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Estórias De Mulheres Em Kwazulu-Natal, África Do Sul

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Estórias De Mulheres Em Kwazulu-Natal, África Do Sul Maíra Cavalcanti Vale Prosa que tece a vida Estórias de mulheres em KwaZulu-Natal, África do Sul CAMPINAS 2013 ii Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Maíra Cavalcanti Vale Prosa que tece a vida Estórias de mulheres em KwaZulu-Natal, África do Sul Omar Ribeiro Thomaz Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, para obtenção do Título de Mestra em Antropologia. ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE/DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELA ALUNA E ORIENTADA PELO PROFESSOR DR. OMAR RIBEIRO THOMAS Assinatura do Orientador CAMPINAS 2013 iii iv v vi Resumo O presente trabalho é fruto dos aprendizados ao longo do curso de mestrado e de três meses de trabalho de campo na África do Sul. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com foco no cotidiano de algumas mulheres negras, moradoras da região de KwaZulu-Natal e falantes de isiZulu , através dos diversos grupos dos quais fazem parte. Estes estão ligados a funerais e maneiras de poupar dinheiro – nos quais se encontram periodicamente para guardar certa quantia que poderá ser utilizada quando precisarem para os grandes custos de funerais ou rituais para os ancestrais –, como também relacionados ao ganho de recursos pela venda de artesanatos feitos de miçangas, alimentos produzidos em hortas comunitárias ou na criação de galinhas. A partir dessas experiências é também feita nesta dissertação uma discussão sobre a própria forma de se fazer e escrever a pesquisa. Ao usar no texto elementos trazidos de diversas formas de conhecimento, como a literatura, o trabalho de campo e alguns filmes, tentei demonstrar aquilo que aprendi com as pessoas que me receberam, de uma forma que pudesse espelhar a complexidade da vida e transpirar as confusões supostas em se estar na África do Sul. A escolha da narrativa tem como intenção ser instrumento que desenha a importância da terra e da ancestralidade, e de tudo que a ela está vinculado politicamente, na vida das mulheres e casas que me acolheram ao longo da pesquisa. Assim como nas próprias relações traçadas a partir das diferenças de língua e de cor. A ideia é construir conhecimento antropológico de uma forma em que a narrativa faça parte da reflexão, contando as estórias das pessoas que encontrei em diversas linguagens. O pressuposto aqui é, pois, de que é possível que a própria narrativa faça parte da construção de uma linguagem do conhecimento científico e analítico que se paute nas formas com que as próprias interlocutoras de campo pensam suas vidas. 7 8 Sumary This work is a result of master’s course and of the three months of field work developed in South Africa on 2011. The work was done with focus on the daily activities of black women living in KwaZulu-Natal, isiZulu speakers, through the various groups which they are part of. Those groups are linked to funerals issues and to save money - meeting periodically to get money that can be used when needed for the large costs of funerals or rituals for the ancestors - as well as resources related to gain income from saling handicrafts made of beads, food grown in community gardens or raising chickens. From these experiences, it is also made here a discussion about doing and writing a research, for that, it is used along the dissertation elements brought from various forms of knowledge, such as literature, field work and some movies. In doing so, I tried to show what I learned from the people who received me in a way that could reflect the complexity of life and evidence the confusions supposed on being in South Africa. The narrative choices are intended to be an instrument that draws the importance of land and ancestry, and all that is politically linked to them, in the women's lives and homes which welcomed me along the search. Such as the relationships themselves drawn from the differences of language and color. The idea is to build anthropological knowledge in a way that the narrative is a part of the reflection, telling the stories of the people I met in several languages guided by what really care for the women and what they chose to tell me. 9 10 Antiga poesia Minha nova poesia é antiga poesia. Eu me vi sozinha, força feminina, ahá. Escrevo sem ter linha, escrevo torto mesmo. Escrevo torto, eu falo torto pra seu desespero. É só a minha poesia, antiga poesia, repito, rasgo, colo poesia sem maestria. Mas é a minha poesia, eu não sou mais menina, a minha poesia é poesia combativa. Eu entendi seu livro, eu entendi sua língua. Agora minha língua, minha rima eu faço, eu já me vi sozinha. Eu tenho mais palavra da boca escorrendo, cê finge que tá junto e eu continuo escrevendo. A banda é feminina, a luta é feminina. O meu desejo é que o seu desejo não me defina, minha história é outra, vou rebobinando a fita. Salve! Salve as negras dos sertões, as negras da Bahia, salve ! Clementina, Leci e Jovelina, salve! Nortistas, caribenhas, clandestinas, salve negras da América Latina. A baixa auto-estima da Dona Maria, da sua filha, da sua prima e sua vizinha, isso me alucina, isso me intriga, isso me instiga e cê não entende o que significa feminista? Esquento a barriga no fogão, esfrio na bacia. Cuido do filho do patrão, minha filha tá sozinha, a mão tá no trampo, a mente tá na filha. Um monte de gaiato em volta ainda pequenina. Porque depois dos quarenta é de casa para a igreja é tudo por ninharia, pretende Jesus o mesias. Tive que trabalhar, não pude parar, guerreira, estadeira, capoeira, na ginga. Disseram pra neta, que a vó era analfabeta, o mundão tá doido acaba, mas ela não. Minha vó formou na vida e nunca soube o que é reprovação. Eis a questão. Se não me espelhou, não chamo de educação. Ellen Oléria 11 12 Como suas águas continuam misturadamisturadass na minha vida, mais uma vez dedico as palavras que aqui brotaram aos meus ancestrais: Cabeça e Dona Maria do Carmo. Com amor e o carinho de sempre. Mas também: Aos meus pais, pelo apoio de tantos anos. E ao Gordo, num amor tropeçado. Como não popodiadia deixar de faltar: essas palavras também são tuas, mamaZodwa. E Nomusa, você abriu as portas para que elas entrassem. 13 14 15 16 Sumário Agradecendo.................... 7 Começando a caminhada.............................................. 16 Mapa da Região....................................... 31 KwaZulu-Natal e a África do Sul pós-apartheid ...................................................... 33 Capítulo Um - As casas e KwaZulu-Natal.......................................................... 35 Capítulo Dois - Expropriar é a lei...................................................................... 69 Capítulo Três - O pós- apartheid , um comentário............................................ 97 Encontros, estórias e escritas........................................................................... 108 Capítulo Um - Uma breve reflexão sobre escrita....................................... 110 Capítulo Dois - Uma mulher: eu seria presidente !..................................... 131 Capítulo Três - Des-enraizar....................................................................... 181 Considerações finais, múltiplos passos........................... 191 Anexo I – Carta mama Zodwa............................ 196 Anexo II – Tradução Thobekile Radebe............................. 199 Bibliografia....................................... 202 Filmografia............................... 210 Siteografia............................. 210 17 18 Agradecendo São muitas as vontades, as saudades, as pessoas que estão presentes nas palavras, nas estórias, nas vidas desta dissertação. Trago na bagagem páginas e páginas de agradecimentos de uma vida inteira. Às mãos que compuseram o que aqui foi desenhado, tento dar conta, mesmo que assim, minimamente, de dizer das minhas gratitudes. Mama Zodwa Mbongwa, muito obrigada por me deixar entrar na sua vida. E mais ainda, na sua família extensa, from overseas . Agradeço a maternidade, a afinidade e a sua genialidade, que está no que aqui se tece. Como já coloquei em outro espaço, você é a alma do que aqui se escreve... Nomusa Sokhela, não sei nem por onde começar esses agradecimentos. Sou grata demais por tudo. Por ter me aberto às portas da sua casa por um longo tempo. Por ter me apresentado a mulheres tão maravilhosas. Por ter dividido comigo parte do seu trabalho, mesmo estando de licença. Por termos ido ao Quênia! E mais uma vez conhecer pessoas maravilhosas. Por fim, agradeço pelas nossas diferenças e por elas me ensinarem tanto, tanto, por elas exigerem de mim uma postura, a minha postura. Thobekile Radebe, minha amiga, nossa amiga. Agradeço por me receber em sua casa, por cozinharmos na cozinha da sua sogra, mesmo sendo eu assim, sempre muito calada. Sua coragem, suas palavras e sua risada me inspiraram e me inspiram, hoje e sempre. GogoSonto, obrigada por me trazer dificuldades. Sem suas perguntas desafiadoras, com certeza o meu caminho teria tomado outro rumo ou talvez tivesse sido ainda mais difícil ao longo do curso. Agradeço por me batizar, a minha felicidade é enorme ao ser nomeada como a família está crescendo . Sua autoridade me inspira. Mama Victoria, agradeço pelo sorriso persistente ao me receber em sua casa. Mesmo que a gente não pudesse conversar muito, tua força me inspira. Sisi Sthenbile, agradecida por estar ao lado, por traduzir, por me ensinar, me explicar, me acompanhar. E por ser tão carinhosa. À família Nhlabathi como um todo: Ngiyabonga kakhulu ! As noites na cozinha foram um acalanto no meu peito quando eu ainda era muito incerta em relação a tudo o que estava acontecendo. 19 À família Thwala, agradeço o contraponto. Fico agradecida também por, apesar dos pesares, terem me recebido com as portas abertas, com muita simpatia. À família Kubheka, agradeço o acolhimento de sempre. Mangaliso, você nos inspira demais com a sua forma de ver, viver e pensar o mundo, além de sempre nos receber com os braços abertos. Especial agradecimento também para a Danisile, pelo carinho compartilhado de uma grande amizade em comum. Aos jovens de todos os seus lugares, agradeço o estranhamento. Muitas vezes ele me foi muito difícil, mas sem dúvida, parte fundamental da experiência.
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