Technological Investigation on Quality and Possibilities for Widening The

645

Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 12 (2006), 645-653 National Centre for Agrarian Sciences

Technological Investigation on Quality and Possibilities for Widening the Production of Market Demanded Oriental Type Tobaccos MESSAGE I: Technological Investigation on Djebel K 81

V. NIKOLOVA Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute, BG - 4108 Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Abstract

NIKOLOVA, V., 2006. Technological investigation on quality and possibilities for widening the production of market demanded oriental type tobaccos. Message I: Techno- logical investigation on Djebel K 81. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 12: 645-653

At new conditions, the tobacco sector should completely be subjected to market demands, as regards its volume and its structure. As far as our country is concerned, this means market adaptation of the variety structure of tobaccos grown in the different regions. In this study a technological investigation of the variety of Djebel K 81 has been done, which is grown in the different sub-regions and regions of the origins of "Eastern Balkan" and "Nevrokop", as compared to the mass varieties for these origins. The routine indices for quality specification have been used: the chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke; the spectral curves of tobacco water extraction (Taking of the "image"); the expert and smoking evaluation. In order to prove the authenticity of the results, the data have been processed by using the variation and statistical method. On the basis of the complex evaluation, grading of tobaccos investigated has been done in regions and sub-regions for their origins. It has been established that it will be purposeful to grow the investigated variety of Djebel K 81 in the region of Yambol (the origin of "Eastern Balkan"), and also in the region of Nevrokop (the origin of "Nevrokop" - the sub-region of Yaka), when market demand is greater. Key words: Oriental type tobaccos, variety of Djebel K 81, quality, chemical composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke, expert evaluation, smoking evaluation, quality index Introduction been determined by the ever-changing balance of "supply/demand" and the price Tobacco world market is a global, open fluctuations (Astuti, 2005). and cyclic one. Its cyclic character has The new conditions, in which tobacco e-mail: [email protected] 646 V. Nikolova sector is functioning in our country, as well variety of Djebel K 81 and the mass vari- as the forth-coming admission of R. Bul- eties grown in different regions, respec- garia into the European Union have im- tively origins, with the purpose of studying posed restructuring of the existing norma- the possibilities for widening their area of tive and legal order and actualization of a production. number of basic problems concerned with tobacco production and tobacco process- Materials and Methods ing. Ahmedov (2003) in his publication characterizes the national strategy for to- This investigation refers to tobacco bacco production development, by means variety of Djebel K 81 grown in the re- of which the governmental policy in the gions of the origins of "Eastern Balkan" field of tobacco, for the period 2003-2007 and "Nevrokop", of 2005 crop. will be realized. The author reviews the The material for investigation of these changes, which have been observed in the varieties has been taken in the form of to- field of tobacco and tobacco products pro- bacco strings from different tobacco production in national and in international ducers and settlements in the respective scale, concerning production and market regions and sub-regions. The samples have structure. been formed on the bases of the so c. "third The improvement of variety division into mother" (leaves bigger than the regions, as a market necessity for Orien- "kovalama"), the "kovalama" (leaves big- tal type tobaccos has been indicated by ger than the "utches") and the "utches" (the many authors (Slavova, 2002; Slavova and smallest and the topmost leaves), i.e. the Drachev, 2004; Tabakova, 1997). Stan- top quality and the most characteristic dardization, stabilization and enlargement material for the Oriental type tobaccos, of the market demanded varieties and ori- corresponding to the Ist standard grade. gins should be done. Tobacco has been precisely graded, the The selection of suitable varieties and nontypical and defective leaves been taken production technologies is of great impor- away, with the purpose of forming a uni- tance for manifestation of the character- form quality group for investigation. When- istic quality indices and smoking qualities ever the variety has been taken from dif- of tobaccos from the separate origins ferent settlements of the region (sub-re- (Dimanov, 2005). gion), a single sample should be formed Recently, a tendency for searching for by blending equal quantities of tobaccos the origins of Krumovgrad and Djebel has from the given settlements. been confirmed, as a result of which our The mass varieties used for making attention has been directed to them. the comparison have been as follows: For The above-mentioned confirms the the first origin (Eastern Balkan) - Elenski necessity for scientifically grounded inves- 817 from the village of Maglen; for the tigation of the real possibilities for widen- second origin (Nevrokop) - Nevrokop 261 ing the production of market demanded (N 261) and Nevrokop 1146 (N 1146). For tobaccos (varieties and origins) on the basis the variety of N 261 a singlke sample has of technological evaluation of quality. been formed from two settlements Purpose of Investigation: Comparative (Breznitza and Luky). For the variety of technological investigation on quality of the N 1146 tobaccos from four settlements Technological Investigation on Quality and Possibilities for Widening... 647 have been taken (Tuhovishte, Debren, Spectrophotometric evaluation Hadji Dimovo and Banichan) and a single (Taking of the "image") of tobacco - sample has been formed for the investiga- by means of determining the discrete tion. values of tobacco water extraction The "new"* varieties, which should absorption in UV - the spectral band be evaluated and compared to the above- within the range of 220-350 nm mentioned mass varieties for the different (Gjuzelev and Mohnacheva, 1982). regions and sub-regions of the two origins Statistical control for significance have been formed in the following way: has been done of the differences be- For the origin of "Eastern Balkan" two tween the samples, by using Student`s samples have been formed from the given criterion (Lakin, 1990). settlements of the region of Yambol: the Expert evaluation. It has been done sub-region of "Yaka" (Rechitza, Cheresha, by using the method of "direct compari- Skalak and Zajchar) and the sub-region son". We have determined the following: of "Balkan" (the village of Yasenovo). the coefficient of relative ranging, the For the origin of "Nevrokop" - two range coefficient and the coefficient of samples have been formed: the sub-region concor-dation (concordation W) of of "Yaka" from three settlements (the vil- Kendal. The criterion of Fischer (Fф) has lages of Breznitza, Zhizhevo and Teshevo) been used for evaluation of statistical sig- and the sub-region of "Balkan", including nificance (Borovikov and Borovikov, also three settlements (the villages of 1998). Satovcha, Kochan and Vaklinovo). In cases, when only two samples should The different samples have been inves- be compared, the evaluation for authen- tigated as regards the main indices char- ticity should be done by using the so called acterizing their quality: RCN (Ratio Critical Number) Chemical composition of tobacco: Smoking evaluation. It has been done nicotine, % - according to ISO 15152; re- by using the method of the 'direct" com- ducing sugars, % - according to ISO 15154; parison among the varieties (in cases, total nitrogen, % - according to the Bul- when two and/or three samples should be garian State Standard 15836-88; mineral compared). In more than three samples, composition (ashes), % - according to ISO the method of the "indirect" comparison 2817; potassium, % - according to the has been used (by couples), at complete Bulgarian State Standard 17365-94; the combination of the samples. ratio of reducing sugars/nicotine. The statistical processing of the results Chemical composition of tobacco has been done in the same way, as in the smoke: nicotine, mg/cig - by means of al- expert investigation. ready established regression dependencies Complex evaluation. For this purpose between tobacco and tobacco smoke com- indices characterizing most expressively position (Popova and Georgiev, 1998). the high quality of the Oriental type to-

*The "new" variety of Djebel K 81 which is grown in the "new" regions, i.e. in the regions, where it has never been grown before. ** The "new" regions - regions (respectively origins), where the given variety has not been divided into regions according to the governmental division into regions. 648 V. Nikolova baccos should be applied. After estab- In all the remaining samples inves- lishing preliminarily the coefficients of tigated, nicotine in smoke has close, significance of these indices, ranging but lower values of nicotine in smoke. on the basis of the values of the latter Tobacco from the sub-region of has been done depending on their posi- "Yaka" has a higher value as regards tive or negative effect on quality. tars. The final evaluation has been The origin of "Nevrokop" (the region formed by determining of the "quality of Nevrokop). The results concerning index", the lower value of which cor- nicotine content have shown some more responds to higher quality. significant differences in the "new" variety, grown in the different sub-regions of Results and Discussion the origin, as compared to the two mass ones N 261 and N 1146. The nicotine and For analysis and interpretation of the the total nitrogen contents are highest for results the following diagram has been the "new" variety from the sub-region of applied: comparison of tobaccos from the "Yaka", and the lowest for the mass vari- "new" variety of Djebel K 81 to the mass ety (N 1146). The chemical composition varieties (divided into regions) for the given of tobacco from the sub-region of "Yaka" regions, respectively origins. is a more balanced one, regarding nico- Chemical composition: The results tine, reducing sugars and ashes contents. obtained have been presented in Table 1. The remaining samples are close in chemi- In order to compare tobaccos investi- cal composition. The tars for the "new" gated according to their chemical compo- variety from the sub-region of "Yaka" are sition, we have had to specify preliminar- the highest ones, and among the remain- ily at what differences in their values there ing ones there is no difference. are or there are not differences. For that Spectrophotometrical evaluation purpose, we have used the criteria for level (taking of the "image") of the variety. and for difference in the chemical indices, The method serves exceptionally to make indicated in our previous studies (Drachev comparison between the degree of "ac- et al., 2005). cordance" and/or "difference" among the Origin of "Eastern Balkan" (the re- samples. As closer the discrete values of gion of Yambol). The results referring to the separate samples absorption, as it will the newly regioned variety of Djebel K 81 follow that the total character as regards as compared to the variety of Elenski 817 quality will be closer. We cannot judge (mass), as regards nicotine have shown a from the spectral curves for a higher or a higher value for the sub-region of "Yaka" lower qualitativeness of the variety con- and one and the same values, but lower cerned. for the mass variety and the newly divided When making the statistical signifi- into regions in the sub-region "Balkan". In cance control for the differences (Stu- the remaining indices, no significant dif- dent`s criterion) then the case - evalua- ferences have been observed for the to- tion of the average difference between baccos from both sub-regions, as well as excerpts from general sum totals linked in compared to the mass variety. couples has been applied. All measure- Technological Investigation on Quality and Possibilities for Widening... 649

Table 1 Chemical indices of the “new” Djebel K 81 and the mass varieties, 2005 crop Origin Eastern Balkan Nevrokop Yambol Nevrokop Indices Yaka Balkan Yaka Balkan El.* 817 Dj. Dj. N* N * 1146 Dj. Dj. К 81 К 81 261 К 81 К 81 Chemical composition of tobacco, % Nikotine 0.45 0.79 0.45 0.96 0.45 1.71 0.81 Red. sugars 14.6 14.1 15.7 19 19.5 12.3 19.6 Red. sugars/ nicotine 32.44 17.85 34.89 19.79 43.33 7.19 24.2 Total nitrogen 1.63 1.94 1.67 1.52 1.42 2.43 1.8 Ashes 13.67 12.68 12.26 10.11 10.03 12.18 10.5 Potassium 2.5 1.99 2.44 1.82 1.97 1.42 1.8 Chemical composition of smoke, mg/cig Nicotine 0.43 0.7 0.43 0.83 0.43 1.52 0.71 Tars 18.77 21.39 19.04 22.42 21.51 25.14 22.54 *- mass varieties.

same, and it is equal to 2.16 for the level of confidence α=0.05 and 3.01 for α=0.01. The conclusions we have made for the presence or absence of difference have been based on the pre-

liminarily established values for tф and tst for each separate case when comparing in couples. Absorption The origin of "Eastern Balkan" (Figure 1). The results have shown that between the tobaccos compared (Elenski 817 and Djebel K 81) there is no a statistically authentic difference, Fig. 1. Absorption spectra of the because when comparing in couples varieties from the origin t = -3.75; -9.85; -1.85 < t =2.16 and “Eastern Balkan”, 2005 crop ф st 3.01. Therefore, we can accept Ho, i.e. with probability of 99% no authentic ments have been done at n=14 with difference exists between the general degrees of freedom k=n-1=13. In this quality display of the "new" variety case, the table value is one and the as compared to the local one. 650 V. Nikolova

a complete logical result from the fact that the quality display of a given variety depends on the ecological factor and on the agricultural technique applied. The general conclusion, which has imposed itself is that the "new" variety of Djebel K 81 possesses a similar quality display to the local Elenski 817

Absorption for the origin of Eastern Balkan and respectively for the origin of Nev- rokop - to the local N 261. Expert evaluation. The origin of "Eastern Balkan". The results from the Fig. 2. Absorption spectra of the expert evaluation of the variety of varieties from the origin Djebel K 81 and the mass variety of of “Nevrokop”, 2005 crop Elenski 817 have shown absence of

difference (W=0.52; Fф=4.33; Ft=5.32; The origin of "Nevrokop" (Figu- f1=1.6; f2=6.4). There is no significance re 2). Tobaccos from the variety of of the coefficient of concordance of the Djebel K 81 in the two sub-regions of expert board evaluations and therefore the origin are closer in between as among the three samples compared compared to the local ones - N 261 and there are no authentic differences and N 1146, which on their part are closer that corresponds also to the results in between. The statistical processing from the spectrophotometrical evalu- has shown absence of authentic differ- ation. ence between N 261 and the "new" The origin of "Nevrokop". The sta- Djebel K 81 (Yaka) and presence of tistical processing of the expert evalu- difference with the same variety from ation results, when comparing the lo- the sub-region of Balkan. Between the cal varieties with the newly introduced two mass varieties there is no authen- Djebel K 81 have shown that they tic difference. As regards the couples have not been in concordance. There- N 261 and Djebel K 81 from the two fore, we cannot accept the presence sub-regions, as well as between the of differences as regards this index "new" variety from the two sub-re- (W=0.23). gions, the difference is authentic. The Smoking evaluation. The origin of conclusion is that the newly divided "Eastern Balkan". No difference in the into regions tobaccos differ among smoking qualities has been established, themselves, and also that N 1146 is dif- when comparing the variety of Djebel K ferent from the latter. 81 (Yaka and Balkan) to the mass vari- The results from taking the "image" of ety of Elenski 817, because of lack of con- the origin of "Nevrokop" have shown cordance (W=0.33). presence of definite differences be- The origin of "Nevrokop". When tween tobaccos investigated, which is comparing tobaccos from the mass va- Technological Investigation on Quality and Possibilities for Widening... 651 rieties for the origin to the "new" va- Table 2 riety of Djebel K 81 (Yaka and Smoking evaluation of tobaccos from the Balkan) according to their smoking origin of ”Nevrokop” qualities, we have found one and the Djebel К 81 same evaluation for the local variety N N Taster-i Nevrokop of N 261 and the newly introduced one 261 1146 (Yaka), followed by the "new" vari- Yaka Balkan ety of (Balkan) and finally the local 11423 variety of N 1146 (Table 2) at already 21423 proved authenticity of that grading 32413 (W=0.78; F =17.73; F =3.52; f =2.67; ф t 1 42413 f2=13.33). The conclusion is that according to 51423 their smoking qualities, no differences 6 2.5 2.5 1 4 have been established between the lo- Grades sum 9.5 22.5 9 19 cal (N 261) and the newly introduced Coefficient of variety, while N 1146 has demon- relative 0.16 0.38 0.15 0.32 strated the most unfavorable smoking ranging qualities as compared to all the rest. Range Complex evaluation. In order to 0.95 0.4 1 0.47 make a complex evaluation of the coefficient samples, we should specify in advance, Grading 1.5 4 1.5 3 in a more particular schedule, the approach in ranging the tobacco values, tobaccos from the origin of "Nevro- i.e. chemical composition data. Nico- kop", the quality index is presented on tine should be graded according to its Figure 3. absolute the highest value has a grade The origin of "Eastern Balkan" (the of one, etc. Reducing sugars should be region of Yambol). According to its com- graded as regards the gap 10-16%, plex evaluation, the "new" variety of Djebel accepted as optimum, having in mind K 81 (Yaka) has better quality char- that the increase or vice versa the de- acteristics as compared to the mass crease grades tobacco to a lower de- variety of Elenski 817, the last posi- gree (lower grade). The same approach tion being occupied by tobacco from has been accepted for evaluation the sub-region of "Balkan". The differ- (ranging) of the ratio reducing sugars/ ence between Djebel K 81 (Balkan) as nicotine, the optimum value of which compared to the local variety is more we have accepted as 15 and the ap- significant. proach for grading has been the same The origin of "Nevrokop" (the region as with reducing sugars. of Nevrokop). The "new" variety of Because of the uniformity of tables Djebel K 81 (Yaka) has received one for getting the quality index of tobac- and the same evaluation with the lo- cos investigated, we present the com- cal variety of N 261, the other local plex evaluation for the origin of "East- variety of N 1146 being on the last ern Balkan" only (Table 3). As regards position (Figure 3). 652 V. Nikolova

Table 3 Complex evaluation of tobaccos from the origin of “Eastern Balkan”, 2005 crop Ranging of samples Quality index of the variety Coefficient El. Dj. К 81 Dj. К 81 El. Dj. К 81 Dj. К 81 Indices of 817 Yambol Yambol 817 Yambol Yambol significance Yaka Balkan Yaka Balkan Nicotine, % 2.5 1 2.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 Red. sugars, % 2 2 2 0.12 0.24 0.24 0.24 Red. sugars/nicotine 2 1 3 0.18 0.36 0.18 0.54 Tars, mg/cig 1 3 2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 Specifik vol., cm3/g - 1.5 1.5 0.05 - 0.08 0.08 Expert evaluation 2 2 2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 Tasting 2 2 2 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.9 1.7 2.26

Complex evaluation of tobaccos from the origin of "Nevrokop" 21 3

Quality index of the The spectrophotometric evaluation

3.5 variety (taking of the "image") has shown that

3.0 the "new" variety of Djebel K 81 has

2.5 a close quality display to the local

2.0 Elenski 817 for the origin of Eastern

1.5 Balkan and respectively for the ori-

Quality index Quality

1.0 gin of Nevrokop - with the local N

261, while the differences with the

0.5

other mass variety are significant. 0.0 When making evaluation of tobaccos N 261 N 1146 Dj. K 81 Dj. K 81 according to outer quality characteristics, (Yaka) (Balkan) no differences have been observed. It has been established that the smok- Fig. 3. Quality index of tobaccos from the ing qualities of the variety of Djebel K 81 origin of “Nevrokop”, 2005 crop do not differ from those of the local Elenski 817 for the origin of "Eastern Balkan". For the origin of "Nevrokop" Conclusions no differences between the mass variety of N 261 and Djebel K 81 have The chemical composition of the been established, while N 1146 has variety of Djebel K 81 (Yaka) is a given in to all the other varieties from more favorable and balanced one as this origin. compared to the local varieties When grading tobaccos from the (Elenski 817, Nevrokop 261 and different origins (regions and sub-re- Nevrokop 1146). gions) on the basis of quality index, Technological Investigation on Quality and Possibilities for Widening... 653 the best indices have been shown by: 2005. Technological study on tobaccos - origin of "Eastern Balkan" of basmi group variety grown in differ- (Yambol) - Djebel K 81; ent regions of Bulgaria, Message I: Tech- - origin of "Nevrokop" (Nevrokop) - nological study on the tobaccos of Djebel K 81 (Yaka) and the local variety Krumovgrad sub-group variety. Biotech- of N 261 - with one and the same nology and Biotechnological Equip- evaluations; ment, 19 (3): 192-201. It has been established that it is pur- Gjuzelev, L. and I. Mohnacheva, 1982. poseful to grow the investigated variety Spectrophotometrical evaluation of to- of Djebel K 81 in the region of Yambol bacco quality. Bulgarian Tobacco, 7: 7- (the origin of "Eastern Balkan"), as well 10 (Bg). as in the region of Nevrokop (the ori- Lakin, G., 1990. Biometry. Higher School. gin of "Nevrokop" - sub-region of Moscow, pp. 118-124 (Ru). Yaka), when market demand is Popova, V. and S. Georgiev, 1998. Investi- greater. gation on some functional dependencies between tobacco and tobacco smoke com- References position. Collection of papers from the Ju-bilee Scientific Conference "50th An- Ahmedov, Ok., 2003. The national strategy niversary of the Union of Scientists in for tobacco production development. Bulgaria-Plovdiv, 1: 469-471 (Bg). Bulgarian Tobacco, 3: 3-11 (Bg). Slavova, Y., 2002. Competitiveness of Bul- Astuti, О., 2005. The world tobacco mar- garian Oriental type tobaccos. Bulgar- kets: global properties and tendencies. ian Tobacco, 5: 9-14 (Bg). Bulgarian Tobacco, 4: 12-16 (Bg). Slavova, Y. and D. Drachev, 2004. Improve- Borovikov, V. and I. Borovikov, 1998. ment of variety division into regions - STATISTICA, Statistical analysis and market necessity for the Oriental type data processing in Windows. Filin. Mos- tobaccos. Economics and Management cow, pp. 368-399 (Ru). in Agriculture, 3: 19-24 (Bg). Dimanov, D., 2005. The origin of Djebel - Tabakova, Е., 1997. Actualization of Ori- status and perspective. Bulgarian To- ental type tobaccos division into regions, bacco, 2: 14-19 (Bg). according to their origin. Bulgarian To- Drachev, D., V. Nikolova and N. Nikolov, bacco, 2: 7-10 (Bg).

Received July, 12, 2006; accepted September, 12, 2006.