DOCSLIB.ORG

Breeding, Genetics and Models

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Breeding, Genetics and Models 2 BREEDING, GENETICS AND MODELS The classic triangle of U (1935) (Fig. 1.2) shows the inter-relationships of brassicas based on their chromosome numbers and 2n genome descriptors. These species can be inter-crossed using embryo rescue, fusion and other methods. In addition, massive opportunities are emerging from studies of model brassicas such as thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Wisconsin Fast PlantsTM that identify genes and their products which can be applied in crop species. Further, some breeders are now working with the less well known species in Brassicaceae, such a Brassica carinata, to extract valuable genes for resistance to pathogens, pests and other economic characters. The Brassicaceae is one of the most flexible plant families in terms of interspecifc and intergenomic crosses. Rapid progress is being made in our understanding of their component genes, genomic interactions, protein products and resultant phenotypic characteristics, leading eventually to even wider and more diverse crosses. Concurrently, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and linkage maps are being made for most of the major species, and these have shown many common chromosome linkage groups occurring across these species. This is encouraging the research into the potential of single gene transfer into economic crops from the model types. GENOMIC CHARACTERS AND TAXONOMY The following six Brassica species, plus Raphanus sativus, radish 2n = 18, have been inter-crossed, with varying levels of difficulty requiring embryo culture or fusion to obtain hybrids: Brassica nigra Koch, black mustard, 2n = 16; Brassica carinata Braun, Ethiopian mustard, 2n = 34; Brassica juncea L. Coss, brown mustard, 2n = 36; Brassica napus, swede or rutabaga, rape or oilseed rape (canola) 2n = 38; Brassica rapa, turnip and Chinese cabbage, 2n = 20; and Brassica oleracea, cole crops, 2n = 18. Table 2.1 shows the cytoplasmic and genomic descriptors for these species. © G.R. Dixon 2007. Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers (G.R. Dixon) 35 36 Chapter 2 Table 2.1. Designation of cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes of Brassica and Raphanus species. Subspecies or Species variety Cytoplasm 2n genome Common name B. nigra B Bb Black mustard B. oleracea C Cc Cole vegetables B. rapa A Aa Chinensis aa.c Pak Choi Nipposinica aa.n Mizuna Oleifera aa.o Turnip rape Parachinensis aa.pa Caisin (choy sum) Pekinensis aa.p Chinese cabbage, petsai Rapifera aa.r Vegetable turnip Trilocularis aa.t Sarsons B. carinata BC Bbcc Ethiopian mustard B. juncea AB Aabb Vegetable mustard B. napus AC Aacc Fodder rape, oilseed rape (canola), swede R. sativus R Rr Vegetable radish, daikon After Williams and Heyn (1980); these authors suggested using the single upper case letter representing the genome descriptor to designate the cytoplasm in which the nuclear genes are functioning. Hybridization between the seven species in Table 2.1 is easier than to the other cruciferous species. It can still be a difficult and frustrating task, however, to obtain true-breeding new lines with the desired attribute irrespective of whether the species is a diploid or allopolyploid as with B. carinata, B. juncea and B. napus. Using fusion rather than classical hybridization with embryo rescue has improved the chances of success. FLORAL BIOLOGY AS RELATED TO CONTROLLED POLLINATION The flower (Fig. 2.1) differentiates by the successive development of four sepals, six stamens, two carpels and four petals. The carpels form a superior ovary with a ‘false’ septum and two rows of campylotropous ovules. The nucellar tissue is largely displaced by the embryo sac and, when the buds open, the ovules mainly consist of the two integuments and the ripe embryo sac. The buds open under pressure from the rapidly growing petals. Opening starts in the afternoon, and usually the flowers become fully expanding during the following morning. The bright yellow petals grow to 10–25 mm long and 6–10 mm wide. The sepals are erect. Pollination of the flowers is by insects, particularly bees, which collect pollen and nectar. Breeding, Genetics and Models 37 Fig. 2.1. Generalized structure of the flower and half-flower of Brassica (M.H. Dickson). Nectar is secreted by four nectaries situated between bases of the short stamens and the ovary. The flowers are borne in racemes on the main stem and its axillary branches. The inflorescences may attain lengths of 1–2 m. The slender pedicels are 15–20 mm long. After fertilization, the endosperm develops rapidly, while embryo growth does not start for some days. The embryo is generally still small 2 weeks after pollination, and at this stage embryo rescue can be first attempted. The embryo fills most of the seed coat after 3–5 weeks, by which time the endosperm has been almost completely absorbed. Nutrient reserves for germination are stored in the cotyledons, which are folded together with the embryo radicle lying between them. The fruits of cole crops are glabrous siliquae (pods) (Fig. 2.2), 4–5 mm wide and 40–100 mm long, with two rows of seeds lying along the edges of the replus. One silique contains 10–30 seeds. Three to 4 weeks after the opening of a flower, the silique reaches its full length and diameter. When it is ripe, the two valves dehisce. Separation begins at the attached base and works towards the unattached distal end, leaving the seeds attached to the placentas. Physical force ultimately separates the seeds, usually by the pushing of the dehisced siliquae against other plant parts either by wind or in threshing operations. MICROPROPAGATION Microspore-derived embryogenesis was first completed successfully on broccoli by Keller et al. (1975) from isolated anthers. Now embryogenesis of microspores is quite routine in most large-scale crucifer breeding programmes. There are still differences between sources of microspores which affect the number of embryos that are regenerated per anther, but the system is now well developed, and >1000 per bud can be produced. The size of the 38 Chapter 2 Fig. 2.2. Generalized structure of the dry fruit of Brassica (M.H. Dickson). bud and the environment in which the parent plant has been grown make a considerable difference to success in production of embryos. The breeder must ensure that the numbers of regenerates saved does not become larger than can be handled during evaluation. In most cases, a high percentage of the embryos will be haploid and will double spontaneously providing homozygous plants, saving the necessity of working through several generations of inbreeding. Embryogenesis is an expensive procedure, but the time saved in obtaining homozygous lines compared with using four generations of single seed descent for conventional inbreeding can be well worthwhile. GENOMICS AND MAPPING Crucifers enjoy a pivotal role in developing our understanding of plant genomics and mapping, mainly through the extensive study of Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). Arabidopsis has a simple five-chromosome genome with minimal levels of duplication, making it an ideal candidate for the first plant genome project, and a model plant for research, as discussed later in this chapter. This work is of special interest to those working with the Brassica crop species, since they share at least 87% coding sequence conservation with Arabidopsis. Breeding, Genetics and Models 39 Molecular markers have been utilized in several Brassica species (particularly B. oleracea, B. napus and B. rapa), and simple maps have been created using isozyme, RFLP and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers (Quiros, 1999). The developments in the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases have subsequently displaced these efforts with more powerful tools for the mapping and understanding of Brassica genomes. The uses of comparative genomics have recently accelerated, providing both comparative maps and consensus genetic markers between the species based on ESTs (Brunel et al., 1999; Lan et al., 2000). The research from Arabidopsis is being used to study the functioning of important genes involved in the horticulture and agronomy of Brassica crop species, including the genes responsible for head formation in cauliflower and broccoli (Lan and Paterson, 2000). While current efforts are complicated by loci duplication within the Brassica crop species (as even the diploid Brassica species are derived from smaller ancestral genomes that are thought to be partial amphidiploids), the research should clarify much of the underlying cytogenetics of Brassica genomes (Cavell et al., 1998). Genomic research is currently focused on several Brassica species, which will demonstrate the lateral use of genomics from Arabidopsis in commercially important crop plants such as oilseed rape (canola), mustard and the vegetable crops. These research foci result in the rapid development of molecular tools that can be utilized by breeders in improving germplasm and cultivars. CALLUS CULTURE, FUSION AND TRANSFORMATION Tissue culture techniques have been applied to several B. oleracea vegetables, either for clonal propagation or for development of novel and sometimes improved plant types. Plants have been regenerated from diverse multicellular explants, including: immature embryos; seedling parts such as hypocotyls or cotyledons; stem pieces; leaves; roots; and floral tissues such as flowering stalks or caulilfower curds. Plants can be recovered from single wall-free protoplasts, usually isolated from leaves or hypocotyls of plantlets grown in vitro. Strong genotype specificity is usually noted in studies comparing regeneration from various lines of a given vegetable, with some performing very well and others showing little or no response. This is particularly true in the case of protoplasts. Plant regeneration from somatic tissues makes it possible to maintain populations that fail to produce seeds and are difficult to propagate using standard methods. Embryo culture has been utilized to recover progeny from interspecific hybrids produced either by sexual crosses (e.g. B. napus ϫ B. oleracea) or by protoplast fusion. 40 Chapter 2 Several vegetable lines with new combinations of nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes have been created by protoplast fusion.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SMOKY ROMESCO CAULIFLOWER Kale with Red Peppers, Dried Apricots & Feta, Roasted Potatoes
    SMOKY ROMESCO CAULIFLOWER Kale with red peppers, dried apricots & feta, roasted potatoes COOK TIME SERVINGS CALORIES PER SERVING MENU 35 MIN 2 680 GLUTEN-FREE We love the smoky, tangy complexity of Spanish INGREDIENTS (11 ITEMS) WHAT YOU’LL NEED romesco sauce — a versatile condiment 1 oz Dried apricots medium & large sauté pans typically made with roasted red peppers, nuts, 9 ½ oz Red potatoes 2 baking sheets and vinegar. Inspired by the bold flavors of that 9 ¾ oz Cauliflower mixing bowls classic sauce, we seasoned roasted cauliflower ½ oz Hazelnuts T measuring cup & spoons florets with sweet and smoky paprika, 4 ¼ oz Green kale oven mitt then finished them in a vibrant red pepper ¼ oz Chives cooking oil vinaigrette. Sautéed kale (strewn with roasted 1 tsp Smoky Spanish-style seasoning salt & pepper peppers, dried apricots, and hazelnuts) forms 1 ¼ tsp Sweet & smoky paprika a nourishing base for the dish, while tender 1 oz Roasted red peppers ALLERGENS roasted potatoes make a savory side. 2 oz Feta cheese M T TREE NUTS (hazelnuts) 2 oz Roasted red pepper M MILK cider vinaigrette KING O FO O R C If you ordered the 4-serving version of this meal, 4 refer to the guidelines in Step 1. Certified gluten-free by the Gluten Intolerance Group’s Gluten-Free Safe Spot Program. GREEN CHEF IS PROUD to be a USDA Certified Organic company. Wash and dry fresh produce. Go to greenchef.com/faq for safe cooking guidelines and to learn more about food allergens. All produce and eggs are organic unless otherwise labeled. Questions? Contact us at (888) 236-7295.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetables Discover Our Varieties 2 3
    VEGETABLES DISCOVER OUR VARIETIES 2 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................4-5 MEET THE TEAM .........................................................................6-7 CLUBROOT SOLUTIONS ............................................................8-9 BROCCOLI ..............................................................................10-13 BRUSSELS SPROUTS .............................................................14-19 CABBAGE ...............................................................................20-27 CAULIFLOWER .......................................................................28-37 COURGETTE ...........................................................................38-41 WHOLEHEAD LETTUCE ..........................................................42-47 BABYLEAF ..............................................................................48-53 ENDIVE ...................................................................................54-55 ROOTS & BULBS ....................................................................56-59 LEVELS OF RESISITANCE ............................................................ 60 TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................... 61 4 INTRODUCTION In 2017, Syngenta celebrated 150 years as leading pioneers of vegetable seed breeding, with the commemoration of the creation of Sluis & Groot (S&G) by two Dutch farmers from Andijk in the Netherlands, in July 1867. From those origins as cabbage seed exporters,
    [Show full text]
  • Brassica Species and Implications for Vegetable Crucifer Seed Crops of Growing Oilseed Brassicas in the Willamette Valley
    Special Report 1064 January 2006 S 105 .E55 no. 1064 Jan 2006 Copy 2 Uutcros sing Potential for Brassica Species and Implications for Vegetable Crucifer Seed Crops of Growing Oilseed Brassicas in the Willamette Valley DOES NOT CIRCULATE Oregon State University Received on: 06-28-06 Oregon State I Extension Special report UNIVERSITY Service t1t41 I yt!r_.4.3 a Oregon State University Extension Service Special Report 1064 January 2006 Outcrossing Potential for Brassica Species and Implications for Vegetable Crucifer Seed Crops of Growing Oilseed Brassicas in the Willamette Valley James R. Myers Oregon State University Outcrossing Potential for Brassica Species and Implications for Vegetable Crucifer Seed Crops of Growing Oilseed Brassicas in the Willamette Valley James R. Myers Summary The oilseed mustards known as canola or rapeseed (Brassica napus and B. rapa) are the same species as some vegetable crucifers and are so closely related to others that interspecific and intergeneric crossing can occur. Intraspecific crosses (within the same species) readily occur among the following: • B. napus canola with rutabaga and Siberian kale • B. rapa canola with Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard, pai-tsai, broccoli raab, and turnip Interspecific crosses (between different species) can occur among the following: • Occur readily: B. napus canola with Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard, pai-tsai, broccoli raab, and turnip • Occur more rarely: B. napus or B. rapa canola with the B. oleracea cole crops (cabbage, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, collards, and kale) Intergeneric crosses (between species of different genera) are possible with varying degrees of probability: • B. napus or B. rapa canola with wild and cultivated radish (Raphanus raphanis- trum and R.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Genome Sequence of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Botrytis)
    Sun et al. Horticulture Research (2019) 6:82 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0164-0 www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access Draft genome sequence of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis)provides new insights into the C genome in Brassica species Deling Sun1, Chunguo Wang 2, Xiaoli Zhang3, Wenlin Zhang4,HanminJiang3,XingweiYao3, Lili Liu3, Zhenghua Wen3,GuobaoNiu3 and Xiaozheng Shan3 Abstract Cauliflower is an important variety of Brassica oleracea and is planted worldwide. Here, the high-quality genome sequence of cauliflower was reported. The assembled cauliflower genome was 584.60 Mb in size, with a contig N50 of 2.11 Mb, and contained 47,772 genes; 56.65% of the genome was composed of repetitive sequences. Among these sequences, long terminal repeats (LTRs) were the most abundant (32.71% of the genome), followed by transposable elements (TEs) (12.62%). Comparative genomic analysis confirmed that after an ancient paleohexaploidy (γ) event, cauliflower underwent two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events shared with Arabidopsis and an additional whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared with other Brassica species. The present cultivated cauliflower diverged from the ancestral B. oleracea species ~3.0 million years ago (Mya). The speciation of cauliflower (~2.0 Mya) was later than that of B. oleracea L. var. capitata (approximately 2.6 Mya) and other Brassica species (over 2.0 Mya). Chromosome 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; no. 03 of cauliflower shared the most syntenic blocks with the A, B, and C genomes of Brassica species and its eight other chromosomes, implying that chromosome no. 03 might be the most ancient one in the cauliflower genome, which was consistent with the chromosome being inherited from the common ancestor of Brassica species.
    [Show full text]
  • Brassica Assortment
    open field crops Brassica assortment Broccoli Cauliflower, white summer autumn winter spring Variety name Product description Market information Consumer/processing traits Growing period Broccoli Agassi RZ Smooth, dense & high-domed N main curd, 300 - 350 g Larsson RZ Uniform Nice dark and round head N N up to 400 g Good shape and colour S Heavy deep dome Robredo RZ Good dome shape, nice florets Good post-harvest shelf life Mainly for fresh market S S Dark green Easy to clean 400 - 700 g Vicario RZ Uniform Nice dark and round head N N up to 400 g Good shape and colour S Heavy deep dome Cauliflower, white Adelanto RZ Beautiful white head High percentage class I For fresh market N Good self cover Very nice presentation Arienzo RZ Very white, bit flat curd Vigorous, self-covering and has N very upright, broad leaves. Casper RZ Very smooth, white and dense Very stable curd quality under For both fresh and industry N N N head variable climate conditions markets Strong self cover Good presentation Nice rounded florets for industry Low wastage Castellum RZ Very white curd Very white and dense curd S S S Chambord RZ Heavy curds Very stable summer curd For fresh market N N N Very good harvest planning Adapted to warm conditions in moderate climate zones Dexter RZ Nice curd with good For both fresh and industry N N N presentation markets Very strong self cover Very uniform harvest Very nice product as mini Divita RZ Nice dense curds For fresh market N Good self cover Very nice presentation Magister RZ Uniform Dense S N 1 - 1.5 kg Deep and round
    [Show full text]
  • Cole Crops, Cabbage
    Olericulture – Hort 320 Lesson 21, Cole Crops, Cabbage Jeremy S. Cowan WSU Spokane County Extension 222 N. Havana St. Spokane, WA 99202 Phone: 509-477-2145 Fax: 509-477-2087 Email: [email protected] Mustard Crops Origin and Domestication Wild relatives include mustards, kales, and other non- heading cabbages Center of origin – species dependent; southern Europe, Mediterranean region, Asia, Africa Many crops still resemble the their respective wild types Brassica Crops Family – Brassicaceae (commercially important) B. nigra – black mustard B. oleracea – (cole crops) cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussel sprouts, kohlrabi B. rapa – turnip, Chinese mustard, turnip rape, broccoli raab, Chinese cabbage B. carinata – Abyssinian mustard B. juncea – various forms of mustard B. napus – rutabaga, Siberian kale, oil rape, canola (Brassica nigra) Black mustard The traditional source of seeds used for making condiment mustards (Brassica oleracea) Most widely grown group. Includes what we call the Cole Crops (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, etc) (Brassica rapa) Includes many important Asian crops, including Pak Choi and mizuna. Also the source of turnips. Chinese mustard Tat-soi Used as a potherb (Brassica carinata) Abyssinian mustard Grown in limited areas of East Africa. Used as a potherb and for industrial seed oil (glucosinolates). Drought tolerant. (Brassica juncea) Edible mustards Widely used in Asia. Wide range of heading and leafy types. Used as potherbs and vegetable greens. (Brassica napus) Includes rutabaga,
    [Show full text]
  • Beets Brussels Sprouts Asparagus Cauliflower Chickpeas Apples
    On average, children and adults should aim to consume 4½ to FN1955 5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily, but most people fall short Apples Beets FRESH – Enjoy apples fresh. BOIL – Boil beets with the skin on for approximately of that goal. All forms of fruits and vegetables, including canned, BOIL – Chop apples and cook in water for 30 to 45 minutes or until tender. Eat by themselves fresh, frozen and dried, count toward the recommendation. From 10 minutes. Drain water, then make or in a salad, or add to smoothies for a beautiful color. fresh to grilled to roasted, try some different ways to enjoy fruits A Pocket Guide applesauce or mix with honey, cinnamon ROAST – Peel and cut the beets into ½- to ¾-inch and vegetables. and butter for a sweet side dish or dessert. wedges. Drizzle with olive oil and season with This pocket guide provides creative ideas for using fruits and to Preparing GRILL – Slice apples into ¼-inch slices and salt and pepper. Roast in the vegetables as part of nutritious meals and snacks. Be sure to brush with butter. Place on a grill and cook until oven for 25 to 30 minutes wash your hands with warm, soapy water before and after grill marks appear. Remove and top with cinnamon or honey. at 400 F. preparing food. Rinse fresh fruits and vegetables, even those you DRIED – Slice apples horizontally into c-inch-thick rounds. Soak apples peel, under running tap water. in lemon water for 30 minutes, then pat dry. Arrange apples in a single ■ See www.ag.ndsu.edu/fieldtofork for webinars, fact sheets layer on baking sheets.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans — Page I 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans — I Chapter 2
    DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS 2015-2020 EIGHTH EDITION DietaryGuidelines.gov This publication may be viewed and downloaded from the Internet at DietaryGuidelines.gov. Suggested citation: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition. December 2015. Available at http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability, age, sex and in some cases religion, in health and human service programs administered or funded by HHS. The HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR) enforces the civil rights laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination in HHS administered and funded programs. To learn more about the civil rights obligations of recipients of federal financial assistance, visit OCR’s OCR Information for Providers web page (http://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-providers/index.html). If you believe that you (or someone else) have been discriminated against in programs or activities that HHS directly operates or to which HHS provides federal financial assistance, you may file a civil rights complaint with OCR. Complaints can be filed in writing by mail, fax, e-mail using the Civil Rights Discrimination Complaint Form Package, or via the OCR Complaint Portal (https://ocrportal.hhs.gov/ocr/smartscreen/main.jsf). Additional information and assistance can be obtained by visiting the OCR website or by calling the Customer Response Center: (800) 368-1019; TDD: (800) 537-7697. Language assistance services for OCR matters are available and provided free of charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins and Diversity of Brassica and Its Relatives
    1 ORIGINS AND DIVERSITY OF BRASSICA AND ITS RELATIVES Understanding the brassica1 vegetables involves a fascinating, biological journey through evolutionary time, witnessing wild plant populations interbreeding and forming stable hybrids. Mankind took both the wild parents and their hybrid progeny, refined them by selection and further combination, and produced over biblical time crops that are, together with the cereals, the mainstay of world food supplies. Genetic diversity and flexibility are characteristic features of all members of the family Brassicaceae (previously the Cruciferae). Possibly, these traits encouraged their domestication by Neolithic man. Records show that the Ancient Greeks, Romans, Indians and Chinese all valued and used them greatly. The etymology of Brassica has been contested since Herman Boerhaave suggested in 1727 that it might come from the Greek ␣πo␶o␷␤␳␣␰⑀␫-␷, Latin vorare (‘to devour’) (Henslow, 1908). An alternative derivation from Bresic or Bresych, the Celtic name for cabbage, was suggested by Hegi (1919). This is a contraction of praesecare (‘to cut off early’), since the leaves were harvested for autumn and early winter food and fodder. Another suggested origin is from the Greek ␤-␳␣o␴⑀␫␷, crackle, coming from the sound made when the leaves are detached from the stem (Gates, 1953). A further suggestion is a Latin derivation from ‘to cut off the head’ and was first recorded in a comedy of Plautus in the 3rd century BC. Aristotle (384–322 BC), Theophrastus (371–286 BC), Cato (234–149 BC), Columella (1st century AD) and Pliny (23–79 AD) all mention the importance of brassicas. Further eastwards, the ancient Sanskrit literature Upanishads and Brahamanas, originating around 1500 BC, mention brassicas, and the Chinese Shih Ching, possibly edited by Confucius (551–479 BC), refers to the turnip (Keng, 1974; Prakash and Hinata, 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • How to Grow Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea) How to Save Cauliflower
    How to Grow Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) Cauliflower belongs to the species Brassica oleracea, which also includes broccoli, kale, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage. Like other Brassica crops, cauliflower requires a generous amount of space in the garden to grow, especially in its second year of growth. Time of Planting: Figuring out the best time to start cauliflower plants can be challenging. Plants prefer consistent, cool weather (60 degrees F is ideal) and will not produce a full head if temperatures are too high. Days to maturity can also vary greatly from 55-100 days. Cauliflower plants are regularly started in flats and subsequently transplanted to the garden. Start seedlings indoors at least 4-6 weeks before your expected transplant date. Spacing Requirements: Sow cauliflower seeds ¼ inch deep. Space cauliflower 24 inches apart in the garden. Time to Germination: 3-10 days Special Considerations: Northern gardeners may transplant seedlings to the garden in the early spring after danger of hard frost has passed, or try a late summer planting for a fall harvest. Southern gardeners will find success growing plants anytime in the fall and winter when hard frost can be avoided and temperatures are consistently cool. Common Pests and Diseases (and how to manage): Cabbage butterfly, cabbage looper, and flea beetles are common garden pests for cauliflower. Cauliflower can also suffer from downy mildew, black rot, and several other diseases. Cauliflower, like broccoli and other Brassica crops, can be protected with row cover to prevent early damage from pests such as flea beetles. Harvest (when and how): Cut cauliflower heads from the plant when they are large and firm.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Different Varieties of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var
    ISSN: 2641-6379 DOI: 10.33552/WJASS.2019.03.000568 World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science Research Article Copyright © All rights are reserved by RK Shrestha Performance of Different Varieties of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis) Under Different Levels of Phosphorus Application in Pot Culture at Lamjung, Nepal TR Paudel1, RK Shrestha1,2* and A Khanal1 1Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus, Nepal 2College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China *Corresponding author: RK Shrestha, College of Resource and Environment, Southwest Received Date: October 21, 2019 University, Chongqing, China. Published Date: October 29, 2019 Abstract The objective of the current review is to review and identify the research gap on the effect of different growth media on rooting percentage, roots and shoot growth performance of grape cutting. Factors affecting rooting of grape cuttings can be internal or external factors. Internal factors affecting rooting of cuttings include the amount of stored food in cuttings, the age and maturity of tissue, the formation of callus and adventitious roots and the presence of leaves and buds on cuttings. The external factors include rooting media, chemical and hormone treatments, light, temperature, mechanical treatment and mist spray. Rooting media is one of the most important factors for rooted cutting production especially in grape. It is holdingone of the difference. factors affecting The suitability rooting of and the growthrooting ofmedium grape cuttings.depends Typeson the ofspecies, media type have of significantly cuttings, growing influenced conditions, the rooting season and of vegetativethe year and growth the cost of effectivenesscuttings. Different of the planting medium media components.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Gardening Suggested Planting Schedule Sources: And
    Florida Gardening Suggested Planting Schedule Sources: http://www.earthboxstore.com/schedule.asp and http://solutionsforyourlife.ufl.edu/lawn_and_garden/calendar/ January February March Beets, Broccoli, Cabbage, Carrots, Beans, Beets, Cantaloupe, Carrots, Beans, Cantaloupes, Corn, Cauliflower, Celery, Chinese Collards, Corn, Eggplant, Kohlrabi, Cucumber, Lima Beans, Mustard, Cabbage, Collards, Endive, Mustard, Onion, Okra, Peas, Onions, Peppers, Radish, Squash, Escarole, Kale, Kohlrabi, Leek, Peppers, Radish, Squash, Tomatoes, Tomatoes. Lettuce, Mustard, Onion, Peas, Turnips. IFAS says: Warm season crops, Radish, Spinach, Turnips. IFAS says: Begin planting warm such as sweet corn, cucumber, IFAS says: Continue planting cool season crops this month. Sweet watermelon, and pepper, should be season crops including beet, potato, cantaloupe, eggplant and planted now for late spring harvest. cabbage, turnip, lettuce, and squash can be started while broccoli. temperatures are cool. April May June Bush Beans, Pole Beans, Caladiums, Squash, Melons, Annual Vines, Lima Beans, Mustard, Okra, Peas. Bedding Flowers, Caladium, Okra, IFAS says: Plant tropical vegetables Sweet potato. IFAS says: Continue planting such as boniato and chayote this warm-season vegetables such as IFAS says: Southern favorites to month. eggplant, southern pea, bush bean, plant now are okra, southern pea, sweet potato, and summer squash. and sweet potato. Watch irrigation if the weather is dry. July August September Cantaloupes, Collards, Eggplant, Beans Broccoli, Cabbage, Lima Beans, Okra, Peas, Peppers, Cantaloupes, Collards, Cucumber, IFAS says: Start seeds now to Pole Beans, Sweet Corn, Tomatoes. Eggplant, Endive, Escarole, Kale, transplant later into the fall Lettuce, Mustard, Okra, Onions, vegetable garden. IFAS says: Many cool-season Parsley, Squash. crops, such as bean and collards, can be started now, including a final IFAS says: Prepare the fall crop of warm-season vegetables vegetable garden.
    [Show full text]