The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
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The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 123 HUNTINGTON STREET BOX 1106 NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT 06504 Founded 1875 Putting science to work for society CONNECTICUT REPORT TO THE EASTERN PLANT BOARD - 2013 HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA SUMMARY OF 2012 NURSERY INSPECTIONS, FOREST INSECT/PLANT PEST SURVEYS ~~~~~~~~~~ NURSERY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Three-hundred six nurseries were certified to conduct intra- and interstate business. There were 697 nursery inspections during the growing season. NURSERY INSECTS and DISEASES. The most important diseases and pests found in nurseries (in order of prevalence) were boxwood blight, aphids on various trees and shrubs, Fletcher scale on Taxus and arborvitae, imported willow leaf beetle, and lily leaf beetle. JAPANESE BEETLE CERTIFICATION. We observed treatments of 39 plants at two nurseries and issued phytosanitary certificates to comply with states that quarantine nursery stock from Connecticut because of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. Seven nurseries met other requirements of the United States Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan and shipped 2,749 plants to states that quarantine plants from Connecticut. JAPANESE BEETLE CERTIFICATION TO CANADA. Six Connecticut nurseries, which met the inspection requirements of the US/Canada Japanese Beetle Harmonization Plan, shipped 32,678 plants to Canada in 2012. NURSERY DEALER PERMITS. Nursery dealer permits were issued to 159 firms. One-hundred twenty six of these companies operate individual outlets. The remaining businesses have more than one outlet each. In total, there were 575 outlets. Report to the Eastern Plant Board 1 Connecticut 2013 PHYTOSANITARY CERTIFICATES. Three-hundred and eighty phytosanitary inspection certificates were issued covering the shipment of the following plant materials to destinations outside the United States: Product Quantity Apples (Cartons) 2,000 Bulbs & Tubers (Dahlia & Gladiolas)(# Bags) 331 Chinese tree peonies (plants) 36 Greenhouse plants 276 Nursery stock (containers - B & B) 31,088 Orchids (plants) 2,955 Perennials (bare root plants) 667 Seeds (cartons & bags) 1,883 Tobacco (bales, boxes, bundles & cartons) 173,064 Walnut shells (bags and drums) 325 SPECIAL INSPECTIONS. Twelve inspections were made for 207 individual plants and bulbs to assist homeowners moving out of state. One-hundred sixty-three inspections were made to assist nurseries moving the following plants interstate: Product Quantity Perennials (plants) 10 Nursery stock (containers) 1,293 (bare root plants) 1,280 Chinese tree peonies (plants) 5 Greenhouse plants 1,377 Orchids 38 Seed (# Bags) 114 There were two Post-Entry Quarantine sites approved in CT in 2012. BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATORY SERVICES INSPECTION ACTIVITY. In cooperation with officers from the Wallingford USDA-APHIS-PPQ office, eight inspections were conducted in 2012 at facilities or laboratories working with recombinant or regulated organisms. PERMITS TO MOVE LIVE PLANT PESTS, NOXIOUS WEEDS, AND SOIL. In 2012, there were ninety- nine PPQ 526 Permits (Permit to move live plant pests, noxious weeds, and soil) approved in CT. There were two PPQ 525 Permits (Permit to move soil) approved in CT. FOREST HEALTH During the summer of 2012, we examined 51 permanent, one-acre forest plots that were established to monitor forest health in Connecticut. These plots are located on state, Nature Conservancy, and municipal water company properties. We considered 25 pathogens for monitoring and determined which trees served as host plants. Within each plot, 20 to 30 trees were tagged for long-term studies. We evaluated signs of defoliation and disease, such as dead tree branches, limbs and crowns. Descriptions and determinations are designed to reflect increasing damage or tree decline. We measure Report to the Eastern Plant Board 2 Connecticut 2013 the trees at Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) as an additional way to monitor their health. We will continue to use these plots to monitor the forests over several years to assess whether our state forests remain healthy or are declining. In general, our forests remain healthy. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. Winter of 2011-2012 was nearly snowless; in some areas of CT there were only one or two measurable snow events. The dry conditions persisted through spring 2012, with less than 2 inches of rain in both February and March. Rainfall levels approached normal through the remainder of the spring and summer. Superstorm Sandy struck CT on October 29, 2012, with heavy rain, high winds, and strong tide surges in coastal areas. Many trees were toppled and many more sustained damage to branches and crowns, due to easterly winds of 60 to 80 miles per hour. Foliage was tattered and damaged by salt spray, especially in coastal areas. Conifers, such as pine, spruce, and hemlock, sustained the most damage, with many trees breaking off several feet up the trunk. The effects of this hurricane will be felt in years to come, as damage to trees from breakage will be reflected in increased tree mortality and susceptibility to diseases and insect pests. INSECT AND DISEASE SURVEYS BOXWOOD BLIGHT. First discovered in Middlesex County, CT in November 2011, boxwood blight, caused by the fungus Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum, continues to be an issue for both nurseries and landscapes. This disease was new to CT and to the US. In 2012, action concerning boxwood blight was taken at 12 nurseries and garden centers; of one hundred thirty four samples, forty three were positive. Disposal of affected plants is ongoing; to date, approximately 100,000 plants have been destroyed by burial or dumpster. Also in 2012, CAES scientists documented that the fungus also infects Pachysandra terminalis, a popular landscape plant often planted with boxwood. Again, this discovery was new to science. Currently, boxwood blight in landscapes, of both boxwood and pachysandra, are the focus of our efforts. Six inspections of landscapes were conducted, with four hundred ten samples collected; two hundred thirty seven were positive. In most cases, affected plants have been removed and the area disinfected as much as possible by removal of plant material. In at least two cases, entire established landscapes have been removed and replanted with other species of plants. Efforts are under way to educate landscapers about boxwood blight and its consequences. IMPATIENS DOWNY MILDEW. Downy mildew of impatiens became evident in CT in mid-July, with extensive sudden defoliation of almost all impatiens. This disease, caused by Plasmopara obducens, was widespread and severe in both nurseries and residential plantings. Consequently, almost all producers of impatiens decided against growing the plants for the 2013 season, and growers and gardeners alike are searching for a reasonable replacement for this popular shade-loving plant. CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE RUST. In 2012 we inspected 87,721 plants for CWR, caused by Puccinia horiana. Two hundred seventeen plants were found to be positive, and were destroyed. Report to the Eastern Plant Board 3 Connecticut 2013 GYPSY MOTH. There was no observable defoliation due to Gypsy Moth recorded in CT in 2012. During egg mass surveys in winter 2012-2013, very few viable egg masses were found. In November and December 2012, a gypsy moth egg mass survey was conducted in 80-95% favorable host sites on a 7-mile grid (102 sites) throughout Connecticut. No viable egg masses were found. ASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE. We conducted thirty nine inspections of 3,860 trees in all counties of CT for presence or signs of ALB infestation. HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID. During 2012, we required all hemlock nursery stock that was being shipped out of Connecticut to be treated for Hemlock woolly adelgid. Three nurseries shipped hemlock trees out of state. Our inspectors observed treatments and issued phytosanitary certificates to cover 1,253 plants in these shipments. RAMORUM LEAF BLIGHT. As part of the P. ramorum National Nursery Survey, we inspected 20 nurseries during 2012. During this survey 179,162 plants were inspected and 180 samples from symptomatic plants were submitted for lab analysis. All samples were cultured and tested by ELISA; DNA from ELISA-positive samples was sent to Beltsville for PCR confirmation. Sixty one samples, about 33 %, were ELISA-positive, indicating the presence of Phytophthora sp. All samples from the nurseries were negative for P. ramorum. An aquatic survey was done in conjunction with the US Forest Service. The stream selected for survey surrounds a 400-acre production nursery that has been implicated in P. ramorum trace-back activity. One location upstream of the nursery and one location downstream were baited with rhododendron leaves during April through September 2012; the baiting period was about 2 weeks each month, with a hiatus during June and July when the water temperature exceeded 20o C. Leaf baits were submitted for testing to labs at the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture and at Cornell University. While many leaf baits were positive for Phytophthora species, all leaf baits were negative for P. ramorum. There was one trace-forward action involving P. ramorum in CT in 2012. Host material was shipped to one nursery. Two samples were collected, and determined to be negative for presence of P. ramorum. No further action was taken. DAYLILY RUST. During 2012, we surveyed daylilies in nurseries and garden centers for signs of daylily rust, caused by Puccinia hemerocallidis. Ninety seven inspections (72,543 plants) were carried out; eighty plants were found to be positive and were destroyed. APIARY INSPECTION. There are currently six hundred ten registered beekeepers maintaining four thousand four hundred eighty six hives. In 2012, four hundred five hives were opened for inspection on 112 site visits to beeyards in CT. Fifty three samples from failing hives were sent to the USDA Bee Lab in Beltsville, MD, for determination. Varroa mite was detected in forty, Nosema in nine, and tracheal mites in one. Four reported chemical kills were investigated. Small hive beetle is a growing problem in CT; with adults overwintering. Small hive beetle has been confirmed in Fairfield and Middlesex Counties. Colony collapse disorder has never been confirmed to occur.