POLS 208 – 2017 – Semester One Democracy: Past, Present, Future

Course Coordinator: Associate Professor Brian S. Roper Room: 4.N.2 Email: [email protected] Web: www.briansroper.blogspot.co.nz/ http://www.otago.ac.nz/politics/staff/otago055584.html Ph: 479-8667 (wk) Contact Times: 3-3.15pm Wednesday; 3-4pm Thursday (Other times available by request- please email for an appointment).

Pols 208: Democracy –— 2 — Contents:

• Overview • Reading: Texts, Books, Journals • Lecture Schedule • Weekly Reading Guide • Tutorial Schedule • Supplementary Reading Guide • Course Information • Writing Essays • Course Objectives • Feedback • Assessment • Your POLS 208 Essay Coversheet

Overview of the Course This course provides a forum to consider and discuss the past, present and future of democracy. It focuses on Athenian, liberal representative and socialist participatory democracy, the history of democracy in Europe and the United States, and contemporary liberal, socialist and feminist interpretations of democracy. As this suggests, there are three major models of democracy that have emerged thus far in history: Athenian democracy, liberal representative democracy, and socialist participatory democracy. The course is organised into sections focusing on these forms of democracy. The course begins with the original Athenian model of democracy (circa 508-322BC). We identify its main features and discuss its strengths and weaknesses. Athenian democracy is the necessary starting point because all major contemporary traditions of democratic thought and practice rest on positive or negative evaluations of central features of this original model of democracy. Having considered Athenian democracy, we then consider the historical revival of democracy in its modern representative form focusing on the English, French and American revolutions. We then discuss some of the major arguments in favour of this form of democracy by those writing within the liberal tradition. The course then moves on to consider the Marxist critique of capitalism and representative democracy. We briefly focus on the re-emergence of participatory forms of democracy in the Paris Commune of 1871 and the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917 before considering the socialist participatory model of democracy. In the final section of the course we discuss: the implications of global warming for the future of democracy, the debate between socialists and liberals concerning the future of democracy; the feminist critique of representative democracy; the extent to which globalisation is creating problems for democracy with respect to both national and international governance and, in this regard, whether or not cosmopolitan social democracy provides viable solutions to these problems and a feasible alternative to neoliberalism; and the alternatives to neoliberal capitalism and representative democracy advocated by participants in the Global Justice, Occupy, Anti-War and Climate Justice movements.

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Lecture Schedule Introduction 1. What is Democracy? Section 1: Athenian Democracy 2. Athenian Democracy 508-322BC: Background, Emergence and Institutions 3. Athenian Democracy 508-322BC: Institutions and Social Dimension 4. Athenian Democracy 508-322BC: Critical Evaluation

Section 2: Liberal Representative Democracy 5. What is Representative Democracy? The Liberal Pluralist View 6. The English Revolution 1640-88: Background, Context and Key Actors 7. The English Revolution 1640-88: Main Events and Significance for the Historical Emergence of Liberal Democracy 8. The Revolutionary Revival of Democracy in France 1789-95: Background, Context and Key Actors ------Mid-Semester Break------9. The Revolutionary Revival of Democracy in France 1789-95: Main Events and Significance for the Historical Emergence of Liberal Democracy 10. The American Revolution 1776-1791: Background, Context and Main Events 11. The US Constitution and Bill of Rights: Redefining Democracy 12. The Liberal Justification of Capitalism and Representative Democracy 13. The Liberal Critique of Socialism and Participatory Democracy Section 3: Socialist Participatory Democracy 14. The Marxist Critique of Capitalism: Inequality, Crisis, Alienation, War, and Environment 15. The Marxist Critique of Representative Democracy 16. The Paris Commune 1871 and Socialist Democracy 17. The Russian Revolution 1917: Significance and Main Events 18. The Russian Revolution 1917: A Democratic Revolution? 19. The Rise and Fall of Stalinism: Death of Socialism? 20. Revolution, Socialism and Participatory Democracy Section 4: Democracy in the 21st Century 21. Global Warming and Climate Change: Is Capitalism Environmentally Sustainable? 22. The Debate between Socialists and Liberals Concerning the Future of Democracy (1) 23. The Debate between Socialists and Liberals Concerning the Future of Democracy (2) 24. The Feminist Critique of Liberalism and Representative Democracy 25. Cosmopolitan Social Democracy: A Feasible Alternative to Neoliberalism? 26. Movements for Progressive Change in the 21st Century: Global Justice Movement, Anti-War, Occupy, and Climate Justice Movements

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Tutorial Schedule

1. Athenian democracy: Strengths, weaknesses and contemporary relevance (March 16-17)

------Mid-Semester Break------

2. What is liberal representative democracy? What makes New Zealand’s system of government democratic? How could it be made more democratic? (April 6-7)

3. How has liberal representative democracy been shaped by its historical emergence? What makes it a historically distinctive form of democracy? (April 13-14)

4. Arguments for and against liberal representative democracy (April 27-28)

5. Gender inequality in liberal representative democracy: What causes it and what should be done about it? (May 4-5)

6. What is socialist participatory democracy? What were the positives and negatives of the Russian Revolution? Why did the revolution degenerate into dictatorship? (May 11-12)

7. Politics of Climate Change: Is more democracy required to stop global warming? Which form of democracy would be most effective in facilitating the changes required to counter global warming? (May 18-19)

8. Guidance to Preparing for the Exam / Arguments For and Against Socialist Participatory Democracy (May 25-26)

N.B. Please note that the term test is at 2pm on Friday May 20.

Course Information

Tutor: Henry Brockway Email: [email protected]

Lecture Times:

2-2.50pm Wednesday and 2-2.50pm Thursday in Burns 7.

Tutorial Times: Wednesday 4-4.50pm (in Burns 6), Thursday (in Burns 3) 4-4.50pm. Please note that the tutorials will not be starting prior to the third week of the semester. You can change your tutorial by contacting our administrator – Melanie Taurarii – by email: [email protected]

Video Screenings: There will be video screenings from 5 to 45 minutes in length in the lecture theatres during some of the lectures. When possible I will provide links to the video documentaries and music videos that I screen on my blog. Music videos: http://briansroper.blogspot.co.nz/2016/02/pols-208-music-videos-2016.html Documentary videos and other links: http://briansroper.blogspot.co.nz/2016/02/pols-208-democracy-videos-and-links-2016.html

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Email Etiquette Please take note of the following points regarding email etiquette when contacting teaching staff.

· If you require general information, read the course outline and/or relevant handouts first. The information may be there. · Make sure the subject line indicates what your email is about and includes POLS 208. · Address the lecturer respectfully, e.g. “Dear Brian” or “Tēnā koe Brian”, not with “Hey” or “Bro!” · Ensure your email is brief, to the point, with all the details required for the lecturer to understand your query. · Use proper and correct English (or Māori). Do not use text language. Check for spelling mistakes. · Finish the email with your first-name, surname and student number. · Do not expect an immediate reply. Allow enough time for an answer. But do feel free to send a polite follow-up email if you do not get a reply within a few days. · Acknowledge the lecturer’s reply, e.g. with “Thank you.”

Course Objectives? • Above all, this course aims to help you develop an understanding of the history of democracy, liberal, socialist and feminist interpretations of democracy, and contemporary debates concerning the future of democracy.

• This course encourages you to engage in an open-minded yet critical manner with this historical material and these perspectives in order to provide you with the opportunity of developing and strengthening your own understanding of democracy.

Assessment Overall, there is an essay worth 20%, a term test with short answer questions worth 20%, short answer questions in the final exam worth 5%, and three essays to be written in the exam worth 55%. In other words, the internal/exam assessment weighting is 40%/60%.

1) Essay (20%) Every student has to write one essay that is 2,000 words in length worth 20 per cent of the final mark. Essays primarily based on Internet sources will be heavily penalised (see comment on internet sources below). You must attach the POLS 208 Essay Coversheet (at p.27 of this guide).

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Essay due: either Tuesday April 18 at 1pm or Tuesday May 9 at 1pm (depending on which topic you select).

Extensions will be granted only if you contact me in advance and have a good reason for needing one.

2) Term test with short answer questions (20%). These questions are drawn from the quiz questions asked during the lectures and tutorials. If you write these down along with the correct answers then the test will be very easy. Essentially, the test rewards those who have bothered to turn up regularly to lectures and tutorials.

The test is on at 2pm on Friday May 19. An alternate test will be held the following week at 12noon on Friday May 26 for those who have a legitimate reason for being unable to attend the test on May 20. You need to apply for an extension in order to do the alternate test.

3) Short answer questions in the exam (5%) These questions are drawn from the quiz questions I ask during the final lectures in the course. If you write these down along with the correct answers then this part of the exam will be very easy. Essentially, this part of the exam rewards those who have bothered to turn up regularly to lectures.

4) Three essays in the exam (3 x 18.33% = 55%) The three essays that you have to write in the final exam counts for 55% of the overall grade. The examination paper will contain a sufficient number of questions in order to ensure that you have a considerable degree of choice. Regular attendance at lectures and tutorials is strongly recommended for those interesting in doing well in the final. I will be running the tutorials on exam preparation to make sure that everyone is clear about how to best prepare for the exam.

Please note: Because the exam is worth 60% of the final grade, this means that you should have spend at least 40 hours working on revision and exam preparation (that is, a minimum of 12 hours preparation per essay answer). This means using the lecture notes as a starting point, then reading the other key sources on the reading list, taking notes, then condensing those notes down so that you can remember them, then writing an essay in the exam on this basis. Most solid answers range from around 2 and a half to six pages in length - some are even longer! Of course how fast you can write plays a role, but preparation is the key because even short answers can score a lot of marks if they make all the key points.

Because of the increasing pressure on the time of academic staff in the Division of Humanities, the tutor and I will not be able to ‘chase you up’ if you have problems and fail to hand work in. However, please do come and see me before it is too late if you run into unexpected problems with your studies during the year.

Reading: Texts, Books, Journals A) Textbook

• Brian S. Roper, The History of Democracy – A Marxist Interpretation, Pluto Press, London, 2013.

• This textbook is essential and provides at least some of the essential reading for most lectures in the course.

Pols 208: Democracy –— 7 — B) Course Reader

• The textbook is supplemented by a course reader that contains sources written from a broad range of perspectives, including liberal and neoliberal authors who are highly critical of the socialist approach adopted by the author of the textbook! Together the textbook and the course reader provide the bulk of the reading material that you will need for the course. The course reader is roughly equivalent to 1600 pages, that is, to more than FIVE books of average length. It is very comprehensive and essential for all of the assessment in this course, as well as for tutorial discussion. Once you’ve finished the course, it will be well worth keeping for future reference.

C) The Internet • For other courses that I teach, I list a large number of relevant websites. Because this course focuses on a large body of historical and theoretical scholarly literature, the emphasis in this course is on published sources. Generally these have been subject to rigorous quality control that does not apply to the bulk of material on the web. For this reason, you should only draw on Internet sources after you have read the relevant material listed on this course guide (see comment about essays above).

Pols 208: Democracy –— 8 — D) Key Texts other than the Textbook– all in the course reader, close reserve and/or E-reserve in the library:

• David Held’s book – Models of Democracy (Third Edition, 2006). You do not need to buy it, but it is very useful. • The best short textbook style account of Athenian Democracy is: John Thorley, Athenian Democracy, Routledge, London and New York, 1996. • The best account of what is historically unique about representative democracy is: Ellen Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”. • The best general textbook style defence of liberal representative democracy is: Barry Holden, Understanding Liberal Democracy, Harvester, New York, 1993. • For an account of socialist participatory democracy, the Paris Commune of 1871, and the Russian Revolution see: Brian Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, ch.10 ‘Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917’. • The best general defence of socialist democracy in wake of the collapse of Stalinism is: Alex Callinicos, The Revenge of History, Polity, Cambridge, 1991. • The best outline of socialist democracy and defence of its economic feasibility is still: Ernest Mandel, “In Defence of Socialist Planning” New Left Review, 1986, 159, pp.5-38. • On feminism and democracy see: Anne Phillips, Engendering Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991, especially ch. 1 “Feminism and Democracy”. • On the implications of globalisation for democracy see: David Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, ch. 11 Democracy, the Nation-State and the Global System’, pp. 335-353. For an overview of the globalisation debate and a comprehensive account of the process of globalisation see David Held et al. Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1999. • The best account of the global justice or anti-capitalist movement is D. McNally, Another World is Possible: Globalization and Anti-Capitalism, Second Edition, Arbeiter Ring Publishing, Winnipeg, 2006. On the Global Justice, Anti-War, Occupy and Climate Justice movements the best mainstream media source is: The Guardian @ www.guardian.co.uk. For socialist interpretations see: www.swp.org.uk & www.internationalsocialist.org & https://iso.org.nz/. For right wing and neoliberal interpretations see The Economist @ www.economist.com.

E) Reference Books: The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, D. Miller et al. (eds), Blackwell Reference, Oxford, 1987. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions, V. Bogdanor (ed), Blackwell Reference, Oxford, 1987. The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science: A User's Guide to its Terms, F. Bealey, Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1999. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, R. Audi (ed), 2nd Edn., Cambridge University Press, 1999. A Companion to Feminist Philosophy, A.M. Jaggar and I.M. Young (eds), Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, 1998. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009. Available online via the library catalogue. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, T. Bottomore et al (eds), Second Edition, Blackwell Reference, Oxford, 1991. The Dictionary of Modern Economics, D. Pearce (ed), MIT Press, US, 1981. A Dictionary of Philosophy, A. Flew, Macmillan, London, 1979.

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The Encyclopaedia of Political Thought, Wiley and Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Malden, MA : Wiley Blackwell, 2015. Available online via the library catalogue. The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, J. Eatwell et al. (eds), Macmillan, London, 1987.

F) Journals:

Australian Journal of Political Historical Materialism. Rethinking Marxism. Science. International Socialism. Review of Radical Political British Journal of Sociology. International Socialist Review. Economics. Cambridge Journal of Monthly Review. Science and Society. Economics. New Left Review. Socialist Review (UK) Capital and Class. Past and Present. Socialist Review of Aotearoa Feminist Review. Politics and Society. Studies in Political Economy. The Economist. Red and Green (NZ) Theory and Society

Weekly Reading Guide - Core Readings

All of these readings are either in the textbook (marked with an •), course reader (marked with an •), or they are in the close reserve area of the library (and are marked with an *). The videos can be obtained in the audio-visual section in the central library.

Introduction 1. What is Democracy? • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, pp.1-2. •R. Williams, “Democracy” in P. Green (ed), Democracy: Key Concepts in Critical Theory, Humanities Press, New jersey, 1993, ch.1., pp.19-23. * D. Held, Models of Democracy, “Introduction”, pp.1-6. T. Eagleton, “Utopia and its Opposites” in L. Panitch and C. Leys (eds), Necessary and Unnecessary Utopias: Socialist Register 2000.

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Section 1: Athenian Democracy 2-4. Athenian Democracy 508-322BC • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.1 “Origins: Democracy in the Ancient Greek World”, pp.14-36. •D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, h. 1 “Classical Democracy: Athens”. *J. Thorley, Athenian Democracy, Routledge, London and New York, 1996. *E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.6 “Labour and Democracy, Ancient and Modern.”

Section 2: Liberal Representative Democracy 5. What is Representative Democracy? The Liberal Pluralist View • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.8 “Capitalist Expansion, Globalisation and Democratisation”, pp.204-206 • R. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989, ch. 2: “Toward the Second Transformation: Republicanism, Representation, and the Logic of Equality”, pp.24-30 & ch. 15 ‘The Second Democratic Transformation: from the City State to the Nation-State’, pp. 213-224. •R. Mulgan, Democracy and Power in New Zealand, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1989, ch. 2 “A Model of Democratic Government”, pp.39-43. *P. Dunleavy and B. O’Leary, Theories of the State, Macmillan, London, 1987, ch. 2 “Pluralism.” *D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, ch. 6 “Pluralism, Corporate Capitalism and the State”, pp.158-172.

6-7. The English Revolution 1640-88 • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.3 “The Early Middle Ages and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism”, pp.67-87. • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.4 “The English Revolution and Parliamentary Democracy”, pp.88-118. •C. Hill, ‘A Bourgeois Revolution?’, in J. Pocock (ed.) Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980, pp. 109-140. •C Hill, The Century of Revolution, 2nd edn., Van Nostrand Reinhold Ltd, U.K., 1980, chs. 7,11,12,20. *B. Coward, The Stuart Age: England 1603-1714, Second Edition, Longman, London and New York, 1994, ch.6. ‘The Making of the English Revolution, 1640-49’. (On reserve).

8-9. The Revolutionary Revival of Democracy in France 1789-95 • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.6 “The Revolutionary Revival of Democracy in France”, pp.153-177. •G. Rude´, The French Revolution, Phoenix, London, 1988, ‘Why was there a Revolution in France?’, pp.1- 11. •G. Rude´, The French Revolution, Phoenix, London, 1988, pp.36-87. •A. Soboul, A Short History of the French Revolution, University of California, Berkeley, 1977, chs.1-2, pp.56-125.

10-11. The American Revolution and Constitutional Redefinition of Democracy 1776- 1789 • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.5 “The American Revolution and Constitutional Redefinition of Democracy”, pp.119-152. •E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”, pp.204-237, but especially 213-237. *C. Bonwick, The American Revolution. Macmillan, London, 1991, pp.86-149; 201-251. *H. Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present, Perennial Classics, New York, 1999, ch.4 ‘Tyranny is Tyranny’pp.59-77 and ch.5 ‘A Kind of Revolution’, pp. 78-103.

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12. The Liberal Justification of Capitalism and Representative Democracy •B. Holden, Understanding Liberal Democracy, Second Edition, ch. 2 “The Justification of Liberal Democracy” •D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., 2006, Polity Press, Cambridge, ch. 2, “The Development of Liberal Democracy: For and Against the State”, especially pp.62-88. •M. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982, ch.1 “The Relationship between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom’, pp.9-21 and ch.10 “The Distribution of Income”, pp.161-176.

13. The Liberal Critique of Socialism and Participatory Democracy •B. Holden, Understanding Liberal Democracy, 2nd edn., Harvester/Wheatsheaf, New York, 1993, ch. 3 “The radical critique of liberal democracy [A Liberal Response]”, pp.128-133; 149-153; 161-165.

Section 3: Socialist Participatory Democracy 14. The Marxist Critique of Capitalism • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.9 ‘The Marxist Critique of Capitalism and Representative Democracy’, pp.217-236 •R. Miliband, Socialism for a Sceptical Age, Polity Press, Oxford, 1994, ch.1 “The Case Against Capitalism”, pp.7-42. • J. Neale, “Abrupt Climate Change” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.13-25.

15. The Marxist Critique of Representative Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.9 “The Marxist Critique of Capitalism and Representative Democracy”, pp.236-240. •E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”, pp.204-237, but especially 213-237. If you haven’t already read this in relation to the US revolution, then do so now!

16. The Paris Commune 1871 and Socialist Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.241-252. •S. Edwards (ed), The Communards of Paris, 1871, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1973, ‘Introduction’, pp.9-42. * D. Gluckstein, The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy, Bookmarks, London, 2006, ch.1 ‘The Commune’s Achievements’, pp.11-55. *K. Marx, ‘The Civil War in France’. In K. Marx, Selected Works in One Volume, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1968.

17-18. The Russian Revolution 1917: A Democratic Revolution? • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.252-268. • S. Wright, Russia: The Making of the Revolution, Bookmarks, London, 1984.

19. The Rise and Fall of Stalinism: Death of Socialism? • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.269-274. •A. Callinicos, The Revenge of History: Marxism and the East European Revolutions, Polity Press, Oxford, 1991: ch. 1 “The End of Socialism?” pp. 15-20; and (on reserve) ch. 2 “The Ancien Regime and the Revolution”, pp. 21-40.

20. Revolution, Socialism and Participatory Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.274-275 •A. Callinicos, “What will socialism be like?” in Socialist Review, Jan. 1993, pp. 18-20.

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•A. Callinicos, “Socialism and Democracy” in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, ch.9, pp. 200-213. •E. Mandel, “Socialism and Individual Rights” in Against the Current, vol. 6, no.2, May-June 1991, pp.41- 42. *J. Molyneux, Arguments for Revolutionary Socialism, Second Edition, Bookmarks, London, 1991, ch.7 “The Future Socialist Society”

Section 4: Democracy in the 21st Century 21. Global Warming and Climate Change: Is Capitalism Environmentally Sustainable? • J. Neale, “Abrupt Climate Change” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.13-25. • J. Bellamy Foster, B. Clark and R. York, The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Earth, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2010, pp. 121-153.

22-23. The Debate between Socialists and Liberals Concerning the Future of Democracy • E. Mack, “Friedrich Hayek on the Nature of Social Order and Law” in C. Zuckert (ed), Political Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011, pp.129-136. • D. McNally, Against the Market, Verso, London, 1993, pp.189-213. • D. Held, “The Renewed Necessity of Marxism and Democracy from Below? [A Critique of Marxism]” in Models of Democracy, 3rd Edition, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, pp.225-230. • A. Callinicos, “Liberalism, Marxism, and Democracy: A Response to David Held” in Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Apr., 1993), pp. 283-288. • P. D’Amato, “But What About...? Arguments Against Socialism” in The Meaning of Marxism, Haymarket Books, Chicago, 2006, pp.190-203.

24. The Feminist Critique of Liberalism and Representative Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.9 “The Marxist Critique of Capitalism and Representative Democracy”, pp.227-231. • C. Pateman, The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1989, ch. 9 “Feminism and Democracy”. •A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991, especially ch.4 ‘Public Spaces, Private Lives’, pp92-119. *A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991, ch. 1 “Feminism and Democracy” & ch. 3 “The Representation of Women”. *A. Phillips, “Must Feminists Give Up On Liberal Democracy?” in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1993, ch. 4. *The World’s Women 2010: Trends and Statistics, United Nations, New York, 2010. Download as a Pdf file: http://www.google.co.nz/#hl=en&source=hp&biw=1273&bih=747&q=the+world%27s+women+2010& aq=0&aqi=g5g-v5&aql=&oq=The+World%27s+Women&fp=1157913e4dcc4a6d

25. Cosmopolitan Social Democracy: A Feasible Alternative to Neoliberalism? • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.8 “Capitalist Expansion, Globalisation and Democratisation”, pp.212-216. • D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, ch. 11 Democracy, the Nation- State and the Global System’, pp. 335-353. • D. Held, “Towards a Global Covenant: Global Social Democracy” in Global Covenant: The Social Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2004, ch.10, pp.161-169. • B. Roper, “Reformism on a Global Scale? A Critical Examination of David Held’s Advocacy of Cosmopolitan Social Democracy” in Capital and Class, 35 (2): 253-274 (2011).

26. Movements for Progressive Change in the 21st Century: Global Justice Movement, Anti-War, Occupy, and Climate Justice Movements • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, “Preface”, pp.ix-xiv. • D. McNally, “From the Mountains of Chiapas to the Streets of Seattle: This is What Democracy Looks Like” “Freedom Song: Liberation and Anti-Capitalism’ in Another World is Possible: Globalization and Anti- Capitalism, Arbeiter Ring Publishing, Winnipeg, Second Edition, 2006, ch.1, pp.1-26 & ch.7 336-398 respectively. • J. Neale, “Another World is Possible” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.248-263.

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* On the Occupy movement the best mainstream media source is: The Guardian @ www.guardian.co.uk. For a socialist interpretation see: www.swp.org.uk and www.internationalsocialist.org and for a neoliberal interpretation see The Economist @ www.economist.com.

Supplementary Reading Guide

It will not be possible for you to read everything listed here. Recommended readings (for essay writing, exam preparation, etc.) are marked with either * or §. Where the books are listed above the full details may not be provided. N.B. material held on reserve may not always be catalogued in the same way as it is in this reading guide.

KEY: * indicates core reading - absolutely must read; § supplementary - useful but not absolutely essential; other references - a resource to use for essays or for future reference.

Introduction

Definitions and General Introductions •D. Held, Models of Democracy, “Introduction”, pp.1-6. •R. Williams, “Democracy” in P. Green (ed), Democracy: Key Concepts in Critical Theory, Humanities Press, New jersey, 1993, ch.1., pp.19-23. P. Green, “Democracy as a Contested Idea” in P. Green (ed), as above, pp. 2-18. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings *D. Held, “Democracy: From City States to A Cosmopolitan Order” in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 13-25. (On Reserve). B. Holden, The Nature of Democracy, Nelson, London, 1974, ch. 1.

Section 1: Athenian Democracy

Athenian Democracy, 508-322 BC • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.1 “Origins: Democracy in the Ancient Greek World”, pp.14-36. •D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, ch. 1 “Classical Democracy: Athens”. *J. Thorley, Athenian Democracy, Routledge, London and New York, 1996. *E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.6 “Labour and Democracy, Ancient and Modern.” *J. Ober, '"I Besieged that Man": Democracy's Revolutionary Start', in K. A. Raaflaub, J. Ober and R. W. Wallace (eds) Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, Berkley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. §P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, New Left Books, London, 1974, ch. 2 ‘Greece’, pp.29-44.

§A. Arblaster, Democracy, Second Edition, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1994, chs. 2-3 and additionally, if you are writing an essay on this topic, you might also like to read ch. 4. (On Reserve). §R. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989, Ch. 1 “The First Transformation: To the Democratic City-State”, pp.13-23 In POLS 208: Democracy Readings. §R.K. Sinclair, Democracy and participation in Athens, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, chs. 1,4,8 §G.E.M. de Ste Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, Duckworth, London, 1983, ch. V “The Class Struggle in Greek History on the Political Plane”. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings . G. E. M. De Ste. Croix, Athenian Democratic Origins and Other Essays, Oxford: University of Oxford, 2004. §E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”. In reading brick. S. Hornblower, “Creation and Development of Democratic Institutions in Ancient Greece” in J. Dunn (ed), Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, ch.2, pp.17-41. C. Farrar, The Origins of Democratic Thinking, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, ch.7. C. Farrar, “Ancient Greek Political Theory as a Response to Democracy”, in J. Dunn (ed), Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, ch.1, pp.1-17. M.H. Hansen, The Athenian Assembly in the Age of Demosthenes, Oxford and Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1987. M.H. Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes, Blackwell, Oxford, 1991, ch.4.

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R. Harrison, Democracy, Routledge, London and New York, 1993, chs.1-2. J. Ober, The Athenian Revolution, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1996. J. Ober and C. Hedrick (eds), Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracies, Ancient and Modern, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1996. R. Osborne, R. Demos: The Discovery of Classical Attika, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. M. Mann, The Sources of Social Power, Volume 1: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, ch.7 ‘Phoenicians and Greeks’, pp.190-229. Raaflaub, K. A., Ober, J. and Wallace, R. W. Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece, Berkley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, 2007. J. Roberts, Athens on Trial: The Antidemocratic Tradition in Western Thought, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 1994. D. Stockton, The Classical Athenian Democracy, Oxford and New York: University of Oxford. E. Wood, Peasant-Citizen and Slave: The Foundations of Athenian Democracy, Verso, London, 1988, ch.4. E. Wood & N. Wood, Class Ideology and Ancient Political Theory: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in Social Context, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1978.

Section 2: Liberal Representative Democracy

What is Representative Democracy? The Liberal Pluralist View • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.8 “Capitalist Expansion, Globalisation and Democratisation”, pp.204-206 • R. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989, ch. 2: “Toward the Second Transformation: Republicanism, Representation, and the Logic of Equality”, pp.24-30 & ch. 15 ‘The Second Democratic Transformation: from the City State to the Nation-State’, pp. 213-224. •R. Mulgan, Democracy and Power in New Zealand, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 1989, ch. 2 “A Model of Democratic Government”, pp.39-43. *P. Dunleavy and B. O’Leary, Theories of the State, Macmillan, London, 1987, ch. 2 “Pluralism.” *D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, ch. 6 “Pluralism, Corporate Capitalism and the State”, pp.158-172.

R. Dahl, Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent, Rand McNally, Chicago, 1967, chs.1-2. §P. Green (ed), Democracy: Key Concepts in Critical Theory, Humanities Press, New Jersey, 1993, Part III: “Representative Government”, pp.44-66. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings. §D. Held, Models of Democracy, 2nd edn. ch. 2, pp.88-120. §B. Holden, Understanding Liberal Democracy, Second Edition, Harvester/Wheatsheaf, New York, 1993, ch. 2 “The Nature of Liberal Democracy”, pp.49-72. I. Katznelson and M.Kesselman, The Politics of Power; A Critical Introduction to American Government, Second Edition, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, ch.1.

The Historical Emergence and Development of Liberal Representative Democracy

The Rise of Capitalism and the English Revolution, 1640-88

Feudalism, Absolutism and the Emergence of Capitalism in England and France • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.3 “The Early Middle Ages and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism”, pp.67-87. *R. Brenner, ‘Feudalism’ in J. Eatwell et al (eds), The New Palgrave: Marxian Economics, Macmillan, London, 1990, pp. 170-185. *A. Shaikh, ‘Capital as a Social Relation’ in J. Eatwell et al (eds), The New Palgrave: Marxian Economics, Macmillan, London, 1990, pp. 72-78. *E. Wood, The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View, Verso, London, 2002, ch.5 ‘The Agrarian Origin of Capitalism’.

P. Anderson, Passages from Feudalism to Antiquity and Lineages of the Absolutist State, both London: NLB, 1974 T.H. Aston and C.H.E. Pilpin (eds.), The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre- Industrial Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. §R. Brenner, ‘Bourgeois Revolution and Transition to Capitalism’, in A. L. Beier et. al. (eds.), The First Modern Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 271-304. §A. Callinicos, ‘Bourgeois Revolutions and Historical Materialism’, in International Socialism, No. 43, June 1989, pp.117-136. §D. Hallas,. ‘The Bourgeois Revolution’, in Socialist Worker Review, January 1998, pp. 17-20; §C. Harman, ‘From Feudalism to Capitalism’ in Marxism and History, Bookmarks, London, 1998, pp.55-117.

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§E. Hobsbawm, "The Making of a 'Bourgeois Revolution'", in F. Feher (ed), The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1990, pp.30-48. §C. Mooers, The Making of Bourgeois Europe. London & New York: Verso, 1991, ch.4, pp.155-171. N.B. these items are available in library under: POLS 208: Bourgeois Revolutions

Events and Actors in the English Revolution 1640-88 • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.3 “The Early Middle Ages and the Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism”, pp.67-87. • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.4 “The English Revolution and Parliamentary Democracy”, pp.88-118. •C. Hill, ‘A Bourgeois Revolution?’, in J. Pocock (ed.) Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980, pp. 109-140. •C Hill, The Century of Revolution, 2nd edn., Van Nostrand Reinhold Ltd, U.K., 1980, chs. 7,11,12,20. *B. Coward, The Stuart Age: England 1603-1714, Second Edition, Longman, London and New York, 1994, ch.6. ‘The Making of the English Revolution, 1640-49’. (On reserve). *C. Hill, ‘A Bourgeois Revolution?’, in J. Pocock (ed.) Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980, pp. 109-140. *B. Manning, Aristocrats, Plebeians and Revolution in England 1640-1660, Pluto Press, London, 1996, especially Introduction & ch.8 ‘The Unfinished Revolution’. *B. Roper, The History of Democracy, ch.4 ‘The English Revolution and Parliamentary Democracy’.

§A. Callinicos, “Bourgeois Revolutions and Historical Materialism” in International Socialism, no. 43, June 1989, pp.136-141. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings . §D. Hallas, 'The Decisive Settlement’, in Socialist Worker Review, October 1988, pp. 17-20 §C. Hill, The Century of Revolution 1603-1714, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Berkshire, 1980,chs. 11 & 20. B. Manning,, The English People and the English Revolution, 1640-1649. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1978; ______,1649: The Crisis of the English Revolution. London: Bookmarks, 1992; ______, The Far Left in the English Revolution, 1640-1960, London: Bookmarks, 1999. E. Wood and A. Wood, The Pristine Culture of Capitalism. London & New York: Verso, 1991, ch.4 E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”, pp.204-213.

Chronologies of the English Revolution: N.B. There are a number of useful chronologies of the 17th century in English history: B. Coward, The Stuart Age: England 1603-1714, Second Edition, Longman, London and New York, 1994, pp.512-540. C. Hill, The Century of Revolution 1603-1714, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Berkshire, 1980, pp.6-10, 94-100, 166-171, 220-223. B. Manning, Aristocrats, Plebeians and Revolution in England 1640-1660, Pluto Press, London, 1996, pp.viii-x.

The Revolutionary Revival of Democracy in France, 1789-93 • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.6 “The Revolutionary Revival of Democracy in France”, pp.153-177. •G. Rude´, The French Revolution, Phoenix, London, 1988, ‘Why was there a Revolution in France?’, pp.1-11. •G. Rude´, The French Revolution, Phoenix, London, 1988, pp.36-87. •A. Soboul, A Short History of the French Revolution, University of California, Berkeley, 1977, chs.1-2, pp.56-125. *C. Harman, (1999). A People's History of the World, Bookmarks, London, pp.277-302. *P. McGarr, ‘The Great French Revolution’ in Marxism and The Great French Revolution. London, Bookmarks, 1989. *G. Rude´, The French Revolution, Phoenix, London, 1988, pp.36-87. *A. Soboul, A Short History of the French Revolution, University of California, Berkeley, 1977, chs.1-2, pp.56-125.

§A. Callinicos, ‘Bourgeois Revolutions and Historical Materialism’ in Marxism and The Great French Revolution. London, Bookmarks, 1989, pp.7-14.pp.113-122; 141-151. §E. Hobsbawm. (1962). The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789-1848. London: Abacus. G. Lefebvre, The French Revolution: From its Origins to 1793 (2 Vols.). Trans. Elizabeth Moss Evanson. Columbia University Press, New York, 1962. §G. Lewis, The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. Routledge, London and New York, 1993, chs.2-3. §P. McGarr, ‘The Great French Revolution’ in Marxism and The Great French Revolution. London, Bookmarks, 1989, pp.15-110. §C. Mooers, The Making of Bourgeois Europe. London & New York: Verso, 1991. G. Rudé, The Crowd in the French Revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959. A. Soboul, The French Revolution 1787-1799, Alan Forrest and Colin Jones (trans.), Vintage Books, New York, 1974.

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Chronologies of the French Revolution: P. McGarr, ‘The Great French Revolution’ in Marxism and The Great French Revolution. London, Bookmarks, 1989, pp.7-14. G. Rude´, The French Revolution, Phoenix, London, 1988, pp.187-190, glossary of terms 191-197. A. Soboul, A Short History of the French Revolution, University of California, Berkeley, 1977, pp.xvi-xxvi.

American Revolution and Constitutional Redefinition of Democracy, 1776-1789. • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.5 “The American Revolution and Constitutional Redefinition of Democracy”, pp.119-152. •E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”, pp.204-237, but especially 213-237. *C. Bonwick, The American Revolution. Macmillan, London, 1991, pp.86-149; 201-251. (On reserve) *J. Greene, & Pole, J. (Eds.). (2000). A Companion to the American Revolution. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. *R. Raphael, A People’s History of the American Revolution, The New Press, New York, 2001. *B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, (forthcoming) ch.5 “The American Revolution”. *E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”, pp.204-237, but especially 213-237. *H. Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present, Perennial Classics, New York, 1999, ch.4 ‘Tyranny is Tyranny’pp.59-77 and ch.5 ‘A Kind of Revolution’, pp. 78-103.

§P. Boyer etal., The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, 1993, ch.6 ‘The Forge of Nationhood, 1776-1788’. §E. Countryman, The American Revolution, Hill and Hang, New York, 1985. E/208/CU75 §M. Diamond, et al., The Democratic Republic: An Introduction to American National Government. Rand McNally, Chicago 1966, chs.2-4. T. Draper, A Struggle For Power: The American Revolution. New York: Random House, 1996. E. Foner, The Story of American Freedom, W.W. Norton & Company, New York & London, 1998, ch.1. M.J. Heale, The American Revolution, Methuen, London, 1986. H. Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present, Perennial Classics, New York, 1999, chs.4-6.

The Liberal Tradition: Theory

Classical Pluralism *R. Mulgan, Democracy and Power in New Zealand, Second Edition, ch. 2 “A Model of Democratic Government.” See also chs. 1 & 3-4. *M. Carnoy, The State and Political Theory, Princeton, USA, 1984, ch. 1 “The State and American Political Thought.” §R. Dahl, “A Preface to Democratic Theory” in D. Held et al. (eds), States and Societies, 1983, pp. 125-126. §P. Dunleavy and B. O’Leary, Theories of the State, Macmillan, London, 1987, ch. 2 “Pluralism.” E. Etzioni-Halevy, Bureaucracy and Democracy, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1983, ch. 3: "Modern Theories: Pluralism and Government Overload.” C. Ham and C. Hill, The Policy Process in the Modern Capitalist State, ch. 2: "The Role of the State". §S. Lukes, Power: A Radical View, Macmillan, London, 1974, ch. 1, pp. 11-15. A. Vincent, Theories of the State, Basil Blackwell, London, 1987, ch. 6 “The Pluralist Theory of the State.”

Critique of Pluralism *S. Lukes, Power: A Radical View, Macmillan, London, 1974, chs. 2-6, pp. 9-35. *B. Roper, “A Level Playing Field? Business Political Activism and State Policy Formation” in Roper and Rudd (eds), State and Economy in New Zealand, ch. 10, pp. 147-151. §T. Bilton et al, Introductory Sociology, First Edition, Macmillan Press, London, 1987, ch. 4. “Power and Politics” (Photocopy on Reserve). P. Bachrach and M. Baratz, "Two Faces of Power", in American Political Science Review, vol. 56, 1962, pp. 947-952. ______, "Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework", American Political Science Review, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 632-642. §A. Giddens, Sociology: A Brief but Critical Introduction, ch. 4: "The Modern State". C. Ham and C. Hill, The Policy Process in the Modern Capitalist State, ch. 2: "The Role of the State" & ch. 4: "Power and Decision Making". B. Jessop, “Capitalism and Democracy: The Best Possible Political Shell?”, in D. Held et al. (eds), States and Societies, 1983, pp. 272-289. §C. Lindblom, The Policy-Making Process, Second Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1980, ch. 9: "The Privileged Position of Business in Policy Making". C. Lindblom, Politics and Markets, Basic Books, New York, 1977, ch. 13 “The Privileged Position of Business”.

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§R. Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society, ch. 2: "Economic Elites and Dominant Class" & ch. 6: "Imperfect Competition". N. Perry, “Corporatist Tendencies in Context” in ANZJS, vol. 23., no. 1, March 1987, pp. 114-124. A critical review of Mulgan’s book. G. Therborn, “The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy”, in D. Held et al. (eds), States and Societies, 1983, pp. 261-271.

Neo-Pluralism *P. Dunleavy and B. O’Leary, Theories of the State, Macmillan, London, 1987, ch. 2 “Neo-Pluralism.” *R. Mulgan, “A Pluralist Analysis of the New Zealand State” in Roper and Rudd (eds), State and Economy in New Zealand, ch. 7. F. Canavan, The Pluralist Game: Pluralism, Liberalism, and the Moral Conscience, F.Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, MD, 1995. R. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1971. R. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989. J. Gray, Enlightenment's Wake : Politics and Culture at the Close of the Modern Age, Routledge, London & New York, 1995. G. Jordan, “The Pluralism of Pluralisms: An Anti-Theory?” in Political Studies, vol. 38, 1990, pp.286-301. C. Lindblom, Politics and Markets, Basic Books, New York, 1977. G. McLennan, Marxism, Pluralism and Beyond: Classic Debates and New Departures, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1989. D. Millar (ed), Pluralism, justice, and equality, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. R. Mulgan, Politics in New Zealand, Second Edition, Auckland University Press, 1997, ch. 1 “A Pluralist Theory of the State”. M.J. Smith, “Pluralism, Reformed Pluralism and Neo-Pluralism”, in Political Studies, vol. 38, 1990, pp.302-322.

Neo-Liberalism *A. Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State, Macmillan, London, 1988, chs. 2, 3 (pp. 80-95) & 4. *S. Goldfinch, “The Treasury and Public Policy Formation” in Roper and Rudd (eds), New Zealand’s Political Economy, ch. 4. *D. King, The New Right: Politics, Markets and Citizenship, Macmillan, London, 1987, chs 2, 7 &8. For major texts and sympathetic surveys of the literature by those associated with neoliberalism see: §N. Barry, On Classical Liberalism and Libertarianism, Macmillan, London, 1990, chs. 3-4. §M. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982. ______and R. Friedman, Free to Choose, Penguin, 1980. §D. Green, The New Right, Wheatsheaf, London, 1987, chs. 3-5. §F. Hayek, “The Principles of a Liberal Social Order”, in A. De Crespigny & J. Cronin (eds), Ideologies of Politics, Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1978, pp. 55-78. A useful short summary of liberal political theory by Hayek himself. ______The Constitution of Liberty, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1960. In this work Hayek exposits his version of classical liberal political theory. §R. Levitas, (ed) The Ideology of the New Right, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1987. Treasury, Government Management, Wellington, 1987, especially ch. 1.

Section 3: Socialist Participatory Democracy

The Paris Commune 1871 and Socialist Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.241-252. •S. Edwards (ed), The Communards of Paris, 1871, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1973, ‘Introduction’, pp.9-42. * D. Gluckstein, The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy, Bookmarks, London, 2006, ch.1 ‘The Commune’s Achievements’, pp.11-55. *C. Harman, (1999). A People's History of the World, Bookmarks, London, pp.368-74. *Horne, A. (1971). The Terrible Year: The Paris Commune, 1871. London: MacMillan London. *K. Marx, ‘The Civil War in France’. In K. Marx, Selected Works in One Volume, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1968. *S. Edwards (ed), The Communards of Paris, 1871, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1973, ‘Introduction’, pp.9-42. * D. Gluckstein, The Paris Commune: A Revolution in Democracy, Bookmarks, London, 2006, ch.1 ‘The Commune’s Achievements’, pp.11-55. *K. Marx, ‘The Civil War in France’. In K. Marx, Selected Works in One Volume, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1968. In reading brick and POLS 208: Democracy Readings.

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*S. Rowbotham, (1972). Women, Resistance and Revolution. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp.103-107

§D. Barry, Women and Political Insurgency: France in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, Macmillan Press, London, 1996, ch.7 ‘The Commune of 1871: the Great Venture in Female Citizenship’, pp.105-154. S. Edwards, The Paris Commune 1871, Quadrangle Books, New York, 1971. §C. Eichner, (2004). Surmounting the Barricades: Women in the Paris Commune. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. G. Gullickson, Unruly Women of Paris, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1996. J. Hicks & R. Tucker, Revolution & Reaction: The Paris Commune 1871, University of Massachusetts Press, 1973. §A. Horne, (1965). The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870-1. London; Melbourne; Toronto: MacMillan. §E. Mason, The Paris Commune: An Episode in the History of the Socialist Movement, Howard Fertig, NewYork, 1967, ch.IV ‘The Commune of Paris’, pp.171-241. R. Miliband (ed), The Paris Commune of 1871, Jonathon Cope, London, 1972.

The Russian Revolutions of 1905 1917: Democratic Revolutions? • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.252-268. • S. Wright, Russia: The Making of the Revolution, Bookmarks, London, 1984. *E.H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, (three volumes), Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1952. *D. Gluckstein, The Western Soviets: Workers’ Councils versus Parliament 1915-1920, Bookmarks, London, 1985, ch.1 ‘Soviets and Revolution in Petrograd’, pp.10-45. *C. Harman, (1999). A People's History of the World, Bookmarks, London, pp.405-29. *M. Haynes, Russia: Class and Power, 1917-2000, Bookmarks, London and Sydney, 2002, ch. 2 ‘Revolution’, pp.15-41. *M. Liebman, The Russian Revolution: the Origins, Phases and Meaning of the Bolshevik Victory, Cape, London, 1970.

E.H. Carr, 1917: Before and After, Macmillan, London, 1969. §A. Gibbons, Russia: How the Revolution was Lost, Bookmarks, London, 1984. §M. Liebman, Leninism under Lenin, Jonathan Cape, London, 1975, Part I, ch.3, Part II, ch.3, Part III, ch.1, pp.213-231. D. Mandel, The Petrograd Workers and the Seizure of Power, Basingstoke, 1984. §J. Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World: The Illustrated Edition. Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 1997. §J. Rees, ‘In Defence of October’, in International Socialism, no. 52, 1991, pp.3-82. V. Serge, Year One of the Russian Revolution, Penguin, London, 1970. §L. Trotsky, History of the Russian Revolution, Vol. 1. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1980, Volume 3, ch. X ‘The Congress of the Soviet Dictatorship’, pp.302-343. §L. Trotsky, The Permanent Revolution & Results and Prospects, Pathfinder Press, New York, 1969, ch.3, pp.52-61 & ch.6. pp.75-81.

The Classical Marxist Vision of Socialism: §V. Lenin, State and Revolution: The Marxist Theory of the State in Collected Works, vol. 25. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings. §R. Luxemburg, ‘The Russian Revolution’. In M. Waters (Ed.), Rosa Luxemburg Speaks, New York: Pathfinder, 1918. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings . §K. Marx, ‘The Civil War in France’. In K. Marx, Selected Works in One Volume, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1968. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings. §L. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?, Pathfinder Press, New York, 1937, particularly pp. 260- 272 & 284-290.

Excellent Accounts of Marx and Engels’ Vision of Socialism: §Nimtz, A. (2000). Marx and Engels: Their Contribution to the Democratic Breakthrough. New York, SUNY Press. §Hudis, P. (2013). Marx's Concept of the Alternative to Capitalism. Chicago, Haymarket Books. §Lowy, M. (2003). The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx. Leiden and Boston, Brill.

Revolution, Socialism and Participatory Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.274-275 •A. Callinicos, “What will socialism be like?” in Socialist Review, Jan. 1993, pp. 18-20. •A. Callinicos, “Socialism and Democracy” in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, ch.9, pp. 200-213. •E. Mandel, “Socialism and Individual Rights” in Against the Current, vol. 6, no.2, May-June 1991, pp.41-42.

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*J. Molyneux, Arguments for Revolutionary Socialism, Second Edition, Bookmarks, London, 1991, ch.7 “The Future Socialist Society” *I. Meszaros, The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time: Socialism in the Twenty-First Century, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2008, ch.9 “Socialism in the Twenty-First Century”.

Revolution and Democracy *N. Geras, Literature of Revolution, Verso, London, 1986, ch. 6 “Marxism and Proletarian Self-Emancipation.” *J. Molyneux, Arguments for Revolutionary Socialism, Second Edition, Bookmarks, London, 1991, pp.18-20; 34-37; 46- 47; 80-81; 119-125. §A. Callinicos, Making History, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1987, ch. 5 “Tradition and Revolution” §R. Luxemburg, Reform or Revolution, Pathfinder Press, New York, 1970. In addition see the readings for lecture 26 below.

Socialist Participatory Democracy *A. Callinicos, “What will socialism be like?” in Socialist Review, Jan. 1993, pp. 18-20. *A. Callinicos, “Socialism and Democracy” in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, ch.9, pp. 200-213. *J. Molyneux, Arguments for Revolutionary Socialism, Second Edition, Bookmarks, London, 1991, ch.7 “The Future Socialist Society” On Reserve. *E. Mandel, “Socialism and Individual Rights” in Against the Current, vol. 6, no.2, May-June 1991, pp.41-42. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings. §H. Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume One, State and Bureaucracy, ch. 13: "The State and Democratic Forms". §D. Held, Models of Democracy, ch. 4 “Direct Democracy and the End of Politics”, pp.136-147.

More recent books that outline various accounts of what socialism and socialist democracy could be like: §P. Devine, Democracy and Economic Planning: The Political Economy of a Self-Governing Society, Polity Press, Oxford, 1988 §C. Harman, Revolution in the 21st Century, Bookmarks, London, 2007. §M. Lebowitz, The Socialist Alternative: Real Human Development, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2010. §I. Meszaros, The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time: Socialism in the Twenty-First Century, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2008, ch.9 “Socialism in the Twenty-First Century”. §R. Wolff, Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism, Haymarket Books, Chicago, 2012. Colin Cremin, Totalled: Salvaging the Future from the Wreckage of Capitalism, Pluto, London, 2015.

Supplementary: H. Draper, Socialism from Below, Humanities Press, New Jersey, 1992, “The Two Souls of Socialism”. H. Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume Three, The ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat’, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1986. J. Freeman-Moir, “People, Government and Democracy”, in NZMR, no. 323, March 1990, pp. 4-6. N. Geras, Literature of Revolution, ch. 11 “Classical Marxism and Proletarian Representation”, pp. 195-216. D. Gluckstein, The Western Soviets: Workers’ Councils versus Parliament, 1915-1920, Bookmarks, London, 1985.

The Rise and Fall of Stalinism: Death of Socialism? • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.10 “Precursors of Socialist Participatory Democracy: The Paris Commune 1871 and Russian Revolutions 1905 and 1917”, pp.269-274. *A. Callinicos, The Revenge of History: Marxism and the East European Revolutions, Polity Press, Oxford, 1991: “Introduction” ch. 1 “The End of Socialism?”, pp. 15-20; ch. 2 “The Ancien Regime and the Revolution”, pp. 21-40; Ch. 4 “Beyond the Market”, pp. 106-133. *M. Haynes, Russia: Class and Power, 1917-2000, Bookmarks, London and Sydney, 2002, ch. 3 ‘Degeneration’, pp.41- 78. *B. Roper, “Socialism and Democracy: The Classical Marxist Foundation for Contemporary Debates” This is handout, make sure you get a copy. *C. Harman, Class Struggles in Eastern Europe. Bookmarks, London, 1988, “Eastern Europe After the Second World War”, pp.15-42.

§P. Binns et al., Russia: from Workers State to State Capitalism, Bookmarks, London, 1987. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings . §T. Cliff, State Capitalism in Russia, Pluto Press, London, (1955) 1974, ch. 2 "State and Party in Stalinist Russia". §S. Cowan, “Stalinism: Is Marxism to Blame?”, in NZMR, no. 323, March 1990, pp. 14-18. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings .

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§H. Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, vol. 1, ch. 13 "The State and Democratic Forms". (On Reserve) §A. Gibbons, Russia: How the Revolution was Lost, Bookmarks, London, 1984. §D. Haynes, “Was there a Parliamentary Alternative in Russia in 1917?” in International Socialism, 1997, pp.3-66. §D. Held, Models of Democracy, ch. 8 “Democracy After the Upheavals in Soviet Communism”. §L. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?, Pathfinder Press, New York, 1937, particularly pp. 260- 272 & 284-290. C. Harman, "The Storm Breaks" in International Socialism, no. 46, 1990, pp. 3-93. M. Liebman, Leninism under Lenin, Pluto Press, London, 1975. J. Molyneux, The Future Socialist Society, Bookmarks, London, 1987. J. Rees, “In Defence of October” in International Socialism, no.52, Autumn 1991, pp.3-83. B. Roper, “The Collapse of Stalinism and the Future of Marxism” in ACCESS, March 1986. N.B. The journal - International Socialism - is not held in the library. I will loan you photocopies of the articles if you contact me.

The Marxist Tradition

Historical Materialism *A. Callinicos, The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx, Bookmarks, London, 1983, chs. 3-5. A basic introduction. *E. Mandel, "The Place of Marxism in History", in Notebooks for Study and Research, vol. 1, no. 1, 1986, pp. 3-12. K. Marx, “Preface” to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Progress Publishers, Moscow, (1859) 1978. A three page summary of historical materialism. §P. Anderson, In the Tracks of Historical Materialism, Verso, London, 1983 chs. 1 & 4. §R. Bhaskar, “On the Possibility of Social Scientific Knowledge and the Limits of Naturalism”, in J. Mepham (ed), Issues in Marxist Philosophy, vol. 3, The Harvester Press, Sussex, 1979, pp. 107-139. Provides a seminal critique of utilitarian methodological individualism and a defence of the historical materialist (transformational) conception of social activity. R. Bhaskar, Reclaiming Reality: A Critical Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, Verso, London, 1989, chs. 1, 5, 6, 7. A sophisticated discussion of the philosophical underpinnings of historical materialism. §A. Callinicos, Making History, Polity Press, Oxford, 1987, ch. 2, “Structure and Action”. A very difficult read but worth it - an extremely sophisticated contemporary defence of historical materialism. §G.A. Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History - A Defence, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978. A. Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, London, 1971, chs 2-3. §E. Mandel, Introduction to Marxism, Pluto Press, London, 1979, chs. 1-4. K. Marx, "Theses on Feuerbach", in Marx, K. and Engels, F. Selected Works in One Volume, Moscow, (1846) 1968, pp. 28-30. Necessary reading for those who suffer from the delusion that Marx was a simple economic determinist. §K. Marx and F. Engels, The German Ideology, Progress Publishers, Moscow, (1846) 1976, Part I. The original statement of the materialist conception of history. §G. Therborn, Science, Class and Society, ch. 6. “Working Class Struggles and Theoretical Breaks: the Social and Theoretical Formation of Historical Materialism”

Marxian Economics: Basic Concepts *K. Cole et al., Why Economists Disagree, ch. 8. *E. Mandel, An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory, Pathfinder Press, New York, 1969. *R. Steven, “A Summary of Basic Concepts Used in a Marxist Analysis” Photocopy on reserve. §B. Fine, Marx’s Capital, Third Edition, Macmillan, 1989, chs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7. These are all very short chapters and provide a very useful introduction to Marxian economic theory. P. Jalee, How Capitalism Works, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1977, chs. 2-5. G. Kay, The Economic Theory of the Working Class, St Martins Press, New York, 1979. §E. Mandel, “Economics”, in D. McLellan (ed), Marx: The First Hundred Years, pp. 189-238. Photocopy on reserve. §______, "The Place of Marxism in History", cit. above, pp. 12-15. R. Meek, Studies in the Labour Theory of Value, Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1973, chs. 4-5. R. Rowthorn, “Neo-Classicism, Neo-Ricardianism and Marxism” in New Left Review, no. 86, 1974, pp. 75-87. §P. Sweezy, The Theory of Capitalist Development, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1942, chs. 2-4.

Marxian Crisis Theory *A. Callinicos, Bonfires of Illusion: The Twin Crises of the Liberal World, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2010. *A. Glyn, Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. *C. Harman, (2010). Zombie Capitalism: Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx. Chicago, Ill., Haymarket Books. *D. Harvey, The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism, University of Oxfrod Press, Oxford, 2010. *D. Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. *A. Shaikh, "Economic Crisis", in Bottomore, T. et al., (eds) The Dictionary of Marxist Thought, 1983, pp. 142-143. *______"Falling Rate of Profit", in Bottomore, T. et al., (eds) The Dictionary of Marxist Thought, 1983, pp. 159-161. *______"The Falling Rate of Profit and the Economic Crisis in the U.S.", in Cherry, R. et al., (eds) The Imperiled Economy, Book One, pp. 115-127.

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§P. Armstrong, A. Glyn and J Harrison, Capitalism Since World War Two: The Making and Breakup of the Great Boom, Second Edition, 1991, ch. 14. Questionable theoretical analysis but lots of interesting data. §J.N. Devine, "An Introduction to Radical Theories of Economic Crises", in Cherry, R. et al., (eds) The Imperiled Economy, Book One, pp. 19-32. §P. Dunne, Quantitative Marxism, particularly chs. 1,5 & 8. §B. Fine, Marx’s Capital, chs. 9-10. D. Harvey, The Limits to Capital, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1982. N. Harris, Of Bread and Guns: The World Economy in Crisis, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1983. §E. Mandel, Marxist Economic Theory, vol. 1, Monthly Review Press, ch. 11. ______, Late Capitalism, New Left Books, London, (1972) 1975. ______, Long Waves of Capitalist Development, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980. ______, “Economics” in D. McLellan (ed), Marx: The First Hundred Years, Fontana, London, 1983, pp. 189-238. §K. Marx, Capital, vol.III, chs., xiii-xiv. F. Moseley, The Falling Rate of Profit in the Post-War United States Economy, St. Martins Press, New York, 1991. §A. Shaikh, "An Introduction to the History of Crisis Theories", in Union for Radical Political Economics, US Capitalism in Crisis, Economics Education Project, New York, 1978, pp. 219-241. §A. Shaikh and E. Tonak, Measuring the Wealth of Nations: The Political Economy of National Accounts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994.

Marxist State Theory *T. Bilton et al, Introductory Sociology, First Edition, Macmillan Press, London, 1981, ch. 4., pp. 206-221 (photocopy on reserve). *A. Callinicos, "Marxism and Politics", in A. Leftwich (ed) What is Politics ?, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1984, pp. 62-85. *C. Offe and V. Ronge, “Theses on the Theory of the State” in Giddens, A. and Held, D. (eds), Classes, Power, and Conflict: Classical and Contemporary Debates, Macmillan, London, 1975. §R. Miliband, Marxism and Politics, Oxford University Press, London, 1977, ch. IV. §M. Carnoy, The State and Political Theory, ch. 2 “Marx, Engels, Lenin, and the State.” §H. Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume One, State and Bureaucracy, ch. 13: "The State and Democratic Forms"; ch. 14: "The Tendency Towards State Autonomy". V. Lenin, State and Revolution: The Marxist Theory of the State in Collected Works, vol. 25, ch 1 “Class Society and the State” pp. 390-406. ______, “The State” in Collected Works, vol. 29, pp. 470-488. E. Mandel, Late Capitalism, Verso, London, 1985, ch. 15. §______Introduction to Marxism, Pluto Press, London, 1977, ch. 3, pp. 26-33. E. Mandel, "The Place of Marxism in History", in Notebooks for Study and Research, vol. 1, no. 1, 1986, pp. 3-12.

Section 4: Democracy in the 21st Century

Global Warming and Climate Change: Causes and Solutions • J. Neale, “Abrupt Climate Change” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.13- 25. • J. Bellamy Foster, B. Clark and R. York, The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Earth, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2010, pp. 121-153. *N. Klein, This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Environment, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2014. *J. Neale, “Part Two: Solutions That Could Work Now” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.49-57. *M. Ware, “Toward an anti-capitalist climate change movement.” In International Socialist Review, Issue 94, 2014, pp. 21-26. *H. Their, “Marxism and Eco-socialism.” In International Socialist Review, Issue 94, 2014, pp. 27-40. *C. Williams, Ecology and Socialism: Solutions to Capitalist Ecological Crisis, Haymark Books, Chicago, 2010.

General Introductions to the Science and Political Economy of Climate Change J. Bellamy Foster, The Vulnerable Planet: A Short Economic History of the Environment, Monthly Review Press, 1999. J. Clapp and P. Dauvergne, Paths to a Green World: The Political Economy of the Global Environment, 2nd edn., The MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts and London, 2011. A. Dessler and E. Parson, The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the Debate, 2nd edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010. K. Dow and T. Downing, The Atlas of Climate Change: Mapping the World’s Greatest Challenge, 3rd edn., University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2011. J. Hardy, Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Wiley, Chichester, 2003. R. Henson, The Rough Guide to Climate Change, 3rd edn., Rough Guides, London, 2011.

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Kunzig, R. and W. S. Broecker (2008). Fixing climate: the story of climate science - and how to stop global warming. London, Green Profile/Sort Of Books. E. Mathez, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press, New York, 2009. A. Parr, The Wrath of Capital: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics, Columbia University Press, New York, 2013. A. Simms, Ecological Debt: Global Warming and the Wealth of Nations, 2nd edn., Pluto Press, London, 2009.

Eco-socialism J. Bellamy Foster, Marx’s Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York, Monthly Review Press, 2000. J. Bellamy Foster, The Ecological Revolution: Making Peace with the Planet, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2009. J. Bellamy Foster, B. Clark, and R. York, The Ecological Rift: Capitalism’s War on the Planet, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2010. Burkett, P. (2006). Marxism and Ecological Economics, Brill. Hughes, J. (2000). Ecology and Historical Materialism. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Pepper, D. (1993). Eco-Socialism: from Deep Ecology to Social Justice. London, Routledge.

Pro-capitalist environmentalist economics. P. Newell and M. Paterson, Climate Capitalism: Global Warming and the Transformation of the Global Economy, Cambridge University press, Cambridge, 2011. Virtually all of the large number of books in the environmental economics section of the central library fall into this category- check out the books with call numbers beginning: HC79.E5. A good introduction to neoclassical economic concepts used in environmental economics is provided by: J. Asaful-Adjaye, Environmental Economics for Non-Economists, World Scientific, Singapore, 2005.

On the politics and public policy of climate change: G. Bertram and S. Terry, The Carbon Challenge: New Zealand’s Emissions Trading Scheme, Bridget Williams Press, Wellington, 2010. J. Boston, ‘Climate Change Policy’ in J. Hayward (ed), New Zealand Government and Politics, 6th edn., Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2015, ch.7.7. J. Boston (ed), Towards a New Global Climate Treaty: Looking Beyond 2012, Institute of Policy Studies, Wellington, 2007. R. Chapman, J. Boston, and M. Schwass, Confronting Climate Change: Critical Issues for New Zealand, Victoria university press, Wellington, 2006. J. Neale, “Part Four: Climate Politics” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.163- 222. R. Saunier and R. Meganck, Dictionary and Introduction to Global Environmental Governance, Earth Scan, 2007.

Social Democratic interpretations of the causes of global warming and how to stop it. A. Giddens, The Politics of Climate Change, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2009. D. Held, A. Hervey, and M. Theros, The Governance of Climate Change: Science, Economics, Politics and Ethics, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2011.

Conflicting Views of Democracy – Liberalism vs. Socialism

A) Critiques of Capitalism and Representative Democracy: • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.9 ‘The Marxist Critique of Capitalism and Representative Democracy’, pp.217-236 •R. Miliband, Socialism for a Sceptical Age, Polity Press, Oxford, 1994, ch.1 “The Case Against Capitalism”, pp.7-42. • J. Neale, “Abrupt Climate Change” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.13-25. • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.9 “The Marxist Critique of Capitalism and Representative Democracy”, pp.236-240. •E. Wood, Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ch.7 “The demos versus ‘we, the people’: from ancient to modern conceptions of citizenship”, pp.204-237, but especially 213-237. If you haven’t already read this in relation to the US revolution, then do so now! *R. Miliband, Socialism for a Sceptical Age, Polity Press, Oxford, 1994, ch.1 “The Case Against Capitalism”, pp.7-42.

§H. Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Volume One, State and Bureaucracy, ch. 13: "The State and Democratic Forms" On reserve in POLS 208: Democracy Readings. B. Jessop, “The Democratic State and the National Interest” in D. Coates & G. Johnston (eds), Socialist Arguments, Martin Robertson, Oxford, 1983, pp.83-106. M. Levin, Marx, Engels and Liberal Democracy, MacMillan Press, London, 1989.

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E. Wood, “Demos versus ‘We, the People’: Freedom and Democracy Ancient and Modern” in J. Ober & C. Hedrick (eds), Demokratia: A Conversation on Democracy, Ancient and Modern, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1996, pp.121-137.

B) Defences of Representative Democracy: •B. Holden, Understanding Liberal Democracy, Second Edition, ch. 2 “The Justification of Liberal Democracy” •D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., 2006, Polity Press, Cambridge, ch. 2, “The Development of Liberal Democracy: For and Against the State”, especially pp.62-88. •M. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982, ch.1 “The Relationship between Economic Freedom and Political Freedom’, pp.9-21 and ch.10 “The Distribution of Income”, pp.161-176.

§D. Beetham, “Liberal Democracy and the Limits of Democratization” in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, ch. 2. §N. Bobbio, Which Socialism? University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1987, ch.3 “What alternatives are there to representative democracy? On reserve in POLS 208: Democracy Readings. §N. Bobbio, The Future of Democracy, Polity Press, Oxford, 1987, ch.2 “Representative Democracy”. On reserve in POLS 208: Democracy Readings. §B. Crick, “Republicanism, liberalism and capitalism: a defence of parliamentarism” in G. Duncan (ed), Democracy and the Capitalist State, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, ch.4, pp.63-84. On reserve in POLS 208: Democracy Readings. P. Hirst, Representative Democracy and its Limits, Polity Press, Oxford, 1990, “Introduction” and ch. 6 “Can Socialism Live?”. R. Dahl, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1982, ch. 8 “Remedies”. R. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989.

C) The Liberal Critique of Socialism and Participatory Democracy • D. Held, “The Renewed Necessity of Marxism and Democracy from Below? [A Critique of Marxism]” in Models of Democracy, 3rd Edition, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, pp.225-230. •B. Holden, Understanding Liberal Democracy, 2nd edn., Harvester/Wheatsheaf, New York, 1993, ch. 3 “The radical critique of liberal democracy [A Liberal Response]”, pp.128-133; 149-153; 161-165. • E. Mack, “Friedrich Hayek on the Nature of Social Order and Law” in C. Zuckert (ed), Political Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011, pp.129-136.

§M. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982, ch.1. §F.A. von Hayek (ed), Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism, Routledge, London, 1947. D. Held, Models of Democracy, ch. 9 “What Should Democracy Mean Today?” W.A. Kelso, American Democratic Theory: Pluralism and its Critics, Greenwood Press, Westport, 1978. §L. von Mises, Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis, Liberty Classics, Indianapolis 1981. A. Nove, The Economics of a Feasible Socialism Revisited, Second Edition, Harper Collins, 1991. A. Nove, “Markets and Socialism”, in New Left Review, no. 161, Jan-Feb 1987, pp. 98-104.

N.B. see readings in defence of liberal democracy, nearly all of these also contain criticisms of socialism.

D) Is Socialist Democracy Feasible and Desirable? • A. Callinicos, “Liberalism, Marxism, and Democracy: A Response to David Held” in Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 2, (Apr., 1993), pp. 283-288. • P. D’Amato, “But What About...? Arguments Against Socialism” in The Meaning of Marxism, Haymarket Books, Chicago, 2006, pp.190-203. • D. McNally, Against the Market, Verso, London, 1993, pp.189-213. • E. Mandel, “In Defence of Socialist Planning”, in New Left Review, no. 159, Sept-Oct 1986, pp. 5-38. (On reserve). *D. McNally, Against the Market, Verso, London, 1993, ch. 6 “Beyond the Market”. *I. Meszaros, The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time: Socialism in the Twenty-First Century, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2008, ch.9 “Socialism in the Twenty-First Century”.

§A. Campbell, “Democratic Planned Socialism: Feasible Economic Procedures” in Science and Society, vol. 66, no. 1, 2002, pp.29-42. §P. Cockshott and A. Cottrell, “The Relation Between Economic and Political Instances in the Communist Mode of Production” in Science and Society, vol. 66, no. 1, 2002, pp.50-63. §M. Albert and R. Hahnel, “In Defence of Participatory Economics” in Science and Society, vol. 66, no. 1, 2002, pp.7- 21. §P. Devine, Democracy and Economic Planning: The Political Economy of a Self-Governing Society, Polity Press, Oxford, 1988, “Introduction”. §P. Devine, “Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination’ in Science and Society, vol. 66, no. 1, 2002, pp.72-87.

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P. Devine, “Market Socialism or Participatory Planning?” in Review of Radical Political Economics, vol. 24 nos 3&4, 1992, pp. 67-89. P. Devine, Democracy and Economic Planning: The Political Economy of a Self-Governing Society, as above, Ch.6 “Democracy”. §D. Kotz, ‘Socialism and Innovation’, in Science and Society, vol. 66, no. 1, 2002, pp.94-99. §E. Mandel, “The Myth of Market Socialism”, in New Left Review, no. 169, May-June 1988, pp. 108-120. N. Geras, “Seven Types of Obloquy: Travesties of Marxism”. In The Socialist Register, 1990, 1-36. C. Harman, “The Myth of Market Socialism”, in International Socialism, 2:42, 1989, pp. 3-63. G. Pearce, et al., “The Case for Socialism Restated”, in NZMR, no. 303, November 1987.

The Feminist Critique of Liberalism and Representative Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.9 “The Marxist Critique of Capitalism and Representative Democracy”, pp.227-231. • C. Pateman, The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1989, ch. 9 “Feminism and Democracy”. •A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991, especially ch.4 ‘Public Spaces, Private Lives’, pp92-119. *A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991, ch. 1 “Feminism and Democracy” & ch. 3 “The Representation of Women”. (on reserve) *A. Phillips, “Must Feminists Give Up On Liberal Democracy?” in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1993, ch. 4. *The World’s Women 2010: Trends and Statistics, United Nations, New York, 2010. Download as a Pdf file: http://www.google.co.nz/#hl=en&source=hp&biw=1273&bih=747&q=the+world%27s+women+2010&a q=0&aqi=g5g-v5&aql=&oq=The+World%27s+Women&fp=1157913e4dcc4a6d

Feminism and Democracy *A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1991, ch. 1 “Feminism and Democracy” & ch. 3 “The Representation of Women”. *C. Pateman, The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1989, “Introduction” and ch. 9 “Feminism and Democracy”. In POLS 208: Democracy Readings . *A. Phillips, “Must Feminists Give Up On Liberal Democracy?”, in D. Held (ed), Prospects for Democracy, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1993, ch. 4. (On Reserve + in POLS 208: Democracy Readings .) *The World’s Women 2015: Trends and Statistics, United Nations, New York, 2015. Can be downloaded as a Pdf file: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/worldswomen.html

§A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, ch4. “Public Spaces, Private Lives”, pp.96-101. §A. Phillips, Engendering Democracy, ch.6 “So what’s wrong with Liberal Democracy?” §Z. Eisenstein, The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism, Longman, New York, 1980, ch. 5 §R. Du Plessis and J. Higgins, “Feminism” in R. Miller, New Zealand Politics in Transition, Oxford University Press, Auckland, 1997, ch.6.2., pp. 328-340. Z. Eisenstein, The Color of Gender: Reimaging Democracy, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1994, “Introduction”. S. Mendus, “Losing the Faith: Feminism and Democracy” in J. Dunn (ed), Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992, ch11, pp.207-220. S. Rowbotham, “Feminism and Democracy”, in D. Held (ed), New Forms of Democracy, Sage Publications, London, 1986, ch. 4.

Liberal and Radical Feminism *V. Bryson, Feminist Political Theory, - ch. 9 “Modern liberal feminism and its critics”, pp. 159-168 & chs 10-11, pp. 181-196. - ch 10. “Modern radical feminism: the theory of patriarchy” & ch. 11 “Modern radical feminism”, pp. 181-196. §N. Armstrong, “Handling the Hydra: Feminist Analyses of the State” in R. Du Plessis (ed), Feminist Voices: Women’s Studies Texts for Aotearoa/New Zealand, ch. 16. H. Eisenstein, Contemporary Feminist Thought, ch. 14. §S. Franzway et al., Staking a Claim: Feminism, Bureaucracy and the State, Polity Press, Oxford, 1989, ch. 2 “Current Theories” §B. James and K. Saville-Smith, “Feminist Perspectives on Complex Organizations” in S. Olsson (ed), The Gender Factor: Women in New Zealand Organizations, Dunmore Press, Palmerston North, 1992, pp. 31-45. §R. Novitz, “Snakes and Ladders: Feminism and the State” in Race Gender Class, nos. 11/12, 1991, pp. 10-16. §L. Segal, Is the Future Female? ch. 1 “Themes of Popular Feminism”

Socialist Feminism *V. Bryson, Feminist Political Theory, - ch. 13 “Modern Marxist and socialist feminism”, pp. 232-256.

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*R. Hennessy, Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism, London & New York: Routledge, 2000. M. Barrett, Women's Oppression Today, First Edition, Verso, London, 1980, ch. 1, pp. 8-41. §V. Beechy, “On Patriarchy”, Feminist Review, no. 3, 1979, pp. 66-82. R. Brenner and M. Ramas, “Rethinking Women’s Oppression” New Left Review, no. 144, March-April, 1984, pp. 32- 72. Z. Eisenstein, “Developing a Theory of Capitalist Patriarchy” in Z. Eisenstein (ed), Capitalist-Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist-Feminism, Monthly Review Press, New York and London, 1979, ch. 1, pp. 5-41. §L. German, Sex, Class and Socialism, Bookmarks, London, 1989, ch. 3. §H. Hartmann, "The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism.", in L. Sargent (ed), Women and Revolution, South End Press, Boston, 1981. R. McDonough & R. Harrison, "Patriarchy and Relations of Production." in A. Kuhn and A. Wople (eds), Feminism and Materialism, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978, pp. 11-41. R. Novitz, “Feminism” in Spoonley et al (eds), New Zealand Sociological Perspectives, First Edition, pp. 293-232. B. Roper, “Marxian methodology and feminist theory: towards a materialist conception of herstory”, in New Zealand Sociology, vol. 3, no. 1, 1988, pp. 14-32. S. Rowbotham, “The Trouble With Patriarchy”, in R. Samuel (ed), Peoples History and Socialist Theory, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1981. K. Saville-Smith, “Producing Reproduction: Rethinking Feminist Materialism” in New Zealand Sociology, vol. 2, no. 1, 1987, pp. 51-62. L. Sargent (ed), Women and Revolution, South End Press, Boston, 1981. L. Vogel, Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, Pluto Press, London, 1983, Part I: Socialist Feminism, pp. 13-37. I. Young, “Socialist-Feminism and the Limits of Dual Systems Theory”, in L. Sargent (ed), Women and Revolution, pp. 43-71.

Globalisation, Democracy and Cosmopolitan Social Democracy • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, ch.8 “Capitalist Expansion, Globalisation and Democratisation”, pp.212-216. • D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, ch. 11 Democracy, the Nation-State and the Global System’, pp. 335-353. • D. Held, “Towards a Global Covenant: Global Social Democracy” in Global Covenant: The Social Democratic Alternative to the Washington Consensus, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2004, ch.10, pp.161-169. • B. Roper, “Reformism on a Global Scale? A Critical Examination of David Held’s Advocacy of Cosmopolitan Social Democracy” in Capital and Class, 35 (2): 253-274 (2011). * D. Held, Models of Democracy, 3rd edn., Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006, ch. 10 Democracy, the Nation-State and the Global System’.

§Barnett, D., Held, D., & Henderson, C. (Eds.). (2005). Debating Globalization. Cambridge: Polity Press. §B. Easton, “Economic Globalisation and National Sovereignty” in R. Miller (ed), New Zealand Government and Politics, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.14-34. §A. Glyn, (2006). Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalization, and Welfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. §C. Harman, (2010). Zombie capitalism: global crisis and the relevance of Marx. Chicago, Ill.: Haymarket Books. §D. Harvey, Spaces of Hope, Edinburgh University Press, 2000, ch.4 “Contemporary Globalisation”, pp. 53-72. §Held, D. (Ed.). (2005). Debating Globalization. Cambridge: Polity Press. §Held, D., & McGrew, A. (Eds.). (2003). The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate. Cambridge: Polity Press. §D. Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995. §Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., & Perraton, J. (1999). Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Stanford: Stanford University Press. §H. Radice, “Taking Globalisation Seriously” in Socialist Register 1999: Global Capitalism versus Democracy, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1999. Socialist Register 1999: Global Capitalism versus Democracy, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1999 – there are a number of articles in this volume that are useful and interesting. §W. Tabb, The Amoral Elephant: Globalization and the Struggle for Social Justice in the Twenty First Century, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2001, especially ch.1 “Globalisation and the Politics of the Twenty First Century”.

The Global Justice and Occupy Movements • B. Roper, The History of Democracy, Pluto Press, London, 2013, “Preface”, pp.ix-xiv. • D. McNally, “From the Mountains of Chiapas to the Streets of Seattle: This is What Democracy Looks Like” “Freedom Song: Liberation and Anti-Capitalism’ in Another World is Possible: Globalization and Anti- Capitalism, Arbeiter Ring Publishing, Winnipeg, Second Edition, 2006, ch.1, pp.1-26 & ch.7 336-398 respectively.

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• J. Neale, “Another World is Possible” in Stop Global Warming: Change the World, Bookmarks, London, 2008, pp.248-263. * On the Occupy movement the best mainstream media source is: The Guardian @ www.guardian.co.uk. For a socialist interpretation see: www.swp.org.uk and www.internationalsocialist.org and for a neoliberal interpretation see The Economist @ www.economist.com. * A. Callinicos, An Anti-Capitalist Manifesto, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2003. *B. Roper, “The Globalisation of Revolt and the Critique of Capitalism: Exploitation, Agency and Democracy”. Red and Green 3 (2004). *E. Wood, ‘Democracy as Ideology of Empire’ in C. Mooers (ed), The New Imperialists: Ideologies of Empire, Oneworld, Oxford, 2006, pp.9-24. *C. Harman, The Globalisation of Revolt, International Socialist Organisation, Wellington, 2001.

On the global financial crisis see: *A. Callinicos, Bonfires of Illusion: The Twin Crises of the Liberal World, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2010. *D. Harvey, The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism, University of Oxford Press, Oxford, 2010. *D. McNally, Global Slump: The Economics and Politics of Crisis and Resistance, PM Press, Oakland, 2011.

For other sources on the global justice movement see: §E. Bircham & J. Charlton, Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, Bookmarks Publications, London & Sydney, 2001. §C. Harman, Globalize Revolt: Lessons from the Streets for a New Generation of Activists, International Socialist Organization, Dunedin, New Zealand. Reprinted from International Socialism, no.88, Autumn 2000, pp.3-61. §M. Stephen, “The New Zealand Anti-War Movement after 9/11” in Red and Green 3 (2007). §D. Harvey, Spaces of Hope, Edinburgh University Press, 2000, ch.4 “Contemporary Globalisation”, pp. 53-72. §T. Mertes (ed), A Movement of Movements: Is Another World Really Possible? Verso, London, 2004. A. Bakan, “After Seattle: The Politics of the World Trade Organisation” in International Socialism, no. 86, Spring 2000, pp.19-36. W. Bello, “The Global Conjuncture”, in International Socialism, no. 91, 2001, pp.11-21. W. Bello, ‘2000: The Year of Protest’, in International Socialism, no. 90, 2001, pp.71-77. J. Brecher et al., Globalization from Below, South End Press, Boston, 2000. E. Bircham & J. Charlton, Anti-Capitalism: A Guide to the Movement, Bookmarks Publications, London & Sydney, 2001. K. Danaher & R. Burbach, Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organisation, Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press, 2000. K. Danaher (ed), Democratizing the Global Economy, The Battle Against the World Bank and IMF, Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000. S. George, “What Now?” in International Socialism, no. 91, 2001, pp.3-11. N. Klein, No Logo, Vintage Canada, Toronto, 2000, pp.310-343. A. Shawki, “Between Things Ended and Things Begun”, in International Socialist Review, 25-42. §W. Tabb, The Amoral Elephant: Globalisation and the Struggle for Social Justice in the Twentieth Century, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2001. §W. Tabb, ‘Turtles, Teamsters, and Capital’s Designs’, in Monthly Review, vol.52, no.3, July/August 2000, pp.28-45. Writing Essays It is conceptually possible to separate out the form of an essay from its content. In practice this is difficult if not impossible. You may have highly original and compelling ideas but be unable to convey them effectively to a reader. Essay writing is an exercise in communication. It has some peculiarities, like references and a focus on the specified topic. But it shares many features with other forms of communication.

In particular it is necessary to think carefully about the structure of your argument (and essays are or should be arguments - telling a story may be entertaining but it is not enough): * What is the overall argument, i.e. what do you want people to conclude from the essay (it should be possible to summarize this in a couple of sentences at most)? *What is the structure of your argument, the logic of your case? *Which points, examples, quotations should come first, in what order should they all go? *Is there a need for empirical evidence to support your argument and the assertions that constitute it?

Think about your prose style. The way you put together your phrases, sentences and paragraphs makes a difference to how easy your argument is to understand. To get into practice, try analysing the styles of different authors you have to read in this and other courses. Which ones are the easiest to understand? Why? How do they do it? For particularly lucid prose read some George Orwell (Homage to Catalonia), Lytton Strachey (Eminent

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Victorians). Orwell’s ‘Politics and the English Language’ in Inside the Whale and Other Essays is an excellent guide to clear writing.

If you are not sure about footnoting, preparing bibliographies or the spelling of a word then look it up or check the right procedure. Dictionaries are not hard find. If you have any problems with grammar and punctuation consult: The Oxford Miniguide to English Usage or, for a much more detailed guide to English usage, Fowler’s Modern English Usage.

For the purposes of this course you may either use footnote citations or use the Harvard system of including bracketed references to your bibliography in the text. Whichever system you use, all bibliographical citations should include author, title, publisher, place of publication, date. For journal articles include journal title, date, volume and number of journal, and page numbers. For articles in books include the editor’s name, title, publisher, place of publication, date, and page numbers. N.B. I penalize essays that are not adequately referenced.

The secret of a readable essay: try to organize your work so that you can come back to your essay after a break of at least a few days. Reread it. You will quickly see improvements you can make. It doesn’t hurt to get a friend to read your essay through so s/he can point out typos, spelling mistakes and grammatical atrocities. If you have problems with any aspect of essay writing, having already tried to overcome them by yourself, then please come and see me. Various guides to essay and thesis writing have been published. These are well worth consulting and I would recommend that you purchase the one you find most helpful. The following are all pretty old but still useful.

J. Clanchy and B. Ballard, Essay Writing for Students: A Practical Guide, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, 1991. D. Lovell and R. Moore, Essay Writing and Style Guide for Politics and the Social Sciences, Australasian Political Studies Association, 1992 M. Newby, Writing: A Guide for Students, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. G. Watson, Writing a Thesis: a guide to long essays and dissertations, Longman, London, 1987.

Feedback I always welcome feedback from students in relation to my courses. If you think that aspects of the course can be improved, including this course guide, then please get in touch and let me know.

These were diversions. Give my love To Vic. He is aware of The albatross. In the Otago storms Carrying spray to salt the landward farms The wind is a drunkard. Whoever can listen Long enough will write again. (Baxter, Collected Poems, 276.)

© This course guide is copyright 2016 of the author (Brian S. Roper) and cannot be reproduced, in whole or part, for use in teaching this or other tertiary educational courses without the prior written permission of the author.

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POLS 208 Democracy: Essay Coversheet

Department of Politics Te Tari Torangapu

1) The following Declaration has to be signed and appended to ALL essays and assignments:

“Declaration: I have read and understood the University plagiarism policy. I declare that this assignment is entirely my own work, all sources have been properly acknowledged, and that I have not previously submitted this work, or any version of it, for assessment in any other paper”.

Signature: ______

2) Please note: Do not use essays that you have already written for other papers or that you have downloaded from the Internet.

3) The primary sources for the essay should be the textbook those in the reading brick with supplementary reference to the reading lists in the Course Guide. Please note that essays that do not discuss the sources on the reading lists for this paper and instead draw excessively on internet sources and/or sources drawn from other courses will be given a failed grade (D or E). At least 70% of the items listed in the essay bibliography should be drawn from the text, course reader and POLS 208 Course Guide.

Student Name: ______

Student ID: ______

Tutorial Day & Time: ______

Essay Topic:

Word Length: ______

Date: ______

ALWAYS KEEP A COPY OF YOUR ESSAY JUST IN CASE THE ORIGINAL IS LOST