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J. Patrick Higgins* ACTA UNIVERSITATIS LODZIENSIS FOLIA IURIDICA 91, 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6069.91.03 J. Patrick Higgins* https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-2614 MORE IN COMMON (LAW) THAN ORIGINALLY THOUGHT? A THEORETICAL FIRST COMPARISON OF THE MAGNA CARTA AND THE KSIĘGA ELBLĄSKA Abstract. Medieval legal scholars generally do not compare the Polish and English legal systems, though in the 13th century they share a surprising number of similarities. This is especially clear if one considers the convergent of evolution of legal institutions in response to socio-historical problems. This is concretely traced through historical and textual analysis of Magna Carta and Księga Elbląska, two foundational texts in their respective legal systems. Ramifications of this new comparative perspective are discussed, with avenues of further research outlined. Keywords: Magna Carta; Księga Elbląska; Comparative Legal History; Convergent Legal Evolution. 1. INTRODUCTION In the comparative history of European legal systems, Poland and England are nearly never put together in the same sentence. One is an unremarkable member of the civil law family, the other the author of the common law, yet the similarities are deeper than they appear at first: the adoption of civil law was more the choice of the imperial powers that divided Poland, than her natural development, which retains legal developments closer to English law than to the rest of the continent. Indeed, both share a stubborn persistence of customary legal traditions down to the modern era, despite the varied efforts of kings and conquerors (Gałędek, Klimaszewska 2018; Matuszewski 2015; Karabowicz 2014; Milsom 1969, 1; Lobingier 1946, 960; Blackstone 1893a, 34; Blackstone 1893b, 535–536). Stated simply, the classification of Polish law as civil is both anachronistic and over-simplistic. How is the Polish legal system to be interpreted, then? Comparing works across cultures is always a tricky business, but a combination of certain historiographical and jurisprudential foundations will not only make this possible, if in an introductory manner, but also outline a future program of comparative legal research, beginning with the foundational works of their respective systems * University of Łódź, Faculty of Law and Administration, Department of Political and Legal Doctrines, [email protected]. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are my own. [25] © by the author, licensee Łódź University – Łódź University Press, Łódź, Poland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 26 J. Patrick Higgins in the 13th century – Magna Carta (MC) and Księga Elbląska (KE). Here, the interpretative key is a political and legal understanding of legal development, rather than a more compact, contextualist understanding. While this approach forfeits some exactness from historical circumstances, it gains broader comparability due to shared human nature and experience. Accordingly, the argument is presented as a provocation to, as well as anticipation of, future legal research. 2. THREE JURISPRUDENTIAL AND HISTORIOGRAPHICAL FOUNDATIONS The three foundations are as follows: 1. An essentialist (praxeological) understanding of human nature. If human beings everywhere in the world are more or less the same, there are only a limited number of human responses to a limited number of social situations, allowing for comparison of meaning, ideas, behaviours, institutions, etc. across societies and cultures. 2. Law is a solution or “coordinating devise” to socio-political problems. “Law is not simply another way of reaching an economic or political result, although law may accomplish both these ends. We recognize the presence or absence of law in a society by its structure, not simply by its results […] [W] e present an account of law as an institution characterized by the two features noted above: a system of distinctive reasoning and processes that is grounded in economic and political functionality” (Hadfield, Weingast 2011, 3). Thus, law is both a set of general rules as well as processes. They are given meaning by, and are also a reflection of, their specific historicalcontext. This sociological understanding of law is particularly relevant to common law: The materials of the common law, therefore, were the custom of true communities whose geographical boundaries had in some cases divided peoples and cultures, and not just areas of governmental authority. But within each body of custom, what we think of as the law was not marked off from other aspects of society (Milsom 1969, 2). 3. The analogy of a convergent model of socio-historical evolution, rather than common descent. Two prevailing theories of evolutionary change are common descent and convergent evolution (Glor 2010; Fried 1999; Griffiths 1996, 521). Though not mutually exclusive, they emphasise e origin or environment, respectively. Common descent explains how a trait is preserved, for example, only birds have feathers, therefore all birds came from a common ancestor that had feathers. Convergent evolution, on the other hand, explains how different animalsevolved the same traits independently, due to similar environments. Most cave fish are not blind due to shared, blind ancestor, but rather that all underwater caves share a common factor – darkness. © by the author, licensee Łódź University – Łódź University Press, Łódź, Poland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 More in common (law) than originally thought? 27 This analogy of evolutionary convergence has been used in legal theory before (Saks, Neufeld 2012, 121; Saks, Neufeld 2011, 144; Hostetler 2000, 598, 632), if somewhat reluctantly (Ruhl 1996, 1435). Most comparative legal history, at least in the medieval period, follows the common descendent model, emphasizing legal attributes. Instead, a convergent theory asks: were there similarities in the socio-political situation in England and Poland, and did these lead to similar legal solutions? Synthesizing these three foundations induces: if people everywhere are more or less the same, with a limited combination of both social problems and solutions, then the MC cannot be a completely isolated occurrence: there must be other documents that emerged under similar, comparable circumstances. Thus, the argument is not whether Poland was a common law system, but whether it was common law-like. As it involves more criteria and dimensions for comparison, adopting a convergence model is less precise, and may only ask how similar the Polish legal system was to the common law, with it being ultimately impossible to definitely answer if Poland’s law is oris not the common law Accordingly, the MC and KE are selected for comparison both given their similar pre-eminence in their own respective legal systems, as well as the character of legal solutions in both texts. 3. MC AND KE AS HISTORICAL, RATHER THAN CONSTITUTIONAL TEXTS One of the foremost difficulties in common law scholarship is how to interpret MC, whose meaning and function have varied through time: scholar s have defined it as a charter, a treaty, a constitution, etc., and caution that giving it a purely constitutional interpretation is anachronistic (Turner 2003, 106–108).1 Historians further note that 13th century laws were generally concerned with procedural or practical manners, rather than constitutional or parliamentary concerns (Turner 2003, 121–122, 139; Arnold 1977, 330). The social situation in England since the fall of Rome had become quite complex, with a mix of peoples, cultures, and legal systems. Kings tended to be weak and laws were generally enacted on local, customary levels, until they were partially synthesized by Edward the Confessor, the second to last Anglo-Saxon king of England, often considered as a father of the common law (Brunner 1908, 20). After Edward’s death in 1066, followed by a protracted struggle, William the Conqueror won the throne of England for himself, but promised to more or less uphold the laws of Edward. Further, William and his Norman descendants 1 “The medieval mind cannot be measured in terms of modern conceptions […] English lawyers were not in the forefront of philosophical thinkers of the day, because naturally they were occupied with more practical problems” (Potter 1948, 29). © by the author, licensee Łódź University – Łódź University Press, Łódź, Poland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 28 J. Patrick Higgins continued to follow their own laws, expressing little interest in legislating their new empire or changing the laws of those they conquered (Pollock and Maitland 2010, 67, 72; Plucknett 2010, 318; Baker 1990, 13; Brunner 1908, 21; Maitland 1908, 51, 54–55), and preferred to keep local law intact whenever possible (Milsom 1969, 9; McKechnie 1914, 79). By the time the dynasty passed to the Angevins and the Plantagenets, the Anglo-Saxon and Norman legal institutions fused, with legal historians assigning different weights to the Norman or Anglo-Saxon components (Plucknett 2010; Pollock, Maitland 2010; Baker 1990; Milsom 1968, 1–2, 7–8; Potter 1948; McKechnie 1914, 8), eventually producing the common law.2 Common law is thus generally understood in one of three senses: that it is a remnant of the Anglo-Saxon “ancient-constitution” that survived the
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