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W9200091.Pdf STATE OF UTAH DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Technical Publication No. 39 RECONNAISSANCE OF CHEMICAL QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER AND FLUVIAL SEDIMENT IN THE PRICE RIVER BASIN, UTAH by J. C. Mundorff Hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey Prepared by The United States Geological Survey in cooperation with The Utah State Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights Salt Lake City, Utah 1972 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction ........ 3 Purpose of the investigation 3 Methods of investigation 3 Previous studies 5 General description of the basin 5 Climate and streamflow 6 Geology 7 Coal mining ..... 7 Vegetation and land use 7 Chemical quality of the surface water 8 Upper basin .......... 9 Chemical quality at selected sites 10 Suitability of the water for pUblic supply and irrigation 13 Central basin 14 Chemical quality at selected sites ......... 19 Suitability of the water for public supply and irrigation 31 Lower basin ................... 32 Chemical quality at selected sites ......... 32 Suitability of the water for public supply and irrigation 36 Fluvial sediment 36 Selected references 41 Basic data .... 43 Publications of the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights ............................. 51 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Plate 1. Map showing locations of water-quality sampling sites and generalized geology . In pocket 2. Map showing generalized altitudinal zones and 1931-60 normal annual and normal October-April precipitation In pocket 3. Map showing dissolved solids, sodium-adsorption ratios, and sulfate concentrations at selected sites In pocket Figure 1. Photograph of electrical power generation plant on the Price River at Castle Gate 8 2. Photograph of abandoned coal mine and mining wastes in upper Spring Canyon 9 3. Photograph of bed material in Spring Canyon Creek at Helper 10 4. Diagram for classification of irrigation waters 15 5. Map showing soil associations in the irrigated area of the central basin between Price and Wellington 17 6. Detailed soils map showing short reach of Miller Creek and Carbon Canal 23 7. Photograph of waste disposal in channel of Meads Wash at Highway 6 and 50 at Price 25 8. Map showing canal system for diversion of water from the San Rafael River basin to the Price River basin 26 9. Aerial photograph of Desert Lake and of drainage into Desert Lake 29 10. Photograph of dry bed of south arm of EEsert Lake on May 15, 1970 30 11. Photograph of Desert Seep Wash about 5 miles downstream from Desert Lake 31 12. Photograph of dissected desert in eastern part of Price River basin ... .. 33 13. Photograph of typical landscape in downstream part of Grassy Trail Creek drainage area in western part of the lower basin ............... 35 II TABLES Page Table 1. Chemical analyses of major soluble constituents in salt efflorescences 22 2. Summary of data on the dissolved-solids concentration of Price River at Woodside, 1952-69 water years .............. 34 3. Sedimentation surveys of small reservoirs on the San Rafael Swell 39 4. Chemical analyses of surface water at selected sites, July 1969-September 1970 44 5. Periodic determinations of suspended-sediment discharge and particle size .. 49 III RECONNAISSANCE OF CHEMICAL QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER AND FLUVIAL SEDIMENT IN THE PRICE RIVER BASIN, UTAH by J. C. Mundorff Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey ABSTRACT The Price River basin is mainly in Carbon and Emery Counties in east-central Utah, and the total drainage area is about 1,900 square miles. The Price River flows in a generally southeasterly direction toward its junction with the Green River. Altitudes in the basin range from about 10,440 feet above mean sea level in the headwaters to about 4,200 feet at the mouth. Normal annual precipitation (1931-60) is more than 30 inches in headwaters areas and is less than 8 inches in the downstream part of the basin. Surface rocks in the basin range in age from Jurassic to Quaternary, but the rocks having predominant influence on water quality are marine shales of Cretaceous age. The general chemical characteristics of the main stem of the Price River as determined by a reconnaissance during 1969-70 changed markedly between the headwaters and the mouth. From the headwaters to about the junction with Spring Canyon Creek, the Price River generally had a dissolved-solids content of less than 400 mg/l (milligrams per liter) and was of the calcium bicarbonate type. Beginning at the junction of the Price River and Spring Canyon Creek, inflow to the Price River is mainly from marine shales of Cretaceous age. At Price River at Wellington, which is near the center of the basin, the dissolved-solids content was between about 600 and 2,400 mg/l; the water was of a variable mixed type. At Price River at Woodside, which is about 22 miles upstream from the mouth, the weighted-average dissolved-solids concentration was generally between 2,000 and 4,000 mg/l during an 18-year period of record (1952-69), and the water type was strongly sodium sulfate. In this report, the Price River basin is divided into upper, central, and lower basins. The upper basin is that part of the Price River basin upstream from Heiner; the central basin is between Heiner and the junction of the Price River and Desert Seep Wash; and the lower basin is downstream from Desert Seep Wash. The upper basin is the major source of water that is used for irrigation in the central basin. The source of this water is mainly snowmelt that is stored in Scofield Reservoir, and the water has a low sodium (alkali) hazard and a medium salinity hazard. Water in the Price River suffers major deterioration of quality as the stream crosses the central basin. The deterioration results from both geologic and human factors. During the period from November through April, little water is released from Scofield Reservoir; and the upper basin contributes little water to the Price River. During such periods of low flow in the Price River, irrigation return flow and untreated sewage continue to enter the stream; and only low flows are available for dilution of such wastes. From about May to October, major releases are made from Scofield Reservoir; but during this period a large part of the flow is diverted from the Price River into major irrigation canals in the upstream part of the central basin. Untreated sewage and appreciable amounts of irrigation return flow of poor quality enter the Price River downstream from points at which most of the flow is diverted from the river. Thus, during most of the year, the flow in the Price River in the central basin is composed of relatively small amounts of water of good quality from the upper basin and variable amounts of irrigation return flow, waste discharges from municipalities, and natural flow from tributaries that drain areas of marine shales. Although some deterioration in the chemical quality of the Price River probably would occur in the absence of stream regulation and irrigation agriculture in the central basin; deterioration is intensified with the presence of both. 1 Runoff and water use in the lower basin are small. Neither major improvement nor major deterioration in the chemical quality of the water is evident in this area. The poor quality of the Price River in the lower basin results mainly from the geological environment and water use in the central basin. Sediment data obtained during this reconnaissance were not adequate for a general evaluation of sediment-discharge characteristics of the streams in the Price River basin. Suspended-sediment concentrations as high as 186,000 mg/I were observed on a tributary and as high as 111,000 mg/I were observed on the Price River. A rough estimate of the suspended-sediment discharge of Price River at Woodside indicates that the discharge was at least 1,400,000 tons during the 1970 water year. This amount of sediment would cover 1 square mile to a depth of about 1 foot. 2 INTRODUCTION Purpose of the investigation This report on the quality of surface water in the Price River basin was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights. The primary purpose of the reconnaissance on which this report is based was to obtain information about (1) the general chemical characteristics of surface water throughout the basin, (2) the effect of the natural environment and of present water use on these chemical characteristics, and (3) general characteristics of the sediment discharge of selected streams in the basin. A secondary objective was the definition of specific problem areas or reaches in which marked deterioration in water quality was evident. Methods of investigation The reconnaissance of the Price River basin was designed primarily to define the chemical quality of surface water during (1) the irrigation season, (2) the postirrigation period in the fall, (3) the period of base flow during the winter and early spring, and (4) the period of snowmelt in late spring and early summer. Water-quality data were obtained one or more times at 71 sites in the basin during August 1969-September 1970. (See table 4 and plate 1.) Concentrations of total dissolved solids and of major ions were determined for nearly all samples. Only specific conductance was determined for those few samples for which the specific conductance indicated no significant change in quality since the previous samples. Concentrations of fluoride, nitrate, boron, phosphate, and selenium were determined for selected samples. The chemical composition of several salt efflorescences from the central part of the basin was determined. Chemical analyses of samples obtained during 1969-70 were made by standard methods of the U.S.
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