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ISSN 1728-5445 SERIES STUDIES AND PERSPECTIVES 84 ECLAC SUBREGIONAL HEADQUARTERS FOR THE CARIBBEAN The enhancement of resilience to disasters and climate change in the Caribbean through the modernization of the energy sector Adrián Flores Leda Peralta Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps 84 The enhancement of resilience to disasters and climate change in the Caribbean through the modernization of the energy sector Adrián Flores Leda Peralta This document has been prepared by Leda Peralta Quesada, Associate Enviromental Affairs Officer; and Adrián Flores Aguilar, consultant of the Sustainable Development and Disaster Unit of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) subregional headquarters for the Caribbean. The authors thank Omar Bello Maraver, Coordinator, and Willard Phillips, Economic Affairs Officer of the Sustainable Development and Disasters Unit for their support, and sector specialists who participated in the expert group meeting for their inputs. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. United Nations publication ISSN: 1728-5445 (electronic version) ISSN: 1727-9917 (print version) LC/TS.2019/118 LC/CAR/TS.2019/7 Distribution: L Copyright © United Nations, 2020 All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.19-01175 This publication should be cited as: A. Flores, and L. Peralta, “The enhancement of resilience to disasters and climate change in the Caribbean through the modernization of the energy sector”, Studies and Perspectives series - ECLAC subregional headquarters for the Caribbean, No. 84 (LC/TS.2019/118-LC/CAR/TS.2019/7),Santiago, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 2020. Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Publications and Web Services Division, [email protected]. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. ECLAC - Studies and Perspectives series-The Caribbean No. 84 The enhancement of resilience to disasters... 3 Contents Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................9 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 11 A. Background: Caribbean energy sector and disaster risk management ............................... 14 B. The role of energy systems in enhancing resilience to disasters and climate change ......... 15 1. Components of a resilient energy sector .................................................................... 16 C. Scope, objectives and methodological approach ............................................................... 17 I. Risk assessment ....................................................................................................................... 19 II. Removal of barriers.................................................................................................................. 23 A. Adjustment of policy and governance framework ............................................................. 23 1. The compounding effects of disaster risk management and climate change adaptation ................................................................................................................. 25 2. Regional energy governance frameworks in the Caribbean ....................................... 27 3. Disaster risk management governance in the Caribbean ........................................... 29 4. Next steps ................................................................................................................. 30 B. Enhancing data and information collection ....................................................................... 31 C. Capacity building ............................................................................................................... 34 III. Modernization of the energy sector ........................................................................................ 37 A. Enhancing demand-side energy efficiency ........................................................................ 37 1. Building sector ........................................................................................................... 38 2. Transportation sector ................................................................................................ 38 3. Next steps ................................................................................................................. 39 B. Incorporation of renewable energies ................................................................................. 40 1. Next steps ................................................................................................................. 42 ECLAC - Studies and Perspectives series-The Caribbean No. 84 The enhancement of resilience to disasters... 4 C. Grid modernization ........................................................................................................... 43 1. Smart grids ................................................................................................................ 43 2. Distributed generation and microgrids ...................................................................... 44 3. Next steps ................................................................................................................. 44 IV. Monitoring and verification ..................................................................................................... 47 V. Case studies ............................................................................................................................. 49 A. Trinidad and Tobago ......................................................................................................... 49 1. Country profile .......................................................................................................... 49 2. Overview of the energy and disaster risk management sectors ................................. 49 3. Energy sector and resilience to disasters.................................................................... 51 4. Moving forward ......................................................................................................... 53 B. Grenada ............................................................................................................................ 55 1. Country profile .......................................................................................................... 55 2. Overview of the energy and disaster risk management sectors ................................. 55 3. Energy sector and resilience to disasters.................................................................... 58 4. Moving forward ......................................................................................................... 61 VI. Final considerations ................................................................................................................. 63 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 67 Annexes.............................................................................................................................................. 71 Annex 1 Review of best practices .................................................................................................... 72 Annex 2 Types of smart grid projects and their function ................................................................. 73 Annex 3 Measures to enhance EE.................................................................................................... 75 Studies and Perspectives series – The Caribbean: issues published ..................................................... 76 Tables Table 1 Pillars of action of disaster risk management ............................................................. 19 Table 2 Energy data and information gaps in the Caribbean .................................................. 32 Table 3 Potential climate impacts per asset class ................................................................... 42 Table 4 Challenges for the implementation of microgrids ...................................................... 46 Table 5 Overview of the energy sector in Trinidad and Tobago (2015) ................................... 50 Table 6 Overview of the energy sector in Grenada (2016) ...................................................... 56 Table 7 Power generation plants in Grenada .......................................................................... 57 Table 8 Funding options for the Caribbean ............................................................................66

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