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KRAUS-DISSERTATION.Pdf Copyright by Lisa A. Kraus 2009 The Dissertation Committee for Lisa Kraus Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Archaeology of the Bruin Slave Jail Committee: Maria Franklin, Supervisor Samuel Wilson James R. Denbow James Sidbury Archaeology of the Bruin Slave Jail by Lisa A. Kraus, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2009 Acknowledgements I owe a tremendous debt to numerous advisors, professors, colleagues, friends, and family, without whose help this dissertation would never have been completed. My first and most profound thanks go to my advisor and committee chair, Maria Franklin, for her tireless help, especially in the eleventh hour. I also offer my deepest gratitude to the members of my committee, Sam Wilson, Jim Denbow, and James Sidbury, for their forbearance and insightful comments. Mark Leone provided valuable comments as well. The archaeological field crew who excavated the Bruin Slave Jail deserve a special mention: Tiffany Raszick, Jenn Babiarz, Jackie Maisano, Mike Gubisch, Christian Mash and Chelsea Borcini conducted a virtuouso excavation and maintained cool heads under the most challenging circumstances. John Bedell and Charlie Leedecker managed the project for the Louis Berger Group, and have helped me in too many ways to even count. The staff of Alexandria Archaeology also made this project possible: Pamela Cressey, Fran Bromberg and Steve Sheppard helped organize the research and were of great assistance. My parents, brother, sister-in-law and future in-laws were totally confident in my ability to complete this dissertation, or at least pretended to be, and I appreciate their help and support as well. Finally, to my very dear Intrepid Companion, Jason Shellenhamer, and to Greta and Afreet, who bore the brunt of all my frustrations and iv were always there with an eternal “Yea!”: you have earned my eternal love and gratitude. But you already had them anyway. v Archaeology of the Bruin Slave Jail Publication No._____________ Lisa A. Kraus, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2009 Supervisor: Maria Franklin Archaeological and historical investigations of the Bruin Slave Jail in the West End of the City of Alexandria, Virginia, revealed a fascinating and complex history. From 1844 to 1861, the house belonged to Joseph Bruin, a slave trader, and housed the most successful and well-known slave trading operation in Alexandria. In 1848, Bruin purchased several slaves who were captured on board the schooner Pearl in one of the largest escapes ever attempted. Bruin and two of the Pearl refugees, Emily and Mary Edmondson, inspired some of the characters and events in Harriet Beecher Stowe‘s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Stowe included the true story of the Pearl refugees, and the Edmondson sisters in particular, in her comprehensive survey of the domestic slave trade, The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This study of the material culture and other archaeological data, along with extensive historical records regarding Joseph Bruin‘s slave trading business and the stories of several slaves purchased by Bruin after the Pearl incident, illuminates the ways in which the internal slave trade changed the nature of slavery, and the ways slavery was contested by slaves and by abolitionist groups. It also demonstrates the ways in which African Americans were commodified in the slave markets. Analysis of the complementary historical and archaeological data reveals the ways these forces impacted the lives of enslaved women enmeshed in the slave trade particularly, and the ways they vi negotiated and resisted their sale by the slave traders who made their living buying and selling human beings in an increasingly corporate, and contested, political and sexual economy. vii Table of Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ....................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 Introduction and Project Background ....................................................1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ................................................................................2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...........................................................................6 SEQUENCE OF INVESTIGATIONS ..................................................................11 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION .......................................................13 Chapter 2 Research Design ...................................................................................15 ARCHIVAL RESEARCH ..................................................................................21 FIELD METHODS ...........................................................................................25 LABORATORY METHODS ..............................................................................29 REMARKS ......................................................................................................31 Chapter 3 Property History ...................................................................................33 Chapter 4 Alexandria as a Slave Port ...................................................................39 Chapter 5 The Edmondsons, The Pearl, and Joseph Bruin's Jail .........................48 JOSEPH BRUIN ...............................................................................................49 THE EDMONDSONS AND THE PEARL ............................................................54 AFTERMATH ..................................................................................................67 Chapter 6 The North American Slave Trade ........................................................72 DEMOGRAPHIC DIMENSIONS ........................................................................72 SLAVE TRADING ...........................................................................................78 DYNAMICS OF THE SLAVE TRADE: FROM WASHINGTON TO NEW ORLEANS ........................................................................................82 THE POLITICAL AND MORAL CONFLICT ......................................................91 ABOLITIONISTS AND THE PEARL INCIDENT .................................................97 viii Chapter 7 Women and the Interstate Slave Trade ..............................................100 REMARKS ....................................................................................................110 Chapter 8 Excavation Results .............................................................................112 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................112 TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ..............................................................................115 LANDSCAPE HISTORY .................................................................................115 ANALYTICAL UNITS ...................................................................................120 PHASE II EXCAVATIONS .............................................................................122 PHASE III SUMMARY ..................................................................................124 Area 1 .................................................................................................124 Area 2 .................................................................................................127 Analytical Unit 4 - Feature 16, the Cistern Excavation ....................135 Interpretation .....................................................................................137 PHASE III: THE SLAVE QUARTER ...............................................................144 Analytical Unit 6, Slave Barracks and Kitchen .................................144 INTERPRETATIONS OF SLAVE DIET AND PROVISIONING AT THE SLAVE JAIL .....................................................................................157 Oysters and Clams .............................................................................158 Meat Rations as Evidence for Bruin's Management of Slaves ..........159 Possible Ritual Deposit ......................................................................164 Further Potential Evidence for African-based Spirituality ...............166 Trash Disposal and the Layout of the Property .................................170 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................172 REMARKS ....................................................................................................173 Chapter 9 Discussion ..........................................................................................175 THE SLAVE QUARTER .................................................................................177 AFRICAN AMERICAN SPIRITUAL PRACTICES AT THE SLAVE JAIL ............178 ix Chapter 10 Conclusions ......................................................................................190 THE INTERSECTION OF RACE AND GENDER AND WOMEN IN THE SLAVE TRADE .................................................................................190 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE INTERSTATE SLAVE TRADE .............................................................................................192 THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY
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