Egypt National Action Plan for Land-Based Sources

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

of Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea 2015

Professor Mohamed El Raey

University of Alexandria, Egypt

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Table of Contents 1-Preface ...... 6 2: SummaryExecutive ...... 7 3: Introduction ...... 14 Background Information: ...... 14 Legal obligations ...... 14 The National Action Plans ...... 15 Mid-Term Evaluation of SAP/NAP ...... 17 Overview of achievements made over NAP (2005) ...... 17 4: NAP Updating, 2015 ...... 19 Stakeholders ...... 19 Work Methodology for Updating NAP ...... 20 5-Midterm Baseline Assessment ...... 24 1. The western region...... 24 2. Alexandria Region ...... 25 3. The Delta Region ...... 32 4. Port Said Region ...... 33 5. North Sinai Region ...... 37 Existing Environmental Regulations...... 41 Institutional Structure...... 42 Adopted policy ...... 44 Existing Economic Instruments and Financing ...... 46 6-Identification of Gaps ...... 48 Ecological objectives of EO5 ...... 48 Ecological Objectives of E09 ...... 48 Ecological Objectives of EO10 ...... 49 7- Operational Targets ...... 50 8-Program of Measures ...... 55 Legal priorities ...... 55 Institutional priorities: ...... 55 Economic Priorities: ...... 55

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Technical Priorities ...... 56 Alexandria region ...... 56 Kitchener Drain: ...... 57 Lake Manzala ...... 57 -Marsa Matruh...... 58 Port Said...... 58 Lake Bardawil ...... 59 Ongoing Projects ...... 59 9: Monitoring Indicators for NAP Implementation Projects ...... 61 Information on the institutional arrangements ...... 63 10: Capacity Building Plan for NAP Implementation ...... 66 The capacity building plan ...... 66 On job training ...... 68 Specialized Training ...... 68 Equipment on BAT for monitoring and assessment ...... 68 11: Arrangements for Public Information, Awareness Raising, and Education ...... 70 Presentation of the public information, awareness raising, and education plan...... 71 References ...... 72 Appendices

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Glossary BATBest Available Technologies EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EIMP Environmental Information monitoring program EWWTP Eastern wastewater treatment plant GES Good Environmental Status GES Good Environmental Status GOE Government of Egypt HW Hazardous waste ICZM Integrated coastal zone management IGSR Institute of Graduate Studies and Research IWWTP Integrated wastewater treatment plant LBS Land-based sources MAP Mediterranean Action Plan NAP Mediterranean Action Plan NSC National steering committee NTC National Thematic Committee SAP/MAP Strategic Action Plan / Mediterranean Action Plan

SW Solid Waste UNEP United Nations Environment Program WWTP Wastewater treatment plant WWWTP Western wastewater treatment plant EO5 Ecological Objective of (BOD and Nutrients) EO9 Ecological objective (H.M., organo-carbon,and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons) EO10 Ecological objectives of litter solid and hazardous waste BBE Baseline Budget of Egypt D01 Annual quantities of materials dumped per category.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

1-Preface

In 1975, 16 Mediterranean countries and the European Community adopted the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), the first-ever Regional Seas Programme under UNEP's umbrella. In 1976, these Parties adopted the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (Barcelona Convention).The Contracting Parties adopted an amended version of the Barcelona Convention of 1976, renamed Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean. Subsequently, the LBS Protocol was amended in 1998. The first NAP report was endorsed 2005. In 2008, the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention adopted Decision IG 17/8 that required Countries of the Mediterranean to “continue the implementation of NAPs endorsed in 2005 to the greatest possible extent foreseeing their revision in 2011.”

The NAPs considered the environmental and socio-economic issues, policy and legislative frameworks, and the management, institutional and technical infrastructure available in the country. To achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) Article 15 of the LBS Protocol., the updated NAPs will provide Countries involved with a unique opportunity for streamlining new commitments. Substances targeted in the SAP MED include toxic, persistent and liable to bio- accumulate, heavy metals, Organohalogens, radioactive materials, nutrients and suspended solids, and hazardous wastes. Targets and activities are of national, regional, legal, institutional or technical nature. We here report the results of the update of the National Action Plan (2005).

Professor Mohamed El Raey, University of Alexandria has led the efforts of the team for updating the NAP. He would like to thank Professor Samir Nasr of theUniversity of Alexandria; Dr.SamiaMasoud of EWATEC and Mr. Ahmed Tawfiq of the Arab Academy for Science. Technology and Maritime Transport for help in carrying this update, each in his line. The Consultant and the team would like to thank Eng. Ahmed Abouelseoud; Chairman of EEAA for his continued support, Mr. Mohamed Farouk, Director of ICZM Program Unit and Miss GhadaAbdelmonem of Med Pol focal point of EEAA; for their coordination and support during all phases of data collection. We would also like to thank all contributors to collection of data and information found in this report.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

2: Executive Summary

The contracting parties of Barcelona Convention adopted a Decision 1G 17/8 which required countries of the Mediterranean Sea to “continue the implementation of NAPs ended in 2005 to the greatest possible extent, foreseeing their revision in 2011.” To update Egypt NAP, 2005, the National Steering Committee (NSC) as the (ICZMC) and a National Thematic Group, based on the nomination of heads of concerned organizations, were formulated. It is recognized that since 2005 and over the past ten years including the revolution time, many changes have occurred especially on violations of urban planning to laws and regulations. We started by the Midterm Baseline Assessment, which was carried out based on recent analysis of National Baseline Budget, 2013, in addition to any recently published literature of agricultural, industrial, municipal, solid waste and hazardous pollution surveys on hot spots.

Midterm Baseline Egypt cost extends over 1150 km on the Mediterranean Sea. The coastal zone is characterized by the presence of some pocket beaches and lagoons where most cities are located, and eight calcareous ridges nearly parallel to the shoreline. Hot spots (Lake Maryut, El Mex Bay, Abu Qir Bay, Lake Manzala, and Port Said City), and areas of primary environmental concern (MarsaMatruh and Lake Bardawil) are identified in NAP, (2005), where human and industrial activities are high. Hot Spots are re-evaluated according to updated guidelines for hot spots taking into account weighted impacts on public health, environmental status, and pressures, economic and transboundary effects, and found that Port Said City is no longer a hot spot, and MersaMatruh, Marina City, and Lake Bardawil are areas of primary concern. Lake Burullus in the Middle of the Nile delta is also an area of concern. The following Midterm status is reached at for each hot spot: 1. Lake Maryut: The main basin is highly polluted by sanitary waste from WWWTP and EWWTP as well as by agricultural wastewater from Omoum drain and Noubaria Canal. The drainage discharges primary treated wastewater into the mainbasin, which is then dischargedinto ElMex Bay by pumping about 8 Million m3/d through El Max Pumping Station. The sludge and grit isdisposed of by trucks in site 9N in the desert areaofAmeryaDistrict.This is classified Class A hot spot.

2. El Mex Bay: The bay is polluted by wastewater discharged from Lake Maryut. Industrial pollution by Misr Chemicals, Alexandria Petroleum Company and Alexandria Steel and Iron Company, as well as of BOD and Chromium directly discharged by about 50 tanneries in addition to ship traffic in the highly congested port. This is classified as class B Hot Spot. Compliances of these companies with regulations are in progress.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

3. Abu Qir Bay: It is polluted by industrial and municipal pollution from some big industries, many are in a grace period for compliance such as Abu Qir Fertilizers, National Papers, RACTA, KAHA and some have already complied such as Abu Qir Electric Power Plant and Alexandria Fertilizers. This is classified as Class A Hot Spot

4. Kitchener Drain: Kitchener drain is a drain of 69 km in the middle of the delta starting from Gharbia Governorate heading north and discharges industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewater. It has branches that reach Lake Burullus and release 15% of its wastewater, but its main component (85%) is released directly into the Mediterranean. The major problem here is that some farmers use the drain for irrigation, and it crosses Gharbia, Dakahlia, and Kafr El Shiekh governorates. This is classified as Class B hot spot

5. Lake Manzala: This lake is located to the east of Damietta branch of the River Nile and receives industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastewater mainly through Bahr El Baqar and Hados drains upstream all the way from Cairo and passes through Sharkia, Dakahlia and Damietta governorates. These drains, together with Omar Bek drain are the most polluting sources in this region. Together with wastewater primary treatment plant of the Port Said City discharge wastewater through Lake Manzala outlets of Ashtoom El Gamil, to the Mediterranean. Lake Manzalais classified as class A hot spot

6. Areas of primary environmental concern: These are areas that are potential land-based sources in the future due to expected urbanization or industrialization. These include MarsaMatruh, Marina City to the west and Lake Bardawil in Sina to the east.

QA/QC Monitoring programs of the Mediterranean Sea over the past 18 years, (EIMP/EEAA) has indicated that the pollution index along each of these hot spots is decreasing gradually which indicates the success of control of pollution program in Egypt. A program for monitoring of northern lakes has also been initiatedby EEAA.

Prioritized Measures We studied primary problems of hot spot areas identifying the main source of pollution and associating major issues of the coastal region as not protected against climate changes. Risk reduction is highly needed, given thelarge coastal storm that hit the coastal front on 31 October 2015, and led to a death of over ten persons in Alexandria, flooding and causing severe damage in Alexandria and Behaira Governorates. These giant storms are expected to increase in frequency and severity in the future with the development of global warming. It is realized that the coastal zone of Egypt has to adopt a policy of separation of rainwater from sewage network and follow up a strong water conservation program, including utilization of

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

treated wastewater. We have to adopt modern techniques of agriculture. Also, we have to follow up a policy of reducing subsidies gradually since lowering prices encourages overconsumption. Prioritizing according to cost-benefit economic analysis, and reached the following measures classified according to location.

Legal priorities 1. Enforcement of a separaterainwater, industrial and sewage disposal network systems in the coastal zone and development of rainwater collection 2. Setting Water Quality Limits (WQ,) and Water Quality Index (WQI). These will be taken care through legal experts of the Ministry of Environment by 2017. Institutional priorities: 1. Human and institutional capacity of EEAA and HCWW, must be upgraded. 2. Building a National Monitoring System and Geographic, Industrial and Municipal Database for pollution control based on Best Available Technologies (BAT)l. 3. Compliance with regulations of the industrial and HCWW companies that discharge directly on northern lakes and the Mediterranean These would also be possible to be carried in coordination with EEAA within two years Economic Priorities: 1. Making use of economic incentives to urge farmers to use modern irrigation water saving techniques, especially due to scarcity of fresh water resources. 2. Upgrading of socioeconomic conditions of slum areas especially those between Lake Maryut and El Mex Bay by providing them with a sanitary network, medical care, educational facilities 3. Encouraging environmental NGO, to play its role of monitoring and law enforcement These are suggested to be carried out in cooperation with concerned ministries of Housing, Agriculture, Social Solidarity and Health by the year 2019

Technical priorities: The processes of prioritization take into account the location, its population and potential hazards, health and economic impacts and contribution to land-based sources. The following technical needs are reached at: 1. An immediate plan for depollution of Lake Maryutmain basin by upgrading WWWTP and EWWTP and implementing separation of rainwater in coastal urban areas of the coastal zone, by 2017. Reopening of site 9N for drying sludge

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

and use it as a source of energy. Establishing a new landfill, a number of compost plants for domestic waste, a new wastewater treatment plant at El Ras El Souda and enforcing compliance of Abu Qir industrial companies are primary targets. Establishing a wastewater treatmentplant forabout fifty tanneries for extraction of Chromium of El Mex Bay.

2. A longer term plan for rehabilitation of LakeMaryut by directing wastewater for forestation in the desert and generating energy. Establishing an integrated wastewater treatment plant for Abu Qir, Edku and Rosetta cities. This has to be carried out by HCWW in cooperation with EEAA by 2020.

3. Deployment of a national network of wireless sensors in outlets that reaches the Mediterranean for monitoring and assessing water quality discharged into it and to ensure compliance to regulations. This system is now in operation at the outlet of lakeMaryut to El Mex Bay and shows success.

4. Depollution of Kitchener Drain. The seriousness of passing through the middle of the delta cultivated and industrialized zone is discharging 85% of its collected waste directly into the Mediterranean, dedicated that it has to be cleaned. It is suggested to build three wastewater treatment plants one for each governorate and use sludge as an energy source. One landfill for domestic waste and sludge ashes has to be builton an appropriate site. Also, HCWW and EEAA are the responsible bodies to finish by 2018.

5. Depollution of Bahr El Baqar. The same problem occurs on theeastern side of the delta (Bahr El Baqar Drain) that discharges in Lake Manzala. It collects municipal, agricultural and industrial wastewater from upstream all the way to Cairo passing by the Sharkia, El Ismailia and Damietta governorates. Upgrading capacity of industrial wastewater station to the south of Port Said on steps to reach a capacity of 64,000 m3/day The Engineered wetland established there is not sufficient to drastically reduce pollution of the lake. Omar Bek drain that discharges directly into Damietta branch also has to be depolluted. By 2018, this drain has to be depolluted and integrated wastewater treatment plants established again by HCWW in coordination with EEAA.

6. The hazardous waste landfill of Alexandria has to be upgraded to accept organic waste and a hazardous waste landfill on the eastern side of the delta has to be established by 2019 In the long run, the whole area needs consider renewable energy sources, and to generate

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

electrical energy from waste, which is accumulating at alarming rates. This requires a strategic solid waste management plan and involves ministries of Agriculture, Electricity as well as HCWW and EEAA by 2025

Suggested long range projects of positive impactsinclude building a factory for manufacturing of solar photovoltaic cells on the north coastls to promote solar energy utilization, implement a greenbelt on the north coast of Egypt utilizing treated wastewaterto avoid impacts of extreme events of Saharan dust storms on Europ and to extract World War II field mines Alamain and surrounding locations. A complete prioritized list of projects for compliance has been included at the annex5

Priority Investment Projects Municipal Wastewater: Short Term:(1-5years) 1. Cleaning of Lake Maryut byupgrading of theWWWTP and EWWTP of Lake Maryut to secondary and upgrading their capacities so as to cover all waste. 2. Sustainable development of N9 site and establishing a landfill for demotic waste 3. Establishment of El Ras El Souda Integrated WWTP, 2019 4. Connecting and treating waste from Tanneries in El Mex Bay 2018. 5. Creation of Abu Qir, Edku and Rosetta Integrated WWTP2020 6. Upgrading institutional and human capacities of EEAA and HCWW

Long term(5-15years) 1. Investigation of other options of using treated wastewater for cultivating trees for forestation over the north coast to act as a greenbelt for theprotection of Mediterranean against Saharan dust (2025). 2. Separation of rainwater and municipal waste networks over cities and towns of the coastal zone, 2017. 3. Rehabilitation of Lake Maryut (2025) and better control on urban encroachment on agricultural land in the coastal zone. 4. Upgrading awareness of population of environmental conditions and risk assessment 5. Considerations of biogas and energy generation from sludge and waste and connection to National network

Industrial Compliance There are priorities to carry out compliance with environmental regulations for the following companies:

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

1. Tanneries in El-Mex Bay direct to the sea (2018) 2. Alexandria Petroleum Company (APC) (2018) 3. General company for paper industries (RAKTA),(2017) 4. National Paper Company (2017) 5. Solvay Alexandria Sodium Carbonate Company (SASC) (2018) 6. Abu Qir Fertilizers Company (AFC)In progress (2016) 7. Misr Chemical Industries Company In progress (M.C.I) (2016) 8. KAHA Company for Preserved Foods (KAHA El-Tabya factory) (2018) 9. Sugar Company to West El NubariaDrain (2018) 10. Alexandria for Mineral Oils Company (AMOC) (2017) 11. Iron and Steel Company of Dekhaila (2018) 12. Fine Spinning Company (2019) It is necessary to consider using automatic sensors, to monitor discharges day and night Agricultural Wastewater This has only long term priorities to reduce discharge of pesticides especially POP,s 1. Water conservation in agriculture by utilization of modern techniques of irrigation 2. Upgrade awareness of farmers and minimize usage of pesticides

Solid and Hazardous Waste Carry out a strategy for solid waste sorting, collection, transport, recycling, energy generation and landfilling 1. Establish a sanitary landfill for domestic waste for Alexandria City after the old one has already exceeded its lifetime. This is needed urgently 2016-2017 2. Build up and operate some compost plants to recover organics from waste before energy utilization (2016) 3. Carry out a strategy for hazardous waste management, upgrading hazardous waste landfill of El Naseria and building a hazardous waste treatment plant on the eastern side of the delta (2017)

Some projects for compliancehavebeen identified, and detailed project fiches are submitted. Indicators are based on the number of wastewater treatment plants installed. The continued monitoring of EIMP program of various parameters, water quality of Lake Maryutmain basin, El Max Bay and Abu Qir Bay, the outlet of Kitchener and Outlets from ManzalaAshtoom El Gamil, is necessary, to indicate a total reduction of pollution in the Mediterranean. Jaika has considered Kitchener drain is a priority.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

To carry the above out, institutional and structural reforms are necessary. These include new regulations, stronger law enforcement and availability of well qualified human resources.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

3: Introduction Background Information:

In 1975, 16 Mediterranean countries and the European Community adopted the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), the first-ever Regional Seas Programme under UNEP's umbrella.

In 1976, these Parties adopted the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (Barcelona Convention). Seven Protocols addressing specific aspects of Mediterranean environmental conservation complete the MAP legal framework:

 Dumping Protocol (from ships and aircraft)  Prevention and Emergency Protocol (pollution from ships and emergency situations)  Land-based Sources and Activities Protocol  Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity Protocol  Offshore Protocol (pollution from exploration and exploitation)  Hazardous Wastes Protocol  Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

Although MAP's initial focus was aimed at marine pollution control, over the years, its mandate gradually widened to include integrated coastal zone planning and management.

In 1995, the Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Sustainable Development of the Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean (MAP Phase II) was adopted by the Contracting Parties to replace the Mediterranean Action Plan of 1975.

At the same time, the Contracting Parties adopted an amended version of the Barcelona Convention of 1976, renamed Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean.

Subsequently, the LBS Protocol was amended in 1998. Legal obligations The fundamental goal was to develop and implement concrete pollution prevention and control projects that enhance economic, technological, and social development at the local level; thus making a concrete contribution towards sustainable development. The NAPs were formally endorsed by the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention in the 14th Contracting Parties’ meeting in Slovenia in 2005 (COP 14).

In 2008, the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention adopted Decision IG 17/8 regarding NAP implementation. This Decision, which marked ten years after the adoption of the SAP-MED and three years after endorsing the NAPs, requires countries to “continue the implementation of NAPs recommended in 2005 to the greatest possible extent foreseeing their revision in 2011.”

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

The National Action Plans The NAPs incorporating mechanisms for information exchange, technology transfer, and promotion of cleaner technology, public participation, and sustainable financing. This entails implementation of the ecosystem approach with the view to achieving Good Environmental Status (GES) as well as the adoption of new legally binding measures consisting of the regional plans adopted in the context of the implementation of Article 15 of the LBS Protocol. The updated NAPs will provide the countries involved with a unique opportunity for streamlining the new commitments.

The Regional Plans provide, where appropriate in an integrated manner, strict measures for priority sectors and major related drivers affecting marine and coastal environment. Some of them, such as the regional plan on Mercury, represent the first legal instruments ever developed at the global level. This makes the Mediterranean a pioneer in committing to legally binding measures to phase out Mercury and striving towards a litter free region. The regional plans take into account the need for synergies with global environmental conventions such as Stockholm and Basel Conventions as well as the global work of UNEP and Regional Seas Convention on marine litter and ecosystem approach implementation. The Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), isthe first plan adopted as a Regional Seas Programme under UNEP’s umbrella. Adopted in 1975, it involves today 21 countries bordering the Mediterranean as well as the European Union. Substances targeted in the SAP MED include toxic, persistent and liable to bio-accumulate, heavy metals, Organohalogens, radioactive substances, nutrients and suspended solids, and hazardous wastes. Targets and activities are of national or regional, and of legal, institutional or technical nature. During their 15th ordinary meeting, and in compliance with Article 15 of the LBS Protocol, Contracting Parties of the Barcelona Convention, adopted a decision on the “Implementation of NAPs and the preparation of legally binding measures and timetables” and the following regional plans were approved: 1. Elimination of Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Mirex and Toxaphene 2. Phasing out of DDT 3. Reduction of BOD5 from urban waste water 4. Reduction of inputs of Mercury 5. Reduction of BOD5 in the food sector 6. Phasing out of Hexabromodiphenyl ether, Hexabromobiphenyl ether, Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and Pentabromodiphenyl ether 7. Phasing out of Lindane and Endosulfan 8. Phasing out of Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, its salts and Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride 9. Elimination of Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane, Beta hexachlorocyclohexane, Chlordecone, Hexabromobiphenyl, Pentachlorobenzene

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Mid-Term Evaluation of SAP/NAP The main objective of the SAP/NAP evaluation is to enhance the sustainability of the SAP MED/NAP implementation in the light of ecosystem approach and the full achievement of SAP and regional plans targets. The major deliverables of the policy/legal/technical NAP implementation component undertaken by UNEP/MAP MED POL will provide information on the regional status of implementation of SAP-MED/NAPs. The achievement of SAP MED regional targets as well as a set of policy recommendations on ways and means to streamline the following components in the update process of SAP MED/NAP:  The ecosystem approach implementation (goal, vision, ecological objectives, GES and targets, monitoring and program of measures) • The obligations under the legally binding measures adopted by the Contracting Parties in the framework of Article 15 of the LBS Protocol • The use of market-based and economic instruments to reduce over-utilization and control pollution. • Emerging issues and global/regional agendas of Mediterranean relevance. The SAP MED/NAP implementation status report includes country profiles and fact sheets highlighting major achievements at national levels, and information on the status of: o Policy /legal/regulatory framework to support SAP/NAP implementation o Pollution loads (national budget) for groups of pollutants o Pollutant loads data per sector/subsector/region/sub region/national/ sub- national levels, reported by the contracting parties to the Barcelona Convention and Land-Based Sources and Activities (LBS) Protocol in 2003 and 2008, or identified in the annual PRTR reports where available and relevant other published data and information.

Overview of achievements made over NAP (2005) In the Egyptian NAP (2005), the following actions were recommended: 1. Formulation of a National Committee of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (NCICZM), which was achieved, but not fully activated. 2. Management and actions a. Progress of QA/QC Environmental monitoring b. National Oil Spills Contingency Plan c. Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAP) d. Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland Project Priorities included: i. sewage management ii. urban solid waste iii. pollution caused by Cd, Pb, and Cr

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

iv. Organohalogens: halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated phenolic compounds, Organo- halogenated pesticides v. Wastewater and solid waste from industrial installations. The first three categories of the second item have also been achieved. EPAP I program has proved to be very successful in achieving compliance of over 20% of the industry. EPAPIII is expected to be able to handle the ongoing compliance and the majority of the remaining industries. Lake Manzala Engineered wetland has been implemented, but its effectiveness is still questionable and many of the problems of sewage management, were not addressed. Also, problems of adequate wastewater treatment systems with separate rainwater collection systems and landfills for domestic solid waste and sludge disposal, before and after waste-energy generations have been addressed. The coverage of sewage systems and wastewater treatment still does not exceed 80% in urban areas and 12% in rural areas. This, however, is due to the following reasons: 1. Population growth rate that exceeded 2.55% over the whole period 2. The lack of funds and increase of poverty and spreading of slum areas, over the period 2005 to 2015 3. Lack of law enforcement during the period between the two revolutions Jan.,2011 to June2013 4. Fear of decision makers because of the spread of corruption and increase of complications and laws against corruption. 5. Social injustice among different layers of the society

This situation has now been changedor, at least, is being changed.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

4: NAP Updating, 2015

Having obtained the Midterm conditions and diagnosed the environmental situation, we have now to consider describing type and methodology of updating. The updating carried out included: 1. Updating pollution monitoring data, references, and analysis of various parameters, with special reference to pollution Index taking the ecological approach into consideration (E05, E09, and E010) 2. Updating hot spots classification basedon its impact on public health, Environmental status and pressures, economics and trans-boundary effects. Results indicate that Port Said city is no longer a hot spot, but Kitchener drain is. 3. Identifying and assessing other hidden and deep rooted LB sources that dump directly to the Mediterranean Sea or waterways in the northern region of Egypt 4. Identifying and assessing measures and selecting operational targets, setting dates and targets 5. Considering the need for separating rain water from wastewater in the sewage network in the view of what happened in Alexandria city and all of the coastal cities, towns and villages of Egypt. Especiallyin light of the expected to increase of frequency and severity of extreme events due to climate change, especially in lowland areas below mean sea level

The NAP updating process started in January 2015 with the institutional structure which was carried out by assigning the National Committee of ICZM to carry out the responsibility of the National Steering Committee (NSC). The ICZM committee has been formed by the Minister of Environment and includes heads of various organizations concerned with coastal activities. The ICZM Committee is headed by the Chairman of EEAA. The Thematic Committee is formed by three experts in the fields of industrial pollution, monitoring, and economics. The thematic groups were selected by heads of organizations concerned with coastal pollution sectors of each team. They were consulted individually regarding various aspects of their sector. Stakeholders Stakeholders in Lake Maryut in Alexandria include: 1. Alexandria Governorate 2. Egyptian Authority for Fisheries Resources and Development, Ministry of Agriculture 3. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI). 4. Inhabitants and landowners along the coast of the lake 5. Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW)

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

6. Industries and Alexandria Business Men Associations. 7. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) 8. General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) 9. Syndicate of fishermen 10. NGO (represented by FEA for Alexandria) With equivalent stakeholders of each governorate of the eight governorates overlooking the Mediterranean. Stakeholders who were most concerned about this updating were EEAA, HCWW, NGO, and General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) and inhabitants and landowners around the lake.

Work Methodology for Updating NAP The work methodology consists of four basic steps: 1. Assessment of Midterm Baseline 2. Analysis of gaps, prioritization of issues and target setting 3. Development of program of measures 4. Review, approval, implementation, and follow-up Fig (4.1) includes details of each step

‎

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig (.4.1):Detailed steps for updating the NAP based on the methodological frame- workflow chart included in the NAP update guidelines UNEP/MAP April 2015 We divided the shoreline on the Mediterranean according to existing hot spots into five regions so as to describe the prevailing environmental conditions that created the hot spot. The reason for that is because the shoreline of the coast of Egypt extends for over a thousand km on the Mediterranean Sea and includes Eight Governorates from west to east Matruh, Alexandria, Albohaira, KafrElshiekh, Eldakahlia, Damietta, Port Said and North Sinai. Land-based sources are associated with substantial economic activities of population in large cities such as Alexandria City (5.5-6.0 M) near the western branch of the River Nile and Port Said City (0.6 -0.7M) near the eastern branch

Stakeholders were identified for participation and consultation. The NSC was selected based on the National ICZM Committee. The National thematic group were identified based on nomination by heads of ICZM committee and three experts from academic institutions working in the fields of Marine pollution monitoring, industrial pollution and economics of pollution.

Assessment of the Midterm baseline conditions was based on the availability of reports and data from organizations working in the fields of municipal pollution, industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, solid waste and hazardous pollution sectors of the coastal areas. Consultations with experts in the field and reports of EEAA made available by Med Pol representative at EEAA. The updating of the hot spots in the main

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

cities along the coast was then carried out according to human activities and environmental pressures.

Identification of gaps between requirements set out by Barcelona Convention legal framework (i.e. SAP MED provisions) regional plans and condition and its quantification is then carried out to the best of available environmental literature.

Measures are then suggested, discussed with thematic consultants, and integrated. The prioritization process was carried out based on “Prioritization Criteria.” 1. Achievement of pollution related, 2. Elimination of hot Spot 3. Contribution to other pollution 4. Technical feasibility 5. Geographic scale, and 6. Implementation timetable/urgency The “Economic Criteria” are as follows: 1. Contribution to the overall objectives of the hotspot 2. Overall effectiveness 3. Overall Benefits to the Hotspot 4. Acceptability to decision makers and community 5. Synergy among general benefits to the Hotspot

Operational targets were then identified and projects were selected and prioritized. The geographic location is then integrated.

Projects were also discussed with experts and authorities, taking into consideration regional ecological objectives of E05, E09, and E10

Difficulties (Technical and Institutional): 1. Due to drastic changes since the revolution in January 2011, many buildings were created onagricultural land without proper infrastructure, and many were demolished which created excessive construction waste. Unfortunately, most of these buildings were made without thinking of the properly needed infrastructure or elevation above sea level. Some were built in wastewater ways and some in lowland even below sea level. So, when a climate change extreme rainfall occurred in October 2015, the towns in the coastal zone and in particular, Alexandria City were severely hit by theflood.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

2. After the revolution in January,2011 a lot of unreported changes in water demands and wastewater treatments have changed. Wastewater is dumped directly into waterways without treatment or with 25% treatment. Many developmental plans were deleted, and many were delayed. Changes were too fast.

3. It was not possible to convene the ICZM committee, nor was it possible to convene thematic group partly because of problems of security at that time and partly because of rainstorms, even though I was able to have a meeting with experts of EEAA RBO and discussed updating NAP with them. They were all very cooperative,

4. The thematic committee is nominated by heads of various ICZM organizations, consultations with some members of the Regional ThematicTeam have been carried out, especially with municipal wastewater authority.

5. There is a severe shortage of availability and exchange of reliable data, accurate sewage network and elevation maps, detailed reports and information on industries, pollution, and wastewater facilities. A geographic database must be available and made transparent.

6. Broad and detailed economic analysis has to be carried out based on priority projects and those of less priority well in advance of deadline time, to allow for such economic studies.

7. It was necessary to have enough time to carry out analysis of the situation after the disaster of Alexandria rainfall in the last week of October and the first week of November 2015

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

5-Midterm Baseline Assessment Egypt is located in an arid region in the northeastern corner of Africa in the northern part bordering the Mediterranean Sea. The shoreline (~1150km from Sallum town on the western side to Rafah town on the eastern side) hosts some shallow coastal lakes (~ 550 km inner shoreline of lakes or lagoons) which constitute about 25% of the wetland of the entire Mediterranean. The coastal zone is characterized by the presence of some pocket beaches and lagoons, calcareous ridges nearly parallel to the shoreline. The population of Egypt has reached 90 Million, and its growth rate is 2.55. The actual water resources currently available for use in Egypt are 55.5 BCM/year Nile River, 1.3 BCM/year effective rainfall on the northern strip of the Delta and 2 BCM/year non-renewable groundwater for western desert and Sinai while water requirements for different sectors are in the order of 79.5 BCM/year. Shallow groundwater in the Nile aquifer cannot be considered a separate source of water (Abukila, 2015). Almost 85% of water resources are used in surface irrigation of cultivated land. So, Egypt suffers from water shortage, especially that thereis land to cultivate. Economic activities vary from grazing, fishing and tourism on the western side to heavy industry, trading, farming and aquaculture on the middle delta to fishing, aquaculture, farming and tourism in the eastern sector. Tourism industry contributes about 15-18 % to GNP while the agriculture sector contributes about 20% of GNP of the country. Recently, Egypt encountered two consecutive revolutions, one on 25th of January 2011, and the second on 30 June 2013, during which time, enforcement of environmental regulations were disrupted, and many factories are dismantled, and many unplanned buildings were erected, and the economy of the country nearly collapsed. After the second revolution, law and order were restored, asurvey of urban encroachment was carried out, and theeconomy has recovered, and life gradually came to normal.

The coastal zone of Egypt in the Mediterranean can be divided according to land-based sources into five distinctive regions:

The western region. A desert extending from Sallum Town on the border with Libya to Alexandria (550 km) and including MarsaMatruh City (200,000 Population) and Marina Resort City. Sandy beaches, clear blue water, and coastal ridges that run nearly parallel to the shoreline are the main features. The coastal zone of this region has been occupied by relatively high- class resort villages that include well-planned villas mainly with wastewater treatment facilities. Except for some slum areas inSallum andMarsaMatruhcities, this region is not polluted yet. Except for malfunctioning of wastewater treatment of villages, there are

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

usually safe conditions. Population density remains to be least during ten months of the year, with limited vegetation of fig along some ridges. Cultivation may be practiced on rainwater during November, December and January during which about (140-180)mm/y falls in the coastal zone. A new multi Million Alamain City is planned in this region, and a wastewater treatment plant is expected to be built. A Nuclear Power Station is planned in this area (at El Dabaa) to provide theenergynecessary to promote industrial activities in this region. The region does not have any significant sources of industrial pollution or agricultural pollution yet. A domestic wastewater facility is available for MarsaMatruhCity. The economic activities include grazing, handcraft, and touristic services.

Alexandria Region With a length of about 100 km from the western border of the city to the Rosetta branch of the River Nile, which is highly urbanized and industrialized region and hosts three main hot spots, Lake Maryut, El Mex Bay and Abu Qir Bay. Alexandria City (5.5 - 6.5 Million population) is the second largest city in Egypt and is the highest density populated coastal zone area (over1800 person/km2). It hosts the two largest harbors (Alexandria and El Dekhaila) in the country as well as over 40% of the Egyptian industry. The Governorate of Alexandria (2680km2) has three primary land covers:  Desert area representing about 55% of the governorate area to the southwest of the city which includesAmerya and Borg El Arab districts with less density of population;  Agricultural land use for about 25% of the governorate area to the southeastern side of the city (Montaza District)  Urban and shallow water area which constitutes Lake Maryut, MaryutValley, Canals and waterways which cover the rest namely Dekhaila, West, Gomrock, Middle and East Districts. The urban area in seven districts is on the average, 80% covered with sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants. The city is well knownindustrial city with key industries including Petroleum refineries, Iron and Steel industries, Fertilizers, Cement, Chemical and Petrochemicals, Paper manufacturing, food industries, textiles and Tanneries. These industries employ millions of workers and contribute over 40% of the total revenue of industry in Egypt. This region hosts three main hotspots: a. Lake Maryutmain basin: It is located to the south of Alexandria City. It receives agricultural waste through Noubareya Canal (2.6Mm3/d) and ElOmoum Drain (7.2Mm3/d) from the agricultural areas to the south, industrial and partially primary treated (EWWTP with capacity 800,000 m3/d)) municipal wastewater through the Qalaa Drain (1.4Mm3/d) and WWWTP output. The level of water in the lake is kept at 2.8 m below mean sea level MSL by El- Max Pumping

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Station,which pumps water from Lake Maryut and discharges about 8Mm3/day in El Mex Bay. The sludge from WWWTP and

Fig(5-1a): Wastewater treatment plants distribution in Alexandria (Hasan, 2014)

EWWTP was transported by trucks to the site 9N in Amerya District and used for cultivation of trees in the desert. Nowadays, authorities are looking for another site for drying sludge and transporting it to cement companies to use as alternative fuel. Until this is finished, the wastewater treatment activities are operating at reduced capacity. Other basins of the lake are also partially polluted by industrial wastewater. Except for the 1000 Acres(4.2 Hectares) aquaculture basin and the hydro-dome, all basins are either fully polluted or somewhat polluted by domestic and industrial wastewater.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig (5-1b): Lake Maryut, MaryutValley, and El Mex Bay. Red spots indicate municipal WWWTP and EWWTP and outlet of El QalaaDrain. Pollution load has been estimated recently at 122.6 tons/day for sanitary waste, 180 tons/day from industrial waste and up to 6.0 Million m3/day from agricultural waste water Nasr, 2013. These resulted in huge amounts of organic and inorganic toxic substances from nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, pesticides, and pathogens, (ALAMIM, 2009). Tables (5-1 and 5-2) show the most recent estimates of these levels.

Table (5-1): Nutrients levels in Lake Maryut (Cantabria, 2015)

Table (5-2): Heavy metal concentration in Lake Maryut (Cantabria,2015)

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

The city of Alexandria produces about 4000tons of municipal solid waste/day. About 70% of this waste is collected. Organics are partially composted by three compost plants, recycled, and the rest is landfilled in a sanitary landfill in the desert on Alexandria – MatruhRoad established since 1997. It is necessary to consider upgrading of this system of collection, recycling, increasing thecapacity of composting in addition to transferring waste – energy capacity. It is necessary to construct a new landfill since the old one has been filled. However, the existing landfill still has to be closed officially. Also, a hazardous waste landfill has been built in Alexandria at El Naseria for inorganic hazardous waste; however, it is required to extend the hazardous waste landfill at El Naseria to include organic waste.

B- El Mex Bay: It is a near rectangular bay extending for about 15 km along the northern coast of Alexandria City and extends from Agami headland to the western harbor. The Bay hosts the two mainportsof the country, Alexandria Port, and El Dekhaila Port. Economic wise, the ports of Alexandria handle over 40% of the industrial products of Egypt. It receives primary treated polluted water from Lake Maryut in addition to wastewater from about 50 tanneries (3200m3/day) half of them illegally discharged. About 6000-7000 persons are working in these tanneries. The Tannery industryis characterized by having high levels of TSS, COD, BOD, Sulfide and Chromium far exceeds the limits of the law 93/1962 and Decree 44/2000 for discharging to public sewers, and Law 4/1994 for discharging to the sea.Also, wastewater from Dekhaila Steel Company (35400m3/d), Misr Chemicals Company (40,000 m3/d), Alexandria Petroleum Company and Alexandria Sodium Carbonate (0,315000m3/d) are discharged. It also receives waste from ship traffic and sunken ships

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig (5-2): The narrowest land between Lake Maryut and El Mex Bay illustrating dumping sitesin Mex Bay and some important industrial locations. Tanneries are identified in Red to the eastern side.

Table (5-3): Pollution and flow from major sources of El Mex Bay (tons/day)

The levels of heavy metals in El Mex Bay vary drastically according to season and time. Table (5-4) demonstrate results of monitoring data that including Cr, obtained by Abdalla (20007)

Table (5-4): Heavy metals measurements in El Mex Bay (Abdalla, 2007)

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Recently, chromium values ranged from 0.32– 4.19μg/l with anaverageof 1.76 μg/l (Nasr, 2013). The main concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) demonstrated markedly different distribution patterns, reflecting different domestic, agricultural and industrial usage in the area. DDTs were the primary pollutants, which exhibited values <0.60-228.60 ng/g, representing 95.8% of OCPs, showing high concentrations at sample locations closer to industrial areas with intensive shipping activities. It should be notedthat Sediment Toxicity Reference Values for OCPs and PCBs are greater than those recorded in the present study (El Nagger et al, 2013).

Again, the collection efficiency and management of solid waste disposal in these ports are not adequate.

It should be noticed that the pollution of El Mex Bay is largely dependent on that of Lake Maryut, especially at the outlet El Mex pumping station and of El Ommoum Drain. If we upgrade the situation of Lake Maryut, this will reflect positively on reducing pollution in El Mex Bay.

c- Abu Qir Bay: A semicircular bay located on the eastern side of Alexandria city that has many historic sites, but it is polluted by agricultural wastewater discharge from Boghas El- Maadia. Also, there are some large industries which discharge their wastewater directly to the bay or indirectly through El Amia drain. Ongoing projects include compliance of Abu Qir Fertilizers. Recently, the city of Abu Qir has witnessed huge changes due to unplanned urban expansion during the period between the two revolutions. Human economic activities in this area include industry (50%), fishing (3%), farming (5%) and tourism (12%). The distribution of locations various industries is shown in maps in Annex1

Table (5-5): Major contributors to Eutrophication in Abu Qir Bay (Cantabria, 2015)

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig (5-3): Most important industries in Abu Qir and their discharge sites. Only AQ power plant and Alexandria Fertilizers complied with regulations Table (5-6): Average total metal concentrations (μg g-1; dry weight) in sediments of Abu- Qir Bay. Parameter Fe Al Mn Zn Sn Cu Pb V As Cd Se Min 90 4960 115.0 25.23 3.40 10.24 1.90 5.57 1.60 0.31 0.06 Max 35890 19860 479.6 104.1 354.9 22.85 16.79 70.64 8.67 4.89 1.75

Mean 15904.2 9424.2 233.3 50.9 151.8 13.6 8.2 22.6 5.30 2.93 0.52 The pollution in Abu Qir Bay, which is primarily organic, exceeds the legal limits for discharges. Limited contaminations by heavy metal is identified as well. There is clear evidence that the polluting load is reduced over the past few years, due most likely to the

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

considerable efforts that have been made to connect the contributing urban areas to the sewerage network and to control industrial pollution (Cantabria, 2015).

The Delta Region: The Nile delta between Rosetta and Damietta branches hosts the most fertileland of Egypt and almost 60% of the population. The shoreline extends for about 250 km along the Mediterranean and includes Lake Burullus (which is relatively shallow, moderately polluted lake of RAMSAR Biosphere Reserves) and Kitchener Drain outlet. Lake Burullus is polluted by municipal, agricultural and industrial waste through a large number of drains shown in Fig (5-4). Kitchener drain collects municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from upstream all the way through 3 internal governorates and discharges directly on the Mediterranean Sea. Human economic activities in this region include farming, fishing, and aquaculture and many industrial activities.

Fig (5-4): Lake Burullus and drains discharging through, Kitchener drain is slight to the east

Economic activities here include farming, aquaculture, fishing, and industry. Agglomerates of more than 2000 inhabitants without connection to sewer systems exist all around the lake. Marine letter also exists and solid waste management is necessary. A project supported by H2020 is ongoing at the Governorate of Kafr El Shiekh and including this lake. Kitchener Drain, Fig (5-4) and Fig(5-5) (also known as Gharbia Drain) is considered the most significant source of pollution in this region since it collects industrial, municipal and agricultural waste from upstream starting from El Mahalla Kobra going north. It receives industrial waste (15.7Mm3/d from 14 factories in Gharbia and KafrElshiekh governorates). Municipal waste (36.3M m3/d from 39 stations of which 22 stations are non-complying with national standards) and randomly mixed agricultural waste

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

3.7Mm3/d, depending on time of the year. It extends for 69 km and collects waste through its branches and discharges it partly in Lake Burullus (15%) and partially (85%) directly to the sea without treatment. The following sources are among the greatest contributors to this drain: b. Tanta for oil and Soup in El-Mahalla (Complying with regulations) c. Misr for Spinning and textiles Companies in El-Mahalla d. Fertilizers companies and a Sugar Factory e. Domestic wastewater from all agglomerates along the 69 km f. Mixed Agricultural waste from adjacent agricultural land. .

Fig (5-5): Kitchener drains collecting municipal, agricultural and industrial waste from middle of the delta and discharging it directly into the Mediterranean (Frihy and Deabes,2012)

Port Said Region. This region extends from the Damietta branch of the River Nile to the to the eastern borders of Suez Canal to the east and includes new and old outlets of Ashtoom El Gamil from Lake Manzala and Wastewater Treatment Plant to the south of Port Said City. Lake Manzala lies within on the borders of four Governorates (Port Said, Dakahlia, Sharkia and Damietta). The total area of the lake has changed from 750,000 acres to 120,000 acres over the pastcentury.

Lake Manzala is the largest natural lake in Egypt overlooking the Mediterranean. It extends for about 65 km as the maximum length, and 49 km as maximum width. Thereare two narrow outlets to the Mediterranean at El-Baghdadi, Ashton El-Gamil and

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

El-Qabotiat the northern side of the lake. The lake is connected with the Damietta Branch of the Nile through El Inaniya Canal. The south-western corner of the lake receives the majority of its freshwater input through the Sirw and Fariskur pumping stations, and the Inaniya Canal. It collects industrial and municipal waste of the eastern side of the delta through Bahr El Baqar drain from upstream all the way up to Cairo City. Recently, a pilot engineered wetland (bio-filter) was set in the outlet of Bahr El Baqar Drain, and it proved efficient in reducing pollution load. Human economic activities in this region include industrial, fishing, farming and tourism.

Fig(5-6): Lake Manzala Land use classification (AboulMagd and El Zeini, 2014)

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig (5-7): Lake Manzala and its associated drains. The location of Engineered Wetland project is indicated

Six main agricultural drains flow into Lake Manzala and affect its water quality. Drainage water contributes about 98% of the total annual inflow to Lake Manzala. The following are these drains with their relative contribution to the total flow as shown in Figure (5-7): 1. Hadous Drain: It is the largest drain in the eastern Delta, serving some 790000 Acress of agricultural lands. It contributes about 49% of the total inflow. 2. Bahr El Baqar Drain: This is the most important of all drains discharging into the lake. It discharges industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewater collected from the discharge, all the way to Cairo about 200 km, upstream. It ends at the village of Bahr El Baqor, of population 20,000 of fishermen. It serves an agricultural area of some 536000 Acress, and also receives about 300 million m3/y of sewage from Cairo. It contributes about 25% of the total inflow 3. Sirw Drain: It serves 68700 Acress and it contributes about 13% of the total inflow 4. Ramsis Drain: It is about 24 km long and discharges a relatively small amount of water to Lake Manzala. It contributes about 4% of the total inflow. 5. Fariskur Drain: It serves about 20000 Acress. It contributes about 4% of the total inflow. 6. Matariya Drain: It serves 50000 of land under agricultural reclamation. It contributes about 2 % of the total inflow.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Lake Manzala receives waste from 44 factories to the extent it became eutrophic. Along its western and southern coasts, fresh and drainage water flows via seven main sources, with the Bahr El Baqar and Hadous Drains contributing about 75% of the total inflow to the lake. Bahr El Baqar carries partly treated domestic wastewater of Cairo, Sharkia, and Dakahlia Governorates of east central delta cities to the lake (NAP, 2005 and MWRI, 2005). Several factors are threatening this most important wetland area in Egypt. Widespread reclamation has resulted in a major reduction in the area of the lake and its marshlands. Also, largeareas of the lake have been modified by dredging and removal of natural vegetation. Large amounts of untreated sewage end up at the lake, and also agricultural drainage water carrying huge quantities of agrochemicals including pesticides and fertilizers (NAP, 2005) Drain inflows are also responsible for the elevated concentrations of heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which have been identified in water, sediment and biota. Lake Manzala receives annually about 3 6.7Mm of raw sewage, agricultural and industrial wastewater (Nasr, 2013). Port Said City is a touristic city with shallow sandy beaches. It hosts about 0.6 Million inhabitants, mainly in commercial business and small industries. The wastewater is discharged to the south in lakeManzala and is primary treated or not treated at all. The capacity of already existing of Wastewater Plant is 4000m3/d only, but it is not working at these days. Upgrading of capacity of industrial wastewater station to the south of Port Said to reach a capacity of 64,000 m3/day, is highly trcommended. The cost is about (300MEP) and Arab Contractors are carrying out studies, considering two ways: (1) Upgrading of Grabaa and Menasra Wastewater treatments to comply with regulations by the Company for Drinking Water and Wastewater of Canal Cities, (2) Upgrading of 10s elevation station is undergoing by the National Services The Egyptian General Authority for Shoreline Protection is studying lake Manzala for treatment on three steps (1) Dredging material removal from the two outlets, (2) Dredging and deepening of the lake in an area of 50,000 acres with cost 260MEP, and (3) Cooperation among Ministries of Housing, Interior, Health and Environment to removal illegal holdings and periodic sampling of lake water According to results of updating of hotspots, Port Said City is considered a sensitive area and does not qualify as a hotspot.

The overall quality of water in the Nile delta region has been carried out by MWRI, (2005) and by Chemonics (2016). Fig (5-8) for water pollution over the Nile delta. It indicates that pollution of Alexandriasites is the most severe

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig.(5-8): Monitoring of the quality of water over the Nile delta region as compared to regulations in Egypt (MWRI, 2005) North Sinai Region. This region starts from the East of Suez Canal to Rafah on the Palestinian border and extends for about 250km, and includes the northern coasts of Saini Peninsula. The region hosts LakeBardawil, (a part of which, El Zaranik is a RAMSAR Protected area), and it is the cleanest lake in northern Egypt,about 18 km to the west ofEl-ArishCity. The lake hosts about 3200 fishermen and is managed by the Environmental and Fisheries authorities. However, due to growth of unplanned urbanization,increasing trend of oil pollution from tankers crossing Suez Canal, building aquaculture farms and possible extension of agriculture in El Arish valley, it is considered a sensitive region and a wastewater treatment plant is suggested to treat wastewater from agglomerates of minimum 2000 inhabitants or more, to keep the lake clean. Human economic activities in this region include farming, fishing, aquaculture and tourism. Fig (5-9) shows the land cover distribution of that area about Lake Bardawil.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Due to the importance of keeping this lake clean, a monitoring center is needed for proper management of the lake and for keeping away domestic and agricultural wastewater.

Fig (5-9) Land cover map illustrating Lake Bardawil and vicinity of irrigated area (FAO, 2013)

The updating of hot spots of Egypt was conducted according to Updated Guidelines of Hot Spots which is based on public health , environmental, economic impacts, and transboundary effects with variable wieghts. Results of updated assessment indicate that Lake

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Maryut, Abu Qir Bay, and Lake Manzala are priority A hot spots, and El-Mex Bay, Lake Burullus (or Kitchener) are class B hot spots, and Port Said is a sensitive area. However, MarsaMatruh, Marina, and Bardawil are not. The main reasons behind El Mex Bay being class B hot spot lies in the fact that it depends on pollution in Lake Maryut

Monitoring A monitoring program for marine pollution has been established by EEAA since 1998, which is QA and QC. The system EEAA/EIMP is supported by accredited laboratories and well-trained personnel. Water pollution of the coastal zone is being monitored seasonally at specific sites for the past 17 years. The Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR) of University of Alexandria is responsible for measurements on the Mediterranean coast. The following map illustrates the monitoring sites along the Mediterranean, four times a year at least.

Fig (5-10): Sites of the monitoring program for the Mediterranean Sea in operation at EEAA since 1998 (EEAA/EIMP) Parameters, which have been covered by the program, include: 1. Basic physical parameters: These include depth and vertical profile of salinity, specific conductivity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) and water transparency (Secchi disc). CTD (YSI) was used for measuring the physical parameters.

2. Bacteriological parameters (total coliform, fecalcoliform, and fecal streptococci). Special rode with glass carrier has been used for collection of samples.

3. Eutrophication parameters: These include total suspended matter (SPM), nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, silicate, and chlorophyll.

A pollution index based on principal component analysis combination of measured parametersis

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

obtained. Fig (5-11) shows the measured pollution index along the coastal zone at specific sites of the hot spots over a period of 17 years, as measured by the monitoring team (Nasr, 2015). The program is very effective in identifying hot spots and their parametric changes It is clear that the pollution index decreased gradually starting 1998 until 2014 at all hot spots. This implies that the control measures are exercised during that period are effective in reducing pollute on over the Egyptian coast and that it is possible to reach the transparent water conditions of the control sites.

Fig (5-11): Pollution index monitored at some stations including hot spots over the past 17 - years. (Source: Nasr, 2015) Note the control stations at Ras El Kanayes and Baghoush in Matruh Governorate compared to the pollution index at other stations at hot spots of Alexandria and Manzala are generally decreasing over time. This is mainly due to the enforcement of laws and regulations and upgrading of awareness. Also, experts from regional offices of EEAA carry out periodic testing at the sources of companies or drains, building adatabase and have the authority of withdrawing licenses of operation. A one-day visit and a meeting with the staff at theregional office of Alexandria indicated their need for capacity building, advanced training, and instruments. Also, a National Monitoring Program of the northern lakes of Egypt has been carried out by the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) for the past 5years

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Existing Environmental Regulations: The following summary of laws and regulations govern the discharge of wastewater in Egypt (Holding Company of Water and Wastewater HCWW)  Law 93/1962 regulates wastewater disposal and designates the responsibility of constructing public sewer systems to the Ministry of Housing which is also responsible for theissuance of permits regulating wastewater discharge into public sewerage networks or the environment. The Ministry of Health determines the regulatory standards.

 Decree No. 649/1962 and Decree No. 9/1989: Decree No. 649/1962 of the Minister of Housing issues the executive regulations of Law 93/1962. It specifies regulatory standards for wastewater disposal. It was updated in 1989 by Decree No. 9/1989 in which a distinction was made between wastewater disposal on sandy soils and clay-silt soils. Most prominent conditions included that wastewater treatment plants should be located more than three kilometers from the nearest residential area. Primary treatment was set as a minimum treatment level required before final discharge. Reuse of effluent in the irrigation of vegetables, fruits or any other crops are eaten uncooked is strictly prohibited. The same restriction is imposed on grazing of animals or milking cattle in the fields irrigated with wastewater.

 In 1995, an amendment determined the minimum degree required for wastewater treatment for the various reuse aspects. Tertiary treatment was set as aprerequisite for unrestricted irrigation of crops are eaten uncooked. Secondary treated effluents may be reused for irrigating palm trees, cotton fields, jute, cereals, forage crops, flower nurseries and thermally processed vegetables and fruits.

 Law 48/1982 for the Protection of the River Nile and watercourses from pollution. Decree 8/1983 is an executive regulation of Law 48/1982 that was issued by the Minister of Irrigation. Under this law, discharges to the Nile, canals, drains and groundwater are controlled by licensing. The Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources issues licenses to industries, sanitary sewage treatment plants, and riverboats. Licensesare issued provided that discharges satisfy regulatory standards and requirements. A grace period of three months is granted to violators to comply with the demands. Failure to comply can mean thewithdrawal of the license. The Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources is empowered with administrative and policing means to enforce this law. The Ministry of Interior ‘s water surfaces policealso have powers to ensure its implementation. The Ministry of Health is entrusted with setting standards and monitoring the quality of discharges. Water quality standards in this law are specified for various categories that include the River Nile, treated industrial effluent to the Nile and canals, treated industrial and sanitary water discharge to drains, lakes and ponds, treated

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

discharge from river vessels to the Nile and canals and drain waters to be mixed with the Nile or canals.

• Law 4 of 1994—Updated 2014. Environmental Framework Law by the Minister of State for Environmental Affairs (MSEA). In Law 4 it is stated that all facilities discharging to surface water are required to obtain a license and maintain a register indicating the impact of the establishment ‘s activity on the environment. The register should include data on emissions, efficiency and outflow from treatment units and periodic measurements. • Decree 44/2000 and new amendments in 2015

• Decree No. 603/ 2002—Decision of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation for the restriction of the use of wastewater in the agricultural sector. It prohibits the use of wastewater, treated or untreated, for irrigating traditional field crops. Irrigation is only utilized in the limited cultivation of trees for timber and ornamental trees, taking into account the measures to protect the health of workers in agriculture when using this type of water.

• Decree No. 1038/2009—Decision of the Minister of Agriculture and Land Reclamation to prohibit the use of wastewater, whether treated or untreated, for the irrigation of all food crops. No permission to own new lands would be approved unless the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) confirmed the existence and suitability of a source of irrigation.

• Other pertinent laws include Law 12/1984 that regulates the authority of the Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources as the custodian of all water resources.

 Law 9 of 2009: Amendment to Law 4/1994 including ICZM and policy. It includes articles defining the coastal zones (art. 39) and the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (art. 40 & 48).  Decision 964/2015 of April 2015 to upgrade and modernize Environment Law 4/94 concerning discharge of waste in waterways and emission in air and disposal of solid waste as well as some quantitative limits

Institutional Structure The “institutional” aspects of the NAP updating process consisting of: - Institutional arrangements. - Work methodology. - Stakeholders involved and synergy with other relevant policy processes. - Timeline for completion of work. - The mechanism for approval and endorsement.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

According to Law 4/94, EEAA is the body responsible for coordinating various activities of the Environment. The concerned Ministry is responsible for the implementation of various components of pollution monitoring and reduction program. The EEAA has the institutional structure necessary to carry out the job; however, there is a strong need for upgrading:  A strong monitoring and assessment program, (QA/QC) laboratories and well calibrated portable equipment, must be available  Legal setting and enforcement  An integrated, unified database should be established at EEAA  Personnel at EEAA must have better training and must have legal authorities  Encouragement and upgrading of awareness NGOs. The work involves periodic and non-periodic inspection and auditing of individual land-based sources. It also involves QA/QC monitoring and assessment on the regional scale. EEAA also identifies compliance and noncompliance with regulations. The complying companies are allowed to continue, while the non-complying companies are allowed a grace period to come up with an action plan. All must be approved by the chairperson

Stakeholders include Governorate Regional Office, Governorate Environment Sector, and Business Association, Holding Company of Water and Wastewater (HCWW), health authorities, tourism authorities, Syndicates, Environment NGO, Academia and representatives of the community. We shall discuss elements of each for each type of pollution:

I – Agricultural Waste The Ministry of Agriculture is the governmental body responsible for management of agricultural resources and the Ministry of Water Resources, and Irrigation is responsible for supplying water for the irrigation which constitutes over 85% of the total budget of the River Nile. Farmers, in rural areas, however, still use the primitive ways and tools for irrigation and cropping. They use surface irrigation, which consumes excessive amounts of water, pesticides and insecticides much over needed and what the land can accommodate. Agricultural wastewater constitutes over 90% of the wastewater polluted by pesticides from various drains discharged in the Mediterranean.

II - Wastewater The Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) is the main entity responsible for implementation of water and wastewater activities including preparation of National Master Plan, tendering and monitoring of water and wastewater related activities in the country. Egypt generates about 5.4 billion m3 of wastewater annually. Almost 90% of urban areas have wastewater services while about 11% of rural areas are connected to a wastewater treatment network and facility. The main components of wastewater are pathogens, suspended solids, nutrients, oxygen-demanding materials, and salts.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Within the EEAA, the Environmental Information and Monitoring Programme (EIMP) is responsible for the implementation of a water qualitymonitoringprogram for the Egyptian coastal water. The program includes monitoring of water quality parameters and levels of contaminants in sediments along the Mediterranean coastline of Egypt. Based on data provided by the Coastal Water Monitoring Programme of the EEAA, high levels of nutrients were reported in water disposed of in the Mediterranean. Coverage by wastewater connections increased by more than 5% of the total population during the period 2003-2011, (El Fiki et al, 2010) III- Solid waste Some entities are involved in dealing with solid waste management in Egypt. These include the governorates, Ministry of Local Development and the EEAA. Though the former two bodies have implementation responsibilities on the ground, the EEAA has the overall responsibility for setting a strategy and action plan. Though the country has developed a National Strategy, it has never been implemented. Per capita annual waste generation in urban areas in Egypt is about 325 kg/capita/yr. In rural areas, it is estimated at 150 kg/capita/yr. About 83.5% of MSW goes to open dumps and 5% to sanitary landfills. Composting in Egypt is about 10% and 2.5% is recycled. (El Feki et al, 2010).

IV - Industrial discharge Industrial zones in Egypt are not equipped with wastewater treatment plants to treat industrial effluents. Though newly created ones have been obliged to do so by Environmental Law No 4 of 1994 and its Executive Regulation. The general practice is that industrial waste is mixed with municipal waste. Management of liquid and solid industrial waste requires a great deal of upgrading with the responsibility entrusted to a specifically created entity. It is currently the Industrial Development Authority (IDA) that supports industrial facilities dealing with waste, particularly hazardous waste.

One of the main projects of EEAA is the Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAPII and EPAPIII), which includes undertaking an inventory of industrial emissions at the Governorate level and financing pollution abatement projects required for complying with environmental regulations. This provides an assessment of current emission levels by industry and the potential impact on health and the ecosystem, including the coastal and marine ecosystem. Some industries and implemented projects have complied with regulations of the Law 4/94, and the rest are given a grace period, to come up with an action plan to comply with EPAP funding.

Adopted policy Egypt is facing some environmental challenges mainly because of rapid population growth and the necessity for extensive development to meet the challenges of the growing population. This has placed pressure on natural resources following expansion in industrial, agricultural, and tourism activities. So, starting from National Environmental Action Plan (2002–2017), Egypt has invested heavily in the water sector, through major irrigation projects, drinking water supply, and

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

sanitation infrastructure. In this regard, drinking water in Egypt is well supplied with a high rate of satisfaction of the demand, reaching 100% in urban and rural areas.

However, in spite of wastewater treatment plants has increased by ten times in the last two decades, (HCWW), the existing coverage of wastewater in urban areas does not exceed 70% and in rural areas including agglomerations of 2000 inhabitants and more does not exceed 10%. The low coverage of rural sanitation, in combination with a sub-optimal treatment, results in serious problems of water pollution and degradation of health conditions because the majority of villages and rural areas discharge their raw domestic wastewater directly into the waterways. Currently, Egypt produces an estimated 5.5–6.5 (BCM) (BCM) a year of wastewater. Of that amount, about 2.97 BCM/year is treated, but only 0.7 BCM/year is utilized for agriculture (0.26 BCM is undergoing secondary treatment and 0.44 BCM undergoing primary treatment). In general, secondary treatment is the minimum standard of treatment needed for most agricultural wastewater use schemes. Egypt has adopted a policy of at least secondary treatment of wastewater and reuse in irrigated agricultural land to alleviate the pressure imposed by increasing demands on freshwater resources and to reduce the load on coastal areas. The lack of trained operators is often claimed to be the major reason for malfunctioning of small plants.

As a result, the Egyptian Government has adopted the following policy addressing the ecological objectives E05, E09, and E010:

1. Enforcement of compliance: carrying out environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and licensing of industrial facilities, online monitoring of industrial emissions, improved inspection, load-based emission standards and time limits for the validity of permits; 2. Building a nationally updated database on industrial pollution at EEAA; 3. Adopting cleaner production for the reduction of discharge, e.g. energy efficiency and cleaner fuels; wastewater treatment facilities and renewable energy resources. 4. Use and encourage economic incentives; public disclosure and public participating through EIA; 5. Management of industrial hotspots and guidance of industrial development; 6. Continuous review and updating of emission standards, monitoring and compliance procedures, e.g. the new Law 9/2009 and its' executive regulations. In particular; 1. The focus of the field of wastewater management changed from the construction and management of regional sewerage systems to the building and management of low cost, easy maintained decentralized wastewater treatment facilities.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

2. Increasing the institutional and human capacity and number of wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the quantity of BOD, nutrients, heavy metals, organochlorines and marine litter, discharged in the sea 3. Development of a National Solid Waste Management Programme (NSWMP), under which an Egyptian Solid Waste Affairs Agency (ESWA) is created with the primary responsibility for supervising and monitoring solid waste management activities in the country. 4. Extend wastewater treatment to rural areas of the coastal zone and upgrade institutional structure for monitoring, assessment and control of pollution 5. Promote industrial monitoring and control and build decentralized facilities for wastewater treatment 6. Establish and encourage ICZM, activate oil pollution contingency plan and strong industrial pollution monitoring and control measures 7. Institutionalize a solid waste management system that involves compost plants and waste-to-energy transfer and builds infrastructure for hazardous waste handling in the coastal area

Existing Economic Instruments and Financing The existing economic instruments aim at upgrading industries through various organizations such as adopting Cleaner Production alternatives and Egyptian Pollution Abatement Program (EPAP I, EPAPII, and EPAPIII). The Egyptian law 4/94 and its regulations involve many pollution taxes and fines; however, it is not strongly enforced.EPAP I and EPAP II were very effective in making 20% at least, of the hugeindustries, comply.

All Environmental fines and taxes collected go to a special Environment Protection Account at the Ministry of State of Environmental Affairs. It is realized that the tariffs on provisions of environmental services in Egypt, in general, are not adequate for sustainable financing and reforms may be necessary.

Investments are mostly financed by the government with the support of external donors. The private sector makes a limited contribution to finance, mostly through a single BOT Project that has so far been awarded for a US$160 million wastewater treatment plant.

Between 2005 and 2010 Egypt received more than 1bn Euro in external aid for water supply and sanitation, out of which 30% were grants and the remainder soft loans with an average interest rate of 1%. This corresponds to EUR 200 million per year, corresponding to only about 10% of the government's investment budget for this sector in 2009/10. According to the Ministry of Housing, government subsidies to water and wastewater utilities amounted to more than 15 billion Egyptian pounds (USD 2.5bn) in 2009/10, including EP 13.4bn (USD 2.2bn) investment subsidies, EP 0.66 bn (USD 0.1bn) operating subsidies and EP 1 bn (USD 0.2bn) repair and

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

rehabilitation subsidies (Wikipedia Sanitation in Egypt). The European Union, France, Germany, the United States and the World Bank are among the most important external cooperation partners in the Egyptian water and sanitation sector regarding funding. Several other bilateral donors, as well as UNDP and UNICEF, are also active in the sector. It is believed that to sustain the system, it is necessary to increase tariff.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

6-Identification of Gaps

For each ecological objective, it is necessary to identify gaps between the existing situation as represented by midterm baseline and the required condition as represented by the regional plans obligations and Ecological Approach -GES targets, to identify and prioritize operational targets and select needed projects. So we shall consider gaps for each of the ecological objectives Ecologicalobjectives of EO5 1. There are no regulations for thepromotion of separate rainwater and wastewater sewage systems, even though this was present at least in Alexandria City until the nineties of the past century. There are no regulations for Water Quality Limit (WQL) or Water Quality Index (WQI) also. 2. Only primary treatment is available for WWWTP of Alexandria City. The capacity of Both WWWTP and EWWTP is not enough, and recently, there is no sludge disposal facility. 3. Some coastal cities of agglomerations of 10,000 inhabitants or more such as towns of Edku, Rashid, Baltim and Gamasaare not fully coveredby sewer systems and wastewater treatment facilities. Over 60% of coastal villages in the delta region still do not have adequate sanitation. The percentage population with adequate sanitation in urban areas are about 90% while it does not exceed 12% in rural areas. 4. About 70% of coastal zones with agglomerations of 2000 inhabitants and more are without adequate sewage system especially slum areas 5. The congestion and blockage of wastewater are responsible for the disaster of flooding of Alexandria and other coastal cities by storm rain twice in last month, due to closing of sludge site 9N 6. There are many large industries (e.g. Misr Petroleum, Abu Qir Power Station and Alexandria Fertilizers….) which have complied supported by EPAP (about 20%) with environmental regulations and some such as (e.g. Abu Qir Fertilizers, AMOC, Misr Chemicals,) and are in the grace period or carrying out an action plan for compliance (about 40%), and some have not complied (about40%) may have difficulties in complying.

7. Shortage of human and institutional capacity of EEAA necessary for strong enforcement of regulations. 8. Shortage of multiple sources drain wastewater monitoring for irrigation, hence causing health problems Ecological Objectives of E09 1. Many sources still emit POP,s still have not complied with regulations. These include Alexandria Petroleum Company, El Baida Dyes and Asma dyes, Misr for Spinning and

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Textiles companies in El-Mahalla and Fertilizers companies as well as many agricultural drains; 2. There is no complete monitoring coverage of all priority substances of (E05, E09, and E010) agreed upon by Med Pol meeting 2009, in sediments and biota and water at all places 3. Chromium from about 50 tanneries in El Mex area and which discharge directly in El Mex Bay are anexample, of BOD and heavy metal pollution in progress. An example is pollution of El Mex Bay by Iron from Iron and Steel Company. Pollution of El Mex Bay by heavy metals is quite clear by naked eyes 4. Weak monitoring of levels of some contaminants and weak enforcement of regulations 5. Weakcontrol of inputs of hazardous radioactive substances and hazardous materials discharged into the sea. 6. Weak awareness of the impacts of wastewater on socioeconomic considerations Ecological Objectives of EO10 1. The shortage of Institutional capability of solid waste management. Only about 60% of solid waste is collected, and less than 10% is composted. Open dump sites are spreading.

2. The fraction of plastic packaging waste that goes to landfill or incinerators is small.

3. There are shortages ofadequate urban sewer systems, anda shortage of waste collection and transportation management systems and landfill management to prevent run-off and riverine inputs of Marine Litter (deadline 2020). For instance, location and readiness of a new sludge disposal site are still after more than a year of closing site 9N, not available!

4. No application of cost-effective measures to prevent any marine littering from dredging activities has been explored.

5. No programson regular removal and sound disposal of accumulations/ hotspots of marine litter.

6. No control onplastic dumping or enforcement of using marine biodegrade-able plastics for plastic packaging reducing the fraction of plastic packaging waste that goes to landfills or incineration units or dumped in the sea

7. No availability of sanitary landfill for agglomerations of towns or villages after energy generation.

8. Awareness of population for health aspects of solid and hazardous materials waste aspects is very low.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

7-Operational Targets

To update the National Action Plan, we have to investigate the work in progress,reach operational targets and rank them according to priority. The objective for selection depends on the gaps, already existing projects, institutional capacities as well as theexperience of working groups in the field. The following operational targets have been reachedat:

1. By 2020, the institutional capability and human resources of EEAA and HCWW is assured through training and capacity building. A database at BAT technologies of industrial discharge can be accessed available, for transfer to researchers and practitioners

2. By 2020, ensuring that all agglomerates of more than 2000 inhabitants in the coastal zone are connected to sewage system to reduce municipal pollution and are connected to a treatment plant (Technical). This stems from the fact that many slums and rural areas around lakes are not connected to sewer systems, and they dump their wastewater directly into lakes or bays without treatment. This requires ground surveys and coordination with EEAA, GOPP, and HCWW

3. By 2018, setting up a concentration limit levels of BOD, nutrients, heavy metals,and organochlorines in the coastal areas. By 2019, reduce levels of BOD and organochlorides to 30% of its original values reported in BBE (Nasr, 2013) or (Cantabria, 2015).

4. By 2020, reduce and recover Chromium discharge, excess BOD, and COD from about 50 tanneries in El Mex Bay from 12.42 ton/year (Nasr, 2013) to less than 0.5ton/y by connection to a standard sewer and carrying out integrated treatment of wastewater before discharge into the bay. An indicator would be the levels of Chromium and BOD and nutrients in the discharge.

5. By 2020, 70% of the mixed area of sewage network will return to have separate systems; one for thecollection of rain orstorm water and another for wastewater. Since, most of the surface areas in urban and rural areas in coastal cities (Alexandria in particular) are developed for many buildings asphalt paved, that have storm water collection and directed to the sewerage systems. These storm water collection systems reduce the chance of the precipitation can reach groundwater aquifers and increase reasons for saltwater intrusion and saves the cities from drowning in substantial rainfall

6. By 2025, rehabilitation of Lake Maryut, by upgrading quality and capacity of wastewater of the main basin, deepening of the lake by removing sludge sediments and toxic material, and enhancing thequality of the lake water for sustainable

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

development of the Lake (Technical). Treated wastewater will be deviated from the lake body and directed to irrigate afforestation programs in the desert

7. By 2019, connecting scattered agglomerations of 2000 inhabitants or more, north and south of Lake Maryut to a sewerage system and a wastewater treatment facility. Establish a wastewater treatment plant at El Ras El Souda district of Alexandria to treat industrial, agricultural and sewage wastewater through agglomerates of inhabitants to the southwest of the lakeside.

8. By2020, depollution of El Omoum, Kitchener, Omar Bek and Bahr El Baqar drains that collect waste from upstream on the western, middle and eastern Delta, respectively to 30% of its original value. This is carried out by 70% control of industrial sources and have an integrated wastewater treatment facility for agricultural and municipal waste. This starts by controlling significant industrial sources of pollution along the upstream of each, seeking compliance

9. By 2020, building three compost plants for Alexandria organic waste, a new sanitary landfill for domestic waste and sludge ashes, development of the hazardous waste landfill of Naseria to include organic hazardous waste and establishment of a hazardous waste landfill for the eastern side of the delta

10. By 2025, connecting agglomerates of 2000 inhabitants and establishment of a wastewater treatment plant for agglomerates of inhabitants of New Rafah and prohibiting discharge in Lake Bardawil without compliance and secondary treatment

11. By 2019, enforcement of regulations, upgrading quality and capacity of already existing Wastewater Plant south of Port Said, and establish a wastewater treatment for the south of Port Said and a biological treatment unit of capacity 60,000 m3/d in two stages. The first phase 40,000m3/d and the second stage is 20,000m3/d at a total cost of 30 MEuro according to Arab Contractor (Technical)

12. By 2018, upgrading capacity and quality of WWWTP and EWWTP to be able to accommodate the flow and carry out secondary treatment. This is an ongoing project, but it has been delayed because of sudden transfer of the sludge disposal site. That plan if implemented would reduce toxicity drastically in LakeMaryut (over 70%), which will reflect on El Mex Bay.

It is possible now to consider measures and steps to be implemented to fulfill requirements of theabove operational targets necessary to reach our ecological objectives:

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

1. EEAA to consider implementing laws and regulations through the normalregulations procedure of changing environmental regulations

2. EEAA to build human and institutional capacity for EEAA through training, education and upgrading awareness. Also, HCWW building human and institutional capacity for wastewater treatment plants and maintenance. (Institutional). To monitor, assess and control pollution from industrial land-based sources. This couldbe monitored by the number of qualified trainees/year.

3. HCWW to implement separation of rainwater and sewage networks in coastal cities of Alexandria and Port Said, Damietta, New Damietta, Rashid, Edku and Baltim. Water collection systems and utilization, are also necessary. This canbe monitored by the amount of relatively clean rainwater collected every year from coastal cities

4. EEAA to enforce compliance of industrial and municipal installations with regulations before discharge to the coastal water. By 2019, the majority rather than aminority of industries would be complying with national regulations. EEAA to also activate the role of ICZM in thefuture management of the coastal zone.

5. HCWW and EEAA and Governorate of Alexandria GA to study a strategy of rehabilitation of Lake Maryut by short term and long term plans. The short term plan is upgrading both quality and capacity of wastewater treatment and connecting agglomerations of more than 2000 inhabitants for a wastewater treatment. The long-term strategy is to utilize wastewater in afforestation and to build a greenbelt on the northern coast for theprotection of tourists and the Mediterranean coastal zone against the Saharan dust.

6. HCWW, EEAA together with respective governorates carries out depollution of drains that directly discharge in the Mediterranean such as El Omoum, Kitchener, and Bahr El Baqardrains by controlling industrial discharge at the source upstream and carrying out integrated wastewater treatment of agricultural and municipal waste before allowing discharge into the Mediterranean. (Technical).

7. Ministry of Housing and MSEA to promote the Solid waste management strategy to include better sorting, collection, and recycling, composting and solid wasteenergy transfer, landfilling and monitoring (Technical and Institutional). It is necessary to include collector’s participation in the management system. It is also a need to establish Environmental Management Systems of solid waste landfills in the frame of waste- electricity generation.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

8. Ministry of Housing and MSEA to upgrade thecapacity of sorting at the source and collection of solid waste, sorting, recycling, composting and energy generation before landfilling of ashes. So that, by 2019, 90% of all solid waste is collected, 5- 10% recycled, 30% of organics are composted and energy extracted, and the rest is landfilled (Technical). This stems from the observed limited capacity for management of solid waste, especially in coastal cities, and the need for better management system and more responsible energy use of the solid waste.

9. EEAA, Ministry of Education to upgrade awareness and socio-economic conditions of fishermen in aslum and rural communities around lakes to achieve sustainable development of these lakes (Institutional). Explore and implement National Marine Litter Cleanup Campaigns; encourage participation in International Coastal Cleanup Campaigns and Programmes; apply “Adopt-a-Beach.”

10. EEAA to ensure monitoring, building geographic databases and to guarantee transparent access to information and upgrading awareness.

11. Ministry of Housing and MSEA to implement connecting tanneries at El MexBay by a sewer system and carrying out integrated wastewater treatment for recovery of chromium. This, together with compliance of Alexandria Petroleum Company, Sodium Carbonate Company and Iron and Steel Company, would reduce the pollution drastically in the Bay.

12. Ministry of Electricity and Energy to build up a factory for fabrication of solar photovoltaic cells, to reduce prices for use of renewable solar energy and generate enough energy for wastewater treatment needs.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Table(7.1): Egypt Hot Spot Approximate Baseline Measurements (Annex4)

Hot Spot Subject Target for Target for Baseline figure Indicator pollutant of the deadline in 2025 operational the target requirement

Lake BOD 5mg/l 3mg/l 9-900 mg/l WW05 Maryut Nutrients 50% 10% 50 mg/l-N WW03 H.M 70% 20% .7-85µg/l IND004 HS01 S&Hwaste 70% 30% 300ton/day* HW01 El Mex Bay BOD 30 % 20% 15- 950mg/l Levels of Nutrients pollution H. Metals 50% 20% .5 - 65µg/l

Abu Qir BOD 70% 20% 30-1450mg/l Levels of Bay Ammonia pollution H.M 60% 10% 3-500µg/l

Kitchener BOD 70% 20% ? Levels of Drain H.M 50% 20% ? pollution HazardousW Lake BOD 70% 20% 120-500 mg/l Pollution index Manzala H. Metals 50% 20%

MarsaMatruh BOD 5mg/l Pollution index H.M Halogenated 3-4 Lake BOD 4mg/l Pollution index Bardawil H.M Sinai

*Estimated

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

8-Program of Measures

Excluding the legal, institutional and economic aspects, we will consider prioritization among technical aspects. Scores of prioritization categories are set according to the following criteria: “Priority Fact Sheet D” and “Prioritization Criteria”: 1. Achievement of pollution related, 2. Elimination of hot Spot 3. Contribution to other pollution 4. Technical feasibility 5. Geographic scale, and 6. Implementation timetable/urgency 7. Economic Aspects

The prioritization process indicates that depollution of Lake Maryut and Kitchener Drain are priority projects followed by separation of rainwater and sewage systems and connection of agglomerations of 2000 inhabitants or more. Also, establishing a wastewater treatment Plant at El Ras El Souda and connecting tanneries and treating waste before discharge in El Mex Bay. Prioritizing based on national, geographic issues; we reached at:

Legal priorities 1. Enforcement of a separate rainwater, industrial and sewage disposal network systems in the coastal zone, primarily to reduce impacts of increase in frequency and severity of extreme events associated with climate change 2. Setting Water Quality Limits (WQL) and Water Quality Index (WQI) for the quality of coastal water for each type of use, especially to be applied by Ministry of Health and EEAA on beaches. Institutional priorities: 1. Upgrading human and institutional capacity of EEAA and HCWW. Building a National Geographic Industrial Database for pollution in important drains and streams and use of BAT for visualizing maintenance and reducing industrial pollution, project management and food industry (National - Institutional and Technical) 2. Development of institutional capability and a Strategy for Solid Waste Management (SWM) for sorting from the source, collection, sorting, recycling, composting, waste- energy transfer and landfilling Economic Priorities: 1. Encouraging use of Modern Technology in agriculture and irrigation. Making use of economic incentives to persuade farmers to use modern irrigation techniques

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

(National Economic project for water conservation and reducing wastewater)

2. Upgrading of socioeconomic condition of slum areas, especially those between Lake Maryut and El Mex Bay (NagaaElarab and MaawaElsaydeen, El Amarawy,….),

3. Encouraging NGO, s to carry out socioeconomic and awareness programs towards upgrading the quality of life of fishermen and women in particular

Prioritization based on economic, population and regional needs is carried out independently. Results indicate that rehabilitation of Lake Maryut and separation of rainwater in Alexandria as well as Recovery of Chromium off El Mex Bay and upgrading wastewater IWWTPs. Also,establishing El Ras El Souda wastewater treatment plant as the first priority, Depollution of Kitchener, El Ommoum, Bahr El Baqar and Omar Bek drains after compliance of discharging industrial companies, are also necessary to reduce pollution in Alexandria hot spots.

Technical Priorities: These are aggregated according to regions as follows: Alexandria region a. Lake Maryut. Immediate cleaning of Lake Maryut by 2017, by upgrading quality to secondary or tertiary treatment, and upgrading capacity of WWWTP and EWWTP and removing sludge sediments at the bottom of the lake. Deviating wastewater to afforestation in the desert and rehabilitation of the lake on the long term. b. Alexandria City. The coastal zone of Egypt was hit onOctober 2015 by three consecutive episodes of intense rainfall storm that caused severe damage to coastal cities from MarsaMatruh to Arish. Because the sewerage network in Alexandria was congested by sludge that was supposed to go to 9N site, the damage in Alexandria was much more severe than expected. What is worse, is that over 600km2 of remnants of Lake Maryut in Behaira and Alexandria Governorates, which are located (3-5m) below MSL and which host a population of one million people or more, was also hit by the heavy rain. Those people are not even aware that they are living below MSL and thata substantial rainfall would inundate them. Implementation by 2018, of a separate rainwater and wastewater network for coastal cities especially Alexandria and Port Said is anecessary proactive adaptation measure against damages caused by theincreasein frequency and severity of extremes of rain associated with climate change. It also reduces the risk of future inundations. c. AlexandriaCity. Implementation by 2017, of a solid waste management system and a landfill for domestic waste and ashes of the sludge after utilization as a

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

source of energy. d. Ras El Souda and Borg El Arab. Establishment by 2020, of a new integrated WWTP at El Ras El Souda to serve south-eastern industrial region of Alexandria. This industrial region is adjacent to the south of Lake Maryut and to support EWWTP connecting scattered agglomerations (20-30) of 2000 people or more north and south of Lake Maryut to Borg El Arab wastewater treatment facility. e. El Mex Bay. Connect by 2019, of 50 or more tanneries that discharge directly in the eastern El Mex Bay and have an integrated wastewater treatment plant to depollute the bay and recover of Chromium. Compliance of Iron and Steel Company, Alexandria Petroleum, Misr Chemicals and Sodium Carbonate Companies, is also necessary. f. Alexandria City. Building by 2019, of five compost plants for Alexandria organic waste, a new sanitary landfill for domestic waste and upgrading of the hazardous waste landfill of Naseria to receive organic hazardous waste. g. Abu Qir Bay. Expansion of Abu Qir wastewater treatment facility to include biological treatment and establishing solid waste management system, a compost plant and a sanitary landfill for Abu Qir Bay, EdkuCity, and Rosetta region. Reuse of the water and waste-energy generation and compliance of all the main companies (Abu Qir Fertilizers, Rakta, Kaha, National Papers), is also necessary. It is also necessary to establish a secondary wastewater treatment plant to serve Abu Qir, Edku and Rosetta area.

Kitchener Drain: a. Build integrated Wastewater project for the villages polluting Kitchener drain in Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate, including wastewater system for 22 villages, construction of 4 new WWTPs and extension of 2 existing WWTPs. b. Construction of sludge drying and ash landfilling to serve all WWTPs for domestic waste and for hazardous sludge that comes out of depolluting the drain c. Recently. Japan has expressed interest in carrying out cleaning of Kitchener Drain and supplying clean water for its 98 villages (El Masryelyoum, 3/5/2016)

Lake Manzala  Enforcement of regulations, upgrading quality and capacity of the existing Wastewater Plant (Capacity 4000m3/d unit) of Port Said and establish an integrated wastewater treatment Station of least capacity 14000m3/d for the industrial area south of Port Said and a biological treatment unit of capacity 64,000 m3/d on two stages. The first stage 40,000m3/d and the secondstage is 24,000m3/d at a total cost of 30 MEuro according to Arab Contractors.  Promotion of compliance of industrial installations along Bahr El Baqar with

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

regulation is necessary  Upgrading of institutional capability for solid waste collection, sorting, composting and waste-energy generation and final disposal in a sanitary landfill (National project to be implementedin the coastal zone)  Depollution of Omar Bek Drain. Omer Bek collects municipal, agricultural and industrial waste and dumps it directly into Damietta branch of the River Nile, which then reaches the Mediterranean  Establishment of a hazardous waste landfill for the eastern side of the delta region near Damietta City.

Sensitive areas -MarsaMatruh. 1. Upgrading already existing wastewater treatment unit in both quality (have a biological treatment) and capacity upgrading. 2. Implement a sewage system for agglomerations of more than 2000 inhabitants, especially those in slum areas around the western harbor, 3. Recently in October 2015, the coastal zone of Egypt has been exposed to a severe rainstorm that caused a lot of damage to lives, properties and public image in Alexandria and all coastal cities of Egypt, as climate changes predict. 4. Implement a sewrage system for Sallum city instead of dumping sewage in Sallum Bay, which endangers the livelihood of endangered species of turtles in the Mediterranean 5. Extreme events are expected to increase in frequency and severity. To adapt, it is necessary to separate rainwater from sewage or industrial water Port Said. 1. Upgrading capacity and quality of existing domestic wastewater treatment Plant (190,000m3/d), to accommodate population growth and extension of Port Said and Port Foad cities. 2. Upgrading already existing industrial wastewater treatment unit to secondary treatment and capacity to (60,000m3/day) on two stages. 3. Implement a sewage system for (10-15) agglomerations of more than 2000 inhabitant 4. Recently, the coastal zone of has been exposed to avery serious rainstorm that caused a lot of damage to living, properties, and public image. As climate changes, extreme events are expected to increase in frequency and severity. To adapt, it is necessary to separate rainwater from sewage or industrial wastewater

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Lake Bardawil 1 Build a suitable wastewater treatment unit in both quality and capacity 2 Implement a sewage system for (3-7) agglomerations of more than 2000 inhabitants 3 Separation of rainwater from sewage and industrialwater and collection of rainwater

Ongoing Projects The following projects have been implemented or in progress in hot spots: 1. AlCZMP project supported by GEF, under thesupervision of the World Bank and. EEAA manages the project, with theparticipationof the Ministry of Water Resources and the General Authority for Development of Fisheries. It aims at reduction of pollution load of wastewater in the lake before disposal I in El Mex Bay, by using a bio-filter, engineered wetland and aerators at Kalaa drain (World Bank, 2012). This project is being implemented at the Western Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWWTP) to treat 50,000 m3/day (Cantabria, 2015). This project contributes to upgrading water quality at WWWTP. 2. Cutting of weeds and reeds in the main basin of Lake Maryut is progressing, especially supported by purchasing needed equipment. Selection of new site for Alexandria Wastewater treatment sludge drying before utilization as anenergy source. This contributes to upgrading water quality in the lake. 3. Upgrading of capacity and quality of EWWTP and WWWTP to secondary treatment havebeen started. However, due to thetransfer of sludge disposal site, the EWWTP is operating at 40% of its capacity until a new sludge drying site is prepared. 4. The compliance of Abu Qir Fertilizers: A wastewater treatment plant, using advanced technologies (approach zero liquid discharge) has been established by EPAP II and was supposed to start July 2015 to upgrade the quality of the company`s discharged water to reuse 80% of the treated water in cooling towers while the rest (20%) of the treated water is discharged directly to Abu Qir Bay. It is expected that a complete compliance of the company with regulations will be accomplished by the first quarter of 2016 5. MaawaAlsayadaan, Nagaa El Arab, and El Kabbary are slum areas currently without adequate sewage systems. A project that focuses on upgrading basic infrastructure (water and sewerage) activities has implemented a decentralized wastewater treatment facility. There remain several areas of the same nature 6. A pilot project of Engineered Wetland has been implemented at the input of Bahr El Baqar drain to Lake Manzala. The wetland has proved to be efficient in reducing

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

pollution. However, it remains to be generalized to fit the capacity of Bahr El Baqar drain. This, does not replace the extreme need for depollution of Bahr El Baqar drain

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

9: Monitoring Indicators for NAP Implementation Projects

Monitoring indicators of progress of implemented projects is a significant step in ensuring the implementation of the project. For this step, it necessary to identify some indicators. It is also possible to generalize to the following set of indicators: 1. The first two operational targets are legal and EEAA, if agreed, will work to achieve by traditional methods through the National Assembly. 2. The third operational target is institutional and can be easily monitored by the percentage of a qualified number of people trained over a year. 3. The fourth operational target is technical and it is possible to use data from the monitoring of specific pollutant concentrations directly as indicators. Also, a good indicator would be the monitored level of the parameter itself and percentage achievement of the project milestones. 4. Industrial sources must comply at the sources, however, agricultural, and municipal sources can be treated by the integrated wastewater treatment plant for each Governorate. Monitoring indicators can be levels of BOD, nutrients, coliform, heavy metals and organochlorines at various locations of the hot spots. 5. Litter monitoring could use the following indicators Collected Materials/m2 of beaches;  ECAP Common Indicator 11/[IND01],  ECAP Common Indicator 12/[IND02],  ECAP Common Indicator 14/[IND03]

6. By 2020, 70% of the coastal area of sewage network will have separate systems one for thecollection of rain or storm water and other for sewage. The indicator here is acomparison of percentage areas having separaterainwater/ areas having mixed networks.

7. By 2017, upgrading capacity and quality of WWWTP and EWWTP of Alexandria, to be able to accommodate the flow and carry out secondary treatment. This isactually an ongoing project, but it has been delayed because of sudden transfer of the sludge disposal site This could also be monitored through monitoring of the respective pollution parameters or/ and BWO1

. BW01. Share of bathing water categories: A (Excellent quality), B (Good quality), C (Sufficient) and D (Poor quality) on total number of assessed bathing waters

8. By 2019, Compliance of Amerya Petroleum Company and Amerya Spinning discharging on Lake Maryut and El Dekhaila Iron, Steel Company, Sodium Carbonate Company, Misr Chemicals and Alexandria Petroleum companies discharging on El Mex Bay and

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Abu Qir Fertilizers, AMCO, RAKTA, Kaha and National Paper on Abu Qir Bay, are necessary (Technical). These can be monitored by levels of pollution in the bays.

9. Ensures that 70% the rural community of the coastal zone and around lakes with agglomerations of 2000 inhabitants or more be connected to a sewer system. The result can be monitored by % of houses connected in the area and

. ECAP common indicator 7/[WW06]. The concentration of key nutrients in the water column. . ECAP common indicator 8/[WW07]. Chlorophyll A concentration in the water column . ECAP Common Indicator.14/IND03 . BW01. Share of bathing water categories: A (Excellent quality), B (Good quality), C (Sufficient) and D (Poor quality) on total number of assessed bathing waters

(In rural coastal communities only 10-12 % or less are connected)

10. Upgrading the solid waste management cycle and this can be monitored through the % of solid waste uncollected and remains in the streets to that collected and through  D01. Annual quantities of materials dumped per category.  D02. The share of some permits issued by competent national authorities providing for strict monitoring programs of themarine environment from dumping activities.  [D03.Some permits for industrial waste]..

11. Connecting tanneries in El Mex Bay by a sewer system and carry out integrated wastewater treatment and recovery of chromium. This, together with compliance of Alexandria Petroleum Company and Iron and Steel Company, would reduce the pollution drastically in the bay. This can be monitored by actual measurements of Cr heavy metals or by:

 ECAP Common Indicator.14/IND03

12. Reduce pollutants of BOD, nutrients, heavy metals, coliforms and organochlorides to 30% of its present day value. These could be monitored directly by the level of pollutant or by

 HW01. The amount of hazardous waste generated by Y categories.  HW02. The amount of hazardous waste environmentally soundly managed or exported by Y categories and by disposal/recovery operation (D - disposal, R- recovery, as well as treated in waste to energy facilities).

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

13. This could be both institutional and technical as it is required to establish aninstitutional national system based on already existing workers to collect the sorted garbage from houses, carry out recycling and transferring to (waste -to- energy facility) and landfilling the ashes and hazardous waste. An indicator of this could be the % of solid waste left. It can also be monitored by:

 D01. Annual quantities of materials dumped per category.  D02. The share of some permits issued by competent national authorities providing for strict monitoring programs of themarine environment from dumping activities.  D03.Number of permits for industrial waste.

14. Reducing hazardous waste that is dumped intentionally or unintentionally in wastewater ways. This can be monitored by quantifying hazardous waste estimates and by the indicators:  HW01. The amount of hazardous waste generated by Y categories.  HW02. The amount of hazardous waste environmentally soundly managed or exported by Y categories and by disposal/recovery operation (D - disposal, R- recovery, as well as treated in waste to energy facilities). 15. Upgrading socioeconomic conditions in vulnerable coastal areas by upgrading awareness. This stems from the low education and low awareness of many decisions makers and workers in the coastal zone. This has to be upgraded by ensuring programs on TV on coastal lakes and pollution and health impacts. An indicator would be repeated questionnaires.

Information on the institutional arrangements In this section, we present the institutional capacity and resources includingcompetencies that Egypt will employ to undertake the process for monitoring NAP implementation.

EEAA is the responsible body of the Ministry of State of Environmental Affairs according to law 4/94. EEAA carries out its responsibilities through a central office that has about 1000 full-time staff (among them 250 are experts) and utilizes the services of numerous consultants. In the current structure there are three technical sectors: 1. Environmental Quality, responsible for setting policies and plans, monitoring and building information databases, and for developing programs for dissemination of environmental information, , reports, and research studies; 2. Environmental Management, which sets the national program for environmental impact assessment and the implementation of pilot projects. It also supports technology development in the Agency and its directorates for Coastal

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

and Marine Management, Hazardous Substances and Waste Management, and Environmental Development; 3. Nature Protection, with a division for biodiversity and the Natural Protectorates’ Management division. An Enforcement Unit responsible for monitoring compliance, performing inspections and enforcing Law 4/1994 and Law 102/1983 has been created and about 40 inspectors have been trained and began work in 2001. The creation of an autonomous unit for Protectorates’ management, reporting to EEAA, is being debated on the basis that these are field work-based activities and require a different management style to the think-tank aspects of EEAA.

EEAA also has eight regional branch offices (RBOs) covering the whole country as follows:

1. Greater Cairo RBO: located in Cairo city and includes Cairo, Giza, Kalyoubeya and Fayoum governorates. 2. Alexandria RBO: located in Alexandria city and includes Alexandria, El Behera, and MarsaMatruh governorates. 3. Middle of Delta RBO: situated in Tanta city and includes El Gharbeya, Mounefia, and Kafr El Sheik governorates. 4. East of Delta RBO: located in Mansoura city and includes El Dakahleya, El Sharkia, Demitra and Port Said governorates. 5. Canal area RBO: situated in Suez city and includes Suez, Ismailia, South of Sinai and North of Sinai provinces. 6. Red Sea RBO: situated in Hurghada city and includes Red Sea province. 7. North of Upper Egypt RBO: situated in Assiutcity and includes Beni-Suef, ElMenia, Assiut and El Wadi El Gedid governorates. 8. South of Upper Egypt RBO: located in Aswan city and includes Kena, Aswan, Sohag and Luxor governorates. Regional Branch

The RBOs are still in the process of finding suitable staff to meet the broad regional responsibilities that are envisaged for them. However, A Climate Change Unit has already been established, and a National Center for Climate Change is under consideration. A Training Sector and a Public Information and Dissemination Center have been established.

A computer unit for database well equipped by GIS and Remote sensing facility is available with high capacity for collected data, carry out necessary analysis and display results

The Private Sector and Civil Society Organizations of Egypt is encouraged to the participation of the private sector and business community in the social and economic development. This encouragement would allow the private sector to support Egypt’s economic growth, encouraged by thelaw of investment. For achieving this goal, legislation and regulations governing investment have been simplified over the past two years so as to reduce transactions costs and the time consumed in dealing with

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

bureaucracy. NGOs are among the civil society organizations that play a significant role, in upgrading awareness and exchanging information, in the Egyptian society

The Regional Branch Office of Alexandria, Matruh and Behaira will be responsible for coordinating themonitoring of Alexandria hotspots (Lake Maryut, El MexBay, and Abu Qir Bay). The Regional Branch Office of Port Said will be responsible for coordinating themonitoring of the Eastern hotspots of Lake Manzala and Lake Bardawil. Both have already personnel qualified to carry out the work in its preliminary stages and need capacity building.

A National Geographic database for collection and analysis and control of industrial pollution is already under consideration at EEAA

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

10: Capacity Building Plan for NAP Implementation

EEAA has its responsibilities for enforcement and a budget for proactive interventions in coordinating the environmental field. Nevertheless, its primary influence derives from the powerful impact of information that it receives and disseminates in various ways. Therefore, it is critical that EEAA provides a good range and quality of information and analyses to the community and research participants. HCWW also has the responsibility of providing water and treating wastewater. This became a very sensitive issue because of thescarcity of water resources, and it became necessary to use wastewater in some safe ways. The two organizations have their plans for sustainable development 2030 including training:

The capacity building plan The nature of environmental sciences and techniques is multidisciplinary and require decision makers to identify multi-criterial issues of concern. Monitoring of various parameters and comparison to satandards, cost/ benefit analysis, maintenance, impacts, community participation, economic considerations, equity, and sustainability are among decision criteria. The low levels of environmental awareness and compliance which are common in Egypt have its origin in: 1. Inadequate educational system and weak enforcement of regulations 2. lack of financial resources to install pollution abatement equipment or sensors 3. Inadequate economic incentives due to subsidies in prices of natural resources and environmental services; 4. Limited public awareness on thepart of industrialists and the public.

Shifting towards more flexible and integrated environmental legislation is the key to achieving higher rates of environmental compliance. This is carried out through upgrading capacity

To upgrade capacity of EEAA and HCWW and achieve sustainability within the above constraints of the society, one is obliged to: 1. Develop a code of ethics and practices to act as guidelines for the special tasks that face workers, researchers, scientists, and technologists 2. Strengthen and enable research institutions for improved environmental information exchange and management. 3. Give more regards to periodic maintenance and enhancement of life-support systems for their sake, spatial and temporal concern 4. Promote regional cooperative mechanisms to address issues that face various parts of Egypt 5. Better working conditions must be created so that researchers can make more productive contributions to decision-making processes

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

6. The role that research institutes and technical and decision support centers can play actually depends upon a suitable set of standards, availability of reliable data, accredited and certified laboratories and well-trained personnel 7. Promoting the concept of Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) or Build, Own and Transfer (BOT).This requires representatives of both proactive urban planning and the private sector to get together and discuss issues to build apartnership. 8. It is also necessary to promote social responsibility of the community in such a way that the business community participates in thedevelopment of science and technology needed for their immediate use.

The Capacity Building Plan: Since the institutional capacity of the EEAA has been completed, building capacity here is limited to human ability and equipment capacity. 1-Training Courses and Seminars The following topics of multidisciplinary nature are suggested to be carried out by trainers at EEAA either through courses, seminars, and E-learn presentations. Or it can be offered through a contract with thecertified multidisciplinary Institute at Alexandria and Port Said

Municipal Wastewater Measurements i. Training programs are designed to make distinction between: Sources, pollution, and impacts (at least two weeks/year) ii. Advanced technical training for inspectors likely to be engaged on complex duties such as inspection of major industrial process and Environmental measurements iii. More advanced technical training for inspectorates likely to be engaged on complex duties such as inspection and municipal pollution control iv. Municipal pollution codes, design and inspection of Wastewater treatment plants, operation and maintenance

Industrial Wastewater Measurements i. Training programs are designed to make distinction between: Sources, pollution, and impacts (at least two weeks/year) ii. Environmental measurements and industrial pollution codes iii. Industrial Pollution Control and sensors, Environmental laws, and regulations iv. Wastewater treatment, Operation, and Maintenance

Agricultural Wastewater Measurements i. Training programs are designed to make distinction between: Sources, pollution, and impacts (at least two weeks/year) ii. Environmental measurements iii. Agricultural pollution control in modern agriculture iv. Design of Wastewater treatment, Operation and Maintenance

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Solid and Hazardous Waste i. Training programs are designed to make distinction between: Sources, pollution, and impacts (at least two weeks/year) ii. Environmental measurements iii. Ecosystems, Solid waste pollution and management iv. Hazardous waste and pollution control A more specialized courses are also suggested for higher levels  Biological Treatment of Wastewater  Risk Assessment and reduction for wastewater treatment plants  Wastewater quality and utilization  Energy from waste  Ecosystems, renewable energy, and sustainability  EIA and Environmental Auditing  EMS in wastewater Depending on the initial specialization of the trainee, personnel must attend training each year.

On job training Also, on gob training is necessary. This is carried out by most senior staff for 2hours/week illustrating and exchanging experience

Specialized Training Those who are or will be responsible for new developments or new monitoring systems; such as the suggested monitoring network, must be selected based on their background and be trained on carrying out these jobs

It is expected that EEAA and HCWW will announce fellowships for attending courses for qualified members, as well as attending these courses from graduates or applicants. Members must also be trained by working at an equivalent facility for at least three months every three years. Continued and periodic training is required. Indicator for monitoring of the success of training is the number of trainees who passed tests and how many hours of training they have.

. A budget of 5.0 M Euros that covers, training, travelling per diem, travel and course materials is necessary to accomodate at least 200 trainees inside and outside Egypt.

. Equipment on BAT for monitoring and assessment Those who are responsible for data collection from industry in the field are given the legal authority of applying thelaw and are well trained in their areas of measurements. Equipment for taking samples, analyzing samples, QA, and QC, analysis of data and equipment as well as sensors for online observations, must be available and calibrated and maintained. This requires a laboratory of each of the ecological objectives be present at each of the BRO of Alexandria and Port Said at least.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

A budget of 5.0 M Euro for establishing a monitoring network and building a geographic database for Alexandria and Port Said is also suggested.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

11: Arrangements for Public Information, Awareness Raising, and Education

Methods for public information dissemination, managing, awareness and environmental education are based on the institutional structure of the Environment sector as well as the community of NGO,s of Egypt as a whole, which involves: 1. The Ministry of State of Environmental Affairs(MSEA), coordinating environmental activities, programs, and research projects, is responsible for enforcement of law together with the real time unit at the governorate level. 2. Multidisciplinary university level and postgraduateinstitutes, which have accredited laboratories and environmental experts. Departments of Environmental Studies are now spreading over the whole country teaching, training and carrying research and graduating experts of environment over almost all specializations 3. The community is addressing environmental problems through media complaining about, for instance, solid waste disposal in streets, pollution of land-based sources and local air pollution. 4. To ensure public access to information, a website and newsletters are available from EEAA for thepublic. Also, there are at least two members of the Steering Council of EEAA selected as members of NGO. 5. In many industrial organizations in Egypt now, there are units of Environment responsible for industrial environmental safety, water and energy conservation and hazardous waste treatment before discharges. 6. NGO represent an important part of the community to discuss environmental problems. Independent consultants carry out EIA of new projects and SEA of major projects. It is well recognized that: 1. The most important aspect of environmental studies is the political will. This is the primary factor for theavailability of data and exchange of information for the public.

2. Awareness raising programs can be conducted through public or not- governmental organization lectures, leaflets, booklets and TV programs for children and youth. EEAA have organized cleaning beaches festivals and theclimate changes awareness raising programs.

3. On awareness dissemination among the public, the EEAA considers this issue as a priority, realizing the significant role public awareness can play in promoting sound environmental practices. Questionnaires are necessary tools for the sensitization of public opinion and awareness of environmental issues and problems.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

4. Public opinion is most effective when it creates a high pressure on the decision- makers. In this context, the role of the Media on formulating opinion cannot be overlooked.

5. Programmes targeting the public were conducted, including the broadcasting of over 13 environmental television programs and 35 radio programs, as well as some competitions. Moreover, 28 national newspapers and magazines are now engaged in environmental awareness. Various EEAA publications and brochures were prepared and disseminated through national and regional environmental exhibitions and events. Yearly public events also organized by EEAA include the International Ozone Day (16th September), Earth Day (22nd April) and the International, Arab and National Environment Days (5th June, 14th October, and 27th January, respectively). NEAP,2001

6. Establish a channel for mutual understanding between NGOs and the GOE. Political parties are another form of civil society organizations. Each political party has a committee for environmental protection, especially the National Democratic and (Green) Parties.

7. As for the labor unions and syndicates, it is crucial to strengthen the role of workers and labor unions through training, enhanced awareness flow as well as exchange, and increased participation to realize improved environmental management and sustainability in Egypt. Research institutes have a vital role to play in addressing environmental issues.

Presentation of the public information, awareness raising, and education plan. EEAA has a particular unit for media awareness and has recently carried out a plan for 2020 -2030. It is suggested that a presentation of projects to the public would be through this unit after approval of the heads of the organizations and authorities concerned. Either through media or through websites, making information available to the public as one of the subtitles of the project.

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

References

1. Abdel Wahab, Rifaat, and Mohy El-Din Omar; Wastewater Reuse in Egypt: Opportunities and Challenges (HCWW) http://www.arabwatercouncil.org/administrator/Modules/CMS/Egypt- Country- Report.pdf

2. Abou El-Magd, Ahmed El-Zeiny, 2014, Quantitative hyperspectral Analysis for characterization of the coastal water from Damietta to Port Said, Egypt; Egyptian J Rem. Sensing and Space Sciences, s (2014) 17, 61–76 3. Abukila, Alaa Farouk; 2015; Assessing the drain estuaries’ water quality in response to pollution abatement; Water Science 29 (2015) 1–18 4. ALAMIM, 2009; Rehabilitations of Lake Maryut, CEDARE 5. Annual Report for Monitoring of Coastal Sea Water, State Ministry of the Environment, EEAA, Water Quality Section, General Directorate of Sea Water Quality, 2011 6. Cantabria, 2015; Integrated Diagnosis of the Area between the Eastern Border of Lake Mariut and the Western Border of Alexandria Governorate. Preparation of A Coastal Zone Management Plan for Alexandria Governorate, Including Lake Maryut 7. Country Profile, Egypt (2005-2012), UNEP/MAP 2013 8. Chemonics, Egypt, 2016; Water Quality in the Nile Delta, Egypt, First Draft 9. Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in 2012, Egypt, the Regional Solid Waste Exchange of Information and Expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries (SWEEP NET), 2012 10. EEA; Priority issues in the Mediterranean Environment, European Environment Agency, 20 11. EEAA (2005): National Action Plan, Mid-term Report, In the Framework of the Implementation of the SAP to address Pollution in the Mediterranean from Land-Based Activities 12. EEAA 2012: Developing Solid Waste Management in Egypt, Ministry of Environment, Media Report 13. EgyptCensus Bureau, http://www.themedpartnership.org/med/pfpublish/p/doc/92d73ae92d66cefc0d067a249a2 b2218 14. ElFeki,M. andEmil KadlecTreatment of municipal organic solid waste in Egypt J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 6 (3) (2015) 756-764 Elfeki et al. ISSN: 2028-2508 CODEN: JMESCN 756 15. El Quosy 2007: Private communication

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

16. El-Naggar N.A., H.I. Emara,A.E.Rifaat, T.O. Said3R.M. Abou-Shahba, N.A. Shaltout and M.F. El-Naggar;Some Anthropogenic Driven Toxic Pollutants in El-Mex Bay and Its Neighborhood, Alexandria, Egypt; World Applied Sciences Journal 21 (10): 1512-1520, 2013 17. Fri, O.E,andDeabes, E.A; 2012; Beach and NearshoreMorphodynamics of the Central- bulge of the Nile Delta Coast, Egypt International Journal of Environmental ProtectionIJEP Vol.1 No. 2 2011 PP.33-46 www.ijep.orgWorld Academic Publishing. 18. Hasan, Y; 2014; Municipal Wastewater Management Services In Alexandria City, Egypt: Perspectives And Options For Sustainable Development, Ph.D. Thesis, Fac Science, University of Alexandria, Egypt 19. Helali A Helali, Ahmed Kassem, M. El-Sheikh, Samaa Maher Abdel Aziz,Strategies for Wastewater Management and Reuse in Alexandria in 2037 20. MAP, 2008; The Blue Plan’s sustainable development outlook for the Mediterranean, United Nations Environment Programme, Mediterranean Action Plan, July 2008 21. Mateo, Miguel Ángel, 2009; Lake Mariut: An EcologicalAssessment. For Area Metropolitana de Barcelona 22. Med. Partnership, Activities in Egypt (2009 to 2013) 23. MeHSIP, 2012; 5th Progress Report of MeHSIP-PPIF, Horizon 2020, January-June 2012 24. MeHSIP-PPIF, Horizon 2020; Mediterranean Hot Spot Investment Programme, Project preparation and implementation Facility, Supplement, Country Fact Sheets, June 201 25. MeHSIP-PPIF, PHASE II, 2012; Wastewater Expansion for Kafr El Sheikh Governorate - Egypt Chapter 2: Lake Burullus Condition and Depollution Needs – An IntroductoryAssessment,TA 2008/S 140-186933. 26. MWRI, 2005; Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation , National Water Resource Planning for Egypt 2017, Cairo 27. Nasr Samir and M. El Raey; Environmental Information Monitoring Program; EIMP Mediterranean Monitoring Program,1998- 2015; Progress Reports, EEAA 28. Nasr, Samir; 2013; Report on Baseline Budget Estimation for Mediterranean Coast of Egypt 29. National Action Plan, Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) Mid-Term Report, March 2005 30. Priority Issues in the Mediterranean Environment, European Environment Agency, Report 4/2006, ISSN 1725-9177 31. Regional Report Part 2: Indicator-based thematic assessment, 2013 32. Support for DG Environment for development of the Mediterranean De-Pollution Initiative “Horizon 2020 33. The World Development Indicators, The world Bank 2012 34. UNEP 2002; Criteria for The Prioritization of Pollution Hot Spots in The Mediterranean, Mediterranean Action Plan, GEF Project “Determination of Priority Actions for the Further Elaboration and Implementation of the Strategic Action Programme for the Mediterranean Sea

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Annex 1 A. Distribution of industries and slum areas in Lake Maryut, El Mex, and Abu Qir Bay

Fig (A1): Distribution and type of industries around Lake Maryut

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig (A2); Slum areas (in red) between Lake Maryut and El Mex Bay (agglomerates of more than 2000 inhabitants). The WWWTP is indicated in blue

Fig (A3): Distribution of industries in Abu Qir Bay

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Fig (A5): The outlet of Lake Burullus (to the left-hand side) and outlet of Kitchener drain on the right- hand side of the satellite image

Removal Efficiency of the Pollutants

100 81.03% 90% 90 80% 68.72% 80 61.21% 62.12% 70% 70 52.39% 60% 60 50% 50 40% 40 25.93% 30 20.95% 30% 20 20% Concentration (mg/l) Concentration 10 10%

0 0%

)

(

Nitrate

(

Total

Nitroen

Organic

Total

Oxigen

Total

Solids

Amounia

Demand

Niterogen

Biological

Suspended Phosphorus Parameter

Influent Effluent Removal Efficiency

Fig (A-6): Recovery efficiency of artificial wetland implemented Lake Manzala (Elqousy, 2007)

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Annex2 Technical Prioritization

1. PRIORITY FACT SHEET (D)

Scores of the prioritization categories

ID No. Integrated measures at the national level Tot

of for consideration in the economic assessment al

measu related Scor

re as tabulated in afact sheet (C) - e

scope

hotspots

Technical Technical

feasibility

objectives

GES targets GES

Geographical Geographical

Elimination of of Elimination

Contribution to Contribution

other pollution other

Implementation Implementation

Achievement of Achievement

pollution

related ecological ecological related timetable/ urgency timetable/

3 Upgrading human and institutional capacity of EEAA 3 3 4 4 4 4 22 and HCWW. Building a National Geographic Industrial Database for pollution in important drains and streams and use of BAT for visualizing and reducing industrial pollution, project management and food industry (Institutional)

4 Development of a national institutional capacity for 4 4 3 3 4 4 19 Solid Waste Management (SWM) and waste-to-energy generation

5 Reduce discharge of BOD, nutrients, contaminants by 3 3 3 3 3 4 19 2019 and upgrade marine life by better control of sources of food industry through the Geodatabase

6 Implement a separate rainwater and sewage wastewater 3 3 4 4 4 4 22 systems in the coastal cities

7 Rehabilitation of Lake Maryut, by upgrading quality to 4 4 4 4 4 3 23 secondary and capacity of WWWTP and EWWTP and carry out an engineered bio-filter of wetland. Site selection and implementation of a Landfill for domestic waste and ashes of the sludge after utilization as a source of energy.

8 Connecting scattered agglomerations of 2000 people or more to a sewerage system and a wastewater treatment 4 4 4 3 4 3 22 Plant. Installing a new Integrated WWTP and a landfill at Borg El Arab to serve southwestern industrial region of Alexandria

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

9 Depollution of El Ommoum, Kitchener and Bahr El Baqar drains that collects waste from upstream on the western, middle and eastern by identifying polluting

factories in the national database and enforcing compliance.

Kitchener:

- Establish Integrated Wastewater project for the villages polluting Kitchener drain in Gharbia Governorate, including wastewater systems for 48 villages, 4 4 4 4 4 3 23 construction of 3 new WWTPs and Extension of already existing 5 WWTPs.

- Establish Integrated Wastewater project for the villages polluting Kitchener drain in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, including WW system for 22 villages, construction of 4 new WWTPs and extension of 2 existing WWTPs. - Establish Integrated Wastewater project for the villages polluting Kitchener drain in Dakahlia Governorate, including WW system for 20 villages, construction of 5 new WWTPs and extension of 4WWTPs Building a landfill for sludge and hazardous waste that comes out of cleaning the drain

10 Connecting 50 tanneries that discharge directly in the 4 4 3 3 3 4 21 eastern El Mex Bay and have an integrated wastewater treatment plant to depollute the bay and recover of Chromium

11 Encouraging use of Modern Technology in agriculture 4 3 3 4 3 3 20 and irrigation. Making use of economic incentives to persuade farmers to use of modern irrigation techniques

12 Compliance of Amerya Petroleum Company and 2 2 2 3 3 3 15 Amerya Spinning on Lake Maryut and El Dekhaila Iron and Steel Company, Sodium Carbonate Company, Misr Chemicals and Alexandria Petroleum companies are necessary for cleaning of El Mex Bay and Abu Qir Fertilizers, AMCO and Kaha and National Paper on Abu Qir Bay, are necessary

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

13 Building, at least, two compost plants for Alexandria 3 3 3 4 3 4 20 organic waste, a new sanitary landfill for domestic waste, development of the hazardous waste landfill of Naseria and establishment of a hazardous waste landfill for the eastern side of the delta

14 Expansion of Abu Qir wastewater treatment facility to 3 3 4 4 3 4 21 include biological treatment and establishing a compost plant and a sanitary landfill for Abu Qir Rosetta region and reuse of the water and waste-energy generation

15 Enforcement of regulations, upgrading quality and capacity of already existing Wastewater Plant (Capacity 4000m3/d unit) of Port Said and establish a wastewater 4 4 4 3 3 4 22 treatment unit of least capacity 400m3/d for the industrial area south of Port Said and a biological treatment unit of capacity 60,000 m3/d on two stages. The first stage 40,000m3/d and the second stage is 20,000m3/d at a total cost of 30 MEuro according to Arab Contractor

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Annex 3 Economic Prioritization

ID Description of measures Evaluation criteria (1 – 5) numbe Contribu Over Cost Overal Acceptab Synerg Total rs tion to all s l ility to y score (aggre the effec Benefit decision among gated overall tiven s to the makers genera measu objective ess Hotspo l res) s of the t benefit Hotspot s to the Hotspo t 2 2 1 2 4 3 14 Upgrading human and institutional capacity of EEAA and HCWW. Building a National Geographic Industrial Database for pollution in important drains and streams and use of BAT for visualizing and reducing industrial pollution, project management 1 and food industry (Institutional)

Reduce discharge of BOD, nutrients, contaminants by 2019 and upgrade marine life by better control of sources of food industry through the Geodatabase

3 2 1 3 3 4 16 Development of a national institutional capacity for Solid waste 2 Management (SWM ) leading to waste-to-energy generation 4 4 5 5 4 4 26 Rehabilitation of Lake Maryut, by upgrading quality to secondary 3 and capacity of WWWTP and EWWTP and carry out an engineered bio-filter of wetland. 4 4 5 4 4 4 25 Implement a separate rainwater and sewage wastewater systems. 4 Site selection and implementation of a Landfill for domestic waste and ashes of the sludge after utilization as a source of energy. 3 3 3 2 4 4 19 Installing a new Integrated WWTP and a landfill at Borg El Arab 5 to serve south western industrial region of Alexandria 3 4 5 4 5 4 25 Depollution of El Omoum, Kitchener, Omar Bek and Bahr El Baqar drains that collect waste from upstream on the western, middle and eastern delta by identifying polluting factories in the national data base and enforcing compliance.

Kitchener:

- Establish Integrated Wastewater project for the villages polluting Kitchener drain in Gharbia Governorate, including WW systems for 48 villages, construction of 3 new WWTPs and Extension of 6 already existing 5 WWTPs. - Establish Integrated Wastewater project for the villages polluting Kitchener drain in Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate, including WW system for 22 villages, construction of 4 new WWTPs and extension of 2 existing WWTPs. - Establish Integrated Wastewater project for the villages polluting Kitchener drain in Dakahlia Governorate, including ww system for 20 villages, construction of 5 new WWTPs and extension of 4WWTPs

5 4 4 4 4 4 25 Connecting 50 tanneries that discharge directly in the eastern El 7 Mex Bay and have an integrated wastewater treatment plant to depollute the bay and recover of Chromium

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

3 3 4 3 3 2 18 Encouraging use of Modern technology in agriculture and 8 irrigation. Making use of economic incentives to persuade farmers to use of modern irrigation techniques

3 2 2 4 4 3 18 Compliance of Amerya Petroleum Company and Amerya Spinning on Lake Maryut and El Dekhaila Iron and Steel Company, Sodium Carbonate Company, Misr Chemicals and Alexandria Petroleum 9 companies are necessary for cleaning of El Mex Bay and Abu Qir Fertilizers, AMCO and Kaha and National Paper on Abu Qir Bay, are necessary

4 3 4 3 4 4 22 Building, at least, two compost plants for Alexandria organic waste, a new sanitary landfill for domestic waste, development of 10 the hazardous waste landfill of Naseria and establishment of a hazardous waste landfill for the eastern side of the delta + Domestic landfill

4 3 3 4 4 3 21 Expansion of Abu Qir wastewater treatment facility to include biological treatment and establishing a compost plant and a 11 sanitary landfill for Abu Qir Rosetta region and reuse of the water and waste-energy generation

3 3 2 3 4 3 18 Enforcement of regulations, upgrading quality and capacity of already existing Wastewater Plant (Capacity 4000m3/d unit) of Port Said, and establish a wastewater treatment unit of least 12 capacity 400m3/d for the industrial area south of Port Said and a biological treatment unit of capacity 60,000 m3/d on two stages. The first stage 40,000m3/d and the second stage is 20,000m3/d at a total cost of 30 MEuro according to Arab Contractor

Contribution to objective of the Hotspot: 1: Institutional Capacity 2: Human Capacity 3: Legal Capacity 4: Logistical Capacity 5: Reaching Objective

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Flow Rate (m3/day) Name Discharge

Annex 4 Tables of monitoring at some hot spots in the coastal zone of Egypt for the year 2015 (Nasr et al ,2015) Private communication

NO2 NO3 NH4 DIN Total PO4 Total Si Chlorophyll- SPM NO2+NO3 N P a µM µM µM µM µM µM µM µM mg/l mg/l Baghoush 0.22 1.71 1.93 0.20 2.13 4.94 0.12 0.62 1.69 0.55 17.36 Mex 0.86 4.74 5.60 1.70 7.30 13.32 0.54 1.58 8.44 2.83 29.58 NIOF 0.45 2.90 3.35 0.64 3.99 8.70 0.35 1.33 5.58 2.14 24.21 Abu Qir – East 0.51 2.54 3.06 0.52 3.58 9.51 0.28 1.49 5.02 1.81 24.58 El-Gamil – West 1.35 4.22 5.57 1.18 6.75 14.63 0.78 2.19 9.71 6.00 47.13 El-Gamil - East 1.39 4.35 5.73 1.27 7.00 15.33 0.86 1.99 10.43 6.05 48.25

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Tanneries in El-Mex 1 3200 Direct to the sea Bay Alexandria 24000 2 Petroleum company Direct to the sea

(APC) General company To El-Amia drain then to Abu 3 for paper industries 23000 Qir Bay (RAKTA) National paper To El-Amia drain then to Abu 4 20000 company Qir Bay Solvay Alexandria 5 sodium carbonate 9000 Direct to El-Mex bay company (SASC) An approach zero liquid discharge project is now under implementation. Only 3120 m3/day of the treated water is discharged

Abu Qir Fertilizers directly into the bay while the 6 15600 company (AFC) other 12480 m3/day of treated

water will be recycledin cooling towers in the company.Expected date of completion for the treatment project is 1st quarter of 2016. MisrChemical To El-Mex Bay 7 industries company 1500 Industrial wastewater (M.C.I) treatment plant is implemented KAHA company for To El-Amia drain then to Abu preserved foods Qir Bay. Slight flow, tendering 8 (KAHA El-tabya 400 for wastewater factory) treatment plant 9 Sugar company Not provided to West Nubaria drain To public sewer then to Lake Alexandria for Maryutthen to El-MexBay 10 mineral oils 1920 Studies are completed for zero company (AMOC) liquiddischarge project Iron and steel 11 company of 6000 Direct to El-Mex Bay Dekhaila 13100 (~8200 m3/day industrial Fine spinning To El-Amia drain then to Abu 12 wastewater, ~4900 m3/day company Qir Bay domestic wastewater from the company and

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

residential areas

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

ANNEX4 Table (70) Cadmium (µg/L) at different locations near hot spots of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Annual St.name St.code Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3 Cruise 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 ND ND ND 0.6 - - - Baghoush Me 4a ND ND ND 0.75 - - - El-Nobareya Me 8 ND ND ND 0.8 - - - Dekhaila Me 10a ND ND ND 0.57 - - - El-Mex Me 11 ND ND ND 0.9 - - - El-Maadia Me 25 ND ND ND 0.73 - - - Rashid Me 29 ND ND ND 1.28 - - - El-Burg Me 33 ND ND ND 1.03 - - - El-Gamil West Me 39 0.433 ND ND 0.68 - 0.17 0.03 El-Arish Me 44 ND ND ND 0.55 - - - Mean - - - 0.79 - - - St. dev - - - 0.23 - - - Var - - - 0.05 - - -

ND= Not detected

Table (71) Chromium (µg/L) at different locations along the hot spots of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Cruise Cruise Cruise Cruise Annual St.name St.code 1 2 3 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 1.63 0.92 1.45 2.33 1.58 0.58 0.34 Baghoush Me 4a 1.22 0.92 2.57 3.22 1.98 1.09 1.20 El-Nobareya Me 8 1.2 1.1 2.4 4.25 2.24 1.47 2.15 Dekhaila Me 10a 1.12 1.48 2.42 5.17 2.55 1.83 3.36 El-Mex Me 11 1.4 1.5 2.17 3.97 2.26 1.19 1.42 El-Maadia Me 25 1.23 0.87 2.8 2.88 1.95 1.04 1.09 Rashid Me 29 1.13 1.78 2.52 4.07 2.38 1.26 1.60 El-Burg Me 33 1.6 1.18 2.47 3.7 2.24 1.11 1.24 El-Gamil West Me 39 1.5 0.63 3.4 2.97 2.13 1.29 1.66

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El-Arish Me 44 1.53 1.25 3.73 4.4 2.73 1.57 2.47 Mean 1.36 1.33 2.59 3.70 2.20 1.24 1.65 St. dev 0.20 0.35 0.63 0.85 0.32 0.34 0.84 Var 0.04 0.12 0.40 0.72 0.10 0.11 0.70

ND= Not detected Table (72) Cupper (µg/L) at different locations along the hot spots of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Cruise Cruise Cruise Cruise Annual St.name St.code 1 2 3 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 1.83 1.95 0.97 1.07 1.46 0.51 0.26 Baghoush Me 4a 1.58 1.82 1.87 0.73 1.50 0.53 0.28 El-Nobareya Me 8 1.6 0.63 0.87 1.65 1.19 0.52 0.27 Dekhaila Me 10a 2.78 0.72 0.4 3.33 1.81 1.46 2.14 El-Mex Me 11 3.47 0.72 1.32 3.7 2.30 1.50 2.26 El-Maadia Me 25 2.4 1.08 2.63 1.42 1.88 0.75 0.56 Rashid Me 29 2.77 1.05 1.85 2.42 2.02 0.75 0.56 El-Burg Me 33 1.93 3.7 2.08 1.55 2.32 0.95 0.90 El-Gamil West Me 39 2.73 3.08 2.03 2.1 2.49 0.51 0.26 El-Arish Me 44 2.68 2.88 7.7 2.5 3.94 2.51 6.31 Mean 2.38 1.33 2.17 2.05 2.09 1.00 1.38 St. dev 0.62 1.12 2.05 0.96 0.77 0.65 1.89 Var 0.39 1.25 4.22 0.91 0.60 0.43 3.58

Table (73) Iron (µg/L) at different locations along the hot spots of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Cruise Cruise Cruise Cruise Annual St.name St.code 1 2 3 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 12.02 12.87 1 21.33 11.81 8.34 69.55 Baghoush Me 4a 7 6.88 18.83 10.97 10.92 5.61 31.42 El-Nobareya Me 8 7.18 3.77 10.38 21.68 10.75 7.77 60.36 Dekhaila Me 10a 12.15 3.42 6.18 7.5 7.31 3.65 13.29 El-Mex Me 11 29.35 5.43 28.98 25.67 22.36 11.41 130.09 El-Maadia Me 25 10.58 5.9 15.08 19.65 12.80 5.91 34.89

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Rashid Me 29 11.88 11.37 35 11.05 17.33 11.79 138.96 El-Burg Me 33 24.17 24.73 14.43 4.77 17.03 9.44 89.11 El-Gamil West Me 39 22.5 7.92 13.33 24.55 17.08 7.81 61.05 El-Arish Me 44 7.78 5.42 20.55 5.23 9.75 7.30 53.23 Mean 14.46 8.77 16.38 15.24 13.71 7.90 68.19 St. dev 7.94 6.38 10.11 8.16 4.57 2.53 40.95 Var 62.99 40.76 102.25 66.55 20.87 6.41 1676.80

Table (74) Manganese (µg/L) at different locations along the hot spots of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Cruise Cruise Cruise Cruise Annual St.name St.code 1 2 3 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 0.43 0.48 0.47 1.02 0.60 0.28 0.08 Baghoush Me 4a 0.5 0.2 0.45 1.25 0.60 0.45 0.21 El-Nobareya Me 8 0.23 0.42 0.35 0.98 0.50 0.33 0.11 Dekhaila Me 10a 0.48 0.6 0.17 3.75 1.25 1.68 2.81 El-Mex Me 11 0.23 0.43 1.67 1.25 0.90 0.68 0.46 El-Maadia Me 25 0.22 0.4 ND 1.87 0.83 0.91 0.82 Rashid Me 29 0.32 0.35 0.23 1.55 0.61 0.63 0.39 El-Burg Me 33 0.22 ND 1.5 1.45 1.06 0.73 0.53 El-Gamil West Me 39 0.57 0.28 0.33 2.77 0.99 1.20 1.43 El-Arish Me 44 0.85 ND 0.87 1.38 1.03 0.30 0.09 Mean 0.41 0.40 0.67 1.73 0.84 0.72 0.69 St. dev 0.20 0.12 0.56 0.88 0.25 0.44 0.85 Var 0.04 0.01 0.31 0.77 0.06 0.20 0.73

Table (75) Nickel (µg/L) at different locations along the hot spots of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Cruise Cruise Cruise Cruise Annual St.name St.code 1 2 3 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 1.58 0.6 ND 2.27 1.48 0.84 0.70 Baghoush Me 4a 1.52 ND 0.03 3.88 1.81 1.94 3.77 El-Nobareya Me 8 1.57 ND ND 3 2.29 1.01 1.02

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Dekhaila Me 10a 4.53 ND ND 5.47 5.00 0.66 0.44 El-Mex Me 11 4.82 ND ND 4.82 4.82 0.00 0.00 El-Maadia Me 25 0.25 ND ND 1 0.63 0.53 0.28 Rashid Me 31 1.82 ND ND 3.78 2.80 1.39 1.92 El-Burg Me 33 0.75 9.25 ND 5.1 5.03 4.25 18.07 El-Gamil West Me 39 4.82 2.7 0.08 3.63 2.81 2.01 4.06 El-Arish Me 44 2.63 2.57 5.57 1.8 3.14 1.66 2.76 Mean 2.43 3.78 1.89 3.48 2.98 1.43 0.78 St. dev 1.70 3.77 3.18 1.47 1.54 1.18 1.26 Var 2.90 14.22 10.14 2.15 2.38 1.40 33.95

ND= Not detected

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

Table (76) Lead (µg/L) at different locations along the hot spots ofthe Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Cruise Cruise Cruise Cruise Annual St.name St.code 1 2 3 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 ND 0.84 ND 3.75 2.30 2.06 4.23 Baghoush Me 4a ND - ND 5.33 5.33 - - El-Nobareya Me 8 ND 1.67 ND 4.58 3.13 2.06 4.23 Dekhaila Me 10a ND - ND 2.77 2.77 - - El-Mex Me 11 ND 0.75 ND 5.1 2.93 3.08 9.46 El-Maadia Me 25 ND 2.28 ND 3.75 3.02 1.04 1.08 Rashid Me 29 ND 0.88 ND 6.25 3.57 3.80 14.42 El-Burg Me 33 ND 1.57 ND 5.03 3.30 2.45 5.99 El-Gamil ND ND West Me 39 2.15 3.52 2.84 0.97 0.94 El-Arish Me 44 ND 2.5 ND 2.08 2.29 0.30 0.09 Mean ND 1.58 ND 4.22 3.15 1.97 5.06 St. dev ND 0.70 ND 1.27 0.86 0.41 0.16 Var ND 0.49 ND 1.61 0.75 0.80 0.64

Table (77) Zinc (µg/L) at different locations along the hot spots of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast during 2015

Cruise Cruise Cruise Cruise Annual St.name St.code 1 2 3 4 mean St.dev Var. Salloum Me 1 0.28 0.23 0.27 0.88 0.42 0.31 0.10 Baghoush Me 4a 0.23 ND 0.15 1.75 0.71 0.90 0.81 El-Nobareya Me 8 0.63 ND 0.72 1.1 0.82 0.25 0.06 Dekhaila Me 10a 2.2 ND ND 5.72 3.96 2.49 6.20 El-Mex Me 11 2.08 0.1 0.18 2.05 1.10 1.11 1.24 El-Maadia Me 25 2.13 ND 1.18 1.47 1.59 0.49 0.24 Rashid Me 29 0.07 ND 7.82 2.27 3.39 3.99 15.95 El-Burg Me 33 0.03 ND 0.95 3.37 1.45 1.73 2.98 El-Gamil West Me 39 ND 1.18 0.45 2.25 1.29 0.91 0.82 El-Arish Me 44 2.55 ND 0.13 2.45 1.71 1.37 1.87 Mean 1.13 1.33 1.32 2.33 1.64 1.35 3.03 St. dev 1.07 0.59 2.47 1.39 1.15 1.15 4.91 Var 1.15 0.35 6.09 1.93 1.33 1.32 24.06

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ND= Not detected

Annex 5:Fiches

Project Ref No.1

Project Name Centralized Wastewater Treatment Plant for Tanneries in El-Mex Area, Alexandria Governorate

Related Hot Spot El-Mex Bay (class B Hot Spot)

El-Mex tanneries location

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste Industrial Emission Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

Promoter  The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt.  Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAP III).  EU bank

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Estimated Project 9-10 Million Euros Value (€) General description  About 50 tanneries operated by the private sector are located in El-Mex area, Alexandria Governorate.

 Only 29 tanneries have anofficiallicense. However, the rest are operating in illegal form.

 Tanneries occupy a total area of about 70,000 m2 and employing 2500 worker.

 The leather manufacturing industry is seasonal, and their operation depends on the availability of rawhide. Consequently, the maximum production period of tanneries is limited to 3-4 months per year starting after EID AL ADHA.

 The annual production is about 630 tons of leather. Most of it are exported to European countries.

 The estimated total water consumption ranges between 2400-3500 m3/day.

 Sources of water to those tanneries are provided from two primary sources:

 Underground water well, which is used directly without any treatment mainly in the beam house processes.

 City water is used to satisfy the rest of water needs for the process in addition to domestic usage.

 The combined average wastewater flow from the tanneries reaches about 2000 m3/day. However, the maximum flowreaches 3200 m3/day when all tanneries are in operation after EID El-ADHA.

Major Environmental Problems:

1. Discharging untreated effluent through storm water pipeline then directly to the sea.

2. As shown in the following table that the wastewater effluent generated from the tanning industry is characterized by having high levels of TSS, COD, BOD, Sulphide total nitrogen, phenol and Chromium which exceed the limits of law 93/1962 and decree 44/2000 for discharging to public sewer and law 4/1994 for discharging to the sea.This leads to extremely high pollution load which can be considered a major direct contribution in polluting El-Mex Bay and seriously affect all the trophic levels in the Bay.

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Table (1): Minimum, Maximum and Average Results of Wastewater Analysis from Tanneries in El-Mex area Law limits 93/62 and Minimum Maximum Average its modified decree Parameters Values, Values, Values, 44/2000 for mg/l mg/l mg/l discharging to public sewer pH 1.3 14 6-9.5 BOD 420 27000 3483 600 COD 1551 53014 9674 1100 TSS 280 30800 6338 800 Settleable solids 10, 0 750 164.83 8 cm3 30, 0 1000 282.3 15 cm3 O&G 26 690 138.6 100 H2S 0 7600 678 10 Total Nitrogen 0 420 151 100 Total 25 phosphorous 0 91.5 18.5 Cyanide 0 0 0 0.2 Phenols 0 1.7 0.44 0.05 Chromium 0.133 950 165.4 0.5

3. The existing sewage network is too old (it was established since 33 years ago) and obstructed by the action of Chromium salt deposits.

4. The mixing of effluent from the liming and unharing operations and that from chrome tanning operation causes precipitation of chromium hydroxide Cr(OH)3 which leads to blockage of the network pipes.

5. The outdated technology used in tanneries generates a lot of environmental problems. Wastewater from tanning is also contaminated with acids and sodium sulfides which cause corrosion of the drainage network collection pipes, pumps and other metallic components, high water, and chemical consumption.

6. Incompliance with law regulations for discharging effluents, housekeeping, hazardous waste management and applying Environmental Sound Management System.

7. Handling of raw materials and chemicals is manual which causes losses in raw materials, additives, and product.

Main objectives of this Project:

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Environmental outcome: - Stop completely the discharge of tanneries wastewater to El-Mex Bay and send treated effluent to public sewer network. - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to public sewer.

Socio- economic benefits: - Avoid environmental fines which are appliedon tanneries owners due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Recovery of chrome for partial reuse in thetanning process. - Increasing labors in tanneries area. - Giving better possibility for fishing grounds.

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes)

Short term outputs from this project are: - Stop completely the discharge of tanneries wastewater to El-Mex Bay and send treated effluent to public sewer network. - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to public sewer. - No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Reduce the hazardous effect of toxic pollutants on sewer lines as well as on El- Mex Bay. - Upgrading the public image concerning the tanneries area. - Upgrading health conditions. - Use modern technology that enables each tannery to apply Environmental Sound Management system (ESM), produce high-quality finished products, increase profitability through reduction of losses in raw materials and product.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution in El- Max bay. - Having cleaner Environment. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Ensure the protection of themarine environment in El-Mex Bay. - Establishing of environmental Management System for the cluster of tanneries in the area.

- Schematic outline of main activities: This project is pending and needs asourceof finance, till now it has not been started yet.

Depollution Connecting and treatment of the tanneries helpto reduce by 95% levels of potential chromium and connecting inhabitants to a sewer system would drastically reduce levels of chromium by 90% of the original values and lead to compliance with other parameters with Law limits 93/62 andits modified decree44/2000 fordischarging to public sewer

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Wastewater effluent from each tannery can be treated separately but due to Technical similar nature of wastewater quality, it is preferable to treat the mixed description effluent from all tanneries.

In this case, there are two main treatment alternatives. The first is to segregate the chromium containing effluents from the industrial wastewater, recover chrome from the segregated streams and treat the rest of the wastewater in thecentral unit. The second alternative would be to collect and treat all the effluents without any segregation.

Alternative 1. Chrome recovery and treatment of remaining effluents:

This alternative is composed of the following three components:

1- Construction of two collection sewer networks: - One for collecting and transferring of chromium effluents from tanneries to be chemically treated in a separate chrome recovery system. - One for collecting and transferring the remaining effluents from tanneries to the proposed Centralized Wastewater treatment plant.

2- Installation of Separate Chromium Recovery System: Chromium recovery will take place in a central unit at the site allocated for installation of IWWTP. The chrome tanning effluent collected separately from the tanneries will be chemically treated to precipitate chromium hydroxide and then chrome will be reused back at a ratio of 25% of total chrome needed in tanning processes. Separated effluent will be further treated with the remaining effluent from tanneries in the proposed central wastewater treatment plant.

3- Installation of Central Wastewater Treatment Plant: A central treatment unit with a capacity of 3500 m3/day is required to treat the combined wastewater effluents using physical/chemical/biological treatment. Alternative 2 treatment of the composite effluents from all tanneries:

This alternative provides treatment for the combined effluents from all tanneries without segregation of chromium effluents. However additional sedimentation tanks should be installed upstream the manholes to perform continuous removal of any chromium hydroxide deposits. A new industrial sewage collection system will be installed. The pipes should be made of

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

PVC. The mixed effluents will be transported to the WWTP where it will be treated physically, chemically and biologically.

But the treatment in alternative 2 is not feasible as chromium hydroxide is considered as hazardous waste whether in it's trivalent or hexavalent form due to the ease of transformation of the trivalent form to the hexavalent by oxidation in atmospheric oxygen. The hazardous waste reduction is a requirement of environmental law 4/1994 (article 28),also, Cr(OH)3 leads to blockage in the network pipes, it is therefore recommended to segregate chromium tanning effluents to recover and reuse of chromium. The recovery cost can be compensated by selling the recovered chromium. Another advantage is decreasing the cost of cleaning sewer lines from precipitation chromium hydroxide.

Therefore, alternative 1 which composed of the above three components is the proposed solution as it is considered to be the most feasible and economic one for achieving compliance of tanneries effluents to law limits (93/1962) and its modified decree 44/2000 for discharging to public sewer and also recovery of chrome for partial reuse in tanning process.

Figure (1): shows the proposed location of wastewater treatment plant for tanneries complex and figure (2): shows chromium recovery system, while figure (3): shows aschematic diagram for theEnd-of-Pipe treatment of tanneries waste.

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. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead the tanneries effluent to comply with law limits 93/1962 and its amended decree 44/2000 for discharging to public sewer. - Contribute to improving the public image concerning the tanneries area. - Contribute to improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous effect on both humans & plants. - Has apositive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.) The proposed treatment will be physical, chemical and biological and our surrounding temperature is suitable for the biological treatment and does not have any negative effect on the bacteria.

The technology used in WWTP is internationally known and is considered to be the most suitable treatment for this type of waste effluent.

Part of the proposed wastewater treatment plant components will be purchased from the local market while the other will be imported.

. Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring

Egypt National Action Plan for Land Based Sources

etc.) There is allocated budget from total project budget for periodical operation, maintenance and there is a monitoring plan to ensure that the performance of the wastewater treatment plant will be always efficient and there is also a monitoring laboratory on the site to check and monitor the compliance status of all pollution parameters.

Degree of Please indicate any preparatory baseline or feasibility studies conducted on preparation the project or one of its components. Please list them and indicate the exact date of the studies and the origin of funding for the studies (i.e. donor or government agency name).

This project is pending and needs a source for finance.

Previous Work to Date: - Techno/Economic Feasibility study was completed in 2006 and the needed project components as well as cost estimate were determined. - In 2007, a tender document was prepared and the conceptual design was revised by aforeign specialist through (Federation of Egyptian Industries "FEI" & Environmental Compliance Office "ECO"). - All constructional designs were prepared and were ready for approval

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by Alexandria Sewage Company.

Source of Finance: is not determined yet (could be EU bank).

Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in Financial the past 5 years? Please indicate which ones. In progress What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labors in tanneries area. . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds. . Upgrading the public image concerning the tanneries area. . Upgrading health conditions. . Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to public sewer. . No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations.

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during installation stage.

Also, he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any harmful environmental impacts.

The following mitigation steps will be carried out during installations: . The site will be surrounded by plastic covers to reduce dust emissions. . Trucks which will be used for transporting solid wastes will be covered with tight plastic covers.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated? The area allocated for installation of the chrome recovery system and the treatment plant is owned by Alexandria Governorate and the proposed

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location for the centralized treatment plant is so close to the tanneries complex. Institutional & . Please describe the institutional/organizationalset-up and responsibilities Regulatory between the institutional stakeholders for project implementation. Framework The project will be monitored periodically by EEAA, EPAP III, Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

Implementation Challenges: - Financial constraints. - Lack of authorized body to financially manage the treatment project. - Finding the way to force the tanneries owners to participate in this project. - The presence of Well trained personnel. - Weakness in human capacities

. Is the regulatory framework fully compatible with the proposed investment? If not, are there aspects that need to be modified in project design in order to ensure that pollution prevention and reduction potential of the project will be fully reached?

Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (93/1962) amended by law (44/2000).

Social and . Please indicate if local stakeholders have been consulted to ensure public Environmental acceptance of the project (indicate who has been consulted and how). Impact An Environmental Impact Assessment study is required for this project to get EEAA approval prior project implementation.

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

No climate mitigation is needed in the project design as this project does not have any negative effect on the surrounding climate.

Other comments Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant.

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(if any)

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Project Ref No.2 Holding Company of Water and Wastewater of Egypt Alexandria Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Company (ASDCO) Company name Governorate of Alexandria EEAA

Project Name Rehabilitation of Lake Maryut

Lake Maryut Related Hot Spot

Lake Maryut

Lake Maryut and Maryut Valley (in Red) to the south of Alexandria City and factories( in Blue)

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste

Industrial Emission x Integrated (3 of the above in one project)

Promoter The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution

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involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt., HCWW, and Governorate of Alexandria

Contact point for EEAA: Regional Branch Office

Contact Person: Eng. EEAA Alexandria and Governorate of Alexandria Phone: 0 E-mail:

Contact point for Governorate of Alexandria: Eng. AkramAbdelMoati

Fax: (03) 01221285813 Factory phone no: (03)

E-mail: Webpage:

Contact Person: HCWW Eng. Mahmoud Nafea Eng. ManalGalal Position: Utilities Sectors Head Eng. Position: Utilities Sector Head

Phone: 01 E-mail: Phone: 05 E-mail:

Estimated Project Abouy180 Million Euros) Value (€)

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General description Main problems The municipal, industrial and agricultural wastewater discharged through El Qalaa Drain, by WWWTP and EWWTP, Elnobarya Canal and El Omoum drain to the main basin contaminates the main basin and renders it hazardous to health, devoid of fish life. It negatively impacts tourism, socioeconomic conditions and public image. In addition, industrial discharge in the western basin pollutes the basin. The agglomerates of slum areas around the lake dispose of waste directly into the lake which again pollutes the lake. The borders of the lake are shrinking gradually due to landfilling

Main objectives of this Project:

Increase capacity of the western wastewater treatment plant from 460,000m3/d to 850, 000m3/day at least and upgrade from primary to secondary to tertiary.

Increase Capacity of the eastern wastewater treatment plant from 800,000m3/d to 1200, 000m3/day at least and upgrade from primary to secondary to tertiary

Environmental outcome: Comply with law limits for discharging industrial, municipal and agricultural effluent to the sea (law 4/1994). Sustainable depollution of the lakeon short run Rehabilitation of the lake on the long r Saving water for growing trees in the desert and helping communities

Socio- economic benefits: - Increasing fishing and tourism in the lake. - Giving better possibility for fishing grounds. - Contribute in improving health and sustainable development of the lake

Expected results (short-term outputs and long term outcomes) Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to Lake Maryut and El Mex Bay. - Upgrading the socioeconomic conditions and public image concerning the governorate. - Upgrading public health conditions. - Encouraging tourism in the area

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Long term outcomes: - Rehabilitation of the lake for sustainable development - Decrease pollution in the lake Maryut and El Mex bay - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Protection of the marine environment. - Contribute in improving tourism in the area.

Schematic outline of main activities: 1. Improving capacity and quality of effluents of WWWTP and EWWTP to secondary treatment or tertiary 2. Deepening and fencing of the lake making it accessible in some locations for tourism 3. Connecting agglomerations of 2000 inhabitants and have their sewage treated 4. Separating rain water from sewage network to reduce risk of inundation in case of heavy rain by returning separate sewerage and/or have separate networks in the future 5. Promoting sustainable development of the lake 6. Connecting complying industry and sewage network and building IWWTP for Borg El Arab agglomerates 7. Building 2 compost plants for solid organic waste 8. Site assessment and building of a sanitary landfill for Alexandria

Depollution of the Lake Maryut will also depollute El Mex Bay and upgrade health and Depollution socioeconomic conditions in the region potential Depollution potential is high Technical The main components of the suggested IWWTP are: description - Equalizing and mixing tank - pH adjustment tank - De-Calcification (SS and PO4 removal) - Chemical-Physical Treatment Unit

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- Neutralization Tank - De-nitrification Unit - Ultrafiltration Unit - Reverse osmosis - Treated Water Storage Tank - Equalization/Neutralization Tank - TDS Adjustment Tank - Sludge Thickening Tank - Sludge Dewatering for IWWTP

No other alternative technical solutions have been proposed as this solution is the most feasible and economic one for achieving compliance with law limits for discharging industrial effluents to the sea law (4/1994).

. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead companies to comply with law limits for discharging industrial effluent to the sea (law 4/1994). - Contribute to improving the public image concerning the governorate. - Contribute to improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous pollutionpressures on both humans and plants. - Has apositive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries. - Has positive effect on public health and tourism - Has positive impacts on fishing and fishermen. - It will save Europe a lot of Saharan dust impacts by cultivating the desert to the west of Alexandria

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.)

. The solution has direct positive impact on the lake and it does not have any negative effect on the surrounding environment; also, the proposed IWWTP technology at Borg El Arab is simple to allow the workers to handle it easily.

. Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.) . There is allocated budget from total project budget for periodical operation, maintenance, and monitoring to ensure that the performance of IWWTP is always efficient. . The deposited sediments in the lake are pumped into cement structures inside the lake because of its severe toxicity, and covered with one meter of sand and soil and trees are grown on it to form an island. Islands are then connected by bridges to form a touristic site. . Once the lake has been depolluted, a search will be conducted to make good use of wastewater in afforestation of desert areas near Alexandria

Degree of Please indicate any preparatory baseline or feasibility studies conducted on the project or one preparation of its components. Please list them and indicate: the exact date of the studies and the origin of funding for the studies (i.e. donor or government agency name).

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The upgrading of WWWTP and EWWTP is now under implementation by GEF. Selection and assessment of sludge and solid waste landfill is under consideration

Connecting agglomerations of 2000 inhabitants and having IWWTP at Borg El Arab City is still under consideration

Building compost plants Having a separate rainwater and sewage network Compliance of polluting companies is undergoing Deepening of lake and sludge sediments removal Sustainable development of the lake

Origin of funding: Egyptian Governorate European Commission + EU

Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the past 5 years? Financial Please indicate which ones. GEF has already endorsed some phases and we need to continue

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labors of fishermen . Upgrading public health conditions . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds and socioeconomic conditions. . Contribute to improving tourism in the area. . Upgrading the public image concerning the governorate compliance with the Egyptian regulations. . Economic benefits of rehabilitation of the lake . Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during installation stage.

Also, he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any pathogens and environmental impacts.

The following mitigation steps will be carried out during installations: . The site will be monitored carefully to reduce any discharges. . Trucks which will be used for transporting solid wastes will be covered with tight plastic covers.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

 Yes, the IWWTP will be installed within the boundaries of Borg El Arab City. Site Selection and impact assessment must be carried out

Institutional & . Please describe the institutional/organizationalset-up and responsibilities between the Regulatory institutional stakeholders for project implementation. Framework

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The project will be monitored periodically by EEAA and HCWW and Governorate of Alexandria.

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

There will be well-trained personnel to be able to carry out the project.

Yes, the Egyptian Environmental law (4/1994) amended by law (9/2009).

Social and . Please indicate if local stakeholders have been consulted to ensure public acceptance of the Environmental project (indicate who has been consulted and how). Impact Ex Director of the lake, experts on the lake, Fishermen Syndicate, NGO (Meetings) There will be an Environmental Impact Assessment study. There are no conflicts among stakeholders.

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

As the lake is shallow, the pollution will increase and impact will be more severe as the time goes by. The sooner the rehabilitation the better

Other comments (if Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant. any) Finding a site equivalent to 9N for sludge disposal for drying before use as an energy source is very important issue

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Project Ref No.3

Alexandria Treated Effluent Reuse

Project Name

Related Hot Spot Lake Maryout and El Max Bay)

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Proposed locations for Alexandria Wastewater Reuse (WRc Study)

Wastewater  Sector Effluent reuse of Alexandria city

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Promoter  The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt.

Contact person:

Name:Dr: Helaley Position Head of Alexandria wastewater treatment plant

Phone: 01229388878

01005201367

Estimated 500 Million Euros Project Value (€)

Wastewater has been used to support agricultural production in many countries over aconsiderable period of time. The area of land under irrigation with wastewater hasincreased significantly over the past two decades due to constraints on water supplyand increasing concerns over the environmental implications of previous disposalroutes. Effluent reuse can provide considerable social, economic and environmentalbenefits when used under carefully controlled conditions established to protect thehealth of farm workers, their families and consumers of the production.

The provision of sewage treatment in Alexandria has resulted in the production ofsubstantial quantities of effluent and sludge. In an arid country such as Egypt, thesematerials should be regarded as valuable resources for agricultural irrigation and soilfertilization, particularly as water resources re strictly limited and there is an urgentneed for continued horizontal expansion of agriculture into the desert areas as General description thepopulation increases. . Main objectives of this Project:

Environmental outcome: Benefits of Alexandria Effluent Reuse: Leading toEconomical and safe reuse of Alexandria Effluent ToEnsure the optimum use of this water resource.Protect the environment of Alexandria especially the aquatic environment.

Socio- economic benefits: - reuse have other concerns regarding environment, public health and national safety. - Solve problems of Lake Maryout and water bodies.

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- Solve problems of calcareous and sandy soil in arid areas. - Solve problems of re-using Agricultural drains water in the proposed treatment plant.

Expected results (short term outputs and long term outcomes)

 An effective tool to sustain high effluent quality from Alexandria treatment plants. - An effective tool to solve the problem of flocculation of effluent quality. - An effective tool in increasing self-purification efficiency during transporting treated effluent from Alexandria to the arid areas.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution Alexandria Water bodies. - Having cleaner Environment. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Ensure the protection of marine environment.

Depollution Complete reuse of wastewater effluent in arid areas of the western desert and potential use as an effective way to fight desertification and solve Lake Maryout pollution problems.

Four scenarios have been considered to efficiently use the effluent within the Technical region. The land served by the Nasr and the Bahig Canals is short of water, and description this will be exacerbated by the Hamam schemes when the canals are extended to this area. The scenarios proposed are: - Scenario A - To develop uncultivated desert land south of the Nasr Canal (the earlier proposed area). A lift of 70 m and piped conveyance of 70 km makes this a costly - Scenario B - To supplement the water supply in the Nasr Canal by direct transfer of effluent from Alexandria. Lift 50 m and distance 50 km, with discharge of the effluent into the start of the Nasr Canal and use existing lifts for the remaining distance. Direct discharge of effluent to canal not currently acceptable in Egypt, according to Law 48/1982. Additional effluent treatment would be required. Scenario C - To supplement the water supply in the Nasr Canal by transfer of effluent through the Umoum Drain reversal scheme. A lift 10 m and distance 20 km would result in the lowest cost. Secondary effluent quality, as currently planned would be acceptable, and may

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potentially improve drain water quality. The Umoum scheme has been delayed until WWTPs at Shereshera and Abu Hommes are completed; the treated effluent from these plants will discharge to the drain. This implies acceptance of the principle of Alexandria effluent being similarly discharged. The effluent would supplement drain flows as these reduce in the future due to IIPs in the region.

Scenario D - To supplement the water supply in Bahig Canal by direct transfer with a lift 30 m and distance 20 km, this is a medium cost option but would involve direct discharge of effluent to the canal. Additional effluent treatment would be required.

Based on these early assessments, Scenario C is probably the most favorable as this would incur the lowest overall cost; it would require no additional expenditure on effluent treatment other than that already planned by AGOSD; it would comply with existing Egyptian law; and provide additional irrigation water in the West Nubaria and Hamam reclamation areas which will become progressively short of water.

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Implementing this project will: - Lead to solve water resource problems, desertification and water bodies pollution. - Contribute in improving the public image concerning ASEDCO. - Contribute in improving the Social life by reducing the pollutants effect on both humans and plants. - Has positive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.)

- Alexandria Effluent Reuse Is the optimum use of Alexandria treated effluent through appropriate technologies and the best management practices to achieve best outcomes in terms of environmental basis and public health.

- The proposed project is internationally known and is considered to be the most suitable solution for this status.

- Positive climatic condition changes is expected

Degree of Please indicate any preparatory baseline or feasibility studies conducted on the preparation project or one of its components. Please list them and indicate: the exact date of the studies and the origin of funding for the studies (i.e. donor or government agency name).

The Alexandria Effluent and Sludge Reuse Study has been commissioned to establishthe appropriate approaches to be adopted by the Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Company (ASDCO) to secure efficient and beneficial disposal of effluent andsludge. The Study was funded under the Mediterranean Technical AssistanceProgramme (METAP) through the European Investment Bank, and hasbeen carried outon behalf of ASDCO by WRc plc.The principal objective of the Study was to allow safe and economically responsiblereuse of treated sewage effluent and sludge from the city of Alexandria in order tomake best use of existing resources and to protect the environment and human health.Also, suggested reuse options for small plants are discussed.

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Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the Financial past 5 years? Please indicate which ones.

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Agriculture represents the largest potential outlet for the effluent. . The quantity of effluent is expected to reach around 2.33 million m3/dayby year 2037. . The effluent reuse has the benefit of recycling effluent in an overall environmentally friendly way, providing water in a water scarce situation, providing a considerable quantity of plants nutrients at no cost to the farmer, thus increasing crop production, farm incomes and improving the local community. . .

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

- The proposed project doesnothaveany negative impacts neither during construction nor during operation on soil quality, surface or ground water quality and also fauna, flora.

- The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during construction stage.

- Also he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any harmful environmental impacts.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

Yes, as described above.

Institutional & . Please describe the institutional/organisational set-up and responsibilities Regulatory between the institutional stakeholders for project implementation. Framework The project will be monitored periodically by EEAA and EPAP III.

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. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

Implementation Challenges: - Financial constraints. . - Presence of Well trained personnel. - Weakness in human capacities

- Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (law no501 for 2015) for effluent reuse criteria

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

- The project does not have any negative impacts on the air quality as no significant air pollutants or harmful exhausts are released from the activities of the project.

- No climate mitigation is needed in the project design as this project does not have any negative effect on the surrounding climate. Other comments Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant. (if any)

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Project Ref No.4

Compliance Issues of at Alexandria Petroleum Company (APC): Project Name Installation of an Integrated Wastewater Treatment System

Related Hot Spot El-Mex Bay (Class B Hot Spot)

0 6

5 4 3

0 0

5 4

APC location 3

and 0

surroundings 0 Mediterranean Sea

4 5

4 Western Harbour

5 4

3 El-Mex Tanneries

El Mex Pump

0 0

1 Station 5

4 El Mex Bay E 3 l O m m

o 0

0 m

0 0 D e 5 r

4 El Dekhila a k 3 Alex. Petroleum Co. in a Harbour L t

Misr Ch. Co. u 0

0 y

0 r 9 Alex. Co. for Sod.

4 a 4

3 Carbonate M

194000 195000 196000 197000 198000 199000 200000 201000 202000 203000 Figure (1): APC Location and Surroundings Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste Industrial Emission Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

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Promoter  The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt.

 Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAP III).

Contact person:

Name: Chemist: Nabil El Sokary

Phone: 01003454069

Estimated (~30 -35.0 ) M(€) Project Value (€)

Alexandria Petroleum Company (APC) is located in El Mex area. It is a public company controlled by the General Petroleum Organization.

The company has four oil separation units (API) in which oil is removed from wastewater generated from APC production units in addition to wastewater from other six neighboring companies with a total End of Pipe flow rate of about 1,000 m3/hr. The six companies discharge their wastewater effluent without treatment to API (I) & (II) and the company now facing an environmental problem General description concerning E.O.P as final effluent does not comply with law limits for discharging to the sea.

Main objectives of this Project:

Environmental outcome: - Comply with law limits no.4/1994 for discharging industrial effluent to the sea.

Socio- economic benefits: - Avoid environmental fines due to incompliance of effluent with regulations.

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Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes)

Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to the Sea. - No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Upgrading the public image concerning the company. - Upgrading health conditions.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution load in the sea. - Having cleaner Environment. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Ensure the protection of marine environment.

- Schematic outline of main activities: This project is going to be implemented. Expected date of Completion: Mid of 2017.

Depollution Please indicate the pollution prevention and reduction potential of the project potential as defined in the NAP 2015 (quantitative or/and qualitative info available) Complete Compliance with Egyptian regulations after the project

- As mentioned above in General Description Section that the company Technical description contains oil and grease separators (API systems). Those existing API systems are not efficient and needs to be upgraded in addition to that the second stage for further removal of free and emulsified oils using Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) systems followed by sand filters is required in order to comply with law limits no.4/1994 for discharging industrial effluent to the sea.

- Currently, Alexandria Petroleum Company (APC) through EPROM as consultant is preparing the needed technical study for implementing End of Pipe Treatment system in order to comply with law no. 4/1994 for discharging industrial effluent to the Sea.

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. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead APC Company to comply with law limits (no.4/1994) for discharging industrial effluent to the Sea. - Contribute to improving the public image concerning the company. - Contribute to improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous effect on both humans & plants. - Has apositive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.) . Existing API systems are not efficient and need to be upgraded. . In addition, to that,a second stage for further removal of free and emulsified oils using Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) systems followed by sand filters are required

. Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.)

Monitoring of the different environmental indicators during normal operating conditions is the most successful way to evaluate the performance of the treatment plant and to ensure compliance with Egyptian laws at the same time to ensure the sustainability of the project.  There is allocated budget from the total's project budget for the periodical operation and maintenance procedures.  In addition, to that, there is monitoring plan that ensures the performance and efficiency of the proposed treatment.  There is monitoring laboratory to check and monitor the compliance status for all the pollutants.  Samples from treated effluent will be taken periodically to be analyzed in the environmental laboratory of the company and also in a certified external laboratory for verification.

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Degree of Please indicate any preparatory baseline or feasibility studies conducted on the preparation project or one of its components. Please list them and indicate the exact date of the studies and the origin of funding for the studies (i.e. donor or government agency name).

- Currently, Alexandria Petroleum Company (APC) through EPROM as aconsultant is preparing the needed technical study for implementing End of Pipe Treatment system in order to comply with law no. 4/1994 for discharging industrial effluent to the Sea.

Origin of funding: EU

Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the Financial past 5 years? Please indicate which ones.

EEAA has required support from Several organizations

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds. . Upgrading the public image concerning the area. . Upgrading health conditions. . Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to the sea. . No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations.

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

- The proposed project doesnothaveany negative impacts neither during construction nor during operation on soil quality, surface or ground water quality and also fauna, flora.

- The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during theconstruction stage.

- Also, he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any harmful environmental impacts.

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The following mitigation steps will be carried out during construction: . The project land will be well fenced to reduce dust emissions. . The contractor shall clean the site from any solid waste generated during construction and the trucks which will be used for transporting solid wastes should be covered with tight plastic covers.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated? No, the land needed is inside the company

Institutional & . Please describe the institutional/organizationalset-up and responsibilities Regulatory between the institutional stakeholders for project implementation. Framework The project will be monitored periodically by EEAA and EPAP III.

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

There is no weakness of human capacity of oil refineries, but there weaknesses of financial resources . Is the regulatory framework fully compatible with the proposed investment? If not, are there aspects that need to be modified in project design in order to ensure that pollution prevention and reduction potential of the project will be fully reached?

- Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (law no.4/1994) for discharging industrial effluent to the sea.

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. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

- The project does not have any negative impacts on the air quality, as no significant air pollutants or harmful exhausts will be released from the operation of the project.

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Project Ref No.4 Company name HCWW and Governorate of KafrElshikh Depollution of Kitchener Drain Project Name

Lake Burullus and Kitchener Drain Related Hot Spot

Kitchener Drain

Lake Burullus opening to the left and Kitchener Drain to the right of the town of Baltim

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste

Industrial Emission X Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

Promoter The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt., HCWW and Governorates of Gharbia –Dakahlia and Kafr El Shiekh

Contact point for EEAA: Headquarters

Contact Person: RBO Director of Regional Office of KafrElsheikh Phone: E-mail:

Contact point for Governorates of Gharbia and Kafr El Shiekh:

Fax: (03) Factory phone no: (03)

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E-mail: Webpage: .htm Contact Person: HCWW Eng. Position: Utilities Sectors Head Eng. Position: Utilities Sector Head

Phone: 010 544 1360 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 011 690 8955 E-mail:[email protected]

Estimated Project Value 180 Million € (€)

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General description Kitchener Drain of length 69 km starts from Elmahala El Kobra and collects industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewater from the three governorates Gharbia, Dakahlia and KafrElshiekh and discharges in Lake Burullus and directly on the Mediterranean Sea. It collects industrial waste (15.7m3/y for 14 factories in Gharbia and KafrElshiekh governorates, municipal waste (36.3 m3/y from 39 stations of which 22 stations are noncomplying) and randomly mixed agricultural waste 3.7m3/d partly (15%) in Lake Burullus and partly (85%) directly in the Mediterranean Sea, without treatment. The agglomerates of villages along the drain are a large number of villages without adequate sanitation. The large companies that discharge its waste in Kitchener are: g. Tanta for oil and Soup in El-Mahalla (Complying with regulations) h. Misr for Spinning and textiles Companies in El-Mahalla i. Fertilizers companies and a Sugar factory j. Domestic wastewater from all agglomerates along the 69 km k. Mixed Agricultural waste from adjacent agricultural land. l. …..

There are many claims that this drain is responsible for a great number of diseases in the region

Main objectives of this Project: 1. Environmental outcome: Comply with law limits for discharging industrial, municipal and agricultural effluent to the sea (law 4/1994). 2. Depolluting the drain along its length and before it discharges in the Mediterranean 3. Sustainable development of the areas by upgrading fisheries, wastewater treatment and energy generation Socio- economic benefits: - Upgrading public health conditions all along the drain - Upgrading fishing conditions in lake Burullus - Reducing coastal pollution according to ecological objectives - Contribute to improving sustainable development of the lake

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes) Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to drains. - Upgrading the public image concerning the governorates. - Upgrading public health and socioeconomic conditions in the region.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution in the Lake Burullus and better fishing - Having cleaner Environment and better public image. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Protection of the marine environment. - Contribute to improving tourism in the area.

Schematic outline of main activities :  Improving industrial compliance for all companies along the drain  Building three wastewater plants one for each governorate  Connecting agglomerates of 2000 inhabitants of villages and treating them

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before discharge in the drain  Building 2 compost plants for solid organic waste and a sanitary landfill for sludge that results from depollution

(pH 7.89 – 8.9, Zn 0.82, -0.094, Cd 0.41, and Co 0.22 ppm) (EC value from 0.94 to 2.08 Depollution potential dS/m.) and still used for irrigation. Depollution of the drain is positive for the public health, fishing in the lake and will also upgrade crop production and quality Technical description The main components of each of the three IWWTP are: - Equalizing and mixing tank - pH adjustment tank - De-Calcification (SS and PO4 removal) - Chemical-Physical Treatment Unit

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. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead companies to comply with law limits for discharging industrial effluent to the sea (law 4/1994). - Contribute to improving the public image concerning the governorates. - Contribute to improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous pressuresin both humans and plants. - Has apositive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries in the lake. - Has positive effect on tourism - Has positive impacts on fishing and fishermen.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.) The solution has direct positive impact on the lake and it does not have any negative effect on the surrounding environment; also, the proposed IWWTP technology at the three governorates is simple to allow workers to maintain. . Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.) There is allocated budget from total project budget for periodical operation, maintenance, and monitoring to ensure that the performance of IWWTP is always efficient.

 Degree of preparation is very weak; resilience of community is also very weak  The connection of village agglomerates is best carried out by GIS, remote sensing, and ground-based surveys.  Connecting agglomerations of village inhabitants and having IWWTP at each governorate is still subject to considerations  Compliance of polluting companies is first priority, connection of rural areas to sewage system can be carried out at the same time  Upgrading awareness of farmers is necessary

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 Sludge and solid waste removal has to be carried out and landfilled  Sustainable development of lake Burullus is still under consideration

Origin of funding: Egyptian Governorates and European Commission Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & Financial . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the past 5 years? Please indicate which ones. EEAA, HCWW, and Ministry of Housing has already endorsed some phases

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labors of fishermen in Lake Burullus . Upgrading public health conditions along the track of Kitchener drain . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds and socioeconomic conditions. . Contribute to improving tourism in the area. . Upgrading the public image concerning the governorates. . Economic benefits of rehabilitation of the lake

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during installation stage.Also, he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any pathogens and environmental impacts.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

Yes, the IWWTP will be installed within the boundaries of the three governorates El Gharbia, Eldakahlia, Kafr El Shiekh. Site Selection and impact assessment must be carried out before the project can be carried out

Institutional & . Please describe the institutional/organizationalset-up and responsibilities between Regulatory Framework the institutional stakeholders for project implementation.

The project will be monitored periodically by EEAA and HCWW and Governorates of Elgharbia, Eldakahlia, and Kafr El Shiekh

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

Well trained personnel to be able to carry out the project are available. However, institutional capacity building is still necessary

. Is the regulatory framework fully compatible with the proposed investment? If not,

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are there aspects that need to be modified in project design in order to ensure that pollution prevention and reduction potential of the project will be fully reached?

Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (4/1994) amended by law (9/2009).

Social and . Please indicate if local stakeholders have been consulted to ensure public acceptance Environmental Impact of the project (indicate who has been consulted and how).

There will be Strategic Environmental Assessment study. There are no conflicts among stakeholders.

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

As the lake is shallow, the pollution will increase and impact will be more severe as the time goes by. The sooner the project is implemented the better

Other comments (if any) Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant.

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Project Ref No.5 Implementation of New Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Project Name Eastern area of Alexandria – Egypt (Proposed to be in El-Ras El-Souda area)

- El- Seyouf Pump Station (Existing main pump station with design capacity of 800 thousand cubic meters per day) Related Hot Spot - Eastern Treatment Plant (Existing wastewater treatment Plant with design capacity of 806 thousand cubic meters per day)

Image of site location 45 RasElSawdaa Pump station Stre et

Mustafa Kamel Street

Figure (1): Site location of RasElsawda Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste Industrial Emission Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project) Promoter Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Company (ASDCO) Contact Person:

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Eng. ManalGalal Position: Head of Planning sector

Phone: 01224008143 E-mail: [email protected]

Estimated About 200 Million Euros (Without Land Price) Project Value

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General El-RasEl-Sawda pump station serves the major parts of Montazah II description district: - El-Mandara El-Baharia - El-Mandara El-Qeblia - El-Asafra El-Qeblia - Masaken Al-Obour - All new urban extensions according to rapid extensions in the eastern area (horizontal&vertical). With designed capacity 345,000m3/day and actual capacity about 180,000 m3/day. Flows to El-Seyouf pump station (Existing in Sharq district) with designed capacity 800,000 m3/day and actual capacity about 600,000 m3/day and expect to reach about 700,000 m3/day by 2017. Then to Eastern treatment plant (Existing in Wasat district, which is far from the Montaza II district) with design capacity 807,000 m3/day and actual capacity may sometimes reach to 1 million m3/day.

Therefore, the company plan to implement a new treatment plant to serve Montazah II district with design capacity 260,000 m3/day in order to relief El-Seyouf pump station and Eastern treatment plant.

Main objectives of this Project: - Relief loadsof El-Seyouf pump station. - Reduce the incoming flow to Eastern treatment plant. - The new treatment plant receives the flow coming from the surrounding villages, the horizontal and vertical extensions of El- MontazahII district. - Reduce the number of times of lifting more than one time and the implications of that.

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes) Short term outputs from this project are: - Eastern treatment plant would be more reliable to receive and treat all its incoming flow. - Upgrading health conditions. Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution for the untreated sewer, which in turns decrease pollution load in Maryut Lake, consequently the improvement of fisheries will be achieved. - Having cleaner Environment.

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- Schematic outline of main activities: Implementation of this project is planned to start by2017 and the expected date of completion is End of 2022.

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Technical The existing ETP (Eastern treatment plant) has a limited capacity not more description than 807,000 m3/day and not always steady in performance, therefore this plant is inadequate to treat all future wastewater effluents generated from its current served area.

Therefore, the company plan to implement a new treatment plant to serve Montazah II district with design capacity 260,000 m3/day in order to relief El-Seyouf pump station and Eastern treatment plant.

The new treatment plant can be implemented by either using:- - Conventional sewage treatment plant or - Eco-friendly Underground sewage treatment plant.

Main Components of the proposed treatment plant: 1. Primary treatment Processes - Screen, Grit chamber, Primary Settling Tank, etc. 2. Secondary Treatment Processes 1) Activated Sludge Process (suspended growth) 2) Attached growth Type - RBC, MBBR, Fluidized Media(SM), etc. 3) MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) 4) Etc. 3. Tertiary Treatment Processes (optional) 1) BNR (Biological Nutrients Removal) Process - SBR, A2O, Bardenpho, UCT, etc. 2) Filtration (Mirco Disk Filter, etc.) 3) Reuse System (R/O membrane) 4. Disinfection 1) Chlorine 2) UV 3) Ozone etc. 5. Sludge Treatment Processes - Digestion, Dewatering, Composting, Incineration, Landfill, etc.

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Primary Treatment Stage

Secondary Treatment Stage

Tertiary Treatment Stage (Optional) Figure (2): Simplified flow diagram for the treatment process

• Primary Treatment To prevent damage to pumps and clogging of pipes, raw wastewater passes through mechanically raked bar screens to remove large debris, such as rags, plastics, sticks, and cans. The Smaller inorganic material, such as sand and gravel, is removed by a grit chamber. The lighter organic solids remain suspended in the water and flow into large tanks, called primary clarifiers. Here, the heavier organic solids settle by

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gravity. These settled solids, called primary sludge, are removed along with floating scum and grease and pumped to anaerobic digesters for further treatment. • Secondary Treatment The primary effluent is then transferred to the biological treatment stage. Here, the wastewater is mixed with a controlled population of bacteria and an ample supply of oxygen. The microorganisms digest the fine suspended and soluble organic materials, thereby removing them from the wastewater. The effluent is then transferred to secondary clarifiers, where the biological solids or sludge is settled by gravity. As with the primary clarifier, sludge is pumped to anaerobic digesters, and the clear secondary effluent may flow to a tertiary treatment facility prior to release.

• Tertiary Treatment (optional) Tertiary or advanced, sewage treatment stage is additionally needed to remove suspended and dissolved substances remaining after conventional secondary treatment. This may be accomplished using a variety of filtration, chemical or biological treatment processes to remove the targeted pollutants. Advanced treatment may be used to remove such things as color, metals, organic chemicals, and nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen.

• Disinfection Before the final effluent is released into the receiving waters, it may be disinfected to reduce the disease-causing microorganisms that remain in it. The most common processes use chlorine gas or a chlorine-based disinfectant such as sodium hypochlorite. To avoid excess chlorine escaping to the environment, the effluent may be de-chlorinated prior to discharge. Other disinfection options include ultraviolet light and ozone.

The Eco-friendly Underground sewage treatment plant can be required for the following reasons:

- There is an area about 19 acres at the existing El-RasEl-Sawdaa lift station. - The Treatment plant can be located in the middle of the residential area if there are no environmental problems. - It can provide the citizens with thepark, fitness center and theater etc. for recreation activities and leisure.

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Degree of A Preliminary Study which is prepared by Master Plan Department preparation (Technical Office Head Sector for Chairman of the Board Directors) in Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Company has been prepared in December 2015 for the project "Implementation of thenew treatment plant to serve Montazah II district ".

Economic & Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the Financial past 5 years? Please indicate which ones.

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)?

. No environmental negative influence such as odor problems. So, citizens’ negative thoughts regarding STPs will be changed. . The plant can be located in the residential area. . The overall cost of the eco-friendly underground STP can be lower than that of the conventional STP. . The land over underground facilities can be used as multipurpose use such as park and sports complex etc. . The eco-friendly STP can provide the citizens with theaesthetic environment. . Upgrading health conditions. . Hiring & training of extra labor to operate the project. . Improvement of the Company's image in front of its local & international customers.

Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

No.

Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

Yes. There is available land about 19 acres in the existing El-RasEl-Sawdaa pump station but it isn’t enough to implement 260,000 m3/day treatment plant

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with eco-friendly underground technology & this land took refusal of the Ministry of Environmentin thecase of implementation of conventional wastewater treatment technology.So, there will need to appropriate land in the south of the station.

Institutional & The project will be monitored periodically by the Construction Authority for Regulatory Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW) and Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Framework Company (ASDCO)

Is the regulatory framework fully compatible with the proposed investment? If not, are there aspects that need to be modified in project design in order to ensure that pollution prevention and reduction potential of the project will be fully reached?

Yes, The Egyptian environmental law states that any treatment plant must be away from the residential area.

Social and Please indicate if local stakeholders have been consulted to ensure public Environmental acceptance of the project (indicate who has been consulted and how). Impact No.

Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

- The project does not have any negative impacts on the air quality as no significant air pollutants or harmful exhausts are released from the operation of the project.

- No climate mitigation is needed in the project design as this project does not have any negative effect on the surrounding climate.

- In fact, the project may have positive impacts by controlling gas emission from sludge and use it for production of biogas

Other comments - Land availability of proposed treatment plant (Very Very important (if any) note), yes

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Project Ref No.6 Company name Wastewater Treatment Plant of Port Said Project Name

Lake Manzala Related Hot Spot

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste

Industrial Emission Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

Promoter The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt., HCWW and Governorates of

Contact point for EEAA:

Contact Person: Eng. GhadaAbdelmonem Phone: E-mail:

Contact point for Governorate Port Said:

Factory phone no: (03) Fax: (03)

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E-mail: Webpage: .htm Contact Person: HCWW Eng. Position: Utilities Sectors Head Eng. Position: Utilities Sector Head

Phone: 010 544 1360 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: 011 690 8955 E-mail:[email protected]

Estimated Project Value 40 Million € (€)

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General description Upgrading capacity of already existing wastewater treatment plant (Upgrading Capacity from 4000m3/d unit existing at the western south of Port Saidand establish a integratedwastewater treatment Plant of at least capacity 5000m3/d for each industrial area; and a biological treatment unit of capacity 64,000 m3/d on two phases

Main objectives of this Project: - Environmental outcome: Comply with law limits for discharging industrial, and municipal effluent to the sea (law 4/1994). - Accommodate industrial and municipal waste by biological treatment before discharge

Socio- economic benefits: - Upgrading public health conditions all over the region - Upgrading fishing conditions in Lake Manzala - Reducing coastal pollution according to ecological objectives - Contribute in improving sustainable development of the lake

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes) Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to lakes. - Upgrading public health and socioeconomic conditions in the region. - Upgrading the public image concerning the governorates

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution in the Lake Manzala and better fishing - Having cleaner Environment and better public image. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Protection of the marine environment. - Contribute to improving tourism in the area.

Schematic outline of main activities:  Improving industrial compliance for all companies in the two zones  Building integrated wastewater plants one for each zone  Guaranteeing sustainable development of the lake

Upgrading capacity of Port Said wastewater from 4000m3/d to two units of industrial Depollution potential units and one Biological treatment of capacity 60,000m3/d, depollution of lake Manzella requires depollution of municipal wastewater and compliance of industry along Bahr El baqar drain Technical description The main components of each of the IWWTP are: - Equalizing and mixing tank - pH adjustment tank - De-Calcification (SS and PO4 removal)

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- Chemical-Physical Treatment Unit - Neutralization Tank - De-nitrification Unit - Ultrafiltration Unit - Reverse osmosis - Treated Water Storage Tank - Equalization/Neutralization Tank - TDS Adjustment Tank - Sludge Thickening Tank - Sludge Dewatering for IWWTP

. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead companies to comply with law limits for discharging industrial effluent to the sea (law 4/1994). - Contribute to improving the public image concerning the governorates. - Contribute to improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous pressuresin both humans and plants. - Has apositive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries in lakeManzala. - Has positive effect on tourism - Has positive impacts on fishing and fishermen.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.) The solution has direct positive impact on the lake and it does not have any negative effect on the surrounding environment; also, the proposed IWWTP technology at the three governorates is simple to allow workers to maintain. . Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.) There is allocated budget from total project budget for periodical operation, maintenance, and monitoring to ensure that the performance of IWWTP is always efficient.

Degree of preparation Please indicate any preparatory baseline or feasibility studies conducted on the project or one of its components. Please list them and indicate the exact date of the studies and the origin of funding for the studies (i.e. donor or government agency name).  Report on the State of Environment in Lake Manzala 2015/EEAA  Compliance of polluting companies is first priority, connection of rural areas to sewage system can be carried out at the same time  Upgrading awareness of farmers and decision makers is necessary  Sludge and solid waste removal have to be carried out and used for waste- energy generation  Sustainable development of the lake is still under consideration  An EIA has to be carried out

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Origin of funding: Egyptian Governorates and European Commission Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & Financial . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the past 5 years? Please indicate which ones. In progress: EEAA, HCWW, and Ministry of Housing has already endorsed some phases

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labors of fishermen in Lake Manzala . Upgrading public health conditions along the track Bahr El Baqar drain . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds and socioeconomic conditions. . Contribute to improving tourism in the area. . Upgrading the public image concerning the governorates. . Economic benefits of rehabilitation of the lake

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during installation stage. Also he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any pathogens and environmental impacts.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

Yes, the IWWTP will be installed within the boundaries of the three governorates El Gharbia, Eldakahlia, Kafr El Shiekh. The IWWTP will be on land assigned to the Governorate. Site Selection and impact assessment must be carried out before the project can be carried out

Institutional & . Please describe the institutional/organizationalset-up and responsibilities between Regulatory Framework the institutional stakeholders for project implementation.

The project will be monitored periodically by EEAA and HCWW and Governorates of Elgharbia, Eldakahlia, and Kafr El Shiekh

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

Well trained personnel to be able to carry out the project are available. However, institutional capacity building is still necessary

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Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (4/1994) amended by law (9/2009).

Social and . Please indicate if local stakeholders have been consulted to ensure public acceptance Environmental Impact of the project (indicate who has been consulted and how).

There will be Strategic Environmental Assessment study. There are no conflicts among stakeholders.

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

As the lake is shallow, the pollution will increase by climate change and impact will be more severe as the time goes by. The sooner the project is implemented the better

Other comments (if any) Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant.

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Project Ref No.7 An Integrated Project To Treat The End-Of-Pipe Effluent From National Paper Company.

The proposed project is composed of the following three components: Project Name  Substitution of two old paper machines (PM1, PM3) by a new larger capacity paper machine of production rate (150 ton/day).  Installation of new boiler operating by natural gas to supply the new production line with the required steam.  Installation of a chemical – biological wastewater treatment plant (IWWTP) with theapproximate average flow of20,000 m3/day.

Related Hot Spot Abu Qir Bay (Class A Hot Spot)

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National Paper company location and surroundings

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste Industrial Emission x Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

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Promoter  The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt.

 Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAP III).

Contact point for the company:

Factory phone no: (03) 5621810 Fax: (03) 5621100 (03) 5621811 (03) 5621317 Contact Persons:

Name: Chemist. Ali Eng. Mohamed Chemist. Hatem El Hassan Ali Ibrahim saleh Sawaf

Position: Managing director General manager Environmental manager

Phone: 01222128900 01221900001 01223018547

alihassan201069@ msaleh@makindus E-mail: [email protected] yahoo.com trial.net

Estimated 15 Million Euros Project Value (€)

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- The company contains six production lines (1 to 6) including 6 paper making machines with different capacities.

- Currently, the main end of pipe effluent discharged from the production plant is highly polluted.

- This stream is loaded with fiber losses from paper machines which are not equipped with recycling units and resulting in high pollution load of COD, BOD, TSS and TDS. - - The company has installed DAF units in the three production lines 4,5 and 6 for recycling fibers and water thus reducing the pollution in the wastewater effluent. However, the end of pipe effluent after installing the DAF units still does not comply with the environmental regulatory limits specified by law 48/1982 and its modified decree no.402/2009 for discharging to El-Amia drain.

- This is due to the presence of suspended solids (very fine fibers hard to separate by DAF) and other dissolved organic matters.

General - description The wastewater from the plant is a mixture of domestic and industrial streams and flows at an average rate of 20,000-22,000 m3/day.

- This effluent is highly polluted & loaded with fine fiber which is hard to be separated by DAF system from paper machines causing high pollution load of BOD, COD, and TSS which exceed law limits (48/1982) and its modified decree 402/2009.

- In order to comply with applicable law requirements, the company is planning to install a wastewater treatment system to treat combined industrial and domestic effluents.

And Regarding the in process modifications: The company intends to:  Substitute the two old paper machines (PM1, PM3) by a new larger capacity paper machine of production rate (150 ton/day).  Install a new boiler operating with natural gas to supply the new production line with the required steam.

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Main objectives of this Project:

Environmental outcome: Reduction in TSS, BOD & COD in the wastewater effluent to comply with law 48/1982 and its modified decree no.402/2009 for discharging to El-Amia drain.

Socio- economic benefits: - Avoid environmental fines due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Increasing labors in the company. - Recovery of good quality fibers which are lost to the sewer. - Installation of the new paper machine will reduce water consumption, save in water and decrease pollution load.

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes)

Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to El-Amia drain. - No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Upgrading the public image concerning the company. - Upgrading health conditions.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution in El-Amia drain which in turns decrease pollution load in Abu Qir bay. - Having cleaner Environment. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Ensure the protection of marine environment.

- Schematic outline of main activities: This project is going to be implemented. Expected date of Completion: two years (~2018).

Depollution The fibers will be reduced by 50% and BOD and COD reduction by 30% potential

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The proposed project is composed of the following three components:

Technical Component 1:Substitution of two old paper machines (PM1, PM3) by a new description larger capacity paper machine ofa production rate (150 ton/day).

Implementing this component will lead to reducing total water consumption required for producing one ton of paper, as well as it will decrease pollution load of pollutants parameters (S.S, COD, and BOD) which in turns decrease pollution load in wastewater treatment plant.

Component 2: Installation of a new boiler for supplying the new production line (new paper machine) with the required steam.

This fire tube boiler has thecapacity (20 ton/hr) and apressure ranging from 15 to 18 bar. It will be operated by using natural gas.

In addition, to that this boiler will be equipped with a fully automatic control system including the water feed system + TDS monitoring & main control panel.

Component 3:A Chemical- Biological wastewater treatment plant (IWWTP) with theapproximate average flow of 20,000 m3/day to be installed to treat the combined wastewater effluent (Industrial & domestic) to be in compliance with law 48/1982 for discharging effluent to El-Amia drain which in turns flows into Abu Qir Bay. This treatment plant is composed of: - Bar screen. - Equalizing tank. - Chemical treatment using DAF system. - Biological treatment (aeration tank and clarifier). - Sludge dewatering system. - Tertiary treatment system (multimedia, carbon filters).

Implementing this component will allow the company to have End-of –Pipe effluent complies with the law limits for discharging to El-Amia drain (law 48/1982) which in turns flows into Abu Qir Bay. In addition, to that, it will reduce the total water consumption of the treated water will be reused again in the company activities.

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or to be reused again in the company

No other alternative technical solutions have been proposed as this proposed solution is the most feasible and economic one for achieving compliance with law limits for discharging to El-Amia drain (48/1982) which in turns flows into Abu Qir Bay.

. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead National Paper Company to comply with law limits 48/1982 for discharging combined wastewater (industrial & domestic) to El-Amia drain. - Contribute to improving the public image concerning the company. - Contribute to improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous effect on both humans & plants. - Has apositive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries.

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temperature is suitable for the biological treatment and does not have any negative effect on the bacteria.

The proposed technology in the wastewater treatment plant is internationally known and is considered to be the most suitable treatment for this type of waste effluent.

Part of the proposed wastewater treatment plant components will be purchased from the local market while the other will be imported.

. Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.)

- There is allocated budget from the total project's budget for the periodical operation and maintenance procedures. - In addition, to that, there is monitoring plan that ensures the performance and efficiency of the project's components. - There is monitoring laboratory will be located on the new wastewater treatment plant site in order to check and monitor the compliance status for all the pollutants. Degree of Please indicate any preparatory baseline or feasibility studies conducted on the preparation project or one of its components. Please list them and indicate the exact date of the studies and the origin of funding for the studies (i.e. donor or government agency name).

The company has conducted afeasibility study in 2010 which will be updated for participating in EPAP III.

Origin of funding: EPAP III and EU

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Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the Financial past 5 years? Please indicate which ones. The project promoter may consider EPAP or European Commission

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labors in the company. . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds. . Upgrading the public image concerning the area. . Upgrading public health conditions in the region. . Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to El-Amia drain. . No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations.

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during installation stage.

Also, he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any harmful environmental impacts.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated? Yes, as both the new paper machine and wastewater treatment plant will be installed inside the company’s borders.

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

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Implementation Challenges: - Financial constraints. - Lack of authorized body to financially manage the treatment project. - The presence of Well trained personnel. - Weakness in human capacities

Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (48/1982) for discharging to El-Amia drain.

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

No climate mitigation is needed in the project design as this project does not have any negative effect on the surrounding climate.

Other comments Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant. (if any)

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Project Ref No8 Approaching Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) in Alexandria for Project Name Mineral Oil Company (AMOC) Lake Maryut (Class A Hot Spot) Related Hot Spot

AMOC location and surroundings

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste Industrial Emission Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

Promoter  The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt.  Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project (EPAP III).

Contact point for EEAA:

Contact Person: Eng. Ahmed silem

Phone: 01111188255 E-mail: [email protected]

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Contact point for the company:

Factory phone no: (03) 2205646 Fax: (03) 2205637 (03) 2205647 (03) 2205651

E-mail:[email protected] Webpage: http://www.amocalex.com/ Contact Persons: Eng. Abdel Nasser Mohamed Position: Utility Dep. General Manager Eng. Maged El Borolosy Position: Utility Dep. General Manager Assistant

E-mail: Phone: 01222262329 [email protected] Phone: 01223963645

Estimated 8.0 Million Euros Project Value (€) General description The company has two industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWWTPs) with capacities of 30 & 50 m3/hr respectively. The first 30 m3/hrplant is responsible for treating all industrial effluents generated from lube oil complex while the second 50 m3/hr plant is responsible for treating all industrial effluents generated from themaximization of gas oil complex and treated effluent from sour water stripping unit. Each treatment plant consists of: 1. Oily API separator. 2. Chemical treatment using Dissolved Air Flotation Unit (DAF). The treated effluents from these two IWWTPs are collected in the final collection pit where the following streams are also added:  Treated effluent from thedomestic wastewater treatment plant.  Treated effluent from sulfur recovery unit (Thiopaq).  Boilers blow down.  Cooling towers blow down.

The end-of-Pipe effluent from thefinal clean pit with high levels of both phenol and H2S is discharged to public sewer network without any treatment with pumping rate of 80 m3/hr.

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So the company intends to further treat the effluent by installing WWTP with a capacity of 100 m3/hr to remove phenol and H2S then apply a technology (e.g R.O system) of zero liquid discharge in order to recycle almost 80% of the treated effluent to be reused either as makeup water for cooling towers or as boiler feed water and to dispose the R.O reject (~20%) to public sewer.

Main objectives of this Project:

Environmental outcome: - Comply with law limits for discharging industrial effluent to public sewer (law no.93/62 and decree 44/2000). - Apply green industry requirements as the company with this project will reduce wastewater discharged and reuse about (80-85%) of treated water which will reduce in AMOC water consumption and indirectly save our natural resources.

Socio- economic benefits: - Avoid fines due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Reuse the treated water either for boiler feed water or cooling towers make-up water which will save in water consumption of AMOC. - Increasing labors in tanneries area. - Giving better possibility for fishing grounds.

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes)

Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to public sewer. - No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Upgrading the public image concerning the company. - Upgrading health conditions.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution in LakeMaryut. - Having cleaner Environment. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Ensure the protection of marine environment.

- Schematic outline of main activities: This project is going to be implemented and till now the implementation stage has not started yet.

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Depollution This is one of the most important contributors to pollution of Lake Maryut potential Technical description As mentioned previously in the section of general description that the End- of-Pipe effluent from thefinal clean pit with high levels of phenol and H2S is not complying with law limits for discharging to public sewer.

So, the company intends to install additional treatment system to comply the final effluent with the environmental law limits especially for phenol & H2Sand to recycle great part of treated water to be used either as make-up water for cooling towers or as boiler feed water to reduce/ minimize water consumption as AMOC is planning to approach Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) status.

In order to reach this goal, there are two different scenarios to approach ZLD: (1) Downstream treatment system. (2) Up-stream treatment system.

Scenario (1): Downstream Treatment System: In this scenario, the treatment will focus on downstream wastewater effluent (End-of-Pipe) to comply with law limits and reach recycling quality to reuse the treated effluent as make-up water for cooling towers or as boiler feed water.

The downstream treatment system will have a design capacity of 100 m3/hr and consists of the following components: 1. Coarse screen. 2. Equalizing tank. 3. Aerobic Biological treatment unit. 4. Settling tank. 5. Sludge dewatering system. 6. Multi-media filter. 7. De-mineralization using Ultra-Filtration unit (UF). 8. Two stages Reverse osmosis. 9. Treated water storage tank.

Scenario (2): Up-stream Treatment System:

In this scenario, the treatment will focus on treating upstream feed water (city water) to further reduce TDS and improve its quality using ultrafiltration (UF) followed by Reverse Osmosis (RO).

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This treated influent will be normally distributed to process, boilers and cooling towers.

Upstream feed water treatment can be achieved by installing Ultrafiltration (UF) followed by Reverse Osmosis (RO) on the main fresh city water feeding stream in order to improve the quality of feed water mainly to boilers & cooling towers make-ups thus reducing TDS levels, improving cycles of concentration and minimize cooling towers & boilers blowdown flow.

However, improving the quality of process water will not have any saving advantage or reducing pollution effect.

Still the generated wastewater in the downstream has to be treated in order to comply with law limits for discharging to public sewer and further treated using UF/RO system for reuse of treated effluent (approaching ZLD).

This system will consist of the following components:

Up-stream treatment system:  UF unit (Capacity: 250 m3/day).  RO unit (Capacity: 250 m3/day).

End-of-Pipe treatment system:  Equalizing tank.  Biological treatment.  Settling unit.  Sludge dewatering system.  Second UF unit.  Second RO unit.

Currently, the company is in the phase of Request for proposal from suppliers to evaluate the two scenarios technically and financially to choose the most Feasible and economic one to comply with environmental regulations (law 44/2000) for discharging effluent to public sewer, approach the zero liquid discharge status and reuse treated water either as make-up water in cooling towers or as boiler feed water.

. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead AMOC effluent to comply with law limits 93/1962 and its amended

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decree 44/2000 for discharging to public sewer. - Contribute to improving the public image concerning the company. - Contribute to improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous effect on both humans & plants. - Has apositive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.)

The project location will be inside the company's borders and it does not have any negative effect on the surrounding environment.

Our surrounding temperature is suitable for the biological treatment and does not have any negative effect on the bacteria.

Part of the proposed wastewater treatment plant components will be purchased from the local market while the other will be imported.

. Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.) There is allocated budget from total project budget for periodical operation, maintenance, and monitoring to ensure that the performance of the proposed project components will be always efficient and the final effluent from the company is complying with the Egyptian regulations ( law no.93/62 and decree 44/2000)..

This project is now is in the phase of preparing EPAP III studies which are:  Part I: Compliance Audit.  Part II: subproject Assessment.  Part III: compliance Action Plan CAP.

Source of Finance: Egyptian Pollution Abetment Project (EPAP III). or EU

Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in Financial the past 5 years? Please indicate which ones.

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Promotor has approached EPAP III

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labors in the company. . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds. . Upgrading the public image concerning the company. . Upgrading health conditions. . Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to public sewer. . No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations.

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during installation stage.

Also he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any harmful environmental impacts.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

Yes, as the proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) will be installed inside the company's borders.

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

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Implementation Challenges: - Financial constraints. - The presence of Well trained personnel. - Weakness in human capacities

Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (93/1962) amended by law (44/2000).

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

No climate mitigation is needed in the project design as this project does not have any negative effect on the surrounding climate. Other comments Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant. (if any)

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Compliance of Factories to Law 4/94 1. SOLVAY Alexandria Sodium Carbonate SASC, El Mex Bay (3-4 M. Euros) 2. KAHA: Food Manufacturing, Abu Qir Bay (0.5- 1.0 M. Euros)

Project Ref No.9.1 Company Name:Solvay Alexandria Sodium Carbonate Company (SASC) Company name ,

Project Name Compliance of Solvay Company

El Mex Bay Related Hot Spot

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste

Industrial Emission

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Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

Promoter The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt., HCWW, and Governorate of Sharkia, Dakahlia, and Port Said

Contact point for EEAA:

Contact Person: EEAA/ Director RBO Phone: 0 E-mail:

Contact point for Governorate of Port Said:

Fax: (03) Factory phone no: (03)

E-mail: Webpage:

Contact Person: HCWW Eng. Position: Utilities Sectors Head Eng. Position: Utilities Sector Head

Phone: 01 E-mail: Phone: 05 E-mail:

Estimated Project Value 3-4 M € (€)

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General description The combined wastewater flow from line 250 and line 500 from the soda ash plant processes reaches about 8830 m3/day and is characterized by having high levels of (pH, TSS, Ammonia) which do not comply with law 4/1994 for discharging to the sea.

The company has subjected to fines from the environmental authorities (EEAA) due to the non-compliance of their effluents with the Egyptian Environmental law no.4/1994 and its executive regulations for discharging to the sea.

Main objectives of this Project: 1. Environmental outcome: Comply with law limits for discharging industrial, municipal and agricultural effluent to the sea (law 4/1994). 2. Upgrading conditions along El Max Bay, by reducing levels of pollution and upgrading public health conditions

Socio- economic benefits: 3. Increasing fishing and tourism in the bay. 4. Giving better possibility for fishing grounds. 5. Contribute to improving sustainable development of the lake

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes) Short term outputs from this project are: 6. Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to Lake Manzala 7. Upgrading the public image concerning the governorate. 8. Upgrading public health conditions.

Long term outcomes: 9. Decrease pollution in the lake Manzala 10. Having cleaner Environment. 11. Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. 12. Protection of the marine environment. 13. Contribute in improving tourism in the area.

Schematic outline of main activities: An Industrial Wastewater treatment plant (IWWTP) should be installed in the company in order to treat all the pollutants parameters before being discharged to the sea.

Source of Finance: Self Finance or may be by EPAP III.

Point of Discharge: Direct to El Mex Bay.

Current Situation: This project has not been started yet.

Pervious work to Date:

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A Wastewater Environmental Study has been prepared in October 2010.

Expected implementation period: (1.5~2) years from signing the contract with thesupplier.

TheExpected outputs from this project are: 1. Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging effluent into the sea. 2. No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. 3. Decrease pollution in El- Max bay. 4. Having cleaner Environment. 5. Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. 6. Ensure the protection of themarine environment in El-Mex Bay. 7. Giving better possibility for fishing grounds.

Depollution potential is high since the rate of flow is high (9000m3/d) Depollution potential Technical description No other alternative technical solutions have been proposed as this solution is the most feasible and economic one for achieving compliance with law limits for discharging industrial effluents to the sea law (4/1994).

. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving

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the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.)

. Solution has direct positive impact on El Mexbay andit does not have any negative effect on the surrounding environment;

 For compliance, proposedtechnology takes environment into consideration

Connecting agglomerations of villages and having IWWTP at Governorate of Sharkia is still under consideration

Building compost plants Compliance of polluting companies is undergoing Sustainable development of the lake Manzala

Origin of funding: Egyptian Governorate and/or European Commission Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & Financial . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the past 5 years? Please indicate which ones. Economic benefits of this project is undeniable What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Upgrading public health conditions . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds and socioeconomic conditions. . Contribute to improving tourism in the area. . Upgrading the public image concerning the governorate compliance with the Egyptian regulations. . Economic benefits of rehabilitation of the Lake Manzala . Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or

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operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during installation stage.

Also, he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any pathogens and environmental impacts.

The following mitigation steps will be carried out during installations: . The site selection will be monitored carefully to reduce any discharges. . Trucks which will be used for transporting solid wastes will be covered with tight plastic covers.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated? The project does not require any new land

Institutional & . Please describe the institutional/organizationalset-up and responsibilities between Regulatory Framework the institutional stakeholders for project implementation.

The project will be monitored periodically by EEAA

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

There will be well-trained personnel to be able to carry out the project.

Yes, the Egyptian Environmental law (4/1994) amended by law (9/2009).

Social and . Please indicate if local stakeholders have been consulted to ensure public acceptance Environmental Impact of the project (indicate who has been consulted and how).

. There are no conflicts among stakeholders.

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

The climate mitigation and adaptation measures

Other comments (if any) Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant.

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Project Ref No.9.2

KAHA Company for Preserved Foods (KAHA El-Tabya Factory) Compliance

End-Of-Pipe:  Installation of an industrial wastewater treatment plant (IWWTP) with a Project Name capacity of 300 m3/day.

In Process Modifications:  Installation of three cooling towers for recycling clean cooling water.

Abu Qir Bay (Class A Hot Spot)

Related Hot Spot

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KAHA company location and surroundings

Figure (1): KAHA Company location and Surroundings

Wastewater  Sector Solid Waste Industrial Emission Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

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Promoter  The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt.

Contact person:

Name:Eng: Yousry Position: Production Manager

Phone: 01222462695

Estimated (~500,000~ 800,000 €) Project Value (€)

KAHA company for preserved foods (El-Tabia plant) has three main production lines which are: • Juice production line. • Tomato paste/ jams production line. • Beans production line.

The main environmental problem facing the company is that wastewater effluent is characterized by having high levels of suspended solids, BOD, COD,TDS,O&G and sulfides which are higher than the allowable regulatory limits (law no.48/1982) and its executive regulation (92/2013) for discharging effluent to agriculture drains.

So the company intends to implement the following project: General

description  Installation of three cooling towers for recycling clean cooling water generated from: - Jam/ tomato paste production line. - Sterilization and pasteurization units. - Vertical sterilization and cooling section.

 Installation of an industrial wastewater treatment plants with a capacity of 300 m3/day.

Currently, the possibility to connect the discharge of wastewater effluent generated from the company with public sewer network has been studied.

And it is found that discharging KAHA company's effluent to public sewer instead of being discharged to El-Amia drain will decrease the total cost

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required for installing the new industrial wastewater treatment plant. This is due to the noticeable difference between law limits for discharging effluents either to agriculture drains or to public sewer network.

Main objectives of this Project:

Environmental outcome: - Comply with law limits for discharging industrial effluent to public sewer (law no.93/62 and decree 44/2000).

Socio- economic benefits: - Avoid environmental fines due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Increasing labors in the company. - Installation of the new cooling towers will reduce water consumption, save in water and decrease pollution load in the proposed treatment plant.

Expected results (short-term outputs and long-term outcomes)

Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to Public sewer. - No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations. - Upgrading the public image concerning the company. - Upgrading health conditions.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease pollution in thePublic sewer. - Having cleaner Environment. - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Ensure the protection of marine environment.

- Schematic outline of main activities: This project is going to be implemented. Expected date of Completion: End of 2016 from the date of signing the contract with the supplier.

Depollution This company is an important source of BOD and nutrients and its compliance potential will add positively to decreasing pollution in Abu Qir Bay.

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As mentioned previously in General Description section that wastewater Technical effluent from the company does not comply with the allowable law limits for description discharging to El-Amia drain.

Two different scenarios have been studied in order to comply the company's effluent with the regulatory limits for discharging effluent to public sewer.

Scenario One: Installation of an industrial wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 1000 m3/day after segregation of boilers blow down and domestic wastewater to be discharged directly to public sewer without any treatment.

Scenario Two: Installation of an industrial wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 300 m3/day after segregation of boilers blow down and domestic wastewater to be discharged directly to public sewer without any treatment and also after segregation of clean cooling waters generated from:

- Tomato paste/ jam production line. - Sterilization and pasteurization units. - Vertical sterilization and cooling section.

This clean water will be recycled again in the new cooling towers which will be installed.

As based on the above, Scenario two has been selected for the proposed treatment as it is more economic and feasible than scenario one for achieving compliance with law limits for discharging effluent to public sewer and also for recycling the clean water to be reused again in the new cooling towers.

The proposed treatment plant is composed of: - Bar screen. - Equalizing tank. - Gas Oil Separator (GOS). - Mechanical screen. - Service tank. - Suitable Biological treatment system (MBBR). - Sludge dewatering system.

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Figure (2): Process Flow Diagram for the proposed wastewater Treatment System

. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels:

Implementing this project will: - Lead KAHA Company to comply with law limits (no.93/62 and decree 44/2000) for discharging effluent to public sewer network. - Contribute in improving the public image concerning the company. - Contribute in improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous effect on both humans & plants. - Has positive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.)

- The proposed treatment will contain biological treatment system and our surrounding temperature is suitable for the biological treatment and does not have any negative effect on the bacteria.

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- The proposed technology in the wastewater treatment plant is internationally known and is considered to be the most suitable treatment for this type of waste effluent.

- Part of the proposed wastewater treatment plant components will be purchased from the local market while the other will be imported.

. Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.)

Monitoring of the different environmental indicators during normal operating conditions is the most successful way to evaluate the performance of the treatment plant and to ensure compliance with Egyptian laws at the same time to ensure the sustainability of the project.  There is allocated budget from the total's project budget for the periodical operation and maintenance procedures.  In addition, to that, there is monitoring plan that ensures the performance and efficiency of the proposed treatment.  There is monitoring laboratory will be located in the new wastewater treatment plant site in order to check and monitor the compliance status for all the pollutants.  Samples from treated effluent will be taken periodically to be analyzed in the environmental laboratory of the company and also in a certified external laboratory for verification.

A feasibility study is recently completed for installation of E.O.P treatment system and a tender document is being prepared.

Origin of funding:Self-finance or may be by EPAP III.

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Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in Financial the past 5 years? Please indicate which ones. Yes, EEAA, EPAPIII What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labors in the company. . Giving better possibility for fishing grounds. . Upgrading the public image concerning the area. . Upgrading health conditions. . Comply with the Egyptian regulations for discharging to public sewer network. . No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations.

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

- The proposed project doesnothaveany negative impacts neither during construction nor during operation on soil quality, surface or ground water quality and also fauna, flora.

- The contractor who will execute all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for depressing dust during theconstruction stage.

- Also, he is responsible for supplying the workers with suitable personal protection equipment to protect them from any harmful environmental impacts.

The following mitigation steps will be carried out during construction: . The project land will be an extension to the company and will be well fenced to reduce dust emissions. . The contractor shall clean the site from any solid waste generated during construction and the trucks which will be used for transporting solid wastes should be covered with tight plastic covers.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

Yes, as both the new cooling towers and the industrial wastewater treatment plant will be installed inside the company’s borders.

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. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

Implementation Challenges: - Financial constraints. - Lack of authorized body to financially manage the treatment project. - The presence of Well trained personnel. - Weakness in human capacities

- Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (law no.93/62 and decree 44/2000) for discharging to public sewer network.

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. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

- The project does not have any negative impacts on the air quality as no significant air pollutants or harmful exhausts are released from the operation of the project.

Project Ref No.10

Building A Sewerage System, Wastewater Treatment Plant And Starting Afforestation Project in Sallum

Project

Name

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Related Hot Sallum town- MarsaMatrouh- North Western Coast of Egypt) Spot

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Sallum proposed location for the and surrounding s

Figure (1): Salum plan of sewerage system location and Surroundings

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Figure (2): Salum natural marine reversed area boundary

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Wastewater Sector 

Solid Waste

Industrial Emission

Integrated (2 or more of the above in one project)

Promoter  The Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA which is the central institution involved in environmental protection and coordination in Egypt.

Contact person:

Name: Eng. Walaa. A.Ali Position: Environmental specialist at MarsaMatrouh Governorate

Phone: 01028551611

Estimated Project ~ 200 Million Egyptian Pounds (~ 20M€) Value (€)

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Sallum town located at the west of MarsaMatrouh Governorate. It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea and from the south by the city of Siwa, from East by Baranie town, and from West by Libya. It has a natural reserved marine bay. Sallum Bay becomes the Nature Reserve No. 28 in Egypt, considering that preserves marine areas in the world is very limited, especially in the Mediterranean environment.Protected been announced under the provisions of Law No. 102 of 1983 on nature reserves covering an area currently about 15% of Egypt's area of bearing the number (28) and applies the Presidential Council of Ministers No. 264 of 1994 on the terms and conditions for the exercise of any activities within the scope of the reserves of nature, and that this region exist on the map of the uses of state lands in accordance with the Presidential decree No. 154 of 2001, and the private use of State lands until 2017. (Location. Map is attached).

https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?ll=31.531726%2C25.113373&spn=0. 409683%2C0.583649&hl=en&msa=0&z=10&source=embed&ie=UTF8&mid=zq 57kq25M90o.kldqMx-EmzQc General description

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Salloum Bay area is considered as a natural extension to the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, which extends eastward From Rafah to Salloum in the west of the international migration paths for birds and this region considers as stations for feeding and comfort to these birds, some of which are endangered, including those which hunted by permission, such as quail. Besides, the city of Sallum contain a wealth of natural living and non-living which requires its management with a Sustainable scientific manner to achieve the maximum benefit from them and preserve them as a heritage of humane generations. Moreover, the region contains environmental habitats with high sensitivity, which represented in sea grass, fisheries and sponge that represents the high environmental and economic importance, and future genetic resources. In addition, Sallum city is characterized by a unique biological diversity, where, five endangered marine species are living in Sallum bay which considers as a home for them and the most important sites on the Mediterranean-wide, as well as up to 11 wild species threatened with extinction (see the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008)

The main current and future environmental problem facing the city of sallum and the protected marine reserved bay is that there is no sewerage systemat the whole city, although there is a water system expanded in the city. All the habitants at the city have their sewerage at groves, which cause Smuggling of wastewaterindirectly at the bay of Sallum. As a result of this Swirling, fish have been killed and the endangeredmarine speciesthreatened with extinction.

Main objectives of this Project: Environmental outcome: In the framework of the Barcelona Convention and the Protocol of special protection areas Sallum bay becomes the Nature Reserve No. 28 in Egypt, considering that preserves marine areas in the world is very limited, especially

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in the Mediterranean environment. Therefore, achieving this project - Comply with law limits for law No. 102 of 1983 on nature reserves that covering an area currently about 15% of Egypt's area of bearing the number (28) and applies the Presidential Council of Ministers No. 264 of 1994 Socio- economic benefits: - Build a sewerage systemfor the whole small town which, its habitants reaches 15000 people and live around the bay of Sallum, where the wastewater penetrates the soil to reach the bay and cause pollution. - Protect the natural environmental habitats and endangered marine species and waterquality - Protect the population from parasitic diseases, cancer and diseases that are caused by drinking water mixed with sewage by indirect infusion.

Expected results (short term outputs and long term outcomes) Short term outputs from this project are: - Comply with the Egyptian regulations for wastewater sewerage system - Building a sewerage network followed by a water treatment plant - Every habitants will have a human and healthy mean to get rid of waste water - Upgrading health conditions.

Long term outcomes: - Decrease and prevent pollution at Sallum natural preserved area. - Save the lives of marine endangered species - Achieving the de-pollution target of the Mediterranean by 2020. - Planting the desert back as forests trees on the output of processed waste water, which can be used economically in the future in wood industry and exports.

- Schematic outline of main activities: This project is going to be implemented as the following.

1-Building downhill networks, 2- Main primary pumping station with 6000m3/day 3- a number of (3:5) secondary pumping stations based on contours elevations 4- expulsion lines and decline lines with lengths reaches ~ 45km 5-Treatment station (Third generation), with power of 6000m3/day 6- Forests trees cover an area of 5000 acres at the desert back of the project area irrigated on the treated wastewater. 7- droplet irrigation network for the forest trees

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Expected date of Completion: two years from the date of signing the contract with the supplier.

Depollution This project contributes to protect the bay of Sallum from pollution and marine potential life at present and future, which in turn add positively to decreasing pollution in Mediterranean Sea as a whole.

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As mentioned previously in General Description section that after building the Technical sewerage system, the treated wastewater will be used in the form of droplet to description irrigate a forests trees.

. Elaborate on the suitability and sufficiency of the technical solutions in achieving the expected pollution prevention and reduction levels :

Implementing this project will: - Contribute in expanding an infrastructure represented on the sewage network for the first time for Sallum town. - Contribute in maintaining the health of citizens and to ensure the cleanliness of drinking water and irrigation water from the waste water, which cause many diseases - Contribute in improving the Social life by reducing the hazardous effect on both humans &marine lives. - Has positive effect on aquaculture/ fisheries/ sponges/marine grass/ endangered marine species.

. Highlight elements of the proposed technical solutions that point to the suitability of the solution to local conditions (climate, local know-how, existing markets etc.)

- The proposed solution will solve the problem of indirect Smuggling of waste water to the bay of Sallum from the root. - The proposed solution which ended up with 3rd generation waste water treatment station which will help in irrigating 5000 acres of wood trees which have an economic value. - The planned solution will contribute in saving the climate of Mediterranean Sea Marine environment

. Explain how the sustainability of the pollution prevention and reduction investment will be ensured (i.e. operation and maintenance, monitoring etc.)

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 There is monitoring laboratory will be located in the new wastewater treatment station site in order to check and monitor the compliance status for all the pollutants.  Samples from treated wastewater will be taken periodically to be analysed in the environmental laboratory of the company and also in a certified external laboratory for verification.

There is a planned proposal done by the National Authority for drinking water and sanitationfor the place of expanding sewage network.

Origin of funding:no proposed fund

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Please provide a detailed answer to the following questions: Economic & . Has the project promoter worked on investment projects with IFIs in the Financial past 5 years? Please indicate which ones. NO

What are the economic benefits that the pollution prevention and reduction project is expected to have (e.g. quality of life, health, employment etc.)? . Increasing labours who will work in the project. . Giving better marine environment for aquaculture at Sallum Bay . Enhancing the economy of population through wood trading and as an output of forest trees. . Improvement of health conditions. . Comply with the Egyptian regulations for . No fines will be applied due to incompliance of effluent with regulations.

. Is there any expected role for the national private sector during construction or operation of the pollution prevention and reduction infrastructure?

- The proposed project doesnothaveany negative impacts neither during construction nor during operation on soil quality, surface or ground water quality and also fauna, flora.

- The contractor who will accomplish all the civil works will take all the necessary precautions for protecting the environment of the proposed area during the construction stage.

- The contractor is also responsible for supplying the project workers with suitable personal protection from any harmful impacts during the implementation of the project.

- The contractor shall clean the site from any solid waste generated during construction and the trucks which will be used for transporting solid wastes should be covered with tight plastic covers.

. Does the project require land acquisitions? If yes, has land been appropriated?

Yes, Armed Forces Operations Authority - the ministry of health, EEAA, the Governorate, and the City Council. Institutional . Please describe the institutional/organisational set-up and responsibilities & between the institutional stakeholders for project implementation. Regulatory The project will be monitored periodically by

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Framework EEAA, The National Authority for drinking water and sanitation, the holding company for drinking water and sanitation, Matrouh sanitation and drinking water company.

. Please indicate potential weaknesses in human capacities and financial resources available to carry out functions of all relevant institutional stakeholders.

Implementation Challenges:

- Financial constraints.

- Yes, the Egyptian environmental law (law no.4/1994 and Law No. 102 of 1983 on nature reserves)

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Social and . Please indicate if local stakeholders have been consulted to ensure public Environmen acceptance of the project (indicate who has been consulted and how). tal Impact An Environmental Impact Assessment study is required for this project to get EEAA approval prior project implementation.

. Please indicate if climate mitigation or adaptation related aspects have been considered in project design.

- The project does not have any negative impacts on the air quality as no significant air pollutants or harmful exhausts are released from the operation of the project.

- No climate mitigation is needed in the project design as this project does not have any negative effect on the surrounding climate.

Other Please indicate any other notes or comments you may consider relevant. comments (if any)

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