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Durham E-Theses From Dome to Disease: The Respiratory Toxicity of Volcanic Cristobalite DAMBY, DAVID,ERNEST How to cite: DAMBY, DAVID,ERNEST (2012) From Dome to Disease: The Respiratory Toxicity of Volcanic Cristobalite , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7328/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 From Dome to Disease The Respiratory Toxicity of Volcanic Cristobalite David Ernest Damby A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy One Volume Department of Earth Sciences Durham University 2012 Abstract Exposure to fine-grained volcanic ash can potentially cause acute and chronic respiratory disease. The toxicity of ash is likely to vary depending on the type and style of eruption; eruptions at dome-forming volcanoes, in particular, can produce ash containing substantial quantities of respirable crystalline silica, a recognised human carcinogen and causative agent of silicosis. Volcanic domes crystallise crystalline silica as cristobalite, which is metastable at dome-forming temperatures (ca. 850 °C), through deposition from silica-saturated vapours and through devitrification of volcanic glass. Five dome-forming volcanoes are studied to constrain the hazard posed by volcanic cristobalite, including: Colima, Mexico; Merapi, Indonesia; Mount St. Helens, USA; Santiaguito, Guatemala; and Unzen, Japan. The evolution of the cristobalite hazard is investigated from crystallisation in volcanic settings to its potential effect on biological systems, through a series of petrological, physicochemical and toxicological studies. We rationalise the presence of metastable cristobalite below its stability field in all domes studied by way of a textural investigation, and conclude that the incorporation of aluminium and sodium into the silica structure facilitates crystallisation. Since particle toxicology is dependent on composition and structure, the observation of cation substitutions is expanded in a geochemical and thermodynamic investigation of volcanic cristobalite to constrain its mineralogy. We find that incorporation of 1-4 wt. % aluminium leads to a poorly-ordered cristobalite structure. This investigation facilitates a mineralogical comparison of the cristobalite hazard among volcanic locations and provides the framework for assessing volcanic cristobalite toxicity. We investigate the ability of volcanic ash to elicit an in vitro pro-inflammatory response, focusing on silica-mediated experiments, and relate the influence of structure and composition to the potential physiological burden. We find that volcanic cristobalite can be mineralogically considered as a single entity among locations, and that cristobalite-bearing ash is less toxic than expected. Nonetheless, we recommend that eruptions be considered on a case-by-case basis to most effectively aid the risk mitigation work of disaster managers globally. i Declaration I declare that this thesis, submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Durham University, is my own work and not substantially the same as any which has been previously submitted at this or any other university. Where appropriate, I have clearly indicated the contributions of colleagues to fully acknowledge all collaborative work. David Damby Durham University December 2012 Copyright © D. E. Damby 2012 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author's prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. ii Thank you to my supervisors: Claire Horwell Ken Donaldson Ed Llewellin This work was supported by the Christopher Moyes Memorial Foundation http://www.moyesfoundation.org The title of this work resembles a manuscript authored by Kathy Cashman and others: ‘From Dome to Dust: Shallow Crystallization and Fragmentation of Conduit Magma During the 2004–2006 Dome Extrusion of Mount St. Helens, Washington.’ Retrospectively, it is impossible to discern whether their title shaped the present; nevertheless, I gratefully acknowledge their creative phrasing. iii Acknowledgements Although not always apparent, I’ve spent the entirety of this non-linear attempt at scientific relevance being grateful; grateful for opportunities, for patience and goodwill, for friendship and advice. (Un)fortunately, the words in this thesis only reflect the scientific half of this pursuit; the life half is elsewhere recorded: in memories and scars, discarded airplane and train tickets, in the total number of brews (both coffee and beer) tallied, and in de-tagged pictures from dance floors. Acknowledgements for scientific contributions precede each chapter, but I’d also like to thank the people that I’ve shared my life with during this journey, to whom I will be forever grateful. Family – thanks for putting up with me moving abroad and consequently missing some of the more mundane things in life: a first-born child, one in a streak of 25 consecutive summer holidays, etc. Thanks, Dad, for your unremitting enthusiasm about me becoming a volcanologist, irrespective of being unsure at first of what exactly the role entails. Thanks, too, for constantly asking if I’m almost finished and reminding me that it “seems to be taking a long time.” Kathryn, Jon, Katie (and Sawyer), and Melissa, thanks for repeatedly questioning why I did this and asking when we’ll live in the same country. Your phone calls kept me going. Mom, you traipse through my thoughts nearly every day, helping me to shape who I should be, how I should live, and which paths I should consider. I love you all. Harriet – thanks for indulging me with your love of my country and of country music. You tore me away from the office when I most needed to be there, and I’ll never wish it any other way. I couldn’t be luckier. Rob – thanks for maintaining your welcoming, exuberant nature whenever I’d randomly appear on the map. Your willingness to take me in eased the difficulties of life abroad during those calendar moments when family-time reigns, Easters and otherwise. It was always my hope to grow in step with you academically – something that I haven’t managed, but something that I will continue to strive towards, nonetheless. Your infectious love of science and constant desire to philosophize keeps me constantly curious; whether we’re sharing an office, a house, or we’re cities apart, I often hear/read/see something and think… “Rob would love this.” You were the first person that I met in Durham and the last person that I saw off. We’ll have a conversation about the cyclicity of that some day – let’s make that day soon. Sabina – as a founding member of DUVs (a.k.a. ‘Birds on Fire’, the precursory volcanology group to DVG) and a stakeholder in my P.I. business, you are my partner in crime; when iv they come for me, I’ll deny it. Thanks for the cards, and chats, and cakes, and for not only entertaining my eccentric ideas, but supporting and encouraging them. We did this together, step-by-step. That said, we were rarely on the same step at the same time and were often unsure of whether we were going up or down… regardless, we always high-fived when we figuratively passed one another. Congratulations –well deserved. Thanks, too, to the other Horwellites (to which this may be Claire’s first hearing of the term): Jenn, for your well-heeded advice from day one, and extending an impeccable mix of friendship and professionalism whenever we crossed paths; Claire Nattrass, for putting up with the feigned know-it-all opinions of an older academic sibling and making my failed experiments seem worthwhile; and Sarah, for non-stop laughs and your contagious positive attitude. Jon Davidson, Rich Brown, and Colin Macpherson – thank you for your open doors, free advice, and access to your wealth of knowledge. Thanks to the rest of the volcanology coffee group, as well, for making Wednesday lunches a bright spot in the week. Pete, don’t ever forget a mug. Please accept my blanket thanks to all of the post-grads who contributed to the life, culture and gossip of Durham Earth Sciences. In particular, thanks: BJ, for incessantly talking and your efforts to get me to go mid-week clubbing; Iona, for your ear and revelling in mutual freak-outs; Leo, for big plans and tunes… chooones!; Izzy, for your effortless capacity to rant in the face of life’s injustices (Yum bread, for example); and Niamh, for tolerating my incessant gallivanting and re-introducing me to life. Thanks, too, to the undergrads for making me feel like I know something about geology. Thanks to my Durham-based North-American contingent (and occasional housemates) – Jason and Mylène. One of you is a better role model than the other. Thanks for your shared enjoyment in absolutely devouring pulled pork. Glovebox and Gordon: thanks for having a sofa, and for the banter. I’ll be back. Thank you Alison Rust, Rick Hoblitt, Dave Sherrod Matt Watson, Eliza Calder, Jess Ball, Jean-Christophe Komorowski, Susanna Jenkins and Peter Baxter for your willingness to welcome a stranger into your field studies. You were all beyond generous with your time, and those experiences and the knowledge learned are the foundation on which I hope to progress.
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