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A Review of Barriers to and Opportunities for the Integration of Renewable Energy in the Southeast

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A Review of Barriers to and Opportunities for the Integration of Renewable Energy in the Southeast ORNL/TM-2010/138 A Review of Barriers to and Opportunities for the Integration of Renewable Energy in the Southeast May 2011 Prepared by Ben W. McConnell Stanton W. Hadley Yan Xu DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. ORNL/TM-2010/138 Energy and Transportation Science Division A REVIEW OF BARRIERS TO AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE SOUTHEAST Ben W. McConnell Stanton W. Hadley Yan Xu Date Published: May 2011 Prepared by OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6283 managed by UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... v! LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... vii! ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ ix! PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... xi! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................xiii ! 1.! INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................1 -1! 2.! ANALYSIS METHODS AND STATUS ..........................................................................................2 -1! 2.1! INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................2 -1! 2.2! MEETING LOAD GROWTH WITH DIVERSE RESOURCES ............................................ 2-1! 2.2.1! EIA Analyses ............................................................................................................... 2-1! 2.2.2! NREL ReEDS Model ..................................................................................................2 -2! 2.2.3! EPRI NESSIE Model ...................................................................................................2 -4! 2.2.4! LCG Consulting UPLAN Model ................................................................................. 2-6! 2.3! NUCLEAR AND FOSSIL FUEL SUBSTITUTION ............................................................... 2-7! 2.4! GREEN JOB OPPORTUNITIES .............................................................................................2 -8! 2.5! WEST-SOUTH-CENTRAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 2-9! 2.6! CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................2 -11! 2.7! REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................2 -11! 3.! WIND ENERGY IN THE SOUTHEAST ..........................................................................................3 -1! 3.1! WIND ENERGY RESOURCE MAPS ....................................................................................3 -1! 3.1.1! Wind Energy Costs ......................................................................................................3 -6! 3.2! WIND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ............................................................................... 3-13! 3.3! CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................3 -15! 3.4! REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................3 -15! 3.5! ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ...............................................................................................3 -15! 4.! SOLAR ENERGY ..............................................................................................................................4 -1! 4.1! NONELECTRICAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY ...................................4 -1! 4.1.1! Passive Solar Technology ............................................................................................4 -1! 4.1.2! Solar Water Heating ....................................................................................................4 -1! 4.1.3! Solar Process Heat .......................................................................................................4 -2! 4.1.4! Space Heating .............................................................................................................. 4-2! 4.1.5! Process Water Heating ................................................................................................. 4-2! 4.1.6! Space Cooling ..............................................................................................................4 -2! 4.2! ELECTRICITY-GENERATING APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY ...........................4 -2! 4.2.1! Concentrating Solar Collectors ....................................................................................4 -2! 4.2.2! Solar Photovoltaic Technology ...................................................................................4 -3! 4.3! SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCE IN SOUTHEAST ................................................................. 4-3! 4.4! SOLAR INSTALLATION IN SOUTHEAST ..........................................................................4 -6! 4.5! COST OF SOLAR POWER .....................................................................................................4 -7! 4.5.1! Photovoltaics (EERE Costs Solar PV) ........................................................................4 -7! 4.5.2! Thermal Concentrators (EERE Costs Solar Concentrators) ........................................4 -8! 4.6! SOLAR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (UCS CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY) ...... 4-10! 4.6.1! Solar Reliability .........................................................................................................4 -10! 4.7! CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................4 -11! 4.8! REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................4 -11! 4.9! ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 4-11! iii 5.! BIOMASS .......................................................................................................................................... 5-1! 5.1! CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................5 -5! 5.2! REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................5 -5! 6.! HYDROPOWER ................................................................................................................................6 -1! 6.1! CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................6 -3! 6.2! REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................6 -3! 7.! GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN THE SOUTHEAST ......................................................................... 7-1! 7.1! CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................7 -5! 7.2! REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................7
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