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Social Panorama of Latin America 2018 2018 Social Panorama of Latin America Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/suscripciones 1 2018 Social Panorama of Latin America Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Mario Cimoli Deputy Executive Secretary Raúl García-Buchaca Deputy Executive Secretary for Management and Programme Analysis Laís Abramo Chief, Social Development Division Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division Thanks are owed for the valuable collaboration of Pascual Gerstenfeld, former Chief of the Statistics Division, Mario Castillo of the Division for Gender Affairs, Xavier Mancero, Officer in Charge of the Statistics Division, and Alberto Arenas and Wilson Peres, Regional Advisers. The following worked on the preparation of the chapters of this document: Verónica Amarante, Miguel del Castillo Negrete, Simone Cecchini, Ernesto Espíndola, Álvaro Fuentes, Rodrigo Martínez, Claudia Robles, Daniela Trucco, Iliana Vaca Trigo, Varinia Tromben, Soledad Villafañe and Pablo Villatoro. Ignacio Carrasco, Nicolas Dinerstein, Fabiana del Popolo, Verónica Ortiz, María Jesús Silva, Guillermo Sunkel and Heidi Ullmann prepared substantive inputs; while Amparo Bravo, Miguel del Castillo Negrete, Nicolas Dinerstein, Andrés Espejo, Ernesto Espíndola, Fabiola Fernández, Álvaro Fuentes, Michael Hanni, Carlos Howes, Carlos Kroll, Felipe López, Rocío Miranda, Verónica Ortiz, Ana Catalina Valencia and Daniel Vega worked on the statistical processing. Valuable contributions and comments relating to different sections of the document were received from Fabiana del Popolo, Jürgen Weller and Pablo Yanes. United Nations publication ISBN: 978-92-1-122009-4 (print) ISBN: 978-92-1-058650-4 (pdf) ISBN: 978-92-1-358102-5 (ePub) Distribution: G Explanatory notes: Sales No.: E.18.II.G.7 - Three dots (...) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. - A dash (-) indicates that the amount is nil or negligible. LC/PUB.2019/3-P - A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals. Copyright © Naciones Unidas, 2019 - The word “dollars” refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise specified. - A slash (/) between years (e.g. 2013/2014) indicates a 12-month period falling between the two years. All rights reserved - Individual figures and percentages in tables may not always add up to the corresponding total because of rounding. Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.19-00050 This publication should be cited as: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Social Panorama of Latin America, 2018 (LC/PUB.2019/3-P), Santiago, 2019. Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Publications and Web Services Division, [email protected]. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................................................... 11 Summary.................................................................................................................................................................... 15 A. Socioeconomic inequalities: income and wealth distribution ....................................................................... 17 B. Recent and long-term poverty trends ............................................................................................................. 19 C. Social spending: public policies and trends in the labour market ................................................................. 22 D. Structural challenges of inclusion and the labour market ............................................................................. 25 E. Women’s economic autonomy in a changing labour market ......................................................................... 29 F. Concluding remarks......................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter I Socioeconomic inequalities in Latin America: recent trends in the distribution of income and wealth .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 35 A. The distribution of household income ........................................................................................................... 36 1. Inequality as measured by traditional indicators ................................................................................... 36 2. Reducing inequality in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals ........................................... 42 B. The functional distribution of income ............................................................................................................ 45 1. Share of wages in total income .............................................................................................................. 45 2. Share of total labour income .................................................................................................................. 52 C. Inequality and wealth: distribution of physical and financial assets ............................................................. 54 1. Inequality and wealth in Chile ................................................................................................................. 58 2. Inequality and wealth in Uruguay ............................................................................................................ 61 3. Distribution of physical and financial assets in Mexico ......................................................................... 63 D. Closing remarks............................................................................................................................................... 64 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................... 66 Annex I.A1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 68 Chapter II Poverty in Latin America: long-term trends and recent developments .......................................................... 73 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 75 A. Developments in income poverty.................................................................................................................... 75 B. Factors related to the recent poverty variations ............................................................................................ 82 1. Level and distribution of household income ............................................................................................ 82 2. Trends in the income sources of households living in poverty ............................................................... 84 3. Possibility of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of no poverty ............................................ 88 C. Other socioeconomic characteristics associated with poverty and extreme poverty ................................... 92 D. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 101 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 101 Annex II.A1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 102 Chapter III Social spending and the labour market: recent trends and public policies ................................................ 105 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 107 A. The trend of public and social spending in 2000–2017................................................................................ 107 1. The evolution of social spending in the region...................................................................................... 110 2. Per capita social spending ..................................................................................................................... 112 3. Social spending in the region by function ............................................................................................. 113 4. The distribution of functional social spending in the countries ............................................................ 116 4 Contents Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) B. Public spending on
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