on membranes and membrane processes. One of the traditionally strong sectors in Italy is the food, beverage and dairy industry. A typical example is Parmalat with membrane processes for: production of calcium - enriched milk, milk concentration for production of yoghurt cream concentration for mascarpone (cream cheese) production production of long - lasting milk by pasteurisation with membranes production of clear fruit juices (apple, lemon) demineralisation of water Nearly all other companies active in this field uses at least one or more of these processes. Other membrane based activities in a wide variety of industries concern waste water treatment. Several industries have their own research departments and work either alone or in collaboration with academic and public research institutes such as ITM - CNR. One of the major non - food industries is the textile and leather industry. Especially the latter, with over 100 smaller and larger plants in the whole territory, has a significant environmental impact. Here membrane processes are used more and more frequently for recovery of chromium and other useful substances from the tanning fluids, and for reduction of the amount of organic matter and heavy metals in the wastewater.

83 Another important sector is the industry involved in energy production. One of the exponents is the National Institute for Alternative Energy (ENEA). Originally founded to study the use of nuclear energy ENEA now focuses on new energy sources and on new processes for energy conversion: Membrane and Membrane Reactor development (metal membranes, integrated systems separator/reactor) and Process development (Methanol partial oxidation, water gas shift reaction, hydrogen purification, fuel cells). The De Nora Group, originally established to design, manufacture and install electrochemical plants, electrolysers and electrodes, now focuses (under the name of Nuvera Fuels Cells) on the production of fuel cells. Its gamma ranges from small portable units to large industrial power plants. ENEL, Italy’s national electricity company has various membrane based processes in its Green Power program.

GVS produces filters for the biomedical industry (blood filtration, air venting, IV filters, breathing filters for aenestesia and critical care, bacterial air vents, endotoxin removal, etc.) and for the automotive industry (filters for water and oil temperature sensors, electronic power boxes, ABS control system, electric window motor, wipers and lighting systems; fuel tank filtration, filters for ABS systems, filters for EPS systems, steering and transmission filters, etc.). Their filters include membranes and / or nonwoven filtration media.

On 16 January 2009 GVS S.p.A. has also acquired control of the Fenchurch Environmental Group Limited, a British company operating in the field of air filtration: medical applications and other large consumers filters for electronic applications.

GVS also produced hydrophobic microfiltration membranes in PVDF, mostly used in its own filters.

GVS is fully equipped to develop and test its products: filters and membranes.

GVS has ongoing R&D activities focussed at the development of functionalised membranes (for endotoxins and virus removal), membrane contactors, and hydrophilic membranes.

84 Table 14. Public research institutes on membranes in Italy Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Institution Type of test facility Organization Fundamentals Processes Development Development Studies ENEA Via E. Fermi 27 00044 Frascati (ROMA) Tel.: +39 06 94005796 Membrane reactors, Metal Water Gas separation, Research Center Fax: +39 06 94005250 membranes Hydrogen purification, Contact person: Dr. Vittorio Violante, e-mail: [email protected] ITM-CNR Institute on Membrane Technology (former IRMERC – CNR Membranes in Artificial Research Institute on Organs; Membranes and Modelling of Integrated Membrane Chemical Reactors) Operations; Via P. Bucci 17/C, c/o University Preparation and Transport of Calabria, Phenomena; 87030 Rende (CS) – Italy Research Institute Membrane Distillation and Ph. : +39 0984 492039 Membrane Contactors; Fax: +39 0984 402103 Catalytic Membranes and Contact person: Catalytic Membrane Prof. Enrico Drioli, e-mail: Reactors [email protected]; [email protected] Dr Lidietta Giorno, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Polytechnic of Milan University Transport in membranes Membrane separations; diffusion in polymers; thermodynamics and thermomechanical properties of polymericfluids; chemical University of Bologna processes in Membrane distillation, Prof. Giulio C. Sarti University microelectronics; Pervaporation Prof. Ferruccio Trifirò preparation and characterization of heterogeneous catalysists; catalytic tests in fixed bed reators; kinetics of heterogeneous processes University of Perugia via Elce di Sotto, 8 06123 Perugia – Italy Inorganic membranes, Fax: +39 075 585 5566 University Fuel cells Protonic membranes Tel: +39 075 585 5562 Contact person: Prof. Giulio Alberti, E-mail: [email protected]

85 University of Turin Via P. Giuria 7 Synthesis and applications; 10125 Torino Polymers for membrane Tel. + 39 011 6707440 formation; molecular Fax: + 39 011 6707855 University imprinting polymers; inverse Contact person: Dr. Francesco phase transfer catalysis; Trotta, e-mail: bioremediation of waste [email protected] water

University of Genova Via Dodecaneso 31 16146 Genova ITALY UF, MF, RO, PV and Tel.: + 39 010 3536197 University Waste water treatment Membrane reactors Fax: + 39 010 3536199 Contact person: Prof. G. Capannelli, e-mail: [email protected] University of Palermo University University of Rome "La Sapienza" Department of Chemical Waste water treatment by Material Environment nanotechnologies and Engineering Membrane fouling inhibition membrane technologies Via Eudossiana 18 - 00184 and process optimization Rome methods Organic solvent dehydration Olive oil vegetation University Tel: +39 06 4458 5928 of by pervaporation wastewater purification Fax: +39 06 4827453 MF,UF,NF,RO, PV Contact person Pretreatment tailoring prior Prof. Angelo Chianese to membrane processes for [email protected] fouling inhibition purposes Dr. Ing. Marco Stoller [email protected]

86 Table 15. Membrane related Industry in Italy Supplier Type of Activity Area of Activity Membrane Membrane Module Type Available Demonstration Plant Processes Material (DP) and/or Industrial Plant (IP) Ausimont S.p.A. CRS Polymer producer Development, production and UF, RO, Fuel cells, Perfluoropolymers Flat sheet (hydrophilic via S.Pietro 50/A marketing of fluorinated semiconductor and hydrophobic 20021 Bollate (MI) materials and peroxygen protective films, gas films), tubular and Tel: +39.02.3835.1 products separation and hollow fiber Fax: +39.02.3935.2110 contactors Internet: www.ausimont.it Contact person: Ing. Vincenzo Arcella e-mail: [email protected] Belco S.p.A. Membrane Artificial kidney D(AK) Cellulose esters Plate and frame Via Lodi 86 manufacturer 21042 Caronno Pertusella (VA) Tel: + 39 0296398.1 Fax: +39 0296398.400 e-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.belco-it.com Bono Sistemi SpA Water Treatment & Waste Water Treatment RO, ED, UF, MF Via della Resistenza 12 Environmental - Domestic Wastewater 20068 Peschiera Borromeo (MI) Technologies - Industrial Effluent Recycling Tel. + 39 02 55302848 - Bioaugmentation Fax: + 39 02 5471955 Water Supply & Purification E-mail: [email protected] - Water Filtration Internet: www.bono.it - Membrane Processes Contact person: Ing. Bruno Fierro - Demineralization Bracco SpA Pharmaceutical Concentration and purification NF, RO, Phase Semipermeable Spiral Module Via E. Folli 50 Industry of chemical products inversion membranes, Thin film 20134 Milano chromatography nano-filtration Tel. ++39-0221771 membranes Fax. ++39-0221772770 Culligan Italiana S.p.A. Equipment Water treatment RO Via Gandolfi, 6 manufacturer 40057 Cadriano di Granarolo Emilia (BO) Tel.: + 39 051.6017111 Fax: + 39 051.765602 E-Mail: [email protected] Diemme Filter Division Equipment Designs, production and market Via Bedazzo, 19 manufacturer of high-performance plate filter 48022 Lugo, RA presses, piston and piston- Tel.: (+39) 0545 - 2 06 11 membrane type pumps, Fax: (+39) 0545 - 3 03 58 technologies and dehydration E-Mail: [email protected] plants Internet: www.diemme-spa.com FDT Srl Equipment Water treatment RO Viale Lombardia 299/301 manufacturer 20047 Brugherio (MI) Tel.: 039-2817689, Fax: 039-884376, e- mail: [email protected] FilterPar Srl Membrane Water treatment UF, MF Flat membranes Flamec Via Campignano, 6 manufacturer

87 24020 Parre Bergamo Tel.: +39 035.706.147 Fax: +39 035.706.528 e.mail: [email protected] GVS Manufacturer of Filters for automotive and membrane systems medical sector Membrane contactors Hydro Air Research Srl Design and Process and wastewater MF, UF, NF, RO, Ceramic membranes, Tubular Modules, Via C. Pavese, 5/7 manufacture of treatment ED, Pervaporation, polymeric membranes Spiral Wound 20090 Opera (MI) membrane systems Design Pilot Plant, Modules, Hoolow fiber Tel.: +39 - 02/57606489 Laboratory Fax: +39 - 02/57606571 Equipment e-mail: [email protected] Hytek srl Equipment Water Supply & Purification NF, RO Strada del Rio, 4 manufacturer - Water Distribution 43030 Riccò di Fornovo (Parma) - Water Filtration Tel. +39.0525.401091 Fax +39.0525.401101 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.hytekintl.com Impianti Elettrochimici O. De Nora Equipment Chlor alkali plants to produce ED Via Bistolfi, 35 manufacturer chlorine, caustic soda, caustic 20134 Milan potash, and downstream Tel.: +39-0221291, Toll free no. 800- derivatives such as 652300 hydrochloric acid and sodium Fax: +39-02-2154953, +39-02-2154873 hypochlorite E-Mail: [email protected] Materials and services for mercury and diaphragm chlor- alkali plants and their revamping and upgrading. Koch Membrane Systems Equipment Service, technical support, and UF, RO, MF Polimeric membranes Spiral, tubular, hollow Via Mecenate, 90 manufacturer training for the industrial, food, fibers 20138 Milan water, chemical, and Tel: (+39) 02-580842.1 biotechnology markets Fax: (+39) 02-58019162 Internet: http://www.kochmembrane.com Millipore SpA Membrane Pure and ultrapure water, water UF Via XI Febbraio, 99 manufacturer treatment, prefiltration 20090 Vimodrone MI Tel.: (+39) 02 250781 Fax: (+39) 02 2650324 Parmalat Food Industry Calcium-enriched milk UF. MF, NF, RO Via O. Grassi 22/26 (Latte PLUS), 43044 Collecchio, Parma Milk concentration for Tel. 0521 808907 production of yogurt Fax: 0521 808903 Concentrated cream for Contact person: Prof. Claudio Salvadori production of mascarpone soft e-mail: [email protected] cheese Internet: www.parmalat.it Production of long lasting pasteurised milk wine Clear fruit juices (apple juice,

88 lemon juice) Water in bottles Deionised water of high quality PermaCare Italia Srl Membrane Water treatment RO, NF, UF, MF Strada Fornace manufacturer 43030 Ricco di Fornivo - Parma Tel: +39 525 401923 Fax: +39 525 400057 Permeare Srl Technologies of Water treatment UF, RO Via IV Novembre, 54 membrane separation Filtration, concentration & 20019 Settimo Milanese (MI) purification in food & beverage Tel: + 39 02 33501643 Chemical & farmaceutical Fax: + 39 02 33503176 biotechnology Contact person: Ing. Ubaldo Fedele Separem SpA Textile Industry Tessuti impermeabili e NF, UF, RO, Design Polymeric membranes Via Per Oropa, 118 traspiranti Pilot Plant, or microporous 13892 Biella Laboratory membranes Tel: +39 015 257 4338 Equipment Copolymers in PVDF Fax: +39 015 572 251 Contact person: Soccorso Nino Gaeta E-mail: [email protected] Sepra Srl Equipment and Water treatment NF, UF, MF, RO Ceramic and polimeric Flat, tubular, spiral Via Como 69/A membrane Pollution control and waste membranes 20031 Cesano Maderno (Mi) manufacturer water Tel. 0362-575154 Food and beverage Fax 0362-575091 Pharmaceutical and E-mail: [email protected] biotechnologies Internet: http://www.sepra.it Chemical and petrochemical industry Sirca S.p.A. Equipment Wood coating production UF, RO Cellulose acetate, Spiral wound, tubular Industria resine e vernici manufacturer polyamide, polysulfone Viale Roma, 85 35010 S.Dono di Massanzago (PD) Tel. +39-049 9322311 Fax +39-049 9322322 Internet: www.sirca.com E-mail:[email protected] Stilmas SpA Equipment Research, design and Settala (MI) manufacturer construction of water pre- Tel. ++039029508061 treatment, E-mail: [email protected] distillation, water purification, pure steam generators (pyrogene free) for the pharmaceutical industry and hospitals Tecno Project Industriale Equipment Plant and technology for the Absorption Via E. Fermi 40, Curno (BG) manufacturer treatment of air and industrial technology Tel. +39 35 460121 gases integrated with FAX: +39 35 616422 CO2 production and recovery membranes, water Contact person: Ing. Ugo Moretti carbonation e-mail: [email protected] Tecnomil Researching, designing via Vallancon Nord, 3 and realising

89 35045 Ospedaletto Euganeo (PD) technologies in the white and waste water treatment

90 Membrane activities in NORWAY

The field of membrane separations has a no long and glamorous history in Norway. There have, though, been some activities since the early 70 - ties, mainly on water treatment by RO or micro/ultrafiltration and on process development, for example in the diary industry. During the last few years the interest has shown a rapid growth and we have seen projects in many new areas, including biotechnology and gas separations. Research groups are now working at NTNU in Trondheim (The Norwegian University of Science and Technology) at SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology), in Oslo, at FTFI (Institute of Fisheries Technology Research) at Troms and to a lesser extent at a few other places. Most of the effort has been concentrated on application of membrane systems, but in the field of gas separations there is also some activity on membrane development. Drinking water in Norway is probably among the best in the world, but some are as have problems related to surface and near - surface water. SINTEF Materials Technology (Ceramics Group, Oslo) is involved in several development projects in the field of membranes. Since the start about 12 years ago, SINTEF Materials Technology has been working on development and application of membranes for various processes. In this presentation, only activities in the year 2000 are described: SINTEF Materials technology co-ordinated (Coordinator Dr. Rune Bredesen ) a four year European project “Membrane reactor for cost effective environmental - friendly hydrogen production” which was terminated March 2000. In this project, improved inorganic microporous membranes for hydrogen separation under methane steam reforming conditions were developed. Furthermore, identified catalyst materials were tested under relevant membrane steam reforming conditions. The membrane methane steam reforming process for production of hydrogen for ammonia and power production was also analysed techno - economically. SINTEF Materials technology is currently co-ordinating (Coordinator Dr. Rune Bredesen) a four year European Project “High performance microporous inorganic membranes for pervaporation and vapour permeation technology”. As the title states, this proje ct is aiming at developing membranes for high temperature pervaporation/vapour permeation . In a Norwegian project SINTEF Materials Technology is working on the development of a glucose sensor placed in - vivo for continuous glucose level measurements. The sensoris based on an osmotic principle controlled by a membrane. Through a transmitter, information from the sensor is sent to a receiver outside the body. The patient, or an alarm central or through GPS can follow information about the glucose level, or information can be sent directly to a hospital. In 1995, KeraNor, a company producing flat ceramic filters, was created as a spin - off from SINTEF Materials Technology. The current market area for this company is micro - and ultrafiltration of liquids. SINTEF Materials Technology is performing R & D projects for this company on membrane development and surface modification of membranes. SINTEF Materials Technology has also been active in the area of selective recuperation of nickel and other heavy metals f rom wastewater, by using modified electrodialysis. A new European project (the former European project “SERENI: Selective recuperation of nickel from wastewater”, ended in 1999) called “MEWAPREV: Metal Waste Prevention” will start in January 2001 as a follow - up of this activity. In collaboration with French partners and the French - Norwegian Foundation, SINTEF Materials Technology has developed a waste water treatment process based on a catalytic membrane reactor. This work has been expanded as into a new four - year European project starting in 2001 . Since 1996, SINTEF Materials Technology has coordinated the Norwegian Forum for Membrane Technology. The forum organises meetings and seminars, publishes newsletters and promotes new research and development projects on membrane technology in Norway. Its web pages are open to the public at www.sintef.no/forumem .

91 At NTNU there is also an active group working on medical applications. Among their membrane separation projects is one in which membranes are used as active elements in an insulin pump. Another interesting project is on membrane development for plasmapheresis, using monodisperse polymer particles, the so - called "Ugelstad - spheres", to obtain highly defined pore sizes . The fishing industry is important in Norway, and efforts are made to increase its total profitability. During processing of different small and low - value fish species to fish meal and oil there will always be produced a considerable amount of a watery phase, called stickwater. This i s containing salts and 0.5 - 20 % dispersed and dissolved proteins and is therefore valuable . The stickwater is normally concentrated to 40 - 50% dry matter content in multieffect evaporators prior to drying it together with fish solids to meal. Research has been going on to replace this energy consuming step with membrane concentration. But so far there are no industrial plants using this principle. The problems are especially related to fouling and low productivity. FTFI at Troms is working on utilisatio n of wastes from fish and shrimp production. One of their new processes is extracting and concentrating low - molecular taste components for the food industry from shrimp - waste liquids, mainly by using membranes with different cut - off values. The same institute has also developed methods to manufacture active enzymes from fish intestinals, using membrane modules as main fractionators. This process is now industrialized at A/ S Marine Biochemicals at Troms . Developments on using membrane separation in the diary industry have been done at NLH, Norway University of Agriculture. The efforts have mainly been aimed at concentrating and desalting whey for whey powder production and for the special Norwegian Brown Goat Cheese, which in fact is partly caramelized whey solids . Membrane concentrators have been used in the diary industry for many years . The pulp and paper industry is doing some research related to concentration and fractionation of spent sulphite liquor from pulp production to extract valuable components. Details from these projects are not available at the moment. Norway has very large reserves of natural gas in North Sea wells. Naturally there is a great interest in all kind of processes related to the production and utilization of this gas. The Norwegian Research Council (NFR) for Scientific and Industrial Research (NTNF) is supporting large research programs within the field of membranes. Already back in the late eighties there were research within the filed of gas separation membranes. These projects are also aimed towards separation of gas mixtures that originates from down stream gas processing, for example in the synthesis as processor from methane coupling processes . At NTNU/SINTEF the studies are in particular focused on developing polymer membranes for facilitated transport of oxygen in air separation, using metal - organic complexes to increase the solubility of oxygen in the membrane . Sintef-Oslo is also working on a project on facilitated gas transport in polymer films, but their main effort is on making very selective membranes for hydrogen separation using metal coated polymer membranes. They are also studying ceramic membranes in order to make a more temperature resistant support for the metal films. A fourth project is on zeolite filled membranes for different gas separations. Plants for gas separation by membranes is marketed by Permea - Maritime Protection a.s. at Kristiansand. This Air Product owned company is producing Prism TM and Prism TM Alpha - units for the Markets in Eastern - and Western Europe, The Middle East and Africa. The main product is air separators for production of nitrogen, that is mainly used as inert gas in oil and gas production and transportation industries, including oil installations offshore.. There is also a market for storage of fresh fruit, berries and vegetables. The company is also selling membrane units for drying of instrument air, for drying and carbon - dioxide removal from natural gas and of course hydrogen separation units to the petrochemical industry. The yearly sale is about 10 - 15 mill $. At the Department of Chemical Engineering, NTNU, there is research group called Memfo (headed by Prof. May- Britt Hägg) which is basically focusing on membranes for gas applications. The group has been active for more than 17 years (2011) and is doing membrane material development (polymers, nanocomposites, facilitated

92 transport membranes, carbon and glass membranes) as well as material characterization, membrane process design and simulations. In addition to preparation of standard flat sheet membranes, hollow fibres are also being spun as support for gas membranes or as precursors for carbon membranes. There is also an activity on membrane development for saline power. The main activity is, however, on membranes for CO2 capture and renewable energy – these activities are also integrated into major European projects. Within the 6th FWP the following projects can be mentioned; Naturalhy (using the natural gas grid in Europe for transport of hydrogen), th Nanoglowa (Nanomaterial against global warming; focusing on CO2-capture from postcombustion) and in 7 FWP, Decarbit (focusing on precombustion and separation of CO2-H2). The membrane laboratories are well equipped and participate in European exchange programs for researchers.

The group is also active in many national projects with funding from the Norwegian Research Council and industry – especially related to natural gas production, CO2 capture from flue gas and renewable energy. Membrane courses are being offered both on MSc-level and PhD-level at the department. The group counts around 16 members; including PhDs post docs and researchers. MemfoACT (Membranes for Advanced Clean Technology) is a spin-off company from the group – the company will be producing carbon membranes with integrated systems. There is also a large activity on water purification and membrane bioreactors in the group of Professor TorOve Leiknes at NTNU. Professor Leiknes has also been the president of EMS for a couple of periods. Finally, in Norway pressure retarted osmosis, as source of energy, is carried out by Statkraft. Statkraft is Europe's leader in renewable energy. The Group develops and produces hydropower, wind power, gas power and district heating, and is a major player on the European energy exchanges. Statkraft has 3,300 staff in more than 20 countries. The company is leading the development of osmotic power (or pressure retarded osmosis) as a new, renewable source of energy.

93 Membrane activities in POLAND

Wroclaw University of Technology (WrUT) Wyb.Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw

The history of Polish membrane began in 1948 when Prof. T.Rabek settled in Wroclaw to take a lecturer position at Wroclaw University. In 1954 he moved to Wroclaw University of Technology (WrUT) where he launched projects on synthesis and evaluation of polymer ion-exchange resins and membranes. After his death three of his successors, Profs J.Lindemann, W.Trochimczuk and T.Winnicki , have continued the research on the application of membrane technology. Now, the third generation of polymer scientists, Profs A.Trochimczuk, M.Bryjak, is still working on the preparation of functional polymers for separation processes. Prof. T.Winnicki implemented the idea of the membrane separation to environmental engineering. He, with the assistance of Dr A.Mika, organized and coordinated the centrally sponsored R&D Membrane Program that gathered researchers from more than 40 teams from all over Polish institutions. He was also the main organizer of the series of International Membrane Schools that bridged membranologists from the Western and Central European countries. The third generation of researchers in Institute of Environmental Protection Profs J.Wisniewski, K.Nowak-Majewska, M.Kabsch-Korbutowicz, is continuing his research. WrUT is the place where the use of emulsion liquid membranes were studied also. The works of Drs J.Szust, P.Plucinski and J.Stelmaszczyk are still considered as the fundamentals of ELM. The curricula of chemical engineering and biotechnology at WrUT are actively enriched by works of two membranologists: Profs A.Noworyta and A.Koltuniewicz (currently employed at Warsaw University of Technology).

I . Faculty of Environmental Engineering (Prof. J.WIŚNIEWSKI) - modified polysulfone membranes to treat water containing humic substances and metal ions as well as analysing of membrane foulingin these circumstances - capillary membranes for separation of dyes and observing salt effect on dyes separation by hydrophilic membranes - hydrophilic membranes in separation of organic macromolecules and gas - bubble flow effect on ultrafiltration efficiency - acid and iron salts removal as well as water recovery from rinsing water after metal etching - recovery of acids and water by electrodialysis and diffusion dialysis - bipolar membranes for recovery of valuable species from industrial waste water - UF/MF thickening of low - BOD waste water entering activated sludge process .

Contact person: [email protected]

II. Faculty of Chemistry (Prof. Wladyslaw WALKOWIAK) - separation of various same metal ions by means of bulk and supported liquid membranes, - effect of solvent in competitive alkali cations transport across bulk liquid membranes by carriers, - separation of various metals from aqueous chloride solutions by ion flotation and liquid membranes, - separation and removal of metal ionic species by polymer inclusion membranes - separation of close - affinity metal ions by supported and hybrid liquid membranes - liquid membranes for concentration & separation of metal ions from aqueous solution .

Contact person: [email protected]

III. Faculty of Chemistry (Prof. Andrzej NOWORYTA )

94 - membrane ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and pervaporation - bioprocesses engineering, particularly introduction of proecogolical technology with bioreactors and membrane bioreactors Contact person: Prof. Andrzej Noworyta, [email protected] .

IV. Faculty of Chemistry (Prof. Marek BRYJAK) - polymer membranes for electrodialysis, dialysis, ultra – and micro - filtration, - modification of membrane surface, plasma modified film , - membranes for contractors - liquid supports, membrane for separation of chiral antipodes, - membranes for a special request.

Contact person: Prof. Marek Bryjak, [email protected]

West Pomeranian University of Technology (WPUT) Al.Piastow 17 70-310 Szczecin

The second academic center involved into the membrane research was created in the 60’ties at Szczecin. There Prof. J.Kepinski initiated research on water desalination and wastewater treatment by dialysis and RO and UF techniques. To spread the knowledge on membrane processes he initiated the series of Desalination of water symposiums. His collaborant, Prof. N.Chlubek, transferred the work on a membrane distillation and constructed the first system for preparation of flat and capillary porous membranes. Profs M.Tomaszewska, A.W.Morawski and M.Gryta have completed and supplemented these ideas.

Institute of Chemical and Environment Engineering (Prof. Maria TOMASZEWSKA) - membrane distillation process applied for – deionisation of water for power generation, neutralization of ion – exchangers post - regeneration - liquors and recovery of hydrochloric acid from post - etching - liquors, fermentation - process efficiency improvement - hybrid process linking UF with PAC for natural water treatment - investigation on treatment of waste – emulsions by membrane processes - fertilisers coating with polysulfone film to achieve controlled - release.

Contact person: Prof. Maria Tomaszewska: [email protected]

Silesian University of Technology (SiUT) Akademicka 2A 44-100 Gliwice

A very strong team was created by Prof. M.Bodzek at Silesian University of Technology at the beginning of 70’ties, in the field of membrane application for environmental engineering

I . Faculty of Environmental and Energy Engineering (Prof. Jolanta BOHDZIEWICZ)

- application of pressure driven membrane techniques in ground and surface water treatment for drinking and household purposes (MF, UF, NF, RO): - application of pressure driven membrane techniques in industrial wastewater treatment,

95 - application of membrane techniques in environmental biotechnology (membranes with immobilised enzymes, membrane bioreactors), - preparation and characterisation of ultrafiltration membranes in view of their application in water and wastewater treatment. They combine membrane filtrations and sorption processes to form a hybrid system. He, together with Profs J.Bohdziewicz and K.Konieczny, initiated organization of a series of conferences on Membrane and membrane processes in environmental engineering that have become the forums of interactions between the Polish academics and industry people.

Contact person: Prof. Jolanta Bohdziewicz, [email protected]

I I . Faculty of Chemistry (Prof. Marian TUREK) using electrodialysis as well as application of the pressure driven membrane processes to separation of industrial wastes. Contact person: Prof. Marian Turek, [email protected]

Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU) Gagarina 7 87-100 Torun

In parallel to the membrane developpments at WrUT and WPUT, Prof. A.Narebska created the largest center for evaluation of polymer properties that allowed to understand the performances of polymer membranes. Her attempts to find relationships between membrane structure and its properties were shown in organization of series of Workshops on Frontiers in Membrane Science and Technology and co-participation in the Tempus Project on Regional Courses on Membrane Processes. The work of prof. A.Narebska (retired in 1997) was continued by prof. J.Ceynowa (retired in 2009) and prof. R.Wodzki (Head of Chair of Physical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Polymers since 2009).

Faculty of Chemistry NCU (Prof. R.Wodzki, Prof. S.Koter, Prof. W.KUJAWSKI)

- relations between structure and functions of membranes, - transport phenomena analysis in charged and porous membranes based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, - biomimetic membrane systems, - membranes for hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells, - phase-separation technology for membrane formation, - charged- membrane processes, - liquid membranes in single and hybrid processes, - pervaporation and vapor permeation, - bio-reactors with enzymatic membranes, - nanofiltration of non-aqueous mixtures, - interpretation of membrane phenomena by using chemometric methods.

Contact person: Prof. Wojciech Kujawski ([email protected])

Lodz University of Technology (LUT) Zeromskiego 116 90-924 Lodz

96 Membrane activities in Lodz have been started in the Institute of Chemical Fibers. There, Prof. M.Kopa and Dr. J.Mertl made the first attempt to obtain polymer hollow-fibers for gas, VOC separations and for ultrafiltration. Today, the membrane laboratory is located at Lodz Technical University.

Faculty of Process and Environmental Enginnering LUT( Prof. W.Kaminski)

- Decreasing of concentration polarization effect - Chitosan and their derivatives membranes - Liquid membranes with fluidcross - flow, applied among others for heavy metals separation - Aroma separation from water solution using HF and pervaporation. - Process modeling and optimization by neural networks and fractals, - Studies on membrane separation processes: LM, PV and NF in environment protection engineering, - Plasma for surface treatment of polymer membranes.

Contact person: Prof. Wladyslaw Kaminski: ([email protected])

Warsaw University of Technology (WaUT) pl. Politechniki 1 00-661 Warszawa

THis large group of Polish membranologists was formed at Warsaw University of Technology in the last decade. The research is focused on preparation of new membrane and membrane devices, their use in industrial processes (in diary and food industries), modification of materials for biotechnological and medicine applications, or modeling of new membrane processes for removing of hazardous components.

I . Faculty of Chemistry - ( Prof. Zbigniew BRZOZKA) - membrane sensors, among other based on siloxane and “self - plasticized” - miniaturisation of analytical devices - analysis and monitoring of environm ental pollution.

Contact peson: Prof. Zbigniew Brzozka ([email protected])

II. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering (Prof. Roman GAWRONSKI) - liquid membranes based on emulsion of synthetic oil - various membrane - based separation processes - treatment of aqueous solution on membrane systems - sorption of sulphur dioxide in membrane module .

Contact peson: Prof. Roman Gawronski ([email protected]

III. Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering (Prof. Wojciech PIATKIEWICZ) , - filtration engineering plant design (mainly for food processing and for industrial waste treatment) - membrane separation processes - membrane manufacturing - modelling of filtration processes.

Contact person: Prof. Wojciech Piatkiewicz ([email protected])

DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES (some major industrial application)

Membrane processes had been commonly seen as very expensive comparing with conventional ones, but in the last years that opinion has been remarkably changed.

I. There are some applications of membrane pressure driven techniques in power plants made first of all by Zenon Company. Power Plants are a large consumers of water for boiler make up, cooling systems and warm water for heaters. Such water must have high quality, especially concerning conductivity and content of organics. For production of demineralized water membrane processes are introduced, first of all RO, ED, UF and MF. In Poland there are several installations for treatment of water for power stations: 1) Power Station in Lagisza - installation (operated from 1997) for demineralized water (250 m3/h) for 7 turbines (125 MW each) from water coming from cooling system. Technological system includes filter (250 m), microfiltration (3x90 m3/h ) and reverse osmosis (3x50 m3/h). The water quality:conductivity 0. 2 S/cm, 3 SiO2 content < 0,02 mg/dm . 2) Power Station - Zeran at Warsaw - system for production of warm water for heaters (250 m3/h) contains pretreatment (chlorinating, decarbonisation and coagulation) filtration on graveler and sand - hard coal filter sand two stage reverse osmosis. The installation is in operation from 1995. 3) Power Station at Katowice – Zenon microfiltration installation for the treatment of secondary sewage for cooling system.

II. The main surface water quality problem in Poland is caused by the high volume and mineral load of brackish water discharge from all kinds of mining activities, and in particular from coal and copper industries. Therefore, with a great attention should be followed the original brackish water desalination technology elaborated in large international collaboration by Central Institute of Mining at Katowice in Debiensko Plant. The yield of this installation is 300 m3/h and produces sodium chloride for both food and industrial purposes. In 1995 a desalination installation eliminating saline waters from coal mines "Debiensko" and "Budryk" (Poland) was brought into operation. The installation is based on reverse osmosis, to obtain high - quality potable water, and on evaporation methods, to bring about the elimination of all salts from the water. With full operational capacity, the plant will be processing 24 m3/day of mine waters of the salinity level ranging from 8000 to 115000 mg/dm3. The day production of potable water is to amount to 9000 m3, 4000 m3 of condensate from distillation, almost 300 ton of salt (99.8% NaCl) and a number of other chemicals. The installation consists of the following elements: - pretreatment of mine waters, - reverse osmosis together with the station for potable water preparation, - thermal evaporation and crystallisation, - recovery, drying and cooling of the salt, - recovery, cooling and utilisation of postcrystallisation lyes.

III. Also there are two installations which produce drinking water from low salinity mine water as the raw water. Nanofiltration installation has been applied to remove the excess of sulfate ions from water. The installations are located in the south part of Poland near Katowice: 1) Water Treatment Plant at Rydultowy - Rybnik 2) Water Treatment Plant at Nowa Ruda – Katowice

IV. MTR Inc. (USA) together with its partner company AMERPOL (Wloclawek) introduced two succesfull membrane applications for the removal of organics from off-gases (recycling of mono-vinyl chloride – Anwil S.A., Wloclawek, recycling of ethylene – Orlen S.A., Plock)

98 V . There are some companies dealing with production and distribution of installations for membrane filtration operations: 1) Industrial group EURO - SEP (Warsaw) – production and design of membrane systems, designed over 20 industrial size filtration plants. 2) Enterprise OBRAM - DAIRY (Warsaw) – distribution of membrane installations with ceramic membranes from TAMI Industries. 3) INTERMASZ (Wrzesnia - Poznan) - distribution of membrane installations with ceramic membranes from TAMI Industries. 4) ZENON Systems Kft., division at Tychy - Katowice – membranes for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration (immersed capillary membranes) 5) PROMINENT (Wroclaw) – installations for membrane filtration

There are several SME companies that implement membrane technologies to industry. However most of them are the representatives of large companies and offer the solutions based on the mother company systems. Two years ago, Technological Park of Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, WaUT, established Polymem Ltd – the company that bridges university and industry. The characteristics of the company one can find on its web page (www.polymembranes.com)‚ Polymem Ltd offers a range of products and services related to sub-micron filtration. As well as supplying complete filtration systems, utilizing a range of membranes [including those manufactured of ceramic materials], we manufacture polypropylene and polysulphone capillary membranes for our in-house use and also for any incorporation to any equipment of customer’s system’. Preparation of UF (polysulfone and polyether-sulfone) and MF (polypropylene) membranes offers the wide range of filtration capillaries. The membranes are fixed in the standard modules: 25 mm diameter (0.2 m2 ), 50 mm diameter (1 m2), 75 mm diameter (2 m2), 100 mm diameter (3 m2), 300 mm diameter (30 m2) that shells can be made from: glass, steel, PP or PVC. The company can tailor various modules according to different customer requests. The following services are also available: - process engineering, - system design, - system manufacturing and assembling, - design and construction of automated control systems, - system service and project management.

Membrane Section of Polish Chemical Society Membrane Section is a branch of the Polish Chemical Society. About 80 Polish membranologists from academia and industry form the Section members. The Section is headed by the President and the Council that are elected every three years. The new initiative to establish Polish Membrane Society has been started in February 2011.

Mission of the Membrane Section

The main task of the Membrane Section is to promote the knowledge of membrane and membrane technologies among academic and non-academic staff as well as industry engineers. This is done throughout organization of thematic conferences, symposia and schools.

Events organized by Membrane Section There are two scientific conferences that are co-organized by the Section: Biannual National Scientific Conference on “Membranes and Membrane Processes in Environmental Protection” and International Conference Permea on “Membrane Science and Technology in Visegrad and Other Countries”. When the first one is visited by 100-120

99 participants mostly from Poland, the second one attracts 180-200 membranologists from 20-25 countries around the world. So far ten national and four international conferences took place.

The second form of knowledge dissemination is Spring Membrane School organized every year. The School circulates among the universities that play the leading role in membrane education: Wroclaw University of Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Warsaw University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology and Opole University. MSc and PhD students as well as industry engineers form the audience of the school while the lecturers are the membrane authorities from Poland and other European countries (Finland, France, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK). The school is organized successfully since 1999 in a non-profit mode. The number of students reaches the level of 100 person usually. Membrane Section of Polish Chemical Society co-organized with EMS two European Summer Membrane Schools (in 2001 – Ladek Zdroj and in 2011 – Smardzewice).

List of other membrane groups in Poland

1 CZĘSTOCHOWA Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT) Faculty of Chemistry Armii Krajowej 19 42-200 Częstochowa

Research area: Search for methods of metal ions isolation based on separation and concentration by means of extractive techniques, especially liquid membranes. Some selective carriers are employed to facilitate transport of targeted species.

Contact person: prof. Jerzy Gęga ([email protected])

2 GDAŃSK

Gdansk University of Technology (GUT) Faculty of Management and Economics Narutowicza 11/12 90-952 Gdansk

Research area Commodity Science Laboratory is carried out research in: a) kinetics and mechanism of copper (II) transport through liquid membranes, b) liquid membrane oscillators with ionic surfactants for molecular recognition, c) potentiometric taste sensors based on selective electrodes.

Contact person: Prof. Maria Szpakowska ([email protected])

3 OPOLE

Opole University (OU) Institute of Chemistry

100 Oleska 48 45-052 Opole

Research area a) Transport mechanism of amino acids and their analogues through liquid membrane, b) Preconcentration of peptide with SLM extraction, c) Enantioselective transport of amine and amino acids through SLM, d) Extraction and preconcentration of of xenobiotics by means of membranes in food, body fluids and in environmental samples.

Contact person: Prof. Piotr Wieczorek ([email protected])

4. POZNAŃ

Poznań University of Technology (PUT) Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering Pl.Skłodowskiej-Curie 2 60-965 Poznań

Research area a) Pressure driven membrane processes, b) Surfactant and biopolymer enhanced hybrid processes.

Contact person: Prof. Krystyna Prochaska ([email protected])

5 WARSZAWA

Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering (IBBE) Polish Academy of Science Księcia Trojdena 4 02-109 Warszawa

Research area a) Development of the dry tests (sensors) for medicine, biology and chemistry, b) Development of polysulfone base semipermeable membranes.

Contact person: Prof. Andrzej Chwojnowski ([email protected])

6. WARSZAWA

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology (INCT) Dorodna 16., 03-195 Warszawa

101 Research area: a) Membrane processes for liquid radioactive waste treatment, b) Membrane separation of isotopes, c) Preparation of track-etched membranes, d) Separation of gases.

Contact person: Prof. Grażyna Zakrzewska-Trznadel ([email protected])

7. WARSZAWA

 Industrial Chemistry Research Institute (ICRI) Rydygiera 8 01-793 Warszawa

Research area The main area of the interest is to use such membrane processes as UF, NF, RO, PV, MBSE for chemicals synthesis, separation and purification of chemical compounds and for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. Research in a laboratory and pilot scale is performed on: a) application of unit processes for chemical separation such as extraction, distillation, crystallization, sorption and ion exchange in new and modernized technologies, b) application of hybrid processes (combination of classical methods with membrane processes) for the synthesis, separation and purification of chemical compounds and for the purification of technological and wastewater streams, c) Preparation of basic packages for industrial installations designed according to own processes, d) Engineering supervision of launched processes at the stage of their commissioning and tests.

Contact person: Prof. Włodzimierz Ratajczak, ([email protected])

102

Membrane Activities in PORTUGAL

Department of Chemical Engineering, UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO

Staff:

Adélio Mendes, Fernão Magalhães, Miguel Madeira and José Sousa

Research Activity

Membranes reactors: - Chemical membrane reactors for improving conversion and intensification – steam reforming of methanol and methane, synthesis of methanol and methane, water gas shift; - Electrochemical membrane reactors – energy production (fuel cells, low and high temperature) and improving conversion and selectivity of chemical reactors (electrochemical hydrogen pumping); - Combined microreactors, high temperature fuel cell (PEMFC) and methanol steam reforming;

Photoelectrochemical cells and photocatalysis: - Dye sensitized solar cells; - Photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting; - Photocatalysis targeting gas phase photoabatement and photoinactivation of microorganisms under low radiation power;

Gas and liquid separations: - Development and use of carbon molecular sieve membranes; - Preparation of palladium and composite palladium membranes for methane reforming and hydrogen purification/extraction; - Pressure swing adsorption for gas separation and namely for producing high purity oxygen from air; - Pervaporation for aroma extraction.

Polymer science: - Resins of urea-formaldehyde; - Composite polymeric materials with nanoparticles of metal oxides and nanostructured carbon particles (graphene, nanohorns and nanotubes).

103 Table 16. Membrane activities at the Department of Chemical Engineering, UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO

Institution Structure of Research Fundamentals Development Membrane Module Application Studies Type of test Organization Processes Development Development facility • • Dep. of Chemical Public •Phenomenologic •Chemical and Palladium and •Methanol and methane Test bench for low and Engineering University modeling of membrane electrochemical composite steam reforming. high temperature PEFC Rua Roberto Frias reactors membrane palladium fed with hydrogen, 4200 - 465 Porto Transport in porous reactors. membranes. •Methanol and methane ethanol, methanol and Tel.: + 351 225081695 media. synthesis. formic acid. Fax.: + 351 225081449 Adsorption and Carbon mail:[email protected] •Phenomenologic membrane molecular sieve • Water gas shift. Mono- and modeling of cyclic based membranes multicomponent adsorption processes. separation •Low and high membrane processes. temperature PEFC. permeabilities Phenomenologic determination modeling of Photoelectro •Electrochemical photoelectrochemical chemical cells. hydrogen pumping. Test bench of cells. photoelectrochemical Phenomenologic High purity oxygen from cells modeling of gas air. separation in membranes

104 Department of Chemistry, CICECO, UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO

Staff: Carlos Manuel Silva, Zhi Lin and João Rocha

Research Activity: Hydrogen is an alternative clean fuel for future sustainable energy economy. The development of “The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform” of the European Union clearly supports the importance of this subject. Presently, steam reforming, partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, autothermal reforming, and gasification of biomass are the best economically viable options for H2 production. The downstream processing of the resulting mixtures, mainly H2/CO2, H2/N2 and H2/light-hydrocarbons, can be advantageously accomplished by membrane technology; H2/N2 is also important in the Haber-Bosch process. In this context, the preparation of new membranes specifically tailored to ensure large selectivities and fluxes for these systems is fundamental to balance materials costs involved and justify its commercial application.

The research comprehends the synthesis, and the structural and dynamic characterization of new microporous inorganic membranes with potential for the separation of hydrogen containing mixtures. The development and validation of new models for multicomponent mass transport across porous membranes according to the Maxwell-Stefan approach are also objectives of our activities.

Recently, microporous titanosilicate AM-3 has been prepared as a continuous layer on porous α- alumina and stainless steel tubular supports by seeded hydrothermal synthesis. Pure AM-3 membranes about 12 μm thick have been obtained, exhibiting a good intergrowth of crystals and preferential orientation. The channels of AM-3 are along [100] direction and perpendicular to the support surface. The dynamic characterization has been carried out by permeation assays, and the results have been modelled taking into account the various transport mechanisms involved in such materials. The representation of the experimental data has been achieved successfully with small absolute average relative deviations (1.5 – 2.5%). The membranes evidenced a desired predominance of the activated diffusion mechanism for H2 permeation at increasing temperatures. The available evidence shows that titanosilicate AM-3 membranes are potential candidates for H2 separation.

Presently, we intend to improve AM-3 membrane properties, and shall concentrate on new small pore membranes of titanosilicate AM-2 and stannosilicate AV-7.

105 Table 17. Membrane activities at the Department of Chemistry, CICECO, UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO

Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Studies Type of test Organization Fundamentals Processes Development Development facility

Universidade de Aveiro – Public Synthesis, and Preparation of Gas permeation, mainly SEM, XRD, AFM Departamento de Química - University structural and microporous separation of hydrogen and EDS. CICECO dynamic inorganic containing mixtures. characterization membranes by Multicomponent 3810-193 AVEIRO of new seeded Measurement of gas gas permeation Tel.: + 351 234 370 360 microporous hydrothermal Microporous permeances. Fax: +351 234 370 084 inorganic synthesis. titanosilicate and E - mail: membranes. stannosilicate [email protected], Membrane membranes [email protected], [email protected] Modelling mass characterization transport by permeation mechanisms in tests. http://www.ciceco.ua.pt/ permeation. Gas permeation.

106 Department of Chemistry, UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO

Staff:

Ana M. Xavier

Research Activity:

Pulp and Paper Industries are searching for environmentally friendly technologies in order to find out new ways of pulp bleaching operations reducing the use of chlorine. White -rot fungi and their enzymatic capacity for lignin oxidation are being studied to evaluate a biotechnological process implementation. The new "clean" technologies have to be efficient and competitive to constitute realistic alternatives for industrial processes. Lignolytic enzymes are produced by Trametes versicolor a white rot fungi able to make delingnification. Experimental conditions to optimize lignolityc activity are being studied in a batch way: growth medium, pH, temperature, oxygen concentration and also type of inducer and glucose concentration are being selected. Laccase and manganes peroxidase activities are being monitorized and process performance is being studied in a new mechanical accessory and a new automatic acquisition data system for the reactor that has been installed. Enzyme concentration with hollow fiber will be performed trying to develop a real pilot plant for process implementation.

Table 18. Membrane activities at the Department of Chemistry, UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO Institution Structure Research Development Membrane Module Application Type of of Organi Fundamen Processes Develop Develop Studies test zation tals ment ment facility

Universidade de Enzymes Hollow Aveiro –Dep. Fermentation production fibers Química with and Public enzymatic concentration 3810 AVEIRO University concentration by for Pulp Tel.: + 351 234 hollow fiber and Paper

370 716 filtration Industry Fax: + 351 234

370 084 E - mail: [email protected] http://www.dq.ua.p t/ingles/index.htm

107 Department of Chemichal Engineering, UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA

Staff: Maria Helena Mendes Gil

Research Activity

Preparation of polymeric membranes in the form of films or as microspheres and nanoparticles. Preparation of systems for controlled release of pharmaceutical compounds. Preparation and characterisation of biodegradable membranes.

Table 19. Membrane activities at the Department of Chemichal Engineering, UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA

Institution Structure Research Development Membrane Module Application Type of of Organi Fundamentals Processes Development Development Studies test zation facility

Departamento de Polymeric Engenharia Química materials and POLO II - Pinhal de chemical Microspheres Medicine Marrocos engineering 3030 COIMBRA Tel.: + 351 239 Public Nanoparticles Agriculture 798700 University Films Fax: + 351 239 Biosensors 798703 Drug URL: delivery http://www.eq.uc.pt/ systems

108 Department of Chemistry, FCT, UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA

Group of Catalysis and Reaction Engineering

Staff

Joaquim Vital, Ana Ramos, Isabel Fonseca

Research Activity The research has been directed to the development of polymeric catalytic membranes (PCM) obtained by dispersing heterogeneous catalysts (zeolites, molecular sieves, activated carbons) in polymeric matrixes (PDMS, PVA, etc.) or by using functionalized polymers. The main goals are: the substitution of traditional homogeneous processes by environmental friendly heterogeneous ones; the separation of reactants or reaction products in order to simplify the processes and/or displace equilibria; the optimisation of PCMs in order to get the highest activities and selectivities, by modifying parameters such as, the catalyst loading, catalyst dispersion, the membrane hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance, matrix cross-linking degree, etc. PCMs have been applied in a variety of fine chemistry reactions, such as monoterpene oxidation, hydration and alkylation, ester hydrolysis and transesterification reactions.

Table 20. Membrane activities at the Department of Chemistry, Group of Catalysis and Reaction Engineering, UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Type of Organization Fundamentals Processes Develop Develop Studies test ment ment facility Dep. Chemistry

REQUIMTE/C QFB University Catalysis Catalytic Fine Membrane FCT/UNL Research Polymeric Chemistry reactor Centre module Quinta da

Torre 2829 - 516 Membrane

Caparica Reactors Portugal Tel.: + 351

212948300 Fax: + 351 212948550 Email: [email protected] nl.pt

109 Group of Biochemical and Process Engineering

Staff:

João G. Crespo; Maria M. Reis, Isabel R. Coelhoso

Research Activity Membrane Bioreactors - Study and development of new type of membrane bioreactors for bioconversion and bioremediation processes. The bioreactors studied include cell recycle using ultra/microfiltration membranes (e.g., for drinking water denitrification), membrane supported biofilm reactors using non -porous hydrophobic membranes (e.g. for detoxification of industrial waste waters contaminated with organochlorinated pollutants), supported liquid membrane bioreactors using ionic liquids (e.g., for treatment of pharmaceutical effluents), and development of ion -exchange membrane bioreactors (e.g., for removal of ionic trace contaminants from drinking water supplies such as nitrate, nitrite, bromate, arsenate and ionic mercury). These projects involved also two major concerns: the development of new, on-line monitoring techniques, namely 2D -fluorometry and confocal microscopy for monitoring of biofilms; and the development of mathematical models to describe solute transport across the permselective membrane and biofilm, including multivariate statistical models and hybrid models.

Membrane Separation Processes - Study of membrane processes for clean and selective recovery of biological products (chiral compounds, aromas and proteins) from dilute aqueous streams. Different membrane processes have been studied, namely liquid membrane extraction using selective carriers (chiral selectors), pervaporation for recovery of aroma compounds from dilute aqueous streams, membrane distillation for concentration of fruit juices, and ultrafiltration for fractionation of proteins with pharmaceutical interest. Additionally a strong emphasis has been given to the development of membranes integrating ionic liquids, namely supported liquid membranes for the recovery of CO2 and also for the removal of dioxins, as well as modified proton- conducting membranes integrating ionic liquids’ cations for gas separation and application in fuel cells. More recently, the use of ionic liquid membranes using ionic liquids with magnetic properties has been investigated. Additionally, a significant emphasis has been given recently to the synthesis (by microbial processes) and development of biopolymer membranes, which are tested for packaging and gas permeation applications.

Monitoring and Modelling of Membrane Processes - One of the main focus in this area is the understanding and mathematical modelling of the transport process of the species involved across porous and non-porous membranes, with a special emphasis on water vapour transport in porous membranes, transport of hydrophobic molecules through dense, non -porous membranes, transport of electrically charged species, and coupled transport and reaction. Computational fluid dynamic studies have been also deserving attention, in particular for the design of module spacers and modelling of transport in corrugated membranes. An aspect that deserves a particular attention is the development of on-line monitoring techniques at a molecular level using molecular probes sensitive to temperature, pH and Ca2+, for use in processes such as membrane distillation, membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis. The use of on-line monitoring using Mass spectrometry has been developed for monitoring processes of gas and vapour permeation, as well as pervaporation and organic solvent nanofiltration.

110 Table 21. Membrane activities at the Department of Chemistry, Group of Biochemical and Process Engineering, UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA

Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Type of test Organization Fundamentals Processes Development Development Studies facility Dep. Chemistry

REQUIMTE/CQFB University Transport in Carrier membranes Hydrodynamic Pressure Lab/pilot scale Research porous and studies Drinking water and FCT/UNL driven MF/UF, NF, Centre dense wastewater processes pervaporation membranes Group of Biochemical and Supported ionic

Process Engineering liquid membranes Osmotic evaporation Fine Chemistry and pervaporation Proton conducting Monitoring at a membranes Membrane

molecular level modified with ionic bioreactors liquids Gas Agro - industry Quinta da Torre separation Biodegradable 2829 - 516 Caparica membranes Membrane Energy and gases Portugal bioreactors Photo-responsive Tel.: + 351 212948300 membranes Fax: + 351 212948550 Email: [email protected]

111 Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) - Technical University of Lisbon

Scientific Coordinator : Maria Norberta de Pinho Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering

Research Activity

I-Membrane synthesis & characterization Development of Asymmetric Bi-Soft Segment Polyurethane Membranes for use in Blood Contactors/Medical Devices. Correlation of membrane surface structure with hemocompatibity - non-hemolytic & non- thrombogenic properties and control of platelet adhesion.

II-Module design Characterization of flow structures and its correlation with mass transfer in the feed channel of membrane modules. Experimental studies through Micro-PIV and Holographic Interferometry. Computer Fluid Dynamics (CFD ) Simulations.

III-Processes development Processes for a sustainable development: Hybridization of Physico-Chemical and Membrane Processes for Effluent Minimization ,Water and Raw Materials Recovery

Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering (Technical University of Lisbon)

Contact Person: Prof. Marília Mateus

The BioEngineering Research Group (BERG) at the Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering of Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) is involved in research projects were membranes and membrane systems are used for bioprocessing. Typical examples are: (i) crossflow filtration processes (from nano- to microfiltration) for the separation of biological streams containing target products such as oligosaccharides and other small added value molecules, peptides and proteins, nucleic acids, and/or whole or disrupted cells; (ii) membrane bioreactors, with enzymes or whole cells, for new processes and/or for process intensification/integration; (iii) development of adsorption membranes for membrane chromatography of therapeutic products.

In crossflow filtration the aims are the fundamental studies together with fractionation and purification of target products from plant extracts, biological fluids or microbial cell culture media. Process integration often combines unconventional bioreactor and/or bioseparation media (microemulsions and reversed micelles, PEG or dextran phases from ATPS) with membrane separation processes. Recently, BERG-IST is also paying attention to the design of integrated membrane process solutions for the production, fractionation and purification of specific proteins (monoclonal antibodies and animal cell growth factors) from animal cell lines and to the downstream processing of DNA vaccines that comply to regulations from international health agencies.

112 Table 22. Membrane activities at the Institute of Science and Engineering of Material and Surfaces - Technical University of Lisbon

Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Type of test Organization Fundamentals Pr ocesses Development Development Studies facility

Hybridizations Water Lab/pilot Institute of Science and Membrane of UF, NF, RO Development recovery in scale: Engineering of Material University preparation and and of Food, and Surfaces - Technical Research characterisation Electrodialysis membranes University of Lisbon , for medical applications 1049 - 001 Lisboa - Modelling and Centre Portugal transport Pulp, Surface Tel.: 351 - 21 - 8417488 MF/UF, NF, treatment Industries; Membrane Drinking Pervaporation Fax.: 351 - 21 - 8499242 reactor for water , production e - mail: enzymatic [email protected] production; Coagulation/ Membrane Flocculation/UF bioreactors for drinking water treatment

113

Table 23. Membrane activities at the Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon

Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Studies Type of test Organization Fundamentals Processes Development Development facility

Centre for Biological and Membrane Membrane Chemical Engineering *, Filtration Filtration Various in Crossflow Filtration Processes in Processes in Instituto Superior Técnico, Bioengineering Bioengineering Technical University of Membrane Membrane Lisbon, Plasmid DNA Recovery and Chromatography Chromatography 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal Purification (HIC / Affinity) (HIC / Affinity) University Laboratorial Research Production, Fractionation, Scale Phone: Centre Integration and Purification of Intensification Oligosaccharides, Nisin,

Direct +351-21-8419136 with Lectins, Monoclonal Secret. +351-21-8419065 Membranes Antibodies, Growth Factors, Fax.: Nucleic Acids, etc. +351-21-8419062 Animal cell adhesion, Membrane Membrane e - mail: proliferation, function, bioreactors bioreactors [email protected] differentiation

* coordinating R&D centre of the IBB – Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (Portuguese Associated Laboratory)

114 LNEC – National Laboratory for Civil Engineering Urban Water Division of the Hydraulics and Environment Department (NES/DHA) R&D on Membrane Technology

Researchers: Maria João Rosa and Rui Viegas

Contact Person: Maria João Rosa

Development, optimisation and modelling of clean & energy effective treatments based on membrane pressure-driven processes (MF, NF) for drinking water production and wastewater treatment & reclamation with special emphasis on the following subjects: integration with physical-chemical and biological processes: ozonation, coagulation/flocculation with conventional and new products (pre-polymerised aluminium/iron coagulants, natural flocculants), sedimentation, dissolved gas flotation, filtration, adsorption and biofiltration; membrane fouling; removal of NOM (natural organic matter) & control of DBP (disinfection by - products);control of toxic cyanobacteria & cyanotoxins, viruses, protozoa and other biological agents resistant to chemical oxidation; development of performance assessment tools for water and wastewater treatment plants.

115 Table 24. Membrane activities at LNEC – National Laboratory for Civil Engineering Urban Water Division of the Hydraulics and Environment Department (NES/DHA) R&D on Membrane Technology Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Type of test Organization Fundamentals Processes Develop ment Develop Studies facility ment

LNEC – National Laboratory for Civil Engineering Pilot scale:

Av do Brasil 101 Multi-tubular Mass transfer 1700-066 Lisboa MF, NF integrated MF ceramic Urban Water modelling Drinking water Portugal with module Division of the production coagulation (Novasep K07 Hydraulics and Membrane fouling Tel.: +351 218 443 000 +351 218 443 689 /flocculation, BWB ) Environment Wastewater flotation, oxidation, Department Surface chemistry treatment & e - mail: [email protected]; biofiltration, NF Spiral (NES/DHA) reclamation adsorption wound module Water quality URL: www.lnec.pt/organization/dha/nes (4’’) (Osmonics Desal 5 DL)

Ongoing projects & Publications – further details on www.lnec.pt/organization/dha/nes and www.lnec.pt/organization/dha/nes/maria-joao-rosa

116 Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Research (CENSE)

Researchers: Margarida Ribau Teixeira, Vânia Sousa, Paula Mendes, Bolseiros

Contact Person: Margarida Ribau Teixeira

Development, optimisation and modelling of clean & energy effective treatments based on membrane pressure -driven processes (UF, NF, RO) for drinking water production and wastewater treatment & reclamation with special emphasis on the following subjects: integration with physical -chemical and biological processes: ozonation, coagulation/ flocculation with conventional and new products (pre - polymerised aluminium/iron coagulants, natural flocculants), sedimentation, dissolved gas flotation and filtration; membrane fouling; removal of NOM (natural organic matter) & control of DBP’s (disinfection by - products); disinfection efficiency for toxic cyanobacteria & cyanotoxins, virus, protozoans; integrated treatment of surface & groundwater (nitrate and pesticides removal).

Major case study – Alcantarilha’s WTW (water supply to ca. 1 million people, Algarve, Portugal)

Ongoing projects & Publications – further details on www.ualg.pt/cima

Table 25. Membrane activities at the Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Research (CENSE)

Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Type of test Organization Fundamental Processes Develop Develop Studies facility s ment ment Universidade CENSE Mass transfer UF, NF, RO Drinking Lab scale: Nova de Lisboa, modelling integrated water plate & frame Faculdade de with production (DSS LabStak

Ciências e M10) Tecnologia, Monte da Caparica Universidade do coagulation Lab/pilot Algarve Campus /flocculation, scale : plate & de Gambelas, Membrane Wastewater frame (2 m 2), edificio 7 fouling treatment & spiral wound 8005 - 139 Faro – (2.5’’) (DSS Portugal LabStak M20 Tel.: 351 - 289 Surface flotation, 800 900 ext 7235, reclamation chemistry oxidation, 7462 e - mail: [email protected]

117 Membrane activities in ROMANIA

Membrane and Membrane Processes Group - University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest (MMPG- UPB)

The Group work in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis Department, from 1986, as Membrane Group. Head of group was Prof. Constantin LUCA (1986-2000). From 2000 name of group is Membrane and Membrane Processes Group - University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest (MMPG-UPB) with Prof. Gheorghe NECHIFOR as supervisor. o Topics: liquid membranes, sensors, supramolecular chemistry o Field of research: . membrane materials; . membrane preparation; . membrane processes; . cleaning and clean technology. o Structure of MMPG-UPB: . 4 postdoctoral researchers as field coordinators (Dr. Stefan Ioan VOICU - membrane preparation; Dr. Aurelia Cristina NECHIFOR - membrane materials; Dr. Mihaela Emanuela CRACIUN - membrane processes; Dr. Cristina ORBECI - cleaning and clean technology; . 28 PhD students (15 first year; 8 second year and 6 third year); . 45 master students (25 first year; 20 second year).

- Structure of organization: University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest / Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Sciences - Research fundamentals (keywords): membrane preparation, membrane characterization, membrane materials, nanomaterials - Development processes: PV, MF, UF, NF, RO, LM - Membrane development: polymeric and mixed matrix membranes, ferrofluid membranes - Module development: MF, UF, ED, PV, LM-Systems. - Application studies: wastewater, molecular separations in solvents, protein separation - Type of test facility: equipment for pressure based liquid, pervaporation

Contact: Prof. Gheorghe NECHIFOR, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Str. Gheorghe POLIZU, No. 1-5, District 1, Bucharest, Romania, cod Zip: 011061, telephone: 0040(0)214023802; telephone: 0040745371388; fax: 0040(0) 213112855

118 MEMBRANE ACTIVITIES IN SLOVAKIA

For Slovakia, no updated information have been submitted at the date of printing of this report.Therefore for this Country you will find the report present in the previous publication “A Report on Membrane Activities in Europe and Israel”– Edition 2002. If received, the updated information will be included in a second edition of this report.

Introduction Early works on artificial membranes in Slovakia were connected with analytical applications of microporous membranes. Basic research on mass -transfer through liquid membranes around single drops and later in emulsions started at the Faculty of Chemical Technology of the Slovak University of Technology (STU) in Bratislava in 1969. The first overview papers on membranes and membrane processes in Slovak have been published in 1972 and 1973. Research of applications of membrane processes, especially reverse osmosis, osmosis and ultrafiltration, in food and beverage technologies started Dr. Jozef Tamchyna joined by Ing. Peter Brokeš and later by Ing. Viliam Višacký and Ing. Jozef Kuèera et al. in the Research Institute LIKO in Bratislava in 1970. Interesting results with osmotic dehydration of juices and whey were achieved. The pilot plant on osmotic dehydration with capacity of about 100 l/hour of separated water was built in 1972. The first reverse osmosis unit was constructed at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering STU in 1972 in cooperation with the Research Institute LIKO. Production of UF membranes and modules started in the Research Institute LIKO in 1977. More detailed information on membrane research, production of membranes and equipment, as well as application of membrane processes in Czechoslovakia in eighties is given in paper. Since the formation of the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic in 1993 many changes have appeared during the transformation process of the industry and society. Among them the Research Institute LIKO, later Likospol, a. s., formerly very active in the production and application of membranes, had decreased its activity in the field of membrane processes and stopped the production of UF and MF membranes and modules.

Working Party on Membrane Processes and Meetings

The Working Party on Membrane Processes (WPMP) was established in 1974 within Chemical Engineering Division of the Czechoslovak Technical and Scientific Society. The first chairman was Dr. Š. Schlosser (who served as a chairman till 1992) and vice -chairman was Dr. Jindøich Kopeèek from the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry in Prague. Since 1981 Dr. Vlastimil Kùdela from the same institute served as a vice -chairman. WPMP had around 70 members (1981). The main activity was the organisation of national conferences on membrane processes PERMEA, the first one was held in 1975, and the second one in 1981. The first international event co -organized by WPMP was APLICHEM´76 with the session on Membrane Processes with participants from six countries. Further conferences PERMEA have been held in 1983, 1986 (within the frame of the conf. Miner´s Pøíbram in Science and Technology) and in 1989. The 29th Microsymposium on Macromolecules (IUPAC event) was devoted to “Synthetic Polymeric Membranes” and held in Prague in 1986 with selected papers published in a book. A very important international congress on chemical engineering CHISA, held in Prague every third year, included into programme the session on Membrane Processes since 1978, which was supported by WPMP. This was practically the only way in which Czechoslovak membranologists could create personal contacts with experts from other countries in that time.

119 Slovak membranologists are members of the Working party for membrane processes of the Czech Society of Chemical Engineering and of the European Membrane Society. Results of their work are frequently presented at annual conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineers.

Education

The first intensive five days course on membrane processes was organized by WPMP in Modra in 1988. Besides lectures also laboratory experiments were included in this course. An important impulse and great help in educational activities in Slovakia, Czechia, and Poland was a joint European Tempus project No. JEP 4720 „Regional Courses in Membrane Processes“. co -ordinated by Slovak University of Technology (STU), Bratislava (Dr. Š. Schlosser) with participation of ten European Universities: R - W Technical University, Aachen (D), Univers ity of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (I), University of Bath (UK), Slovak University of Technology (STU), Bratislava (SK), University of Twente, Enschede (NL), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby (DK), University of Pardubice (CZ), University of Stuttg ard (D), N. Copernicus University, Toruñ (PL) and Technical University of Wroclaw (PL). Two runs of intensive courses with two one -week parts the first module in Toruñ and the second one in Bratislava were organized. Lecturers from participating universities were involved in both modules. Lecture handouts with manuals for experiments were published for participants. In continuation of this project also Comenius University, Bratislava (SK) and Technical University of Košice (SK) were involved. A national intensive Course in Membrane Processes was organised in Bratislava in September 1997. At the Faculty of Chemical Technology two new courses have been introduced: the obligatory course “Selected Unit Operations” with five lectures (10 hours) on membrane processes in the 7th semester and the optional course “Membrane Processes” in the 9th semester with related lectures and manuals. In the Laboratory of Chemical Engineering III two experiments on membrane processes (UF, MF) are included for students in the 7th semester. Into the new textbook Chemical Engineering 2 a chapter on membrane processes was included. Elements of membrane processes are introduced into courses held at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering STU and at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the Comenius University in Bratislava.

Research

Dept. Chem. Biochem. Eng., Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology STU, Bratislava Research of the membrane processes started at the Dept. Chem. Eng. in 1969, mainly on transport through emulsion liquid membranes. The Laboratory of Membrane Processes was founded in 1972 with research oriented to separation of hydrocarbons and aqueous solutions through emulsion type liquid membranes. Solutes studied were benzene, toluene, n - heptane, phenol, copper and ammonia. A technology for removal of ammonia from wastewater was developed. In connection with pertraction into emulsion a technique of splitting of stable W/O emulsions in high voltage electric field was studied. Research and development of the new type of three phase hollow fiber contactors have started in 1990. In 1993 Dr. Ján Stopka and Dr. Milan Vajda and RNDr. Ján Marták joined the Laboratory and in 1997 -2001 Ing. Erika Sabolová. Research of microfiltration through ceramic membranes has started in 1995 and is oriented to the study of membrane fouling and the effect of mebrane shape on permeate flux, as well as on the application of microfiltration in brewery. Our group participated in the EC joint research project Copernicus (1994 -1996) „Application of M embrane Processes in the Food Industry to Improve Process Efficiency and Reduce Waste Streams". Prof.

120 Strathmann from the University of Twente, Enschede (NL), coordinated the project and cooperating groups were from University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (I), ATO Research Institute, Wageningen (NL), STU Bratislava (SK,), Research Institute LIKO, Bratislava (SK), and N.Copernicus University, Torun (PL). Transport and recovery of organic acids as lactic acid and dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (DMCCA ) by pertraction through bulk liquid membranes and by membrane based solvent extraction (MBSE) have been studied. A technology for the recovery of DMCCA from waste solutions has been developed.

New HF contactors are being developed also in cooperation with Eidos in Zlín (CZ). Research of microfiltration in submerged HF modules is starting. A student laboratory on membrane processes has been built with the help of EC Tempus project. This laboratory was also used for Regional Intensive Courses and a national intensive course. Now it is used for experiments in the “Laboratory of Chemical Engineering III” and for MSc thesis works and for PhD students. Other teaching activities are discussed in part 3. Former PhD students worked in this Laboratory were: Ing. Eleonóra Hovanèíková -Forgová, Ing. Erika Sabolová dealing with pertraction and MBSE and Ing. Greta Bugan concerned with MF. Current PhD students are Ing. Kubica Kubišová (external), and Ing. Rudolf Kertész.

Current projects “Modelling of mass -transfer through membranes and immobilized interfaces directed to formation and modelling of hybrid systems with biochemical or chemical reactions and membrane separation“, Slovak Grant Agency project VEGA No.1/6154/99. “Recycling heavy metal ions and organics of biological interest by innovative separation membranes“, EC project INCO Copernicus, No. IC15 -CT98 -0147. Project coordinated by ENSCM Montpellier (F), with participation of ICMAB in Barcelona (E), Polytechnic of Bucharest (RO), Research Centr e for Macromolecular Materials and Membranes in Bucharest (RO), Technical University of Warsaw (PL) and Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (SK). Pertraction and MBSE of organic acids as butyric acid, phenylalanine and heterocyclic carboxylic acid as well as metals, as silver and zinc, are studied mostly in HF contactors.

Contact person: Dr. Štefan Schlosser Dept. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 82107 Bratislava, Slovakia Tel.: +421 - 2 -52496743 ( - 59325 248) Fax: +421 - 2 - 52496743 E - mail: [email protected]

Dept. Chemical Machines and Equipment, Fac. Mechanical Engineering STU, Bratislava Research in membrane processes, especially reverse osmosis, started in 1970. A laboratory flat sheet module has been developed and application tests of RO, UF have been performed. Biotechnological applications of UF and MF have been studied since 1987. A rotating disc membrane module with surface area of about 0.25 m 2 and working pressure up to about 500 kPa have been developed. Separation of bacterial suspensions in enzyme production, e.g. proteinase, concentration of oil emulsions, fractionation of

121 dextrane and separation and concentration of dyes has been studied on this module. Velocity profiles in the rotating disc module have been studied by laser Doppler anemometry. Dr. Peter Brokeš studied the treatment of waste solutions, e.g. of sodium hydroxide from aluminium ore treatment and wastewaters by electrodialysis.

Contact person: Assoc.Prof., Dr. Alojz Èeròanský Dept. Chemical Machines Equip. Nám. Slobody 82107 Bratislava, Slovakia Tel.: +421 - 2 - 57296 534 Fax: +421 - 2 - 52497 808 E - mail: [email protected]

Dept. Nuclear Chemistry, Comenius University, Bratislava In eighties the research was devoted mainly to the liquid membrane separation processes for isolation of radionuclides. During 10 years emulsion liquid membranes, bulk liquid membranes and supported liquid - ,2+ membranes were used for preconcentration and separation of Cs, TcO 4 UO 2 , Co, Sr, and Ce. More recently ultrafiltration through polymeric membranes was used for the study of interactions of humic acids with Pu, Am, Sr, Ca and Pb. A polysulfone membrane in ultrafiltration cell of 20 ml at pressure up to 400 kPa was used for th is study. Another membrane technique used is microfiltration for the preparation of alpha sources for spectrometrical determination of Pu - 239/240, Pu - 238, Am - 241, U - 234, 238 and Th. The department is collaborating with companies and nuclear industry, where is ultrafiltration is promising method for the treatment of liquid nuclear wastes of the colloidal forms of alpha radionuclides and soluble selective polymers or inorganic colloids which can fix harmful radionuclides.

Contact person:

Assoc. Prof. Pavol Rajec Dept. Nuclear Chemistry Comenius University Mlynská dol. CH1 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia Tel: +421 2 - 60296 – 246 Fax: +421 2 -65424685 E -mail: [email protected]

Chezar, s.r.o., Bratislava A small company, founded in 1997, is operating in applied research in area of pressure driven membrane processes and ion exchange, and manufacturing of pilot plant and industrial equipment for these processes. Equipment is based on modules from renowned world suppliers. Numerous application tests and onsite tests have been done in the field of water and wastewater treatment and biotechnology applications. Examples of applications: • UF of cataphoretic paints to produce rinse water with a capacity of 2 x 3 m3.h-1 • UF of anaphoretic paints 5 x 0.5 m3 .h -1 • Concentration of rare sugars by nanofiltration with a capacity of 0.8 m 3 h-1  Concentration of enzymes by UF, 0.3 m3h -1.

122  Water treatment by RO and ion exchange in 15 applications.  Removal of heavy metals from water by RO and NF. Contact person: Dr. Jozef Kuèera Chezar, s.r.o. Rajecká 20 82107 Bratislava, Slovakia Tel.: +421 - 2 – 45525731 Fax: +421 - 2 – 45525300 E - mail: [email protected]

Biotika a.s., Slovenskáupèa Biotika, a.s. has been founded in 1953 as a pharmaceutical company for the production of penicillin. B iotika is one of the most important manufacturers in Central Europe working in the field of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. The company's activities are currently oriented on the production of three main product lines: biotechnologically produced substances of penicillin, chlortetracycline and dextrans, final drug -forms for both human and veterinary use, including penicillin and cephalosporin preparations, hormonal preparations, vitamin preparations, drugs improving the level of basic biogenic macroelements, amino acids and eliminating any deficit of energy premixes containing nutrition additives and medicated nutritive preparations The research and development division of the company has been founded in 1957. Presently its activity is oriented mainly to the improvement of the quality of products and the economy of production of existing biotechnological products, as antibiotics penicillin G and V, chlortetracycline and dextrans. In pharmaceutical production to the development and innovation of injection preparations for human and veterinary use and in veterinary medicine on calcium contained and medicated nutritive preparations. Membrane processes play an important role in existing and developmental technologies. In the area of amino acids an own technology for the production of L -threonine of feed -grade quality was developed in Biotika. In this technology the membrane filtration is a key step of isolation guaranteeing the quality of the product. Microfiltration enable separation of biomass and proteins and other by -products from the fermentation broth. This original technology covered by a patent has been realised and further developed in the joint venture company Fermas, a.s. in cooperation with Degussa AG. Fermas is now a fully owned daughter company of Degussa Applied research of membrane processes is of great interest. In practice all new projects, where products of high purity or sterility are required, laboratory and pilot plant tests of membrane filtrations are performed.

Contact person: tel.:+421 48 4368941 Ing. Mária Jakubèová tel./fax.:+421 48 4187042 Head of the Downstream Process. e - mail:[email protected] Dept. Resarch and Development Division Web : http://www.biotika.sk Biotika,a.s. 97613 Slovenská ¼upèa 566, Slovakia

123 Food Research Institute, Bratislava Development and pilot plant testing of applications of membrane processes in food technologies and biotechnologies in following areas: Microfiltration  Separation of bacteria from fermentation broth in the production of lactic acid.  Cold sterilisation of fruit juices.  Purification and sterilisation of herbal extracts and extracts in the production of inuline from chicory and Helianthus tuberosus L. Ultrafiltration  Separation of lactose and proteins from whey.  Purification of extracts of natural substances (dyes, antioxidants etc.)  Purification of fruit juices Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration  Concentration of fruit juices, natural aromas  Concentration of aqueous and aqueous/ethanol extracts from herbs Electrodialysis on monopolar and bipolar ion -exchange membranes  Desalination of sacharides produced by enzymatic transformation and various extracts.  Recovery of lactates from fermentation broth and their conversion to lactic acid Contact person Assoc. Prof. Stanislav Šilhár, CSc. Food Research Institut, Biocentrum Kostolná 7 900 01 Modra, Slovakia : Tel., fax. 033 / 647 2974 E - mail: vup - [email protected] lecom.sk www.vup.sk

Dairy Research Institut, a.s., Žilina Concentration of both milk and whey by ultrafiltration has been tested on a pilot plant with tubular and spiral wound modules. Possibilities of application of membrane processes in the treatment of dairy wastewaters by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis have been evaluated. The development of new dairy products based on the concentrates has been performed. Economic factors and transformation of dairies in the last years do not support wider application of these progressive techniques up to now but individual applications exist.

Contact person: Ing. Miroslav Kološta Dairy Research Institute, a.s. Dlhá ul. 95 010 01 Žilina, Slovakia

Tel.: +421 - 41 -7232618 Fax: +421 - 41 -5252002 E -mail: [email protected]

124 Membrane activities in SLOVENIA

1. University of Maribor Laboratory for Organic and Polymeric Chemistry and Technology: The research on polymeric asymmetric porous membranes formation started in 1995. It is a small group, rarely exceeds two “full time researchers”. - Structure of organization: Membrane group is the part of the Laboratory for Organic and Polymeric Chemistry and Technology on Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology at University of Maribor, Slovenia. - Research fundamentals (keywords): Polymeric membranes formation mechanisms; wet phase inversion. - Development processes: N/A - Membrane development: Polymeric asymmetric porous membranes formation mechanisms by wet phase inversion process is the main research activity of the group. - Module development: N/A - Application studies: N/A - Type of test facility: Equipment for precise casting of polymeric solutions; SEM; membrane thickness measurement; pure water permeability (up to 10 bar). Contact: Associate Proffesor Dr. Chrtomir STROPNIK Technical Faculties, Smetanova 17, 2000 MARIBOR, Slovenia. Email: [email protected] Tel: 00 386 (0)2 2294 421 Fax: 00 386 2527 774

The Laboratory for Water Treatment at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, was established in 1985 and continued until 2003. During these years the leader was prof. dr. Vojko Ozim. Since 2003, the laboratory has not existed formally, however its research activities were taken over by associate professor dr. Marjana Simonič. Her basic research deals with conventional water treatment processes, such as flocculation, adsorption, air flotation and filtration, as well as water analyses. Since 2000, dr. Marjana Simonič has also dealt with membrane processes. Dr. Simonič’s group has been enlarged gradually with new co-workers: Irena Petrinić, Jasmina Korenak and Hermina Bukšek - Structure of organization: University of Maribor/Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Laboratory of Process Systems Technology and Sustainable Development (PSTR)/Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Analysis - Research fundamentals (keywords): membrane characterization (zeta potential), membrane fouling, membrane bioreactor - Development processes: UF, NF, RO, MBR - Application studies: wastewater, drinking water - Type of test facility: equipment for RO Culligan, MBR Zenon, SurPASS electrokinetic analyzer (borrowed from Anton Paar GmbH (Austria) for the project’s needs.)

125 Contact:

Marjana Simonič, PSTR ([email protected], Smetanova 17, Tel: ++386 2 229 44 72, Fax: ++ 386 2 252 77 74) Irena Petrinić, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Analysis ([email protected], Smetanova 17, Tel: ++386 51 325 320, Fax: ++ 386 2 252 77 74) Jasmina Korenak, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Analysis ([email protected], Smetanova 17, Tel: ++386 41 899 024, Fax: ++ 386 2 252 77 74) Hermina Buksek, Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Analysis (hermina.buksek@uni- mb.si, Smetanova 17, Tel: ++386 2 229 44 73, Fax: ++ 386 2 252 77 74)

Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design: - History of the research group: The Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering was established in year 1985 by prof. dr. Željko Knez. The laboratory is demonstrating its excellence in its priority research area - supercritical fluids (SCF) since many years. - Area of research and development activities include following fields:

 Extraction processes in systems solid-SCF, liquid-SCF for determining solubility’s of solids and liquids in SCF by static analytical or dynamic method, and correlation of solubility data by density based models and equations of state in binary and ternary systems,  mass transfer studies,  enzymatic reactions in mixing batch reactors and continuously operated reactors at supercritical conditions,  material processing by PGSS micronisation processes and synthesis of aerogels,  analytical and preparative chromatography with supercritical fluids,  membrane separation processes (enzymatic membrane reactors).

Two different membrane reactors for enzyme-catalyzed reactions at atmospheric pressure and high pressure are available: a high-pressure continuous enzymatic flat-shape membrane reactor and a high- pressure continuous enzymatic tubular membrane reactor. Different types of membranes are used as separation unit to separate the reactants from products or additionally served as carrier for biocatalyst. - Structure of organization: University of Maribor/Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design - Research fundamentals (keywords): membrane characterization, membrane separation processes, high-pressure membrane reactor - Development processes: UF, NF, membrane reactors for enzyme-catalyzed reactions - Application studies: biocatalysis Type of test facility: high-pressure continuous enzymatic flat-shape membrane reactor, a high- pressure continuous enzymatic tubular membrane reactor, ultrafiltration cell.

126 Contact: Prof. dr. Željko Knez, head of the Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design ([email protected], Smetanova 17, Maribor, Slovenia, Tel: ++386 2 229 44 61, Fax: ++ 386 2 252 77 74); Prof. dr. Maja Habulin, Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design ([email protected], Smetanova 17, Maribor, Slovenia, Tel: ++386 2 229 44 62, Fax: ++ 386 2 252 77 74); Assist. prof. dr. Mateja Primožič, Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design ([email protected], Smetanova 17, Maribor, Slovenia, Tel: ++386 2 229 44 62, Fax: ++ 386 2 252 77 74).

2. National Institute of Chemistry Laboratory for Catalysis and Reaction Engineering is one of the laboratories on the National Institute of Chemistry (Slovenia). The group/laboratory started in early eighties on the field of heterogeneous catalysis and reactor design. The group is headed by Prof. dr. Janez Levec with application of ceramic membranes for catalytic processes group started under 5th EU FP under the WATERCATOX project. - Structure of organization: National Institute of Chemistry is governmental research organization. For more details see http://www.ki.si - Research fundamentals (keywords): Influence of operating conditions (pressure, temperature, trans-membrane pressure), concentration, flow rate and catalyst loading on the observed reaction rates in the ceramic membranes - Development processes: The research was done mostly on the ceramic membranes produced/supplied by Pall-Exekia, France). The process for catalytic cleaning of waste waters (WATERCATOX) was developed in laboratory and also tested on the pilot scale (more info: http://www.duemiljoe.no) - Membrane development: N/A - Module development: N/A - Application studies: Oxidation of waste waters (see WATERCATOX project) - Type of test facility: Low temperature, low pressure unit for determination of membrane bubble pressure and influence of trans-membrane pressure on liquid displacement. High temperature (up to 200 C) high pressure (up to 30 atm) unit for catalytic tests at controlled trans- membrane pressure. - Impregnation unit for deposition of catalyst on single and multi channel membranes. Contact: Dr. Gorazd Berčič National Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana SLOVENIA Email: [email protected] Tel: 00386 1 47 60 282

127 Membrane activities in SPAIN

1. Background Membrane research in Spain started in the early 90s, with very active groups involved in the establishment of the Spanish Membrane Society, though it did only last three years, as most groups then decided to join the European Membrane Society. Since that time, the CITEM conferences (Ibero-American Congress on Membrane Technology), first organized in Murcia in 1992, has been kept as a means of collaboration and exchange for researchers in Spain, Portugal and South America. All the groups who started up such initiatives are included in this report, together with other institutes, universities and research centers that have joined them in developing membrane science and technology in Spain the last two decades. The current expertise covers a wide range of membrane processes, and spans from membrane preparation to full scale applications, with strengths in modeling –at several levels- and characterization.

2. Research centers Currently active groups in membrane research in Spain, listed in alphabetical order, are briefly introduced below, and their contact information is given at the end.

Analysis and Simulation of Chemical, Biochemical and Membrane Processes University of Murcia / Chemical Engineering Department Contact: Dr. José Luís Gómez Carrasco Current activities and expertise include:  Treatment for Reverse Osmosis and/or Nanofiltrationn of liquid currents for the elimination of pollutants, or extractive concentration of some, or several, of their solutes.  Treatment for Reverse Osmosis and/or Nanofiltración of saline, natural or process waters, for their industrial use.  Trial of membranes (testing) to study their benefits, durability and regeneration, under the required process conditions.  Membrane Bioreactors (BCR, Fluidized Beds, and other designs) for treatment of phenolic and biological effluents coming from EDARs. Available Equipments:  High pressure RO automated and computer controlled plant, equipped with full scale spiral wound membranes (40-60 atm).  Low pressure (12-15 atm) spiral wound RO plant with manual operation.  Two flat sheet membrane modules for membrane screening at either low or high pressure.  Continuous Reactors (stirred tanks and fluidized bed) coupled to UF modules.  On-line measure of pH, temperature, flow rate, conductivity and density, On-line sampling connected to gas chromatography and of liquid chromatography for analysis.

128 ASP – Advanced Separation Processes Group University of Cantabria / Dpt. of Chemical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry Contact: Inmaculada Ortiz The group focuses on the integration of technology-based research and its application in the following areas:  Membrane processes: Applications to waste water treatment & reclamation, metals recovery, separation of organic compounds, treatment and purification of industrial effluents and landfill leachates, solvents dehydration, and hydrogen recovery from gas mixture and to different industrial sectors, food processing, chemical and pharmaceutical industry etc. The research is aimed to the development and integration of new separation technologies based on selective liquid membranes, pervaporation, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, membrane contactors and gas separation membranes.  Advanced Oxidation Technologies. Environmental applications. The integration of advanced oxidation processes, electrooxidation, Fenton, electrodisinfection, complement the separation capacity of membranes with the final elimination of compounds that cannot be recovered, generating zero-discharge processes.  Process intensification and its application. Process optimization and intensification, integration of advanced separation technologies in the design of new processes, i.e., separation of propane- propylene or ethane-ethylene; solvents recovery, energy recovery from gas effluents.

Bioreactors Research Group University of Granada / Department of Chemical Engineering Contact: Emilia M. Guadix Research fields include:  Fractionation of proteins by ultrafiltration  Separation and purification of bioactive compounds  Modeling and simulation of membrane processes  Design of membrane enzyme reactors  Optimisation of membrane cleaning protocols

CalAgua University of Valencia and Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia Contact: Prof. Aurora Seco Torrecillas and Prof. Jose Ferrer Polo The research group CALAGUA is formed by personnel of the department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Valencia and the Environmental and Water Engineering Institute (IIAMA) in the Polythecnic University of Valencia. The group has over 20 years of experience in research activities dealing with nutrient removal and recovery as well as modelling, automation and control applied to WWTP. CALAGUA is a reference group for wastewater treatment companies providing advanced control systems as well as wastewater and biokinetic characterization for optimization of energy consumption and nutrient removal in industrial and sewage treatment plants in the East of Spain.

129 CALAGUA has also undertaken investigations on MBR with studies dealing with the optimization of treatment costs associated to sludge disposal and aeration requirements. This includes the influence of wastewater characteristics and bioreactor operational parameters on sludge production, oxygen transfer efficiencies and membrane performance. This study was completed with the assessment of wastewater biodegradability and biokinetic parameter determination in an aerobic MBR pilot plant which was employed to simulate the biological performance of the MBR system using the Biological Nutrient Removal Model (BNRM1) developed within CALAGUA. CALAGUA has set a strategic research plan for developing sustainable wastewater treatment based on anaerobic MBRs (AnMBR). A pilot plant with a capacity of 1.6 m3 has been put in operation in a WWTP in Valencia (Spain) at ambient temperature. The AnMBR pilot plant is equipped with Koch PURON® full scale modules in order to facilitate the scale-up of the technology.

Cellulose and Paper Research Group Complutense University of Madrid / Chemical Engineering Department Contact: Ángeles Blanco Suárez and Carlos Negro Álvarez This group has a long term experience on research activities aiming at the achievement of a sustainable industrial water management, undertaking initiatives that cover a wide spectrum from the minimisation of water consumption in industries, through water circuits closure, to the optimization of industrial waste water treatments. The group’s main activities in membrane technology have being focused on treatments that will permit the closure and optimization of water circuits as well as the reclamation of municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents. New technologies have been developed and proved at lab and pilot scale for including UF technologies in the papermaking process. Moreover, treatments of final effluents by UF and RO for final reuse as fresh water have been optimized. Furthermore, different possibilities of aerobic and anaerobic MBR treatment of industrial effluents are being tested. The group has laboratories facilities at the Chemistry Faculty and at Holmen Paper, including Equipment for laboratory and small pilot testing of UF, NF and RO membranes; Different Equipment for fouling testing; Aerobic and anaerobic membrane bioreactors.

CEMI – Electrical and Electrokinetic Characterization of Membranes and Interfaces Málaga University / Department of Applied Physics Contact: Juana Benavente The main activity of the CEMI research is the electrical characterization of membranes and membrane/solution interfaces as well as the study of transport of electrolyte solutions across membranes with different structures (dense, porous and composites) and for different processes (RO, NF, UF, dialysis and fuel cells). Some of these studies are performed in collaboration with other Spanish and European research groups. The group has great experience with typical electrochemical measurements such as membrane potential and diffusive transport, but also with more specific techniques as streaming potential (SP) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). IS measurements with homogeneous membranes allows the determination of characteristic material parameters (dielectric constant and conductivity), but also the separate contributions of the electrical resistance associated to both the dense/skin layer and the porous support in the case of composite RO and NF membranes, and the estimation of .dense layer thickness, which gives the possibility of conductivity determination. Membrane fouling associated to protein filtration is obtained from SP measurements through

130 the membrane pores, while SP along the membrane surface (for composite NF/PO membranes) gives information on the membrane surface (charge density, isoelectric point, adsorption energy, etc.). This kind of characterization is completed by XPS and AFM analysis of membranes surface. The effect of membrane modification on transport and electrochemical characteristic parameters is also studied. Membranes have been modified by gamma-radiation (following therapeutic protocols), incorporation of polyethileglycol or lignosulfonate during membrane manufacture as well as inclusion of different room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) into porous supports or RTIL-cations into the structure of commercial Nafion membranes by ion-exchange process. Recently, we are also determining the effect of the inclusion of lipid nanoparticles in the matrix of different supports which is a subject of great interest in biosensors and drug delivery systems.

CREG – Membranes, Catalysis and Engineering Group University of Zaragoza / Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon Contact: Prof. Joaquin Coronas Activities and expertise are listed below:  Zeolite and related materials synthesis  Zeolite and inorganic membranes for gas and liquid phase separations  Development of adsorbents and membrane fillers  Mixed matrix membranes for gas separation  Membrane characterizacion (permporometry, spectroscopy, microscopy)  Gas phase separations, pervaporation, nanofiltration  Barrier membranes  Membrane reactors  Textile applications

Emulsions and Interfacial Phenomena: Membrane Applications University of Oviedo / Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Contact: José Coca/Carmen Pazos The research activity of the Group of Emulsions and Interfacial Phenomena is focused on the applications of microfiltration an ultrafiltration to the treatment oil-in-water waste emulsions used in metalworking industries. These O/W emulsions are mainly mixtures of oil, surfactants, additives and water. They are employed as lubricants and cooling agents at the tool-workpiece interface besides providing chip removal, corrosion protection and microbial growth control. These fluids lose their functional properties with use because of extreme thermal and mechanical process conditions, and lead to emulsion destabilization. The main research topics are:  Hybrid membrane processes. Use of membranes along with flocculation, coagulation and centrifugation at laboratory and pilot scale using ceramic (flat and tubular) and organic (flat) membranes for the treatment of waste cutting oil emulsions.

131  Membrane emulsification. The main goal is the production of emulsions with a narrow droplet size distribution, with low energy consumption. The disperse phase is forced through the membrane pores into the continuous phase; droplets are formed on the membrane surface and detached by shear stress. Monodisperse emulsions with controlled droplet size have been successfully produced.  Membrane biological reactors. The ultrafiltration step of a MBR process has been investigated for an industrial effluent treatment. The effect of flocculant addition at its optimal dosage on UF performance has been studied to reduce fouling and improve membrane filterability.

Environmental Engineering and Bioprocesses Research Group University of Santiago de Compostela / Chemical Engineer Department Contact: Juan M. Garrido Current activities and expertise include:  Treatment of primary settled municipal wastewater in a MBR at short HRT (in cooperation with the company Trainasa). MBR technology is used for treating primary settled wastewater in large WWTPs. Primary settling is used to remove settleable solids and thus particulate COD and reduces the COD load to the secondary biological stage, diminishing aeration requirements in the MBR. Moreover, primary treatment of the wastewater leads to an increase of methane production in the anaerobic digester of the WWTP. The study of the treatment of the primary wastewater has been carried out in a MBR pilot plant of 3.97 m3 effective volume using a modified UCT MBR process. The pilot plant was operated at HRT between 4 and 7 h using either a hollow fiber (Zenon ZW500d) or a flat sheet (Kubota) membrane modules.  Tree stages MBR (Methanogenic, Aerobic Biofilm and Membrane Filtration) for the treatment of Low Strength Wastewaters (research funded by the “Consellería de Innovación e Industria, Xunta de Galicia”; project number 07MDS024E). The objective of the first methanogenic UASB chamber is to diminish COD of the raw wastewater, producing a biogas rich in methane, and decrease the sludge production. In the second stage, with aerobic biofilm growing on small carrier elements maintained in suspension, the remaining soluble biodegradable COD is oxidized by the heterotrophs. In the third stage, the membrane modules could be operated at higher fluxes than those reported for AnMBR systems, and similar to those obtained in aerobic MBRs. The advantages of the methanogenic and aerobic membrane bioreactor processes are: reduced energy requirements for aeration, production of biogas with high methane percentage and a permeate with very low COD content.

Fundación GAIKER Fundación GAIKER Contact: Ana Urkiaga The group has strong international collaborations: technology transfer, participation in networks, collaboration in EU projects and bilateral programs on membrane technologies (functionality of membranes, nanomaterials or molecular technologies applied to membrane processes), advanced oxidation processes,

132 sequential bioreactors, electrocoagulation, biological treatment, new technologies for w&wwt processes and water reuse. Main activities related to membranes include:  Design and optimization of integrated membrane systems for different industrial and novel processes: Application of membrane technology for high value by-products, wine microfiltration, laundry processes, etc. and to environmental problems (pervaporation of MTBE, VOCs).  Membrane characterization and study of membrane fouling and scaling in water treatment processes (NF, UF, MF, MBR).  Development of novel processes and membranes (catalytic membrane reactors, membrane functionality…), advanced processes for water and wastewater treatment and reuse (combined processes and new developments (biological treatments, advanced oxidation processes).

Laboratory and pilot facilities for membrane related R & D and services include pilot scale systems (Submerged membrane bioreactor fully instrumented and computer-controlled, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis system, system for tubular and multichannel inorganic membranes, plate membrane system for MF and UF), laboratory scale stirred cells (MF, UF, NF, RO), and cross plate and frame flow systems, film applicator for membrane casting membrane property measurements (contact angle, SEM, TEM and AFM) and a wide range of analysis equipment.

GIA – Environmental Engineering Group University of Cantabria / Dpt. of Science and Water and Environmental Technology, Santander Contact: Iñaki Tejero Monzón The Environmental Engineering Group of the University of Cantabria, GIA know-how about membranes rises up from the past two decades experience with innovative wastewater treatment configurations as confirmed by the several patents obtained by the group. Main research activities related to membrane technology are:  Advanced biological wastewater treatments:  Membrane Biofilm reactors: submerged fixed-bed biofilm reactors (on specifically designed biofilm support) with micro /ultra-filtration membranes. Design, build-up and operation at different scale.  Biomembrane reactors: Biofilm attached on and aerated through gas-permeable membranes (also known as MABR: Membrane Aerated Biofilm Reactor).  Hybrid processes (biofilm and suspended biomass) for advanced compact nutrient removal systems, including MABR.  Modeling of biological processes.  Appropriate technologies for individual/small communities’ sanitation.

133 GIRTA – Environmental Technology Research Group University of Valladolid / Dpt. of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology Contact: M. Peña Miranda and F. Fdz-Polanco During the last thirty years our group has developed anaerobic technology applied to the treatment of wastewater (municipal and industrial) and solids (sludge and organic fraction of municipal solid waste). For diluted wastewater the conventional anaerobic technologies, based on biofilm or granules, are adequate to retain the biomass inside the reactor; nevertheless not always the granulation occurs in all types of wastewater and operation conditions. The slow growth of anaerobic biomass coupled with the slow kinetic of biodegradation at low temperature and the solids washout are the main disadvantages of anaerobic technology. The combination of anaerobic biological process and membrane technology seems to overcome these main limitations of anaerobic technology, broadening its range of application to more kind of wastewaters such as low strength or slowly biodegradable wastewaters. The Environmental Technology research group is developing applied research at pilot plant scale on AnMBR applications in two different fields:  Psycrophilic range + low strength wastewater. (Municipal sewage)  Mesophilic range + high strength wastewater. (Industrial). Both pilot plants were designed with a similar scheme, an UASB reactor equipped with an internal membrane module. The working volume is 200 L and 20 L, respectively, and commercial UF and MF hollow fiber modules are used. The main variables periodically quantified to optimize the operation are operation cycles, membrane cleaning, effluent quality, influence of solid concentration, biogas velocity and membrane operation conditions on the biological process (sludge size, sludge activity, sludge rheological characteristics). With 3 years of experience we can conclude that the operational conditions of MBR cannot be extrapolated to the anaerobic conditions; AnMBR technology presents a very specific behavior mainly related to the evolution of the anaerobic sludge characteristics.

GITA – Research Group of Food Technology University Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona Contact: Carme Güell, Montserrat Ferrando, Silvia de Lamo and Francisco López The Research Group of Food Technology (GITA) has experience in membrane processes (conventional microfiltration, ultrafiltration and membrane emulsification processes) and development of novel foods of high nutritional value (enrichment of the antioxidant capacity using polyphenol extracts). In the framework of previous and on-going national and international research projects the group has gained experience on the following areas related to membrane processes:  Use of confocal microscopy to characterize membranes, membrane biofouling and emulsions on membrane-based processes.  Application of ATR-IRMS for membrane and membrane processes characterization.  Membrane contactors for concentration of food feedstocks.  Production of delivery systems (single and double emulsions and microcapsules) by membrane emulsification.  Direct formulation of food enriched with bioactive compounds

134 Group of Polycondensation and Polymer Membranes Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC) Contact: Javier de Abajo and Cristina Álvarez The Group of Polycondensation and Polymer Membranes of the Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP), an institution belonging to the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), is devoted to the preparation and study of new and special condensation polymers with potential application as gas separation membranes and water filtration membranes. Application fields of the membranes developed in the group are: Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Reverse Osmosis and Gas separation. The group has long experience in Polymer Chemistry and Polymer Physics, in the preparation of new monomers (diamines, dianhydrides, diacids, diphenols, etc.), as well as the synthesis of new condensation polymers (polyamides, polyimides, polyaryl ethers, etc.). In the last years, the group has been also involved in the study of the correlation between the chemical structure of these polymers and their properties, through the use of Computational Modeling. Polymer membranes are prepared as a routine at laboratory scale, both for gas separation (dense films) and water filtration (integral and composite porous membranes). The group relies on all the polymer characterization common techniques. Transport measurements are performed on UF and RO cells and barometric gas permeation devices.

Hydric Resources and Sustainable Development University Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences (IUACA) / Univ. of Alicante Contact: Daniel Prats Rico The group has five permanent members with expertise on basic design of membrane processes laboratory and pilot scale tests, viability of membrane treatments and optimization of MBR operation parameters. The group has long experience on biodiversity and aquatic life protection, water quality, natural water and wastewater treatments, impact of brine and other spilling on the marine environment, water resources management, and wastewater reuse. Applied research on membranes focuses on pre-treatment of natural water by means of UF, NF and RO; Membrane bioreactors (MBR); and the reduction of emerging micropollutants by NF and RO. The group has three MBR pilot units and two MBR lab scale units equipped with MF and UF flat sheet and hollow fiber modules (capacities ranging from 2 to 400 L/h). Moreover, there are two spiral RO and NF pilot units as well as flat sheet laboratory units.

ITC – Canary Islands Technological Institute Water Department Contact: Baltasar Peñate Suárez The Canary Islands are world reference in desalination technologies in all aspects (installation, operation and maintenance, exploitation, research and development, etc.). There is a direct link between water and energy. The energy consumption associated with water production process (wells extraction, pumping, desalination) and wastewater reclamation are considerable, and clearly shows that if there is no electric power produced, water reserves of supply quality may be reduced considerably. The Department has a multidisciplinary team of chemists, mechanical and chemical engineers, marine scientists and automation and analysis technicians with high qualification and experience in the fields of

135 engineering, quality and water treatment, environmental management and energy. In recent years, the Department has been involved in more than 18 projects on research, development, innovation, demonstration, specialized services and international cooperation within the following strategic lines:  Design, development and testing of water desalination systems and their application with renewable energy systems.  Design, development and testing of water treatment and water reuse systems with low energy cost criteria and their application with renewable energy systems.  Monitoring and evaluation of water quality. There are a number of developments and products related to water technologies among which:  Compact and easy-transport seawater desalination plant.  International patent DESSOL® - seawater desalination plant powered by photovoltaic solar energy.  Seawater desalination plant driven by an off-grid wind turbine.

Lequia – Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Engineering University of Girona / Chemical Engineering Department Contact: Ass. Prof. Joaquim Comas The group has expertise on MBR, including technology transfer and research projects on:  Decision support systems  Control optimization and integrated operation  Modelling and simulation  Fouling (organic and inorganic)  Integration between membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis

Membrane Technology and Hybrid Processes University of Oviedo / Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Oviedo Contact: Susana Luque/José R. Alvarez The group has over 20 years of experience on membrane technology, combining fundamental and applied research, with a strong focus on the latter, in cooperation with several industries. There has always been an effort by all members of the group to participate in international activities. Areas of expertise include:  Fundamentals, modeling and applications of pressure-driven membrane technology: effluent treatment and by-product upgrading (i.e., steel-making, pulp and paper, and chemical industries, biofuels and biorefineries, food and natural products processing)  Reactive extraction and membrane-assisted extraction  Pervaporation for VOCs recovery and to overcome equilibrium-limitations in reaction systems..  Enzymatic membrane reactors and simulation of enzyme-catalyzed processes  Process design and simulation

136  Pinch technology for energy and water savings. The group has six pilot units (RO, NF, UF, MF and PV) and several laboratory scale devices for membrane screening under different conditions.

Membranes and Renewable Energy University Complutense of Madrid / Department of Applied Physics I Contact: Mohamed Khayet Main activities and expertise include:  Membrane Fabrication & Engineering: Flat-sheet, hollow fiber (dry/jet wet spinning), nano-fiber (electrospinning). Membrane Modification.  Module Design and Manufacture (Shell-and-Tube, Plate-and-Frame).  Design and construction of Membrane Distillation (MD) systems.  Membrane characterization (SEM, AFM, X-Ray diffraction, NMR, FTIR, DSC, contact angle measurements, gas permeation, liquid entry pressure, pore size distribution, etc.).  Experimental and theoretical transport through dense and porous membranes.  Membrane Processes: Direct Contact Membrane Distillation, Air Gap Membrane Distillation, Sweeping Gas Membrane Distillation, Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Pervaporation, Ultrafiltration, Microfiltration, Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Osmotic Distillation, Membrane Crystallization, etc.  Separation Processes and Water Treatments (Desalination, dehydration, VOCs removal, etc.). Membrane fouling and autopsy.  Renewable Energy (Solar energy, Thermal collectors, Photovoltaic panels, simple distillation, multieffect distillation, solar stand-alone membrane distillation and reverse osmosis systems). Heat Exchangers (Design and applications). Thermal conductivity measurement (Hot wire technique, nano-fluids, stationary methods).  Process optimization by design of experiments (DoE) and modeling by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling.

METEOR – Membrane Technology and Process Engineering University Rovira i Virgili / Department of Chemical Engineering Contact: Ricard Garcia-Valls Main activities of the group include: R&D, technology transfer and teaching in membrane technology and microtechnology, process engineering and in polymer science and technology. Expertise areas are:  Design and preparation of flat membranes (from micro to macro scale) and microcapsules. Selection and modification of commercial membranes.  Membrane characterization: morphological (microscopy methods and images analysis), mechanical properties and filtration performance.

137  Membrane module design (CFD with external collaboration) and membrane processes modeling (with external collaboration)

 Applications: fuel cells, membrane bioreactors, water treatment, lanthanides recover, Cr2O3 recover, hydrogen purification, oligosaccharides purification, chiral separations, encapsulation and controlled release of desired substances.

NFP – Nanoporous, Films and Particles University of Zaragoza / Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon Contact: Jesus Santamaria Main research lines and activities on membranes are shown below:  Micromembranes and micromembrane reactors. In our laboratory we have devised ways of growing zeolite films directly on the inner surface of monolith and microreactor channels, avoiding the use of binders and improving the catalyst load and adherence. We are also investigating ways of combining zeolite film technology and processing methods borrowed from the microelectronics industry to obtain microreactors with unprecedented values of interphase area and high-flux micromembranes. The synthesis of the zeolite membranes is carried out either by conventional or microwave heating. The development of high flux micromembranes will be used to implement this separation unit in new chips for lab on a chip fabrication. Furthermore the possibility to couple reaction and separation in one single unit will be also exploited and applied in micromembrane reactors.

 CO2 separation. The separation of carbon dioxide is important for upgrading natural gas and is gaining importance in carbon dioxide capture projects. The separation using solids with high capacity and selectivity it is being studied using mesoporous silica materials modified with amino groups. Furthermore the synthesis of membranes with thess mesoporous aminofunctionalized materials is under study.  Films in sensors. In our laboratory we have employed the molecular recognition capabilities of nanoporous solids (zeolites, mesoporous silica) to enhance the selectivity of chemical sensors. Thus, we have deployed zeolite films on the surface of reactive (doped SnO2) sensors to strongly reduce the sensor sensitivity towards interfering molecules. We have also developed zeolite coatings on top of mass sensing devices (QCMs) where zeolite particles with suitable pore sizes and composition impart the desired selectivity to the sensing function.

POLYMAT – Polymer Membranes and Barrier Materials University of Basque Country / Institute of Polymer Materials, San Sebastián Contact: Juan J. Iruín and Thomas Schäfer The research activity focuses on the use of emerging and highly selective materials for generating polymer interfaces to be used as barrier materials, in sensors or in purification and separation technology. Emphasis is put on trying to elucidate and understand the molecular interactions that govern the response of the barrier or separation properties. Lines of research comprise:

138  Barrier materials to gases and vapours comprising mixtures of commodity (iPP, PET) and biodegradable polymers (PCL, PLA, PHB) with other polymers, anti-plasticization agents and inorganic particles.  Design of stimuli- responsive membranes that change their surface property or permeability through a molecular recognition stimulus; the membranes are generated by surface modification of polymeric or inorganic membrane support structures.  Mixed-matrix nanocomposite membranes involving room-temperature ionic liquids and carrier materials.  Membrane separations in microreactor technology.  Conformational changes and molecular recognition through biomolecules in non-aqueous solvents. A niche activity is the use of pervaporation for obtaining natural high-value aroma concentrates. Other expertise is related to surface characterization methods such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), dual polarization interferometry (DPI), quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D); experimental measurements of sorption, diffusion and permeability coefficients of gases and vapours in polymers, polymer blends and nanocomposites using gravimetric sorption, inverse gas chromatography, pressure decay and other permeability tests; and characterization of polymer films and transport phenomena during sorption using an ATR-FTIR Flow cell.

PROMETEO – Process and Environmental Effluent Treatment Group Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia Contact: María Isabel Alcaina Miranda and Santiago Fernández Peñalver R&D&I PROMETEO Group (Processes of Membrane, Treatment of Liquid Effluents and Optimization) is constituted at present by 19 researchers, 3 technicians and 9 research students. Since 1985, its activity focuses on the search of different treatment techniques for liquid effluents based principally on membrane techniques. New prototypes of membranes facilities and innovative industrial designs have also been developed. There is an extensive collaboration with companies in several sectors (textile, tannery, petrochemical, metallurgic, ceramic and food industry) as well as with different entities related with the water market. The group is also participating in several cooperation projects for developing countries in issues related with the drinking water treatment at rural zones. Research areas include:  Membrane applications in the food industry: juices and milk concentration, lactose and aromas recovery, proteins fractionation, wine and cider dealcoholization, wastewaters treatment and design of equipment and installations.  Desalination and membrane processes for industrial effluents treatment and wastewater regeneration and reuse from several industries (tanneries, textile, pulp and paper mills, etc.). Design and optimization of specific facilities for seawater and brackish water desalination, treatment of natural waters with high nitrate levels, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis application to effluents from the biological treatment of WWTPs, optimization of pretreatment methods, hybrid processes for desalination, design and optimization of equipments and installations. Brine and concentrate management is also targeted using innovative evaporation techniques with reduced energy consumption.  Treatment of hazardous and radioactive effluents generated in radioimmunoassay laboratories, hospitals and industrial activities.

139  Fouling characterization for ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, determining cleaning procedures and their effectiveness.  Simulation and optimization of membrane processes: Modeling and optimization techniques for analysis and improvement of membrane processes (software development in desalination, water treatment water reuse and other membrane processes) using multiphysics and CFD in transport studies, fouling and hydrodynamics of membrane modules, development of methods by design of experiments and neural networks.

QUIMYTEC University of Cartagena, Cartagena Contact: Dr. Gerardo Leon Albert

Part of this large research group, within the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering area of the Polytechnic University of Cartagena, has been working on various aspects of membrane technology.

• José Antonio Fernández López. Professor and Principal Investigator of the Research Group QUIMYTEC. • Beatriz Miguel Hernandez. Professor. Head of the Department. • Juan Ignacio Moreno Sanchez. Associate Professor. • Gerardo Leon Albert. Associate Professor.

In addition, two external people are collaborating with the group:

• Mary Amelia Guzmán Martínez-Valls. Inspector of Foreign Trade (SOIVRE). • Otto Juliana Martinez. Professor of Secondary Education.

The main expertise is on the use of liquid membranes (compact supported and emulsion) and ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the removal and / or recovery of both organic substances (phenolic compounds and anilines, amino acids, antibiotics, dyes, etc..) and inorganic (heavy metal ions and salts) materials.

SMAP – GROUP OF SURFACES AND POROUS MATERIALS University of Valladolid, Valladolid Contact: Prof. Dr. Antonio Hernández The researchers in this group are members of the Institute of Polymer Science and technology (CSIC) and the Membrane Research Group of the University of Valladolid that form an Associated Unity to the Higher Research Council of Spain (CSIC). This Associated Unity has been collaborating since 1992. It facilitates personal mobility and use of techniques available in both institutions. Both groups began their research on membranes some 20 years ago and have strong experience in polymer synthesis, membrane manufacture and characterisation. Our research has followed the following areas:  Synthesis of monomers and polymers for the manufacture of micro, ultra, nanofiltration, gas separation and pervaporation membranes, and preparation of membranes at laboratory scale.

140  Permeation and separation of fluids through membranes: Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration and Gas separation.  Thermal, mechanical and morphological characterization of polymeric materials and techniques for determination of physico-chemical properties of polymers (Porosities of different materials, electrical characterization of the surfaces of solids both porous and non-porous by electtrokinetic processes, Pore size distributions by: Mercury porosimetry, Gas adsorption-desorption, Gas-liquid and liquid-liquid displacement techniques and Microscopical methods (SEM, TEM, FESEM. Surface characterisation by contact angles and other tensiometric methods, by scanning probe microscopy: STM and AFM.)  Solubility and diffusivities for low and high pressures.  Multi-angle elipsometry and free volume fractions of polymers.  Theoretical determination of monomer reactivity by quantum mechanics and molecular modeling of organic macromolecules.

Tecnalia Research & Innovation Department of Materials for Energy Group, Energy Unit Contact: Jon Zúñiga Tecnalia has been working for the last years in the field of membranes for different applications, aiming to be a reference center between universities and market but mainly oriented to the latter. Expertise includes advanced polymeric and inorganic materials, nano-coatings and nano-composites, engineered membrane structures, high performance modules, membrane reactors and stacks and module arrangement process design of the overall system. Fields of research are:  Gas separations by membrane technologies for industrial applications: energy, gas and petrochemical sectors (hydrogen separation, CO2 capture, natural gas processing, biogas upgrading, air separation and syngas upgrading).  Ion exchange membrane (separators) technologies for industrial applications (Fuel cells, batteries and electrolysers).

Treatment and Reuse of Waters La Laguna University / Chemical Engineering Department, Tenerife, Canary Islands Contact: Prof. Sebastián N. Delgado Díaz The group of Treatment and Reuse of Waters at La Laguna University has conducted research into membranes applied to wastewater treatment since 1993, initially in microfiltration and ultrafiltration as tertiary treatment for reclaimed wastewater reuse, and then in MBRs, including basic research on the mechanisms of membrane fouling and applied research aimed to prove the technical feasibility of MBRs at pilot and semi-industrial scale. These studies have been supported through a combination of National Research Commission sponsored programs and research projects funded by the local water authority. The group has also participated in multiple agreements funded by BALTEN, the local organism responsible of management of reclaimed wastewater in Tenerife, which have given the opportunity to acquire better knowledge of the problems from the operator´s perspective. One of the main technical problems found in treatment scheme has been the sulfide generation during the transport of reclaimed water through long

141 pipes due to anaerobic conditions. Research on this issue provided some valuable technical solutions and has allowed indentifying the main characteristics of anaerobic processes and most common problems associated with these processes.

142 Table 26. Contact details of the main Membrane Technology Research Group in Spain

Analysis and Simulation of Chemical, Biochemical ASP – Advanced Separation Processes Group and Membrane Processes Inmaculada Ortiz E-mail: [email protected] Dr. José Luís Gómez Carrasco E-mail: University of Cantabria [email protected] Dpt. of Chemical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry University of Murcia Avda. de los Castros, s/n Chemistry Engineering Department 39005, Santander, Spain Campus of Espinardo Tel. +34 942 20 15 85 30071, Murcia, Spain URL: http://grupos.unican.es/pasep/ Tel. +34 968 36 73 54 URL: http://www.um.es

Bioreactors Research Group CalAgua Emilia M. Guadix E-mail: [email protected] Prof. Aurora Seco Torrecillas Prof. Jose Ferrer Polo University of Granada University of Valencia Polytechnic Univ. of Department of Chemical Engineering Valencia Campus Universitario de Fuentenueva, Univ. de Doctor Moliner, 50, Burjassot Camino de Vera s/n Granada 46100, Valencia, Spain 46100, Valencia, Spain 18071, Granada, Spain Tel: +34 963 54 43 26 Tel: +34 963 87 76 17 Tel. +34 958 24 29 25 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: URL: http://www.ugr.es/local/bio110 [email protected] URL: http://www.uv.es URL: http://www.upv.es Cellulose and Paper Research Group CEMI – Electrical and Electrokinetic Characterization Ángeles Blanco Suárez E-mail: of Membranes and Interfaces [email protected] Juana Benavente E-mail: Carlos Negro Álvarez E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Málaga University Complutense University of Madrid Department of Applied Physics Chemical Engineering Department Campus de Teatinos Avda. Complutense, s/n 29071, Málaga, Spain 28040, Madrid, Spain Tel. +34 952 13 19 29 Tel. +34 913 94 42 47 URL: http://www.uma.es/cemi/ URL: http://www.ucm.es/info/iqpapel/

143 CREG – Membranes, Catalysis and Engineering Emulsions and Interfacial Phenomena: Membrane Group Applications Prof. Joaquin Coronas E-mail: José Coca E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] University of Oviedo University of Zaragoza / Institute of Nanoscience of Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Aragon Julián Clavería, 8 Dpt. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering 33006, Oviedo, Spain Maria de Luna, 3 Tel. +34 985 10 35 09 50018, Zaragoza, Spain URL: http://www.uniovi.es Tel. +34 976 76 24 71 URL: http://www.unizar.es/creg

Environmental Engineering and Bioprocesses Fundación GAIKER Research Group Ana Urkiaga E-mail: [email protected] Juan M. Garrido E-mail: Fundación GAIKER [email protected] Parque Tecnológico, Edificio 202 University of Santiago de Compostela 48117, Zamudio, Vizcaya, Spain Chemical Engineer Department Tel. +34 946 00 23 23 Rua Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n URL: http://www.gaiker.es 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Tel. +34 881 81 67 73 URL: http://www.usc.es/biogrup/?q=en

GIA – Environmental Engineering Group GIRTA – Environmental Technology Research Group Iñaki Tejero Monzón E-mail: M. Peña Miranda E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] F. Fdz-Polanco E-mail: [email protected] University of Cantabria University of Valladolid Dpt. of Science and Water and Environmental Dpt. of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology Technology Avda. de los Castros, s/n C/ Dr. Mergelina, s/n 39005, Santander, Spain 47011, Valladolid, Spain Tel. +34 942 20 18 00 Tel. +34 983 42 31 66 URL: http://www.gia-unican.com URL: http://www.iqtma.uva.es/girta

144 GITA – Research Group of Food Technology Group of Polycondensation and Polymer Membranes Carme Güell E-mail: [email protected] Javier de Abajo E-mail: [email protected] Montserrat Ferrando E-mail: Cristina Álvarez E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Silvia de Lamo E-mail: [email protected] Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (CSIC) Francisco López E-mail: [email protected] Juan de la Cierva, 3 28006, Madrid, Spain University Rovira i Virgili Tel. +34 915 62 29 00 Department of Chemical Engineering URL: http://www.ictp.csic.es Avda. Països Catalans, 26 43007, Tarragona, Spain URL: http://www.urv.cat

Hydric Resources and Sustainable Development ITC – Canary Islands Technological Institute Daniel Prats Rico E-mail: [email protected] Baltasar Peñate Suárez E-mail: Univ. Institute of Water and Environmental Sciences [email protected] (IUACA) Water Department University of Alicante Playa de Pozo Izquierdo, s/n Campus de Sant Vicent del Raspeig, Ap. correos 99 35119, Santa Lucía, Las Palmas, Spain 03080, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain Tel. +34 928 72 75 03 Tel. +34 965 90 34 00 URL: http://www.itccanarias.org/ URL: http://iuaca.ua.es

Lequia Membrane Technology and Hybrid Processes Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Susana Luque E-mail: [email protected] Engineering José Ramón Álvarez E-mail: [email protected] Ass. Prof. Joaquim Comas E-mail: [email protected] University of Oviedo Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Girona Chemical Engineering Department Julián Clavería, 8 33006, Oviedo, Spain Campus Montilivi, s/n Tel. +34 985 10 29 98 17071, Girona, Spain Tel. +34 972 41 83 55 URL: http://www.unioviedo.es/membrana URL: http://lequia.udg.cat

145 Membranes and Renewable Energy METEOR – Memb. Technology and Process Mohamed Khayet E-mail: Engineering [email protected] Ricard Garcia-Valls E-mail: [email protected] University Complutense of Madrid University Rovira i Virgili Department of Applied Physics I Department of Chemical Engineering Avda. Complutense, s/n Avda. Països Catalans, 26 280440, Madrid, Spain 43007, Tarragona, Spain Tel. +34 913 94 51 85 Tel. +34 977 55 96 11 URL: http://www.ucm.es/info/gmembran/ URL: http://www.citmeteor.com

NFP – Nanoporous, Films and Particles POLYMAT – Polymer Membranes and Barrier Jesus Santamaria E-mail: Materials [email protected] Juan J. Iruín E-mail: [email protected] University of Zaragoza / Institute of Nanoscience of Thomas Schäfer E-mail: Aragon [email protected] Dpt. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Basque Country / Institute of Polymer C/ Mariano Esquillor, s/n Materials 50018, Zaragoza, Spain Avda. De Tolosa, 72 Tel. +34 976 76 11 53 20018, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain Tel. +34 943 07 81 92 URL: http://www.unizar.es/nfp URL: http://www.polymat.ehu.es PROMETEO QUIMYTEC Process and Environmental Effluent Treatment Group Dr. Gerardo Leon Albert E-mail: [email protected] María Isabel Alcaina Miranda E-mail: [email protected] Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Santiago Fernández Peñalver Polytechnic University of Cartagena. Institute of Industrial Safety, Radiophysic and Paseo Alfonso XIII, m 52. Environmental 30203. Cartagena. Camino de Cera, s/n Spain. 46022, Valencia, Spain Tel: + 34 868 07 1002 Tel. +34 963 87 96 33 Fax: + 34 968 32 5555

URL: http://www.upv.es/isirym/g_prometeo/prometeo.html URL: http://www.upct.es/~dqa/investigacion/dqa/

146 SMAP – Group of Surfaces and Porous Materials Tecnalia Research & Innovation Prof. Dr. Antonio Hernández E-mail: Jon Zúñiga E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] University of Valladolid Dpt. of Materials for Energy Group, Energy Unit Paseo de Belén, s/n Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya 47071, Valladolid, Spain C/ Geldo, Edificio 700 Tel. +34 983 42 31 34 48160, Derio, Spain URL: http://www.smap.uva.es/ Tel. +34 902 760 000 URL: http://www.tecnalia.com

Treatment and Reuse of Waters Dr. Sebastián N. Delgado Díaz E-mail: [email protected] La Laguna University Chemical Engineering Department Campus de Anchieta Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez, s/n 38206, La Laguna, Spain Tel. +34 922 31 80 78 URL: http://www.ull.es/

147 Membrane activities in SWEDEN

The main membrane research activities in Sweden are found at Lund University. Since many years membrane research is performed at Food Technology and Chemical Engineering.

Some major research areas are: Membrane processes in biorefineries Membrane treatment combined with anaerobic fermentation of waste water Transport mechanisms in MF, UF, NF Fouling mechanisms in MF and UF Membrane emulsification Process development Purification of waste waters from different types of industries, e.g. food, biotechnology, chemical, mechanical, pulp and paper ones

Industrial plants

The Tetra Pak UTP (Uniform Transmembrane Pressure) microfiltration process used e.g. for the reduction of microorganisms in cheese milk is widely used in Sweden. Also, several UF and RO plants are installed in the dairy industry. Examples of other food related applications are treatment of animal blood serum, gelatin and rennet. Industrial plants also exist in the pharmaceutical and the biotech industries. In the pulp and paper industry, a plant with a membrane area of 4600 m2 is in operation since 1995 treating bleach plant effluent. Membrane filtration is used in biorefineries producing lignosulphonate and barrier film for food packing. Paper coating colour is also recovered by UF. Oily waste water is treated by UF and RO in many industries as well as by solid waste companies. A large number of small water treatment plants for specific purposes have been installed over the years. Recently, also some plants for water treatment on a larger scale have been installed.

Company Scarab Development AB is a private research company. One of its most important areas of activities is membrane technology for water treatment where Scarab co-operates with leading international energy and water companies and research institutes to develop more cost efficient technology for desalination and water re-use. The main focus has been on Membrane Distillation (MD). The technology has been engineered under contract by leading international manufacturers and engineering consultants including among others ABB and Electrolux.

148 Membrane Activities in SWITZERLAND

For Switzerland, no updated information have been submitted at the date of printing of this report.Therefore for this Country you will find the report present in the previous publication “A Report on Membrane Activities in Europe and Israel”– Edition 2002. If received, the updated information will be included in a second edition of this report.

Introduction Membrane science and technology enjoys a rapidly increasing interest in Switzerland. Most of the research and development effort seems to be directed towards the applications of existing membranes or modifications. Presumably, this is due to the lack of large scale plastic manufacturing industry in Switzerland. However, in the field of biological m embranes the basic research is extremely intensive. Most of the projects are in the area of membrane technology for separation purposes, mainly in the food industry (e.g. Nestle). Within the food industry it is mainly the dairy industry, which is using ultrafiltration routinely for separation of milk constituents. Several companies like Ciba -Geigy, Dow Chemical Europe or Sulzer Brothers are involved in product separation or waste water treatment using membrane technology. Brown -Boveri has been working on membrane water electrolyzer. A number of smaller companies are investigating ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis methods for drinking and ultrapure water production. Academic institutions, represented mainly by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), have similar programs and in addition there are several projects for development and characterization of membrane reactors and membrane bioreactors. Individual projects are supported either internally, by the individual companies, by university budgets, or by research grants given by the following government bodies: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds; zur Forderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Bern Komission zur Forderung des wissenschaftlichen Forschung des Eidgenossichen Volkswirtschaftsdepartementes, Bern or by other public institutions such as: Schweizerische Akademie fur Technische Wissenshaften

Academic Institutions

Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich ETH, Institut fur Verfahrens - und Kaltetechnik, CH - 8092 Zurich

1) Teaching - "Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes" (Prof. F. Widmer) "Membrane Separation Technology" (Dr. A. Ruf)

2) Research -Development of the methods of membrane characterization. (Membrane parameter ) Separation characteristics of the Prism * separators taken or example of waste water deposit gas.

149 Project responsible : Prof. A Buck Partner: - Maschinenfabrik Meyer AG CH - 4707 Deltingen - Consorzio per l’eliminazione dei Rifiuti del Luganese CH - 6934 Bioggio Duration: Till the end of 1986 Financial support Co -sponsored by "Kommission zur Forderung der wissenschaftliken Forschung", CH - 3001 Bern

-Capillary membrane fixed enzyme reactor.

Modelling and development of a capillary membrane enzyme reactor of the diffusional type. Special attention given to the immobillzation procedure and enzyme stabilization. Development of methods for the removal of the spent enzyme and re - immobilization "in situ". Scale up. Model systems: lactose hydrolysis by beta - galactosidase. Project responsible: Dr. J. E. Prenosil, Prof. J. R. Boume Duration: 1982 - 1986, extension possible Financial support: Ordinary school credit, membranes by Amicon and Romicon

-Membrane Plant Cell (PC) Reactor Development of an optimal membrane reactor for PC culture. Problems of membrane material and characteristics, reactor manipulation, oxygen supply. Medium formulation with respect to the characteristics of membrane reacto r. Continuous product separation and scale up. Project responsible: Dr. J. E. Prenosil, Prof.J. R. Boume Partners: -Rutgers University, Dept. Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Piscataway, NJ 0885 USA (Prof. H. Pedersen)

- University of Zurich, Inst.. Plant Biology, CH - 8008 Zurich (Dr. T.W. Baumann) Duration: 1983 - 1985, extension possible Financial support: “Schweizerischer Nationalfonds" CH - 3003 Bern

Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich ETH, Institut fur Polymere CH - 8092 Zurich

- Membrane Reactor and Inverse Micells Biocatalyst, enzyme or whole celI entrapped in inversed micells, can be reactions in non -aqueous solutions. A membrane system can be employed to keep the micells in the reactor. In case of different soIubilities of the reaction species, such a system can be used for their separation. Attention is given to the problems of suitable membranes and reactor design. Project responsible: Prof. P. Luisi Dr. J.E. Prenosil Duration: 1983 -1986, extension possible Financial support: Ordinary school credit

-Investigation of possible influence of structural isomerism in polyamide on the properties of polyamide membranes. Project responsible: Prof. P. Pino, Dr. Lorenzi Duration: 1 - 3 years

Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich Laboratory fur organische Chemie CH - 8092 Zurich -Design, synthesis and application of ionophores, in ion - selective membranes.

150 The ion -selective electrodes for alkali, alkaline earth metal ions and anions are especially designed for the use In clinical chemistry and for intracellular ion -activity measurements. Depending on the type of membrane study, the state of the project is ranging from preliminary study to commercial application. About 20 people are working fulltime on the project. Potential projects: Sensors for anions and for electrically neutral components. Project responsible: Prof. W. Simon Duration: At least five more years

Ecole polytechnique Federal de Lausanne Institut de Genie Chimique, CH - 1015 Lausanne -Contlnuous Operation of Enzyme Membrane Reactors (UF). Development of a tubular recycle membrane reactor (Pilot scale). Main emphasis has been given to problems of enzyme stability and reactor design. Shear deactivation of biocatalysts, reactor control and optimization. Project responsible: Dr. E. Flaschel Prof. A. Renken Duration: 1981 - 1988

- Batch Operation of Enzyme Membrane Reactors (UF). Application of ultrafiltration during or after enzymatic reaction In order to recover the enzyme and/or to purify the products. Starch degrading enzymes are used. Scale up to pilot size. Project responsible: Dr .E Flaschel Prof. A. Renken Duration: 1984 - 1986

-Testing of Ultrafiltration Membranes Emphasis will be given to the problems of compatibility of membrane materials with biocatalyst, sterilizability and long term sterility of UF plants, recovery of membrane permeability and special applications in biotechnology. Project responsible: Dr. E. Flaschel Prof. A. Renken Duration: Begin in 1985

INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS

BBC Brown Boyeri & CO., Ltd, Research Centre CH - 540S Baden - Dattwil

- Membranes electrolyzer for generation of H2.or O2 from pure water. The electrochemical reactor is of the bipolar type and employs fluorinated, polymeric ion exchange membranes as solid electrolytes, polymeric ion exchange membranes as solid electrolytes (i. e. Nafion). Laboratory investigations and developments for future commercial applications. Project responsible: Dr. S. Stucki; Head Electrochemistry Group, CIBA - GEIGY AG, Basel, CH - 4002 Basel

- .Dialysis, hyperfiltratlon, ultrafiltration, microfiltration and Donan ion exchange

151 Routine evaluation as unit operations for concentration of dilute aqueous solutions separation of dissolved or undissolved constituents buffer exchange by diafiltration or Donnan ion exchange. Project responsible: Dr. M. Voser Biotechnology Group

DOW CHEMICAL EUROPE CH - 8810 HORGEN, SWITZERLAND

- Reverse osmosis in the treatment of the industrial waters. The Dow's manufacturing site at Temeuzen (The Netherlands) consists of 20 + production units for different products, each one with its individual needs and solutions with respect to incoming and waste water. It is the intention to centralize the treatment of the incoming to the lowest common quality standard, and to recycle the largest possible volume through integrated system of effluent treatment at the individual plants and at the central treatment unit. Reverse osmosis is an important element of this project. RO pilot plant will cost about 250 M $, manned by equivalent of 2 man/years. Project responsible: The Utilities Dpt. of the Temeuzen site. Duration: Since 1982, RO pilot should be operational by end 1984. Future projects: Comparison reverse osmosis/membrane distillation within the context described above.

NESTLE’ PRODUCTS, Technical Assistance Co., Ltd. CH - 41814 La Tour - de - Peilz Research projects: Retention of protein and ions in milk product ultrafiltration Theory and modelling of ultrafiltration in dayring Electrodialysis of milk products Membrane fractionation of peptides Reverse osmosis concentration of liquid foodstuffs Sterile filtration of heat - sensitive foodstuffs. Project responsibles: Dr. B. Jost Dr. O. de Rham Dr. R. Berrocal

LUIS SCLEIFFER AG CH - 8714 FELDBACH/ZURICH

- Microfiltration membranes. Research and development for the manufacturing and customizing membrane micrometers used for purification plants, sterile filtration, gene research laboratory, RNA/DNA analyses, beverage industry. SULZER AG CH - 9401 Winterthur

- Dynamic filtration in biotechnology Influence of direction oriented now on the filtration characteristics of microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes in the Sulzer pressure filter. Project responsible: E. Rebsamen Dr. H. Ziegler Duration: Project started 1981 - Elimination of nitrates from drinking,water by reverse osmosis.

152 - Desalination of drinking water by reverse osmosis. Development of reverse osmosis plant for desalination of drinking water using cellulose acetate or polyamide membranes in spiral modules. Influence of process parameters investigated in a pilot plant. Process optimization. Comparison with biological denitrification and ion exchange processes. Project responsible: Dr. H. Gros

Conclusions In conclusion it can be said that there is substantial research activity in the field of artificial membrane science and technology In Switzerland. The main thrust seems to be directed towards the use or modifications of the already existing membranes at least there is no information pointing to research on basically new membrane materials. This can possibly be explained by a lack of large - scale bulk plastic production in Switzerland. An ever -increasing interest in membrane technology was unveiled by this survey, indicating thus a fast growth of this new field. It is hoped that, in spite of its incompleteness this survey will contribute to this development. Perhaps by this picture of the current state of membrane science and technology in Switzerland further contacts within the scientific community and new industrial applications will be stimulated.

153 Membrane Activities in THE NETHERLANDS

Eindhoven University of Technology – Chemical Process Intensification The chair on Chemical Process Intensification is part of the laboratory of Multiphase Reactors (SMR) at the faculty of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry at the Eindhoven University of Technology. The main objective of the new research group is the development of novel multi-functional reactor concepts based on improved fundamental knowledge using validated advanced (multi-phase) reactor models. This is achieved by employing a combination of state-of-the-art numerical models (at different levels of detail adopting the multi-scale modeling approach), advanced (non-invasive) experimental techniques and experimental demonstration of novel reactor concepts (proof of concept). Important research themes are: • Integration of reaction and separation, with a main focus on membrane reactors and chemical looping processes:  Packed bed and fluidized bed membrane reactors for many different applications (e.g. hydrogen production, syngas production, oxidative dehydrogenations, partial oxidations) exploiting conversion and selectivity improvements via selective reactant dozing or product extraction; An important research objective is to study in detail the improvement of fluidization characteristics via insertion and especially permeation of gas through submerged membranes in (micro) fluidized bed membrane reactors.

 Chemical looping processes integrating air separation and CO2 capture exploiting oxygen transport via solid carriers. Both interconnected fluidized bed systems and the in-house developed CLC process with dynamically operated fixed beds are intensively studied.  Sorption Enhanced Water-Gas Shift (in close cooperation with ECN). • Integration of endothermic and exothermic reactions, (e.g. rapid cycling reverse flow reactor to couple the endothermic propane dehydrogenation with the exothermic combustion of methane/carbon deposits, packed bed membrane reactor with a dual function catalyst to couple the oxidative coupling and steam reforming of methane). • Integration of heat exchange exploiting dynamic reactor operation (e.g. reverse flow (membrane) reactors and dynamically operated packed beds e.g. cryogenic separation of CO2 from flue gasses and chemical looping combustion for electricity production). • Exploitation of liquid injection in fluidized gas-solid suspensions (e.g. induced condensing agents in gas phase polyolefin reactors using the heat of evaporation to cool the reaction mixture and steam reforming of liquid fuels). We commit ourselves to the development of novel technologies for new, more sustainable, highly efficient, inherently safe, and robust integrated (multi-phase) processing systems. With the close collaboration within the SMR group and the excellent infrastructure at TU/e we look forward to the future. Contacts Prof. Martin van Sint Annaland, ([email protected]) and Dr. Fausto Gallucci ([email protected])

ECN – Energy Research Center Netherlands Activities • Materials research One of the core competence of the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) is the development of novel membrane materials with enhanced performance and stability properties compared to the state of the

154 art. The focus is on ceramic supported noble metal and organic-inorganic silica membranes. Our competences for e.g. scale-up issues are also available to industrial parties. • Process design ECN has a very strong background in the design and evaluation of novel process concepts. These activities are performed using advanced of commercially available simulation tools, such as Aspen+. Where required, new software is developed in-house. Representative applications include: o pre-combustion CO2 capture applications o energy efficient hydrogen production o acetal production with in-situ and ex-situ separation options o hybrid distillation and membrane separations • System development To make full use of the enhanced performance of our membrane systems, dedicated reactor and separation module concepts are required. Also the demanding conditions required tailored seal systems. These reactors are designed through modeling and experimental verification after in-house fabrication. Efficient designs are available up to a scales in the square meter range. • Implementation facilitation ECN continues to invest in equipment for client oriented pilot testing that can run under industrially relevant conditions. Relevant equipment is available for usage both in-house and on-site at the client. The flexibility allows for third party membrane testing. Also pre-commercial samples and modules are sold though www.hysep.com and www.hybsi.com. Contact persons: Dr. Yvonne van Delft ([email protected]), Dr. Jaap Vente ([email protected]), Dr. Jan Wilko Dijkstra ([email protected])

University Of Twente – Membrane Technology Group The Membrane Technology Group (MTG) of the University of Twente focuses on the multi-disciplinary topic of membrane science and technology for the separation of molecular mixtures. We aim at designing membrane morphology and structure on a molecular level to control mass transport phenomena in macroscopic applications. We consider our expertise as a multidisciplinary knowledge chain ranging from molecule to process.

We distinguish three application clusters, i.e. Energy, Water and Life Sciences.

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Energy The research on Energy is dedicated to the molecular design and synthesis of polymer membranes for energy applications. Examples are CO2 capture, olefin/paraffin separation, biorefinery applications, fuel cells and the generation of electricity from the mixing of sea and river water (Salinity Gradient Energy or ‘Blue Energy’). Relevant materials science oriented aspects are control of structure-properties relationships, separation of multi-component mixtures (binary, ternary systems, effect of impurities), interaction of the feed components with the membrane (e.g. plasticization) and performance evaluation. Important process technological research aspects are e.g. improvement of hydrodynamics, membrane and spacer design, separation of complex mixtures, concentration polarization and fouling.

Water Within the application area Water, research addresses the development of membranes and the application of membrane technology for water treatment. In particular it investigates the relation between membrane properties, hydrodynamic conditions and fouling behavior. Research topics include mPIV, microfluidic filtration, fouling control, membrane bioreactors and biofouling.

Life Sciences Within the application cluster Life Sciences, we focus on the design of porous systems to separate complex multicomponent mixtures in pharmaceutical, food, beverage and diagnostics applications. Important subjects are tuning the material properties and structure (e.g. pore morphology and porosity), the development of functional materials (e.g. affinity separations of biomolecules) and the creation of new and/or improved processes (e.g. faster processes, higher yields, less fouling, etc.). Other aspects related to process design and industrial implementation, such as scale-up of novel membrane fabrication methods are investigated.

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Knowledge valorization Our group has decided to establish a significant effort in the valorization of its knowledge. The European Membrane Institute Twente (EMI Twente) performs confidential contract research directly with the industry. Research is governed by questions out of industry. Projects can last from only a few days up to three years and can involve membrane development and synthesis, membrane characterization, and/or membrane application studies. The EMI Twente acts as the interface between the academic research and the industrial needs.

Contact Dr. Kitty Nijmeijer ([email protected]) Membrane Technology Group University of Twente PO Box 217

Inorganic Membranes Group The group Inorganic Membrane has a focus on the design and preparation of inorganic membranes Research in the Inorganic Membrane group encompasses macro as well as micro scale phenomena in the field of: - the development of new membrane materials, - a better fundamental understanding of transport mechanisms, - the design of membrane processes and membrane reactors. Research topics: 1. Advanced Ceramics In general, the preparation, processing, and microstructural characteristics of powders, ceramics, and coatings are studied. It implies sol-gel chemistry for modifying micro- and meso-porous ceramic membranes as well as development of new, dense mixed ion/electron conducting membranes. 2. Solid State Ionics Within this research theme the ionic and electronic transport properties of solid oxides are studied, which includes interfacial and electrode reactions. The focus is towards improved understanding of the fundamentals of technological applications incorporating these oxides, such as dense ceramic membranes and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). 3. Porous Ceramic Membranes Here the objectives are the development of micro- and meso-porous ceramic membranes and the study of molecular transport for use in energy-efficient gas separation, pervaporation, and nanofiltration processes. Contact person Prof. Arian Nijmeijer ([email protected]).

Delft University of Technology - Catalysis Engineering Group The research area on Structured catalysts and -reactors & Zeolite Membranes focuses on the following research field: Structured catalysts and reactors Regular arrangement of catalysts in reactors decouples the scale dependent and independent phenomena, such as intrinsic kinetics, thermodynamics, mass and heat transport and hydrodynamics. This allows their independent optimization so that all rate processes in a reactor are in balance and the catalyst is used in

157 the way it was designed for. Structuring ranges from the molecular to the reactor scale in a hierarchical way. Microscopically zeolites, MOFs and well defined clusters are used. Macroscopically one should think of monoliths, foams, corrugated packing etc. Combined with multifunctional operation this approach can give a large boost to process intensification. Radial heat transport in reactor packings is a big challenge and subject of study.

Multifunctional catalysis and reactors Catalytic conversions are frequently performed in isolation. Often tedious and/or energy intensive separations are needed to purify products before further processing. Smart combination of catalytic reactions or reaction and separation may eliminate this need, allowing higher single pass conversions, reducing separation effort and energy consumption and increasing process efficiency. Examples of single reactor operations and reactive separations: Coupling endo- and exothermal reactions (dehydrogenation and oxidation) Selective removal of a product through a membrane in equilibrium limited reactions (water gas shift, dehydrogenation, esterification) Selective feeding of reactants Membrane reactors where combinations of the above occurs Dynamic kinetic resolution This can be done on different scales, on the active site level, on the catalyst particle level and on a reactor level. Major challenge is to synthesize those combinations that result in overlapping of the operational regimes of the catalytic reactions and/or the separation processes. New membranes or catalysts are often needed.

Zeolite membranes Porous crystalline materials like zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) posses uniform pores or windows of molecular size. Thin continuous layers on a support material offer a unique separation potential, namely based on molecular size or shape. We were among the first to develop silicalite-1 membranes. Their permeation and separation properties have been studied and modeled extensively. Challenges are to synthesize membranes of other zeotypes and MOFs to be used in process intensification for energy reduction and multifunctional reactors, combining catalysis and separation. Clear examples are hydrogen and CO2 separation from various sources and the separation of propane from propene.

Rate and transport processes The overall performance of catalysts or sorbents in a process is the result of all contributing phenomena. With thermodynamics determining the driving forces for chemical conversion and transport phenomena, the kinetics of these processes determine the productivity and yields. Transient and steady state techniques are applied to determine catalytic reaction kinetics. Parallel reactors (‘six-flow’) were already applied long before commercial activities in this field developed. Sorption of single components and mixtures are essential for correct description of diffusion in zeolites and membranes and to determine the correct reactant concentrations at the active site of catalysts. Advanced techniques are used for the determination of the transport parameters, like TAP, TEOM, ZLC and breakthrough analysis.

158 Wageningen University - Food Process Engineering Group The Laboratory of Food Process Engineering consists of approximately 35 people and is chaired by prof. Remko Boom. Food Process Engineering focuses on a number of research themes including membranes within the group Microtechnology, membranes and modeling (M3-group). Membranes (and other microstructures) can be used for various purposes, such as separation, which is the traditional application for membranes, but also for formation of emulsions, foams, and sprays. Within the M3 group, all these aspects are investigated, and modeling is used as a tool to gain fundamental insight in the underlying mechanisms. Contact person dr.ir. C.G.P.H. Schroën +31 (317) 48 22 31 [email protected]

NIZO food research

NIZO food research is one of the most advanced, independent contract research companies in the world. Our 200 employees successfully assists food and ingredient companies to make better foods and be more profitable by developing and applying competitive technologies to support your:  innovation (flavour, texture, health),

 cost reduction (process efficiency, ingredient replacement, test productions), and

 responsible entrepreneurship (food safety & quality, sustainable processing, evidence based health claims).

Working with NIZO provides access to the latest food science and technology, and easily mobilised expertise on a project basis. NIZO thus serves the international dairy, food & beverage, ingredients and biotech industries with confidential and well scoped projects. Innovation is teamwork: only when people work together, share results, and continuously look for the earliest opportunity to apply results, progress can be made. Since 1948 our experts have worked in joint teams with industry to co-create new products and process technologies. In addition to R&D projects, our food-grade Pilot Plant – one of the world’s largest – is available for test productions. You can use our industrial kitchen facilities for product oriented research or to develop new food concepts with the assistance of scientists or a chef: it’s your choice!

HQ is based in Food Valley, The Netherlands with offices in the USA, France, UK, and Japan.

NIZO’s activities in the field of membranes are also directed to contract research. We screen membranes for concentration or fractionation of (protein) solutions, we screen for membrane separation process parameters using a by NIZO designed minimembrane unit (see pictures), and use dedicated models to translate the data from the minimembrane unit to full industrial scale. Finally we are able to produce food grade materials using different membrane separation techniques in the largest food grade pilot plant in Europe.

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NIZO’s minimembrane unit, ideal for Membranes for minimembrane unit testing membrane process conditions. Flatsheet, Ceramic, tubular and spiral Membranes of different suppliers wound MF, UF, NF, RO, DF possible Automated data collection Surface area: ~1 m2 Remote controlled

TNO – Industrial Innovation TNO is an independent contract research institute with several locations in The Netherlands. TNO is a relatively large organization with 4000 employees working in seven themes. These themes range from healthy living, industrial innovations to defense and safety. Within a number of these themes, we are active in membrane research & development. TNO is involved in research & development associated with processes and applications. Some of these include:  Membrane applications for the chemicals and oil&gas industry: membrane contactor process development, e.g. pertraction (e.g. in-situ product recovery), membrane gas absorption (e.g. CO2 capture), pervaporation.  Membrane applications for water treatment: membrane process development , e.g. membrane distillation (desalination), electro dialysis, (emulsion) pertraction.  Membrane modification for specific applications – e.g. membrane anti-fouling coatings, mixed matrix membranes.

Industrial gas treatment There is an increasing need for efficient and flexible technology to reduce emissions through the use of zero-emission system solutions. Currently, pollutants are often removed from gas streams by absorption. Although selective, this process requires much energy, raw materials and large equipment. TNO has tackled this by combining absorption and membrane technology. A ten-fold size reduction seems feasible. In a typical operation of membrane gas absorption, a gas stream is contacted with an absorption liquid via a porous, hydrophobic hollow fibre membrane. The hydrophilic, water attracting, liquid, does not flow through the hydrophobic, water repellent, pores. But the porous structure does permit a very high contact area between gas and liquid, enabling rapid absorption of some component in the liquid. The resulting membrane gas absorption equipment is compact, small and light weight. The small dimensions of the used membrane fibres give rise to high packing densities, in excess of 1000 m2/m3, ten times larger than current

160 absorbers. Accordingly, the cost of operation of the membrane units is considerably less than that of conventional absorbers. Membrane gas absorption has a flexible capacity and low liquid residence time. Moreover, it is easy to control. Proven applications include the recovery of carbon dioxide, olefins, ammonia, water vapour, hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide.

Applications by TNO TNO has developed several applications of membrane gas absorption. For its development of ammonia recovery, TNO received the 2001 Kirkpatrick honour Award. A chemical factory in the Czech Republic, Aliachem, was fitted with a membrane gas absorption unit for recovering the ammonia. The process integrated solution resulted in a safer and more durable process as well as a cost saving due to the recycled ammonia. For the recovery of olefins in refineries TNO has developed MGArgentum, based on the selective absorption of olefins in silver-containing liquids. This breakthrough technology can reduce the energy consumption with more than 50 percent and cost-of-ownership with 30 to 40 percent. Other applications are the capture of CO2 from flue- and off-gases, as well as biogas and indoor CO2 control, for instance in crafts or submarines. These examples amply demonstrate the commercial and environmental benefits of industrial gas treatment by membrane gas absorption.

Contact: Dr. Mark Roelands ([email protected])

MACT bv The Membrane Application Centre Twente (MACT bv) is an expertise centre for membrane technology. It was founded early 1995 to fill the gap between suppliers of (knowledge about) membrane technology and end-users of the technology in various processes. In March 1997 MACT started with the Membrane Demonstration Centre (MDC) in which various test installations supplied by several manufacturers were installed. These installation have been used for many tests in a broad range of applications. The MDC is also equipped with several analytical facilities. MACT provides the following services:

•Consultancy and desk studies •Membrane screening •Application research •Pilot studies •Turn-key projects Furthermore MACT publishes reports which describe the current state of the use of membrane technology in various industries.

Pervatech BV PERVATECH is a leading company in the technology of ceramic membranes for pervaporation, vapour permeation and gas separation.

The most important drive of the company is “finding a technological and economical solution for difficult separation processes by means of smart combinations of process steps together with the client”.

The target is to run the process with less energy, a higher quality of the end products and the reliability of the separation process. Pervaporation is seen as one of the key units for process intensification

161 The core activities are: production, marketing and sales of tubular ceramic pervaporation membranes, modules and industrial systems. The production capacity is up to 400 m2 membrane surface per year, which can easily be extended up to 1000 m2. Besides the core product in ceramic pervaporation membranes, Pervatech Sales serves also the organophilic pervaporation market with special polymeric membranes. Main focus is on selective recovery of aromas and flagrances. Pervatech Sales is looking for processes where it is possible to reduce investments (up to 75%), a remarkable reduction of the energy costs, significant reduction in down stream processing and a higher quality of the end product. Pervaporation is increasingly used in the chemical, petro-chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Pervatech pervaporation technology is especially useful in dehydration processes like solvent drying, breaking of azeotropic mixtures, and enhancing chemical condensation reactions in aggressive environments. It can be a useful add-on process for situations where other separation methods reach the end of their operational limits. (e.g. lack of chemical resistance, swelling of the polymeric membrane, temperature) Plant realisation is in co-makership with well established Official Equipment Manufacturers, with full licenses for PED Directives, Ex Directives and availability of plant services. Scientific co-operation with leading Universities and Institutions, both nationally and abroad secures today's and tomorrows ceramic membranes with superior characteristics. Commercialisation goes directly from our company in The Netherlands, either directly to the end user or through process-equipment manufacturers.

PRODUCTS OF PERVATECH • Tubular Ceramic Pervaporation membranes • Hybrid Pervaporation membrane up to 150° C • PDMS-based organophilic pervaporation membranes. Spiral wound elements. • Test modules for lab scale and pilot scale • Larger membrane modules for industrial plants • Equipment for lab scale and pilot scale testing • Industrial plants in co-makership with OEM

For more information on the company please refer to the website: www.pervatech.com Contact: Pervatech BV PERVATECH Tel +31 (0) 547 383114 selective ceramic membranes process design Fax +31 (0) 547 385153 M +31 (0) 629501509

E-mail: [email protected] http://www.kvk.nl/ www.pervatech.com

Visit & Postal address Mr F. Velterop Rondweg 48 7468 MC ENTER (Managing Director) The Netherlands

162 Convergence B.V.

Convergence BV is spin-off company from the Twente University (Membrane Technology Group); we're specialized in developing highly accurate test systems for a wide range of membrane applications (UF, MF, NF, RO, MBR, special applications etc).

Convergence B.V. provides complete plug-and-play systems for fluids in the lab and develops custom installations on request. We are focussing on automating our devices in such a way that the user can focus on getting experimental results.

Our commercial available systems: Our fluid systems are in the field of membranes and fluids. We combine compact design with fully automated software. Our systems are not a 'black box'; the customer can pick his components. The main advantage is that the automation of the installation is completely realized. For example, the software for the OSMO allows novice users to perform quality control measurements, and the software produces PDFs with graphs and data. This allows for very easy comparison of experimental results. At the same time the raw data can be saved as well for further processing by the user. This makes the device very suitable for research, also because it allows you to perform very complex experiments easily. In the downloads section a screen cast of the OSMO software can be found which gives a detailed explanation of our software features.

Custom installations: Convergence B.V. is strong at developing new installations from scratch: We build as much to customer specification as requested. The procedure is to build a test version, which is intensively tested by the future users. Feedback is taken on both design and software and in this way the installation will be finalized, resulting in high user friendly installations.

Contact: Felix V. Broens ([email protected])

ECO Clean Tech The ECO Clean Tech Filtration Technology provides customers with ceramic membranes for liquid filtration applications. Ever since 1990 ECO Clean Tech has been producing numerous square meters of micro filtration surface for a wide range of liquid filtration applications. In our unique approach we not only manufacture ceramic membranes to our standard specifications but are also capable of producing ceramic membranes tailored to your needs. With our in-house experienced engineering and fabrication capabilities we can even supply you with our fully automated tailored micro filtration systems.

NAJADE separation B.V. NAJADE separation B.V. is since 1982 specialised in the development and production of tubular ceramic membranes, modules, control equipment and other components for waste water and process water treatment in various fields of industry. A recent activity is the newly developed GALICOS system that can be used as a compact stripper in the post treatment of effluents from membrane separation systems. NAJADE developed several unique modules for ceramic membranes, among them the well known TC Modular membrane system with integrated recirculation pumps which at present is sold as T.I.S . system by the French manufacturer of ceramic membranes TAMI . The strategy of NAJADE is to sell components, ceramic membranes and module including the accompanying knowhow to O.E.M ' s which are active inn separation technology. To this purpose NAJADE can carry out or supervise feasibilty tests on pilot and

163 semiindustrial scale with frequent high pressure back pulsing of the membranes. For further information see www.najade.com

Parker Filtration Parker Gas Separation is one of a selected number of membrane manufacturers of gas separation hollow fibre membranes in the world. The membrane technology has resulted in several patents for the membrane itself and for processes where the membrane is used to solve difficult separation problems. The Parker Gas Separation membrane technology was brought to the market in 1989. Actually, there are some ten thousand Parker Gas Separation membrane systems in use in virtually every industry e.g. (petro) chemical industry, food industry, offshore, pharmaceutical etc.

Nitrogen generators: This product group provides a range of standardised nitrogen generators to produce utility nitrogen from compressed air. The capacity range varies from 0.1 Nm³/hr up to 450 Nm³/hr at nitrogen purities of 90% up to 99.9%. Here the membranes have been ratio analised to provide the best selectivity and permeability at the lowest operating cost.

Mix Gas Generator: A product designed to provide the customer with on - site mix gas for beverage applications. The unit can provide adjustable N2/CO2 ratio 's ranging from pure nitrogen to 90% CO2 . The product has a built - in compressor and mixer .

Custom solutions : Parker Gas Separation has build - up an extensive knowledge on developing custom OEM solutions ranging from nitrogen generator membrane module sets to comple te integrated nitrogen generators. Parker Gas Separation can design the best solution for each on - site nitrogen requirement. Various new products are under development to strengthen the position of Parker Gas Separation as a leading supplier of hollow fibre gas separation membranes.

Norit – X-Flow Norit X-Flow membranes are used in the field of ultrafiltration in capillary form, and microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (RO) in tubular form, which makes selective filtration possible. Norit X-Flow has expertise and experience in all water areas, from potable water production to the treatment of process and wastewater and the pre-treatment of seawater, but also in the food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. Our extensive portfolio of membrane products guarantees the right specifications for each application.

Integrated research and innovative product development Within Norit X-Flow, research and product development are crucial in creating the conditions to meet changing requirements with durable and reliable products. Our R&D department works in close cooperation with marketing, product development, process-, application-, and production engineering. The benefits of this intense cooperation is demonstrated by the many worldwide patents for the innovative Norit X-Flow products and processes.

Quality as an integral standard Quality management is deeply rooted within Norit X-Flow’s culture. The Norit X-Flow Quality Management System, certified according to the ISO 9001:2000 standard by Lloyds of London is your assurance for the unconditional quality of the design, production, installment and service. We even put ourselves to the test

164 when it concerns your purification problems. Trying to find the best possible solutions, you will always have a dedicated partner in Norit X-Flow.

Norit, leading in purification Norit X-Flow has the know-how and a proud history in the development and application of innovative membrane filtration technologies. This is strengthened by the fact that Norit X-Flow is part of the Norit Group, which has been present in the field of realizing purification solutions for more than 80 years. Proof can be found worldwide: operational solutions among the largest in capacity of their kind, realized by leading principals in many different areas in the industry.

SolSep BV SolSep BV developes and manufactures membrane and modules (elements) for ultra- and nanofiltration in organic solvents. Solsep's technology is fully devoted to all aspects that have to do with making a robust membrane module and profitable process. Solsep produces a range of ultra- and nanofiltration membranes and elements for use in organic solvents.

The UF and NF membranes of SolSep BV are especially designed for applications in organic solvents. Typical applications are:

 acetone recovery in oleochemistry  hexane and ethanol recovery in extraction operations  solvent recovery in paints and polymer synthesis  recovery of homogeneous catalysts  down stream processing of building blocks  etc..

Solsep is one of the most experienced companies on UF and NF of organics. It can offer:  road mapping of your application  technical support in piloting  pilot equipment  expertise on fouling and concentration polarization control  cleaning strategies

Voltea B.V. In 2004, Unilever scientists began evaluating CapD-I as a built-in water softening device for domestic washing machines. Voltea was founded in 2006 to exploit the technology in a broader range of applications. Voltea has developed a unique and simple way to obtain clean, desalinated water with low energy consumption, no added chemicals and a high water recovery rate. This award-winning platform technology – Capacitive deionization (CapD-I) – has numerous applications, from water softening in domestic appliances to treatment of water used in industrial processes.

Voltea’s CapD-I technology can be deployed in a wide array of applications, from industrial process water to domestic appliances, without the need for chemicals during operation or maintenance. Voltea CapD-I removes ions such as sodium, calcium, chloride, nitrates and arsenic.

165 Nedstack Nedstack has a decade of experience in building PEM fuel cell stacks. Nedstack is the largest PEM fuel cell stack producer in Europe and the second largest in the world. Our extensive track-record includes over 500 systems based on Nedstack fuel cells currently in commercial operation world-wide. A number of them have been in use ever since 2006. We receive substantial repeat orders for our stacks.

Nedstack combines proprietary bipolar plate technology and design with the best available MEAs. The composition of our proprietary cell plate material results in low-cost cell plates with high electrical conductivity. This proven technology allows Nedstack to design a highly efficient fuel cell stack. At atmospheric pressure, Nedstack products reach higher fuel efficiency than PEM fuel cells of other suppliers. As Nedstack fuel cells operate at ambient pressure with low pressure drops, the need for expensive, heavy and power hungry compressors is avoided. Nedstack’s efficient water cooling solution allows for a compact design with high power densities.

Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V. FUJIFILM Tilburg is developing: Ion Exchange Membranes: for electrochemical purifications, especially suited for low energy desalination and for ultra-pure industrial water Gas Separation Membranes: for the treatment of natural gas and biogas, as well as gas separations in the petrochemical and power generation industry. These new generations of FUJIFILM membranes are developed and produced in Tilburg, The Netherlands.

Membranes are increasingly competing with conventional separation technologies on price and performance. Membrane applications have a clear added value in saving energy. Moreover, membrane technology can reduce raw material use, greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to cleaner water and air.

Coating Technology FUJIFILM has been developing its coating technology for decades. The excellent quality and process control standards, a heritage from its photographic past, result in a zero defect production process. With this operational excellence, FUJIFILM aims to meet the stringent demands of, for instance, the pharmaceutical, food and beverage, petrochemical, and energy industry. Because of our industrial production capacity, FUJIFILM can supply membranes for both custom made as well as large scale applications.

166 Table 27. Main Institutions involved in membrane activities in The Netherlands Institution Structure of Research Development process Membrane Module Application Study Type of facilities Organization fundamentals development development

Eindhoven University University Reactor concepts Membrane reactors for Fluidized bed Lab scale permeation of Technology (TU/e) H2 production and for modules, reverse setup, fluidized bed www.tue.nl O2 feeding flow reactors reactors, OCM reactors Energy research Business units Ceramic supported Membrane reactors for Novel alloys for Membrane CO2 capture studies in Extensive facilities for Centre of the focused on Pd-based membranes H2 production and stable high tempe- reactors and power plants; membrane manufacturing Netherlands market electricity production rature operation separation Industrial H2 and testing at (simulated) ®) (www.ecn.nl) segments. with CO2 capture Scale up of tubular modules (Hysep production industrial conditions. membrane concept based on tubular towards > 10m2. concept High pressure (60 bars) , high temperature (700°C), high capacity (8 tubes of 50cm) membrane reactor test set ups. Organic Inorganic Pervaporation, vapor Novel HybSi® Conceptual Process studies for Extensive facilities for Hybrid silica permeation, gas membrane concept design of e.g. azeotrope membrane manufacturing membranes separation and with various organic membrane separations and nanofiltration and inorganic geometry and acetal production In house equipment for components optimized module (simulated) industrial Scale up towards > and reactor conditions, on-site 10m2. concepts demonstration skid set up University of Twente University Material Science Polymer membrane Polymeric Hollow fiber Gas and vapor Hollow fiber spinning www.utwente.nl/tnw/ development, membranes in flat module design separation - CO2 capture equipment and small-scale mtg Membrane design and production, sheet and hollow - Org. solvent separation automatic flat sheet casting development characterization and fiber geometry for - Fuel cells system. - Biorefinery - Water Membrane application studies various membrane purification -Drinking Lab and pilot scale characterization processes water prod. - Membrane characterization and bioreactors Waste water performance evaluation Application studies treatment equipment for MF, UF, - Salinity Gradient power NF, RO, PV, GS, ED, - Affinity separations - MBR, fuel cells, organic High value biomolecules solvent NF, Blue Energy - Complex liquid mixtures (PRO an RED). - Food, pharma & biotech

TNO 7 Themes Application research Process and Equipment Membrane Development, - pertraction - demo and development Development: modification design and - desalination - pilot - membrane contactors construction of - CO2 capture - bench - membrane destillation membrane - water treatment - laboratory modules - workshop - modelling

167

Table 28. Main membranes suppliers in The Netherlands

Supplier Type of Activity Area of Activity Membrane process Membrane Material Module Type Available demonstration Plant (DP) and/or industrial plant (IP) Energy research HySep® Sales of Separation of H2 from Ceramic supported Pd Single and multi DP: In-house fixed Centre of the (www.hysep.com) demonstration various gas mixtures membranes tubular membrane unit for simulated Netherlands separation modules modules industrial conditions (www.ecn.nl) up to >1/2m2. HybSi® Sales of lab test single Water removal from Organic-inorganic Single membrane DP: on-site skid (www.hybsi.com) tube modules organic solvents hybrid silica modules mounted unit for industrial conditions Pervatech BV Ceramic membrane Dehydration of organic Pervaporation – Ceramic - hybrid Tubular, tube in shell Test facilities available (www.pervatech.com) manufacturing solvents, dehydration vapour permeation for pervaporation and of reaction mixtures for vapour permeation Convergence BV Plug-and-play dead-end filtrations UF, MF, NF, RO, MBR Small size test (www.con- systems for fluids in (clean water fluxes) equipments vergence.com) the lab -fouling experiments -retention measurements -permeation tests -chemical cleanings ECO Clean Tech Ceramic membrane Liquid processes tubular (www.ecocleantech.nl) manufacturing Parker Hannifin Centre of Excellence Supply to all industries Air separation PPO Many different types We have a special Manufacturing for Parker membranes focus on Nitrogen either aluminium, showroom available Netherlands (Filtration Enriched Air and stainless steel or for 3rd parties to visit and Separation) B.V. Oxygen Enriched Air plastic with which shows different membranes glued in applications.

168 Membrane activities in TURKEY

1. Izmir Institute of Technology – Department of Chemical Engineering

Polymeric Membranes Group Contact Person: Prof. Dr. Sacide Alsoy Altinkaya ([email protected])

The activities in this group range from fundamental membrane research to the development of membranes for food, biotechnology, biomedical and environmental applications. They have focused on urease immobilization onto commercial polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based membranes by using layer-by-layer self assembly of polyelectrolytes and covalent attachment and characterized these membranes in terms of transport properties and catalytic efficiencies under static and dynamic conditions. PAN membranes have also been prepared in this group by dry- wet phase inversion technique, modified by multilayer polyelectrolytes and evaluated in the ultrafiltration of proteins.

One of the current research topics includes developing membranes for hemodialysis applications. In this study, they specifically focus on surface modification of the membranes that are prepared through enzyme and antioxidant immobilization. The objective is to create surfaces with antifouling and antithrombogenic properties in order to reduce protein adsorption and eliminate undesirable reactions in blood. The wound dressing membranes with antimicrobial properties are also prepared by using different antimicrobial agents. For both applications, the influences of polymer composition in the membrane forming solution on the structure of the membranes and, consequently, on the transport, antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of the membranes are investigated.

To support experimental studies in this group, they have developed models to predict membrane formation by dry phase inversion and the combination of dry-wet phase inversion techniques. The primary purpose of these models is to clarify the relation between the membrane preparation conditions and the membrane structure based on both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects considered in the model. Other models developed in this group are for hemodialysis operation and enzyme immobilized membrane reactors. Both models can be used as a first pass for evaluating new designs as well as for controlling and optimizing operating conditions.

Currently, this research group also works on the environmental applications of the membranes through a collaborative project financed by the European Commission. The main objective of this project is to develop a new class of functional low fouling membranes for membrane bioreactor technology with high and constant water flux and high rejection of organic pollutants with low molecular weight.

Inorganic Membranes Group Contact Person: Prof.Dr.Muhsin Çiftçioğlu ([email protected])

Inorganic ceramic membrane research in Chemical Engineering Department of İzmir Institute of Technology started with TÜBİTAK (Scientific and Technical Reseach Organization of Turkey) founding in 1995. Fundamental research on membrane pore structure nanoengineering and design have been conducted in the last fifteen years through the use sol-gel based techniques.

Research heavily was concentrated on the preparation of SiO2 and Al2O3 based microporous selective layers in submicron thicknesses on mesoporous Al2O3 and yttria stabilized ZrO2 disc shaped supports. The effect of various sol-gel parameters on the evolution of the pore structure and its thermal stability was investigated. The

169 effect of the incorporation of colloidal particles on these microstructural properties was also investigated. Pure gas permation properties of the composite membranes were determined. The main focus of the work was on tailoring the pore structure through processing.

The preparation of ZrO2-TiO2 sol-gel derived compact , defect free membranes on similar supports is the important aspect of ceramic membrane research towards the preparation of nanofiltration/ultrafiltration membranes for the separation of organic molecules from aqueous solutions.

2. Sabancı University- Materials Science and Engineering

Contact Person: Assist. Prof. Dr. Selmiye Alkan Gürsel ([email protected])

The scientific team from Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of Sabancı University, Turkey has been performing scientific activities in the field of proton exchange membranes especially as the electrolytes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In addition, these membranes have been employed for the preparation of ionic polymer metal composites. Proton-exchange membranes have been synthesized mainly by radiation grafting or other polymerization methods followed by sulfonation, phosphonation or acid doping in order to introduce membrane functionality. Some of the research works performed were collaborative research projects carried out along with scientists in Switzerland. Type of test facility we have: Proton conductivity measurement system, Ion exchange capacity determination unit, Diffusion measurement unit, Mechanical testing unit, Fuel Cell system, Displacement measurement system

3. Istanbul Technical University – Department of Chemical Engineering

Contact: Prof. Dr. S. Birgül Tantekin-Ersolmaz ([email protected]), Assoc. Prof. M. Göktug Ahunbay ([email protected]), Dr. Cigdem Oral ([email protected] ).

Membrane research at the Chemical Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University dates back to 1993. The main activities include both fundamental and applied research related to fabrication, characterisation and testing of membranes for gas and liquid separations.

One of the main research topics is preparation of polymer and polymer based composite membranes for gas separation and vapour permeation applications, such as separation of CO2 from natural gas and combustion gases, air separation, olefin-paraffin separation, and separation of linear and branched alkanes. This group focuses on synthesis of novel polyimide and copolyimides, plasticization of polyimide membrane materials in separations such as CO2/CH4 and propane/propylene, preparation of mixed-matrix membranes by incorporation of inorganic materials such as zeolites and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) into polymeric matrices, and tailoring of the interfacial region between the polymer and inorganic phases. In each of these topics, the emphasis is on developing an understanding of the structure-performance relationships.

Molecular simulation tools are extensively used to study the structure-performance relationships of polymeric and inorganic membrane materials at the atomistic scale. These studies are intended to support and guide experimental work in this research group.

170 Another important area of interest is molecular simulation of zeolites for the removal and/or remediation of volatile organics in water. We carry out studies to better understand the relationship between the zeolite structure/composition and its separation performance.

Some application and process engineering studies using commercial membranes are also conducted on water purification and waste-water treatment.

4. Suleyman Demirel University - Department of Environmental Engineering

Contact Person: Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kitis ([email protected])

The scientific team from Environmental Engineering Department of SDU, Turkey has been performing scientific activities in the field of water and wastewater treatment by low and high pressure membrane systems. General research interest areas of the SDU group covers, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment and desalination. Also, micropollutant removal by polymeric and ceramic nanofiltration (NF) membranes, surface modification of the ceramic membranes, geothermal and seawater desalination, boron removal techniques in seawater and geothermal water desalination, disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors removal by inorganic membranes, domestic wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactors (MBR), fouling suppression techniques for MBR fouling, precious metal recovery by hybrid membrane systems are the headlines of the membrane based research activities in SDU laboratories. SDU research group collaborates with the well-known international partners from Europe and S. Korea.

Type of test facility: Cross-flow flat sheet membrane (MF, UF, NF, RO) test system (lab scale); spiral wound SWRO and BWRO system for field tests (pilot studies), MF, UF, NF ceramic membrane systems (lab scale), pilot scale MBR, lab scale MBR.

5. Yıldız Technical University – Department of Chemical Engineering

Contact Person: Prof.Dr. Salih DINCER ([email protected]), Asst. Prof. Dr. Yavuz Salt ([email protected])

The scientific team from Chemical Engineering Department of Yildiz Technical University, Turkey has been performing membrane research activities in the field of pervaporation (PV) separation of organic–water and organic–organic mixtures, and esterification reactions in pervaporation membrane reactor (PVMR). Specific research was performed on the pervaporation separation of ethylacetate-water, ethanol-water, ethylacetate- ethanol mixtures using polydimethylsiloxane and polyvinylalcohol membranes, and pervaporation membrane reactor research for the production of esters such as isobutylacetate and butylpropionate. Additional work is being conducted on the preparation of polymeric membranes filled with zeolite particles for selective separations using pervaporation method. Type of test facility: PV system (lab scale) and PVMR system (lab scale).

171 6. Ege University – Department of Chemical Engineering

Contact Person: Prof.Dr.Nalan KABAY ([email protected])

The scientific team from Chemical Engineering Department of Ege University, Turkey has been performing scientific activities in the field of water and wastewater treatment by ion exchange technology and electromembrane processes (ED, EDI) for removal of toxic species (B, NO3, F, heavy metals etc.) from water, demineralization of water, and ultrapure water production from RO permeate. The research team at Ege University recently initiated some research work for desalination using RO process at the seashore and geothermal site. They are currently working on boron removal from seawater and geothermal water using reverse osmosis integrated with sorption-membrane filtration hybrid method. They are also collaborating on preparation of monodisperse small size of polymer particles containing some functional groups for selective separations using sorption-membrane filtration (MF or UF) hybrid method. Some of the research works conducted were collaborative research projects carried out along with well-known scientists in Europe and Japan. They have also started a new project on elimination of endocrine disruptors from water and municipal wastewater by NF, RO and sorption- membrane filtration hybrid processes. Type of test facility we have: ED system, EDI systems, Cross-flow flat sheet membrane test system (lab scale); SWRO and BWRO system for field tests (pilot studies), MF and UF systems (lab scale).

7. Koc University – Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering

Contact Person: Asst. Prof. Seda Keskin ([email protected])

The main objective of this membrane research group is to use computational screening approach to find out the most promising membrane materials among many available materials for gas separation applications and to direct experimental efforts, time and resources to these promising membrane materials. We specifically study new generation nanoporous membrane materials such as metal organic frameworks and zeolite imidazolate frameworks in order to understand if these new membranes which exhibit high gas selectivity can replace polymeric membranes in the future. We also model mixed matrix membranes where inorganic/organic filler particles are embedded into a polymer to enhance the gas permeability and selectivity of polymeric membranes. The separation processes studied in this group are separation of carbon dioxide from methane for natural gas purification, separation of carbon dioxide from nitrogen for flue gas applications, separation of hydrogen from carbon dioxide and methane for hydrogen recovery process in refineries and power plants.

8. Selcuk University- Department of Chemistry

Contact Person: Professor Mustafa Ersoz ([email protected]) The membrane research activities in Selcuk University has been studied over 15 years and the studies are related mainly with application of membrane filtration for metal and contaminated substances removal from aqueous solutions, the studies on ion exchange membranes (electrodilaysis, diffusion dialysis, Donnan dialysis) hybrid processes (membrane filtration with adsorption processes), liquid membrane applications. Various in-house and national and joint international projects are coordinated and finished in the related issues and some required infrastructure is developed. o Structure of organization: Selcuk University, Faculty of Science 172 o Research fundamentals (keywords): Membrane filtration, Donnan dialysis, composite membranes, Liquid membranes, supported liquid membranes o Development processes: UF, NF, RO and hybride systems, Desing of environmental friendly processes o Membrane development: Supported liquid membranes, active and composite membranes, polimeric (inclusion) membranes o Module development: Donnan Dialysis, Supported liquid membranes o Application studies: Metal removal, drinking water, molecular separations, Wastewater, metal separations in solvents o Type of test facility: Equipment for pressure driven membranes (MF, UF, NF, RO) and temperature based liquid filtrations

173 Table 29. Institutions involved in R&D Work on Membrane Processes in Turkey Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application studies Type of test facility organization fundamentals processes development development İzmir Institute of Institute -Membrane -Drug delivery -Bioactive polymeric -Homemade -Controlled release of -Dead end UF unit Technology formation systems membranes circular and bioactive materials -Diffusion cell Chem.Eng.Dept. -Transport -UF -Biocatalytic tubular supports -Barrier properties against -Gas and vapor Gülbahçe mechanisms -Hemodialysis membranes and modules oxygen and water vapor permeation apparatus Kampüsü/İzmir -Basic research - Gas Separation, -Sol-gel based -Protein separation on preparation NF, UF and MF techniques utilized -Antifouling studies and for membrane -Biocatalytic conversion characterization of preparatio and separation ceramic alumina - Gas Separation, NF-UF silica zirconia based separation of titania based organic molecules from membranes solutions

Gazi University, University -Membrane -Fuel Cell -Organic/ inorganic -Proton - Polymer Electrolyte -Solartron 1260 FRA Faculty of preparation Applications nano-composite conductivity Membrane Fuel Cells -Solartron 1287 EI Engineering, -Transport -Pervaporation membranes measurement (PEMFC) -Solartron 1296 Department of mechanism - Mixed matrix (impedance) cell Dielectric Intephase, Chemical -Separation with membranes (MMM) - Direct Methanol Fuel -CH Instrument Engineering membrane Cells (DMFC) Electrochemical Work -Investigation of Station dielectric -Fideris Single Cell properties of Test Station membranes Istanbul Technical University - Membrane - Gas and vapor - Polymer and - CO2 from natural gas - Single and mixed University, formation separation polymer based and combustion gases gas permeation Department of - Transport - UF, NF, RO composite - Air separation - Gas and vapor Chemical mechanisms membranes - Olefin-paraffin sorption Engineering, - Plasticization of - Polyimides separation - Diffusion cell Maslak, Istanbul polymeric - Zeolite and MOF - Separation of linear and - Thermal and 34469 / Turkey membranes membranes branched alkanes. structural - Structure/ - Mixed-matrix - Water purification characterization performance membranes relationships - Membrane - Molecular surface simulation of modification polymeric and inorganic membrane materials

174 Ege University, -Separation, - ED, EDI, RO, - - Seawater Desalination, SWRO & BWRO pilot Department of Water and UF, MF, NF, Geothermal water test units, Chemical Wastewater Sorption- desalination, Boron - ED and EDI test Engineering Treatment, membrane Removal, Ultrapure systems (lab scale); Desalination filtration hybrid water production from cross flow process RO permeate membrane test unit, UF and MF test systems Yildiz Technical University Pervaporation, PV, PVA, PDMS - Ethylacetate-water, Lab-test unit University Membranes, ethanol-water, Pervaporation PVMR ethylacetate-ethanol. Dept. of Chem. Eng. Membrane Zeolite filled Davutpasa Campus Reactor, membranes Isobutylacetate, 34210 Esenler, butylpropionate producing Membrane Istanbul esterification reactions Formation, Chemical and Modeling pharmaceutical industries Sabancı University University Ion exchange by radiation grafting Fuel Cells Proton conductivity measurement system, Proton exchange by radical Ionic Polymer , , polymerization Composites Ion exchange capacity Proton determination unit, conductivity Diffusion Ionic Polymer measurement unit, Metal Composite Mechanical testing unit,

Fuel Cell system,

Displacement measurement system

Suleyman Demirel Universıty Separation, Water Polymeric MF, Seawater desalination, Cross-flow flat sheet University and Wastewater UF, NF, RO, Geothermal water membrane (MF, UF, Treatment, ceramic MF, UF, desalination, Boron NF, RO) (lab scale); Desalination NF and removal, micropollutant spiral wound SWRO UF MBR removal, precious metal and BWRO system for recovery, fouling control field tests (pilot studies), MF, UF, NF ceramic membrane

175 systems (lab scale), pilot and lab scale MBR

Koc University University -Molecular - - - Gas separations - modeling and design of new membrane materials

176

Table 30. Major Suppliers of Membrane Module and Membranes in Turkey Suppliers Type of Activity Area of Activity Membrane Membrane Material Module Type Available Processes Demonstration Plant (DP) and/or industrial plant DOW RO Water & wastewater SWRO & BWRO Film Tech SWRO & BWRO Spiral Wound Small pilot-scale treatment, membranes Polyamide TF desalination GE-Zenon UF Sorption-membrane Sorption-membrane UF hollow fiber membranes Hollow Fiber Module Lab scale filtration hybrid filtration hybrid system system GE-Osmonics RO, NF Membrane test unit RO, NF Film tech, Osmonics membranes Flat sheet Lab scale Millipore MF, UF Pre-Filtration MF, UF Millipore membranes Flat sheet Lab scale Pall MF, UF Pre-Filtration MF, UF PALL membranes Flat sheet Lab scale ASTON ED, EDI Ultrapure water ED, EDI Ion Exchange membranes Flat sheet Lab scale production DuPont EDI Ultrapure water EDI Cation Exchange membranes Flat sheet Lab scale production Zenon UF MBR Fouling UF MBR - Hollow Fiber Lab scale Zenon UF MBR Fouling UF MBR - Hollow Fiber Pilot scale GE-Osmonics MF, UF, NF, RO Desalination, water MF, UF, NF, RO Dismantable/exchangeable Flat sheet Lab scale treatment, hybrid systems Zenon UF MBR Fouling UF MBR - Hollow Fiber Lab scale Zenon UF MBR Fouling UF MBR - Hollow Fiber Pilot scale GE-Osmonics MF, UF, NF, RO Desalination, water MF, UF, NF, RO Dismantable/exchangeable Flat sheet Lab scale treatment, hybrid systems ASPECT-Trumem MF, UF Water & wastewater MF, UF Ferric oxide, alumina/zirconia, Flat sheet Lab scale Membranes treatment chromium(III) oxide HITK-inocermic MF, UF, NF Water & wastewater MF, UF, NF Titania/alumina, titania, Disc Lab scale treatment alumina/zirconia, Media and Process MF, UF, NF Water & wastewater MF, UF, NF Gamma-alumina Tubular Lab scale Technology treatment Westfalia MF, UF, NF Water & wastewater MF, UF, NF Alpha-alumina Tubular Lab scale treatment TAMI Industries UF, NF Water & wastewater UF, NF Zirconia/titania Disc Lab scale treatment TAMI Industries UF, NF Water & wastewater UF, NF Zirconia/titania, titania Tubular Lab scale treatment

177 Membrane activities in UNITED KINGDOM

1. Company mergers and acquisitions

A number of mergers and acquisitions have taken place since the last report; Gelman Sciences Ltd. is now part of Pall corporation, the merger was completed in 1997.

Siemens has expanded its membrane technology portfolio with the acquisition of U. S. Filter in 2004 which had previously acquired NWW Acumen Ltd. Memcor Ltd. was also acquired by Siemens in 2004.

Membrane Extraction Technology Ltd. is now owned by Evonik Industries which continues to produce DuraMem® and PuraMem® organic solvent nanofiltration membranes.

Memtech Ltd. is now owned by Blue Diamond Technologies.

In 2002 Innogy was acquired by RWE Group and is no longer based in the U.K. MBR technology was absorbed by GLV group which controls the MBR and desalination company Ovivo which has an office in the UK.

2. Public sector

Extensive membrane research continues at Imperial College, University of Bath and Newcastle University.

The Membrane Technology Research Group at the University of Edinburgh was conceived in September 2005 and is headed by Prof. Andrea Schäfer. The group has grown and conducts extensive research on water and wastewater treatment using membrane technologies.

178 Table 31. Institutions involved in Membrane R & D in UK

Institution Structure of Research Development Membrane Module Application Type Organization Fundamentals Processes Development Development Studies of Test Facility Imperial College of Science University Ceramic Gas Porous metal Fuel cells.. Fuel cells. Lab Technology and Medicine: processing and separation. oxide Catalytic Hydrogen Dept. of Chemical sintering. Ceramic membranes. membrane production and Engineering, Prof Kang Li, Hollow fibre catalytic Dense ionic reactors. separation. [email protected] spinning. membrane and mixed Gas Oxygen Catalytic gas reactors. ionic and separation. separation. phase reactions. Solid oxide fuel electronic Water and Copolymer cells. conducting wastewater synthesis. metal oxide treatment. Phase inversion membranes. UF, MF. and membrane Dense preparation. palladium membranes. PVDF and PVDF-g- POEM copolymer. Imperial College of Science University Mass transfer NF. Solvent Spiral would NF. Lab Technology and Medicine: and fluid flows. Gas resistant NF modules. Pilot Dept. of Chemical Modelling. separation. polymer NF Engineering, NF. membranes. Prof. A. Livingston, [email protected] University of Cambridge: University Mass transfer. Drug delivery. Lab Dept. of Chemical Fluid flows in Oil recovery. Engineering and porous media. Biotechnology, Prof. L. Gladden, [email protected] Cranfield University: School University Mass Transfer. MBR. Water and Lab of Water Sciences, Prof. T. wastewater Pilot Stephenson, treatment. [email protected] University of Bath: Dept. of University Bioreactor MF, UF, NF Water and Lab chemical engineering, Dr. engineering. and RO wastewater Tom Arnot, Mathematical MBR. treatment. [email protected] modeling. Liquid-liquid Pharmaceutical. Process control. extraction. Membrane emulsification. University of Edinborough: University MF, UF, NF Water and Lab College of Science and and RO. wastewater Pilot Engineering (Membrane treatment. Technology Research Desalination. Group), Prof. A. Schafer, Water [email protected] purification for potable water. Loughborough University: University MF. Mixed matrix Water treatment. Lab Dept. Chemical Engineering, Fouling. zeolite hollow Pilot Prof. R. Wakeman, Ion exchange. fibre. [email protected]

University of Liverpool: Dept. University Ionic liquids. Membrane Ionic liquid Hydrogenation of Lab Of Chemistry, Dr. N. Polymerization reactor. polymer alkenes. Winterton, and membrane. [email protected] hydrogenation reactions. University of Newcastle: University Microbiological Microbial fuel Wastewater Lab School of Chemical systems. cell. treatment. Engineering and Advance Fuel cells. Medical devices. Materials, Prof. K. Scott, Electrochemistry. [email protected] University of Newcastle: University Solid oxide Ceramic CO2 separation. Lab School of Chemical materials. electrochemical Methane Engineering and Advance Catalysis. reactors. oxidation. Materials, Prof. Ian Metcalfe, Electrochemistry. SOFC. [email protected] Oxford University: Dept. of University Tissue culture. MBR. Tissue culture. Lab Engineering Science, Prof. Z. Mass transfer. UF. Stem cell F. Cui, Hydrodynamics. expansion. [email protected] Bioseparation. Wastewater treatment.

180 Biofuel production. Virus filtration. Protein fractionation. University of Surrey: Dept. Of University Polymer and Fuel cells. Composite Fuel cells. Chemistry, Prof. J. N. Hay, polymer membrane [email protected] composite electrode synthesis. assembly. Mechanistic studies of polymer forming reactions. University of Wales at University MF, UF, NF Food. Swansea: Centre for complex modelling. Bioscience. fluids processing, Prof W. R. Environment. Bowen, Pharmaceuticals. [email protected]

Table 32 Companies involved in membranes R & D in UK

Supplier Product made Market Amazon Filters Ltd. Microfiltration membranes. Purified Water Systems. Albany Park Estate Membrane filter housings. Municipal Water . Frimley Road Desalination Systems. Camberley Brewing. Surrey GU16 7PG Wine Production. Soft Drinks, Bottled Water and Food. Biwater Holdings Limited Water, wastewater and desalination Water and wastewater treatment. Biwater House equipment. Desalination. Station Approach Dorking Surrey RH4 1TZ Carlson Filtration Ltd. Microfiltration. Beverages. Butts Mill Cartridges/membrane housings. Lubricants. Barnoldswick Cosmetics. Lancs. BB18 5HP Pharmaceuticals. Chemicals

181 Cuno Europe Polycarbonate, cellulosic, PTFe and glass Food and beverage. 3M United Kingdom plc fibre membranes. Semiconductor and Electronics CUNO Filtration Filtration cartridges and cartridge housings. Applications. 3M Centre Petrochemical/Chemical Processing. Cain Road Oil & Gas Processing. Bracknell Paint & Coating Production and RG12 8HT Applications. Pharmaceuticals. Water filtration (residential and recreational). Domnick Hunter Industrial Division Microfiltration membranes Compressed air treatment. Parker Hannifin ltd Cartridge filters Food and beverages. Dukesway Pharmaceuticals. Team Valley Trading Estate Electronics. Gateshead Tyne & Wear NE11 0PZ Fairey Industrial Ceramic microfiltration membranes and Drinking water. Lymedale Cross modules. Lower Milehouse Lane Newcastle-under-Lyme ST5 9BT Fileder Filter Systems Ltd Membranes and membrane housings. RO and water treatment. St Leonard’s Road Process filtration. 20/20 Maidstone Kent ME16 0LS WL Gore and Assosiates PTFE microfiltration membranes. Electronics. Kirkton South Road Catalytic membranes. Chemical processing. Kirkton Campus Membrane electrode assemblies. Energy applications. Livingston West Lothian EH54 7BT SCOTLAND Stetfield Separators Ltd. Ultrafiltration membranes. Water and wastewater treatment. Parkengue Membrane modules. Dye and paint recovery. Kernick Industrial Estate Dairy. Penryn Pharmaceutical. Cornwall TR10 9EP Koch Membrane systems MBR. Food and life sciences. Units 3-6 MF, UF, NF, RO. Industrial processes. First Floor Tubular and spiral wound membrane Textiles. Greyfriars Business Park modules. Water and wastewater.

182 Frank Foley Way Stafford ST16 2ST Blue Diamond (Rolway Group) Stainless steel housings, fittings and Food, beverage and dairy. School Close components. Pharmaceutical. Chandlers Ford Biotech. Eastleigh Textile. Hampshire SO53 4BY Chemical industries. Millipoer (UK) Ltd. Manufacturers and suppliers of membrane Analytical Laboratories in chemical and Suite 3 & 5 filtration technology at analytical and pharmaceutical industries. Building 6 process levels for water purification. Universities. Croxley Green Business Park Hospitals. Watford Food and beverage. WD18 8YH Agricultural. Electronics. PCI Membranes Tubular UF, NF and RO membranes and Municipal and industrial water and ITT PCI Membranes Ltd membrane modules. wastewater treatment. Jays Close Food and beverages. Viables Estate Basingstoke RG22 4BA Pall Corporation Polymer and ceramic membranes and Pharmaceutical. Europa House membrane modules. Food And beverage. Havant Street MF, UF, RO. Biomedical. Portsmouth Affinity membranes and membrane Water and wastewater treatment. HampshirePO1 3PD systems. Electronic. Automotive. General industry. Porvair Filtration Group Ltd. Microfiltration membranes. Pharmaceuticals. 1 Concorde Close Diffusers. Food and beverage. Segensworth Biosciences and scientific. Fareham Hampshire PO15 5RT Sartorius Stedim UK Limited MF, UF, RO. Biotech. Longmead Business Park Membrane housings. Pharmaceuticals. Blenheim Road Crossflow membrane systems. Laboratory filtration. Epsom Surrey KT19 9QQ Vokes Ltd Microfiltration membranes. Fuel and oil filtration. Killarney Membrane filtration systems. Co Kerry

183 Ireland Kalsep UK Ltd Membranes. Water and wastewater treatment. 2F Albany Park Membrane modules and membrane filtration Food and beverage. Frimley Road systems. Pharmaceutical and cosmetic. Camberley Chemical and process. Surrey GU16 7PL Siemens MF, UF, RO membranes. Water and wastewater treatment. Sir William Siemens Square Membrane modules and filtration systems. Frimley Camberley Surrey GU16 8QD Derwent Ceramic and polymer MF, UF, NF and RO Food and beverage. Ashfield avenue membranes and membrane filtration Pharmaceutical. Cotes Park West Industrial Estate systems. Electronics. Somercotes Tubular and spiral wound modules. Derbs. DE55 4QR Esmil MF, UF, NF and RO membrane filtration Industrial effluent. The Loft systems. Process water. 30 Abbey Barn Road Water treatment. High Wycombe Oily water treatment. Bucks HP11 1RW Kurion Ceramic (alumina, zirconia and titania) MF Process water purification. 43 Brunel Close, and UF membranes and membrane filtration Oil/water separation. Drayton Fields Industrial Estate systems. Recycling of e-coat baths. Daventry Tubular and multi-channel tubular Northamptonshire membrane elements and modules. NN11 8RB Wehrle Environmental MBR, UF, NF and RO membrane filtration Food, beverage and dairy. Office A6 systems. Industrial wastewater. Spinners Court Pharmaceutical. Witney Chemical. Oxfordshire OX28 1NH Ovivo UK Ltd MBR and desalination membranes and Water and wastewater treatment. (formely Eimco Water Technologies membrane filtration systems. (Municipal) Ltd) Cornwallis Road West Bromwich West Midlands B70 7JF

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