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Pre 1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area

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Pre 1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area Pre -1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area P r e -1750 B u i l d i n g s i n Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area The City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department, Waverley Court, 4 East Market Street Pre -1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area Introduction To provide some context for the survey it behaviour that over the next hundred is first necessary to consider what is meant years would evolve into a fully fledged by ‘Medieval’. Common understanding Renaissance. It is now accepted that a is that it refers to the middle ages. This revival of national architecture in Scotland was a period in history which lasted in the late Medieval period, developed into approximately from the 5th to the 16th an early Renaissance, centred on the royal century. This period was gradually court. However, the Renaissance was not a superseded by the Renaissance, which single event, but a linked series of cultural was inspired by a rediscovery of the tendencies, and it was many years before culture and learning of the classical there was a significant shift in mainstream world of ancient Greece and Rome. As architecture, in the broadest sense of a result, there was a transformation in building activity in Scotland. the arts which is generally held to mark the end of the Medieval period. Cultural There were many prestige buildings historians continually debate the meaning, designed in Scotland with classical features importance and chronology of this crucial and compositions, mostly for the royal court phase in European history. but also including country houses, and public buildings such as the Netherbow Architecture is one of the most visible and Port (1570s, 1606) and the Parliament House culturally accessible areas for debate on the (Sir James Murray of Kilbaberton, 1632-9). transition from Medieval to Renaissance George Heriot’s School, which was started forms. The architecture of the Medieval in 1628, was the first large building to be period was based on the Gothic system; constructed outside the confines of the City most familiar in the pointed arches, ribbed Wall and has been described as a ‘prodigy vaults, and flying buttresses of many of the Scots Renaissance’. At the same time, great cathedrals. By contrast, Renaissance however, the older traditions, particularly architecture emphasised symmetry, in domestic architecture prevailed and proportion, geometry and the regularity of we also have many interesting ‘survivals’ parts based on the architecture of classical from the 17th and earlier centuries which antiquity, which was being studied and seem to look back to older patterns of codified by contemporary architects. architecture and building. Examples of early Renaissance buildings and surviving In Scotland, King James I (1424-37) is ‘Medieval’ buildings sit alongside one viewed as establishing new patterns of another in the Old Town. Pre -1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area Introduction Surviving 17th century buildings, such as form of buildings such as Register House Gladstone’s Land, are a powerful reminder (Robert Adam, 1774-88) and the Old that ‘vernacular’ architectural forms College in the Old Town (Robert Adam, remained the norm in Edinburgh through 1789), signalled the final end of the to the 18th century. Medieval period in architectural terms in Edinburgh. By 1700, classicism, form and architectural ‘order’ had more or less triumphed. The quality and character of the older Edinburgh’s Golden Age of stately buildings in the Old Town is emphasised classicism followed, with the construction by the survival of the little altered Medieval of the New Town from the 1760s onwards. fishbone street pattern of narrow closes, leading off the spine formed by the Royal The success of the Renaissance movement Mile and the adoption of the Scottish in Continental Europe undoubtedly Baronial style for developments in the influenced the design of the New Town 19th century which conveyed a strongly and its buildings. The symmetry of James romantic image of Scottish national Craig’s Plan, combined with the classical identity. Pre -1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area Survey The survey has taken a wide definition their houses of stone. Merchants were also of the term ‘medieval’ and considered all able to build more substantial houses. buildings, and structures with substantial fabric, in the Old Town which pre-date The following domestic buildings survive 1750. There are 78 buildings which pre- from the 16th century: date 1750 and these are detailed by relative ◊ John Knox’s House, High Street period. The following describes the main ◊ Moubray House, High Street features of the different periods: ◊ Huntly House, Canongate ◊ Earl of Morton’s House, Blackfriars Street Pre 1544 ◊ Riddle’s Court At the beginning of the 16th century the ◊ Croft-an-Righ houses in Edinburgh were still almost ◊ Gladstone’s Land, Lawnmarket completely built of wood and clay. ◊ North Gray’s Close None were more than two storeys high, ◊ Brodies’ Close sometimes with attics and many had ◊ Abbey Strand thatched roofs. These houses burned easily in the 1544 invasion of Edinburgh by the The Canongate Tolbooth, the Magdalene Earl of Hertford, and only parts of the Chapel, and structures associated with Castle, St Giles and Holyrood remain today Holyroodhouse also survive from this of the early city. period. The 12th century, St Margaret’s Chapel within the Castle compound, is Edinburgh’s earliest surviving building. The oldest fragments of the fabric of St Giles also date from the early 12th century, Holyrood Abbey was founded in 1128, although most of the surviving stonework is from a later period and sections of the Town Walls survive from pre-1540. 16th Century – Post 1544 In the latter half of the 16th century, a large number of the nobility came to Edinburgh Canongate to be near the royal court, and they built Tolbooth Pre -1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area Survey 17th Century The 17th century is represented by a represents the need for open space in the number of substantial original townhouses, Old Town. It could not be widely repeated particularly in the Canongate (Moray within the complex urban form, but this House, Huntly House, Acheson House in building type ultimately found expression Bakehouse Close, Queensberry House, in the New Town. Panmure House, Abbey Strand). By the middle of the century, buildings were Surviving 17th century ecclesiastical built higher within the city walls and the buildings are the Tron Church, Greyfriars tenement, almost universally built of stone Church, and the Canongate Church. with slate roofs, had become the standard Other non-domestic buildings include form of housing. There are also examples of the Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, St John a new pattern of flatted courtyard dwelling, Street, Tailors Hall, Cowgate and the Old the earliest of which is Milne’s Court Surgeons’ Hall, Drummond Street. George (1690s), which involved the demolition of Heriots and the Parliament Hall also date old multi-storey structures and building from this period, both show the influence laterally across the narrow feus to make of the Renaissance style. room for three massive tenements facing a forecourt - a luxurious space in the Early 18th Century congested Old Town. Milne’s Court Residential development in the first half of the 18th century was exclusively tenemental in form and the period is well represented by groups of buildings which followed the vernacular architectural tradition of earlier centuries. Conclusion This survey indicates that the Old Town contains a significant number of early buildings which adopt a traditional Medieval vernacular form. The number of domestic buildings is substantial and unprecedented in a Scottish context. Bakehouse Close Pre 1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area 19 10 42 45 43 44 39 62 20 25 46 64 16 53 68 47 70 5 28 6 37 78 31 66 30 56 54 33 76 15 60 57 65 4 27 23 72 61 24 73 71 74 1 Trinity College Church Apse, Chalmer's Close, 23 Greyfriars Church (Between High Street & Jeffrey Street). 24 Tailor's Hall, 137 Cowgate 2 High Street, Tweeddale Court Walling on West Side of 25 Ladys Stairs House, 477 Lawnmarket Court and to South of Tweeddale House 26 Moray House, 174 Canongate 27 Lauriston Place, George Heriot's School, PRE 1544 3 Flodden Wall, Drummond Street & Pleasance 4 Heriot Place and Vennel, Bastion of Flodden Wall & Main Building Telfer Wall 28 Parliament Square, Parliament Hall 5 Edinburgh Castle 17th CENTURY 29 Canongate 140, Acheson House, Bakehouse Close 6 St Giles Cathedral (146 Canongate) 7 Holyrood Abbey 30 74-84 Grassmarket 8 The Palace of Holyrood House 31 The Tron Church High Street 32 Canongate 82, 84 Nisbet of Dirleton's 9 John Knox House, 45 High Street 33 West Bow, Bowfoot Well 10 343-363 High Street and 2-8 Advocate's Close 34 High Street, Netherbow Wellhead 11 51-55 High Street, Moubray House 35 Canongate, 183-187 Bible Land 12 Huntly House, 146 Canongate 36 Canongate 64, Queensberry House 13 Canongate Tolbooth 37 Charles II Statue, Parliament Square 14 Holyroodhouse, Croft an Righ 28, 30 Croft an Righ 38 Canongate Parish Church 15 The Magdalene Chapel, 41 Cowgate 39 Milnes Court, 513-521 Lawnmarket 16th CENTURY 16 302-310 Lawnmarket, including Buchanan's Close 40 Old Surgeons’ Hall, Drummond Street 7 Brodie's Close 41 Canongate 23-33 (Bishop Paterson’s House) & 17 Earl of Morton's House, 8 Blackfriars Street White Horse Close, 31 Canongate 18 Abbey Stran 42 356 Castlehill
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