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Measuring Trust in Post-Communist States: Making the Case for Particularized Trust

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University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School November 2017 Measuring Trust in Post-Communist States: Making the Case for Particularized Trust. Nicole M. Ford University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Scholar Commons Citation Ford, Nicole M., "Measuring Trust in Post-Communist States: Making the Case for Particularized Trust." (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7022 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Measuring Trust in Post-Communist States: Making the Case for Particularized Trust by Nicole M. Ford A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Government with a concentration in Comparative Politics. College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Darrell Slider, Ph.D. Steven Tauber, Ph.D. Bernd Reiter, Ph.D. Kenneth Malmberg, Ph.D. Date of Approval: August 29th, 2017 Keywords: Social Trust, Russia, States in Transition, Democratization, Bayesian, Trust in Institutions Copyright c 2017, Nicole M. Ford Acknowledgements My passion for Russia and politics began as a little girl as far back as I can remember. At the age of three, my parents gifted me with a puzzle of the world and a picture atlas. I quickly fell in love with the largest puzzle piece: The (then) Union of Soviet Socialists Republics. I wanted to know everything I could about the land, the culture, the food, the history, and its people. I have many happy childhood memories of hours spent pouring over my children’s atlas, and then on to encyclopedias, globes, and maps pretending to travel to Russia and imagining what life was like. Over the years my parents lovingly indulged me; they sat me with them to watch documentaries of Russian history on PBS, to watch "The Nutcracker Ballet" on TV, or point out Russian dolls in the store. As I aged and became more aware of world events, we discussed the USSR at the dinner table over the Nightly News or 60 Minutes. I knew I wanted to devote my life’s work to the study of the region as a whole. This ambition carried me through high school, as I watched the Berlin Wall fall, and through college, as I traveled to Moscow to watch Russia negotiate its democratic transition. My time in Russia only solidified my love for all things Russian, especially its culture and its people. Ultimately, my personal experiences and past research led me towards the path to pursue my Doctor of Philosophy focused on Russia and the region; my personal passions, though an important foundation, were not enough to carry me through this journey on my own. I owe much thanks to those who have supported me and inspired me along the way. I began my Ph.D. work at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. I was fortunate enough to be under the mentorship of Dr. David Armstrong; there he provided me with his unwavering support. He believed in my topic, helped to correct R coding errors, and talk through my hypotheses. This dedication to me as a student did not stop when my husband’s job transferred us to Tampa. Though he was technically under no obligation to do so, he was always there to help clarify methods, code, concepts through the years. I can honestly say without his help, this work would not be what it is today. I am eternally grateful for all of his help. My husband’s work lead us back to Tampa, to my alma mater, and fortuitously back to my long-time mentor: my dissertation chair, Dr. Darrell Slider, whom I first met as an undergraduate. He is a brilliant scholar of Russia and the Former Soviet Union; I count myself lucky to have been under his tutelage for so many years. I thank him for always providing thoughtful insight into my work, for sending relevant articles as he came across them, funny Russian political cartoons for moments of levity, and for helping me to keep things in perspective when the results were not exactly as I imagined them. And of course, for introducing me to the best pizza and subway sushi in Moscow. I would also like to thank my committee members: Dr. Steven Tauber, who I have also known for many years. Thank you for believing in my abilities and supporting my strengths. Dr. Ken Malmberg, who was my Bayesian professor. Thank you for helping to spark a love for Bayesian inference and agreeing to sit on the committee. Dr. Bernd Reiter, thank you helping to push me along and keep me accountable through the writing process. I would must additionally thank my friends and family. First, I must thank Dr. Leanne Freeman who was my stats partner in Dr. Armstrong’s courses at UW-M. There is no one person, outside of my professors, who has helped me as much as she has. I am abundantly grateful for the many nights we spent working together, the many phone calls supporting one another. She was not only the best statistics partner anyone could have, but she became on of my best friends. Benjamin Luongo, whom is one of my cohorts here at USF, has also become an indispensable friend and colleague. Everything from reading drafts of my work, offering advice and critiques, to beers and personal conversation, I can not thank you enough for your support. Dr. Steven Reader who has also been available to read drafts and offer critiques of my work, and so much more, thank you for all you have done to support me. My many, many other friends, Melissa, Neiva, Shelly, Kathi, Stephanie, too numerous to list, who have put up with my long absences, missing personal milestones, and much more, but who were always there for me when I could find the time. Thank you all so much. Your friendships have made this journey much more bearable. My family, my parents-in-law Dr. Edward Ford and Carol Ford, my brother-in-law, Dr. EJ Ford, my own parents Gerald and Carol Hicks, and cousin Charles Freeman, all of whom have supported me in different yet substantial ways. Thank you for your love and guidance. I must also thank my children, Elric and Zoya who have had to also endure a mother who was not always present. They have been wonderful children who delight in pointing out to me all things Russian they see out in the world or learn about in school. They always inspire me to strive to continuously better myself. I am grateful for their love and patience. Lastly, I must thank my husband Christopher. While our many moves have been stressful, each one has profoundly enriched our experiences and expanded our circle of friends. We have always worked hard to make the best of each new city for ourselves, our careers, and our family. Together, we have forged new paths and opportunities for growth for our children, for each of us, and specifically, with my education and research. From NYC, to Orlando, to Chicago, to Milwaukee, to Tampa, to Rochester, and now back to Tampa– It really has been an adventure. I also want to thank you for enduring my many long nights, thrown together meals, and the overall stress that comes along with a partner who is engaged in research. Without you none of this would be possible. While my love for Russia and the Former Soviet Union and sphere has been nearly lifelong, that drive alone could not have carried me through. The accounting presented here shows this work was not accomplished purely through my own efforts, but rather with the help of an entire network of friends, family, and colleagues supporting, not only my research, but adding support and love to my life experiences. I sincerely wish to thank each one of you for richly contributing to the tapestry of my life. Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables viii List of Abbreviations ix Chapter 1- Examining the Problem of Social Trust.1 Introduction.....................................1 Statement of the Problem..............................5 Purpose of this study................................7 Research Questions and Hypotheses........................8 Contribution of this work.............................. 10 Conclusion and Chapter Layout........................... 11 Chapter 2 - Background and Review of the General Literature. 14 Introduction..................................... 14 Part I: Background.................................. 15 Trust and the State of Nature......................... 15 The Coming of the Leviathan......................... 16 Natural Law and the Power of the People.................. 17 Private Property as a Root of Distrust.................... 18 The Classics Synthesized........................... 18 Trust in Pre-modernity............................. 19 Political Order in Pre-Modernity....................... 20 Tyranny of the Cousins and Social Order.................. 22 Trust and Institutions in Modernity..................... 23 Trust and Institutions in Modernity..................... 24 Marx and the critique of the Modern Political Order and Capitalist Re- sponse to "Correct" the System................... 25 Giddens and Political Order in the Post-War Era............. 28 i Giddens and the Role of Technology in Fostering Social Trust in Modernity. 30 Part II: Conceptualization of institutions of governance and trust in the general literature.................................... 32 The culturalist approach............................ 32 The institutional approach.......................... 34 Putnam and the so-called ’new Institutional’ Approach........... 36 Critiques of Putnam: Fukuyama, Ingelhart, and more........... 38 Prevailing Measure of Social Trust...................... 41 Gaps in the General Literature.......................
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