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Stratigraphy and Architecture of Shallow-Marine Strata on an Active Margin, Lower Nanaimo Group, Vancouver Island, BC

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Stratigraphy and Architecture of Shallow-Marine Strata on an Active Margin, Lower Nanaimo Group, Vancouver Island, BC Stratigraphy and architecture of shallow-marine strata on an active margin, lower Nanaimo Group, Vancouver Island, BC by Macy Taylor Jones B.Sc., Colorado School of Mines, 2013 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science Macy Taylor Jones 2016 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2016 Approval Name: Macy Taylor Jones Degree: Master of Science Title: Stratigraphy and architecture of shallow-marine strata on an active margin, lower Nanaimo Group, Vancouver Island, BC Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Gwenn Flowers Associate Professor Dr. Shahin E. Dashtgard Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Dr. James A. MacEachern Supervisor Professor Dr. Stephen M. Hubbard External Examiner Associate Professor Date Defended: August 10, 2016 ii Abstract An outcrop-based study of the Late Cretaceous Lower Nanaimo Group in the Nanaimo Basin was conducted to assess depositional architectures in a forearc basin and refine its stratigraphic relationships. Unlike foreland basins and on passive margins, transgressive shoreline successions are commonly observed in the Nanaimo Basin and developed in response to tectonically induced base-level changes and high sedimentation rates. Through a comparison of my results to previously studied transgressive succession and process-response relationships, a conceptual model is developed for predicting transgressive shallow-marine shoreline architectures in sedimentary basins. From a stratigraphic perspective, analysis of key measured sections shows that lower Nanaimo Group strata represent four facies associations: FA1, FA2, FA3, and FA4. The existing lithostratigraphic framework does not consider these depositional architectures, and this work demonstrates that a sequence stratigraphic framework is needed for the lower Nanaimo Group. Keywords: Shoreface; transgression; forearc basins; transgressive lags; sediment supply; seismites iii Quotation “Once we accept our limits, we go beyond them.” – Albert Einstein iv Dedication This thesis is dedicated to four beloved people who have meant and continue to mean so much to me. First, to my parents Mark and Melissa Jones whose love and support for me know no boundaries. They raised me to believe that with hard work, a positive attitude, and a kind heart I could achieve anything I set my mind too. All that I am or hope to be I owe to them. They truly have been at the root of every blessing in my life. Lastly, I am dedicating this thesis in loving memory of my Papa and Nana, Jake and Bobbie Foreman. Thank you for your unconditional love and encouragement in all my life’s endeavors. May you rest in peace and continue to be with me in spirit. v Acknowledgements A thesis is never an individual accomplishment. I have been blessed with many people who have supported me along the way and I would like to take the time to address them. Behind every student is an even better mentor who encourages, critiques, and pushes the student to become the best they can be. For me this mentor is Dr. Shahin Dashtgard. I am not sure Shahin knew what he was getting himself into when he wrote a letter for my graduate school application, but I am forever grateful he decided to take a chance on me. Shahin provided endless guidance, support, enthusiasm, seemingly infinite research ideas, and patience during my time at SFU. His enthusiasm and passion for pushing boundaries and advancing the field is contagious and encouraged me to be the best I can be. Shahin challenged me everyday and spent extensive time helping me improve my presentation and writing skills as well as teaching me how to develop ideas and express those ideas in writing. I want to thank him for always having my back, believing in me, and giving me the chance to grow as a researcher, writer, and geologist. I owe so much of this extraordinary experience and opportunity to him. Thank you Dr. Dash for everything! I would like to extend a huge thank you to Dr. James MacEachern for serving as a committee member as well as contributing to this work. James has an unbelievable knowledgebase for sedimentology, stratigraphy, ichnology, and the English language, and being able to collaborate and take courses taught by him was vital to my development as a young geologist. His encouragement, especially the early morning pep talks, was appreciated. Thank you James for your contributions and putting up with my English slang! Field work would not have been the same without the one and only Carly Smythe as a field assistant. Her enthusiasm, sense of humour, problem solving skills, and geologic skill set made field work such an enjoyable experience. Not many people can calmly talk someone down a cliff, survive in the Pacific Ocean without a compass, and traverse across rocks that are slicker than snot. Field work was full of adventure and I would not have wanted anyone else by my side. I will cherish all the memories shared as well as the countless cups of coffee drank. Thank you for all your help and your friendship, Carly! vi Special thanks to Dr. Stephen Hubbard for being the external examiner for this study and providing insight to improve the overall quality of this thesis. I would also like to thank the students and faculty of the Department of Earth Sciences, especially, Glenda Pauls, Tarja Vaisanen, Bonnie Karhukangas, Matt Plotnikoff, Rodney Arnold, and Renee Russo. Thanks to all the ARISE group members that I had the pleasure to work with that include Chloe Chateau, President Sarah Schultz, Morufu Basiru, Kristyn Smith, Amy Hsieh, Oliver Friesen, Andrew La Croix, Sean Borchert, Miranda Walters, Braden Connal, Lucian Rinke- Hardekopf, Orlando Vera, Jonathon Broadbent, Cheryl Hodgson, Thomas Jean, and Zennon Weleschuk. In addition, thank you to Zen, Braden, and Gleb, who provided assistance in the field and with processing samples. Thanks to Mike Ranger for permission to use AppleCore®. Heartfelt thanks to Cindy Hansen, who made TAing such a wonderful experience and served as a great role model for a young scientist! Her enthusiasm and love for teaching is contagious and I owe part of my positive experience in the SFU Earth Science’s Department to her. Heartfelt thanks to Barry and Debbie who opened up their home and made Carly and I feel like we were part of the family. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the people of Vancouver Island who I had the pleasure of meeting for their generosity, kindness, and help. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their love and support. Specifically, Ashley, Kelley, Bradley, and Agnes who provided encouragement, pep talks, humour, and friendship throughout my study. vii Table of Contents Approval .......................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii Quotation ....................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ....................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... x List of Figures................................................................................................................. xi Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Geological Setting .................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Regional Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments ........................................... 7 1.2.1. Comox Formation ...................................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Haslam Formation ..................................................................................... 9 1.2.3. Extension Formation .................................................................................. 9 1.2.4. Pender Formation .................................................................................... 10 1.2.5. Protection Formation ............................................................................... 12 1.3. Study Area, Dataset, and Methodology ................................................................ 12 1.4. Thesis layout ........................................................................................................ 14 1.5. References ........................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2. Facies and facies associations of key measured sections ................ 18 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2. Comox Formation ................................................................................................. 30 2.2.1. Ruckle Park Section ................................................................................ 30 2.2.2. Interpretation of the Ruckle Park Section ................................................
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