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Metapopulation Research Group University of Helsinki Metapopulation Research Group University of Helsinki Annual Report 1999 Metapopulation Research Group Department of Ecology and Systematics University of Helsinki Edited by Tapio Gustafsson E-mail and web sites To contact us via E-mail use [email protected] Metapopulation Research Group (UH), http://www.helsinki.fi/science/metapop/ Biodiversity in Boreal Forests (FIBRE), http://www.helsinki.fi/science/biobof/ Survival of Species in Fragmented Landscapes (EC´s TMR-Network), http://www.helsinki.fi/science/fragland/ MRG-logo was designed by Gergely Várkonyi 2 Contents Preface … 5 Brief history and overview of the MRG … 6 Scientific highlights of 1999 … 8 Structure of the MRG … 14 MRG personnel; research interests … 18 Laboratory facilities … 28 Helsinki Tvärminne Lammi Field sites … 30 Åland Islands Kuhmo Central Finland Lammi Kilpisjärvi Synopsis of the year 1999 … 34 Budget Publications Theses External visits Seminars, lectures and talks Honors and awards Council Memberships Meetings organized by the MRG Visitors to the MRG Prospects for the year 2000 … 45 3 The Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in the Åland Islands. Habitat patches in the Åland Islands; white dots are empty patches and black dots are occupied patches in the autumn 1999 survey. 4 Preface Successful organizations tend to go through cycles of expansion and consolidation. In the Metapopulation Research Group, 1999 was a year of consolidation: the infrastructure of the research group was strengthened and we were getting ready for the year 2000 and for our new position as one of the centres-of-excellence in research chosen by the Academy of Finland. This does not mean that 1999 was stagnant scientifically. The reason for emphasizing the broader issues here is the qualitative shift that is under way in the MRG. We are becoming well established. Research activities spread along three dimensions in 1999. The hard core of the MRG is located in one place in the Department of Ecology and Systematics at the University of Helsinki, allowing for constant interaction in our weekly seminars, during daily coffee breaks, and whilst sharing crowded offices. The three more permanent research teams into which the MRG is currently structured - the Metapopulation Modelling Team, the Melitaea cinxia Team and the Molecular Ecology Team - are all placed here. The level of interaction is so high that we do not easily perceive the three teams as such. The national outreach of the MRG has been the large-scale Old-growth forest project, funded by the Finnish Biodiversity Research Programme, the Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment. In the course of this project, our research has spread to other locations in Finland, especially to the Research Centre of the Friendship National Park in Kuhmo, central-eastern Finland. We have had visibility in the national press through our involvement in current forest conservation issues. Finally, the EC-funded Training and Mobility of Researchers network Fragland, which is coordinated by the MRG, renders the most conspicuous international link, with several workshops and meetings arranged in 1999, and with several visits by students and post docs between the MRG and the six other European research groups involved in Fragland. I am particularly pleased with the pleasant yet intellectually challenging international atmosphere that we have in the MRG, to which all students, post docs, research assistants and technicians have contributed. It has been rewarding to work in the Metapopulation Research Group in 1999. Ilkka Hanski 5 Brief history and overview of the MRG Professor Ilkka Hanski has worked on spatially structured populations since the late 1970's. The early work dealt primarily with small-scale spatial structure within populations, but since the early 1980's the focus shifted to larger spatial scales and to metapopulation dynamics in the sense of assemblages of discrete local populations connected by migration. In 1989, Hanski organized the first international meeting on metapopulation dynamics together with Professor Michael Gilpin (San Diego, UC), which resulted in the first edited volume on the subject (Gilpin & Hanski, 1991, Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations, Academic Press, London). This meeting furnished impetus for the conception of the MRG. Ongoing collaboration with Professor Mats Gyllenberg (Department of Mathematics, Turku, Finland) started in 1990, the long-term field project on the Glanville fritillary butterfly was started in 1991, and the first post graduate students and post docs were accepted in the MRG in 1992 and 1993, respectively. The figure below illustrates the growth of the MRG since 1992: 12 Post graduate students Post docs 10 8 6 4 Number of individuals 2 0 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year Currently there are 11 post graduate students and 9 post docs in the MRG, representing 8 different nationalities. 6 Until recently, the MRG has functioned as a single research group with only one senior researcher with a permanent position (Hanski). At present, the MRG is evolving into a more complex structure, with three distinct research teams (Metapopulation Modelling Team, The Glanville fritillary Team, and the Molecular Ecology Team), three projects of fixed duration (Old-growth forest biodiversity, small mammal population dynamics, and forest canopy insect dynamics), and one EC-funded TMR network coordinated by the MRG (Fragland). A more detailed description of the structure of the MRG is presented on page 14. Academic setting The MRG is the largest research group in the Division of Population Biology (DPB), Department of Ecology and Systematics, at the University of Helsinki. The permanent staff of the DPB consists of 3 professors and 7 other academic staff. Despite its small size the DPB has performed well in recent years, as is indicated by its status as one of the centres-of-excellence in research selected by the Ministry of Education for the years 1997-99. The MRG has had an influence on the general direction of research in the DPB, which is now broadly focused on spatial ecology, of which metapopulation ecology represents a key area. The DPB established a joint research programme called Spatial Ecology in 1997 (see www.helsinki.fi/ml/ekol/spatial_ecology.html). Scientific standing The MRG has established a solid reputation as one of the leading research groups internationally in metapopulation ecology. The two most visible achievements of the MRG are the development of effective modelling approaches to metapopulation dynamics (especially the incidence function model and related models) and a large-scale empirical research project on a species of butterfly, the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia). The latter started as an ecological project but has now expanded to cover metapopulation genetics and evolutionary biology as well. This field project, which is well known internationally, allows us to test many theoretical predictions and it hence functions as an important interface between theory and empirical research. 7 Strategic goals of the Metapopulation Research Group · To strengthen our position as the leading research group in metapopulation biology worldwide · To build up on our current strength in combining modelling with empirical studies · To integrate genetic and evolutionary studies into the existing strong ecological frame work and thereby to promote a comprehensive approach to metapopulation biology · To facilitate the application of metapopulation biology in landscape-level environmental planning and management and conservation of populations. Scientific highlights of 1999 “Metapopulation Ecology”, by Ilkka Hanski, published by the Oxford University Press in 1999 This is the current synthesis of my favourite approach to metapopulation ecology, covering the basic ecological models and reviewing a range of empirical studies. A third section in the book is focused on the Glanville fritillary butterfly, “to demonstrate the value of the metapopulation approach as described in the two earlier parts of the book” - and to make justice to the hard work that many past and present members of the MRG have done on this wonderful species! The incidence function model plays a big role, of course, in this book. Writing a synthesis of a rapidly moving field has the drawback that parts of the text are somewhat outdated already at the date of publication. The modelling work conducted in the MRG in 1999 has produced important new results that will feature prominently in the second edition. Expansion of the field work on the Glanville fritillary, by Marko Nieminen The large-scale monitoring of the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) metapopulation in Åland Islands in SW Finland started in 1993, when all the land area was surveyed for habitat patches suitable for the butterefly. This survey yielded ca 1500 suitable habitat patches. Habitat suitability is primarily on the occurrence of one or both of the larval host plants Plantago lanceolata and Veronica spicata. The first population monitoring took place in the autumn 1993, 8 when all known patches were examined for the presence of larval groups. In the following spring, all patches occupied in the previous autumn were visited again, and the numbers of larval groups and larvae, and the numbers of cocoons of the specialist parasitoid wasp Cotesia melitaearum were counted. Since the first monitoring the list of patch attributes to be recorded has somewhat increased, but otherwise the monitoring has been carried out with similar methods. However, as numerous new habitat patches were found in each autumn and spring, the number of patches had increased up to ca 1650 by the autumn 1997. At the same time, it had become evident that some areas were poorly surveyed in 1993 and all areas still contained new patches to be found. New patches are being created by changes in land-use practices, but mostly the “new” patches had been there throughout the study period. We concluded that there was an urgent need for a more exhaustive landscape survey and decided to run a re- survey of the entire Åland Islands.
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