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Fire God. Historians Believed That the Rajputs Were Kshatriyas of Vedic Period

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Fire God. Historians Believed That the Rajputs Were Kshatriyas of Vedic Period THE RAJPUTS Origin Started around 8th century. Belonged to Surya vamsh or Chandra Vamsh. Descendants of Agni – Fire God. Historians believed that the Rajputs were Kshatriyas of Vedic period. Rajput Kingdom After the death of Harsha Vardhana, Rajputs came into power. Established number of independent kingdoms. Gurjara Pratiharas, the Chauhans, the Chalukyas and the Chandelas are well known Rajput kingdoms. Period Ruled Northern and Central India for many years. Many invaders attacked India during this period. Conducted war and conquered the kingdoms. Well known for honouring premises. Painting and Literature Patrons of beautiful buildings. Also known as Rajasthani painting, a style of Indian paintings. Ramayana and Mahabharata are great ancient epics. Palaces and temples were decorated with paintings. In Sanskrit, they created literary works. Important Battles Battle of Tarain: Prithviraj (Chauhan dynasty) defeated Muhammed Ghori near Thaneswar. Battle of Chandawar: Muhammed Ghori defeated Jai Chandra in 1194 AD. Battle of Khanwal: Took place between Rana of Mewar, Rana Sanga and Bebur of Farghana in 1527 AD. Battle of Chanderi: Fought between Medini Rai of Chanderi and Babur in 1528 AD. Babur won. Battle of Delhi: Main event in India‘s history. Chandra Vikramaditya was defeated by Mughals. Fall of Rajputs Captured by Arabs, Turks and Mughals. Around the 13th century, the Rajput‘s rule came to an end. The Delhi Sultanate Five dynasties founded after the Turkish Invasion are known as Delhi sultanate. They are as follows: Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) Also called as Ilbari dynasty, Yamini dynasty and Mamluk dynasty. Qutub-ud-din Aibak founded the slave dynasty in 1206 AD, who was a slave of Mohammed Ghori. He was the first Muslim ruler in India. Lahore was the capital of Qutub-ud-din Aibak. He was also known as ‗Lakh Baksh‘ or ‗giver of lakhs‘. He started the construction of the Qutub Minar in 1199 in Delhi, in memory of Quaja Qutub - ud- din Bhaktiar Kaki, a saint. Qutub Minar is a five storied building and it was completed by Ithumish. In the year 1210, while playing polo, he fell from the horseback and died. Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) Founded by Malik Firoz in 1290 and took up the title Jalaluddin Khilji (1290-96) Alauddin Khilji – nephew of Jalaluddin Khilji. He killed him and captured the throne in 1296. First Turkish Sultan of Delhi. He indicated ‗Kingship knows no Kinship‘. He abolished the Zamindari system. The Khilji dynasty came to an end when Mubarak Shah Khilji was killed by Khusrau Khan. TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320 - 1412) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325 AD) Founded by Ghiazuddin Tughlaq. Real name was Ghazi Malik. After killing Khuzru Khan in 1320, he founded the dynasty. Built new city near Delhi named Tughlakabad. When he died, his son Jauna (Ulugh Khan) succeeded him under the title Mohammed- bin-Tughlaq. Mohammed-bin-Tughlaq (1325 – 1351 AD) Captured the throne in 1325 AD. Introduced administrative reforms: Taxation in Doab, transfer of Capital to Daulatabad, introduced token currency etc. In 1327, he shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri. Succeeded by Firoz Shah Tughlaq his elderly cousin. Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD) First sultan of Delhi to abuse Jaziya. Author of Fatuhat-i-Firozshahi. Constructed canals for irrigation. Made Iqtadari system hereditary. After his rule, Mohammed Shah Tughlaq came to the throne. During his rule, Timur appointed Khizr Khan. Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451 AD) Founded by Khizr Khan in 1414. Alauddin Alamshah or Shah Alam was the last sultan. In 1451, he was killed by Bahalol Lodhi. Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526 AD) Founded by Bahlol Lodhi in 1451 and lasted up to 1526. Sikhandar Lodhi ruled from 1489 to 1517 and shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra. Considered as ‗Maker of Agra city‘. Ibrahim Lodhi was the last Lodhi or Delhi Sultan. On 21st April 1526, In the First Battle of Panipat, Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi. Mohammed Ghazni, was the first to assume the title sultan. Persian - official language of Delhi Sultanate. VIJAYANAGAR KINGDOM Founded in 1336 Kingdom lasted for 230 years and was made up of four dynasties. Sangama – (1336 – 1485) Saluva – (1485 – 1505) Tuluva – (1505-1565) Aravidu – (1565 – 1672) Sangama History (1336-1485) Founders – Harihara and Bukka Rai Next ruler was Deva Raya I, constructed dams on the Tungbhadra River with the help of saint Vidyaranya. Devaraya II (1423-1426) – Greatest Sangama ruler. He wrote ‗Mahanataka Sudhanidhi‘. Abdur Razzaq, Persian Ambassador visited his court. Replaced by Saluva dynasty lasted for two decades. A new dynasty called Tuluva founded by Vira Narasimha. Tuluva History Krishnadeva Raya (1509-1529) – greatest ruler. Nicolocont, the Italian traveler visited his court. Krishnadeva Raya known as ‗Andhra Bhoja‘ Built a new city named ‗Nagalapuram‘, decorated with Hazura and Vithalswamy temple. Sadasiva – last ruler of dynasty. In 1565, Battle of Talikota Sadashiv was defeated. A new dynasty called Aravidu dynasty found by Rama Raya‘s brother, Thirumala. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE They were originally Turks. Belonged to Chaghtai branch Also known as Second Classic Age. Mughal Empire also called as Timurid Empire because of relation to Amir Timur. Twenty in number. Ruled from 1526-1857. Mughal Emperors Babur – (1526-1530) Humayun – (1530-40 & 1555-1556) Akbar – (1556-1605) Jahangir – (1605-1627) ShahJahan – (1628-1658) Aurangzeb Alamgir Later Mughal or fall of Mughal Babur (1526-1530) Founder of Mughal Empire. Fifteenth descendant of Timur on Father‘s side and 14th descendant of Chengizkhan on mother‘s side. At age 11, he became the ruler of Samarkhand. Captured Kabul in 1504. Attacked India 5 times for wealth. The First attack of India in 1519 Bhera, first place captured by Babur. On 16th March, 1527, defeated Rana Sangha of Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa. In 1528, Battle of Chanderi, defeated another ruler Medini Raj. In 1529, Battle of Ghaghra, he defeated Afghans under Muhammed Lodhi. Died in 1530. His biography was written in Turkish language as Tuzuk-i-Baburi or Baburnamah‘. Humayun (1530-40 & 1555-56) Born in 1507 in Kabul, son of Babur and Mahim Begum. On 29th December 1530, became the Mughal emperor at the age of 23. Divided the Empire among his three brothers – Askari, Hindal and Kamran. In 1539, Battle of Chausa, he was defeated for the first time by Shershah Suri. In 1540, Shershah defeated Humayun in the battle of Kanauj and founded Sur dynasty. The period from 1540 to 1555 – known as the period of temporary eclipse. His biography was written by his sister, Gulbadan Begum as ‗Humayun Namah‘. Built Dinpanah in Delhi on 1533. Akbar the Great (1556-1605) Jalaluddin Muhammed Akbar, son of Humayun and Hamida Banu Begum. Born in Amarkot in 1542. At Kalanur, age of 14 he came to the throne on 14th February, 1556. In the second battle of Panipat he killed Hemu on 2nd November 1556. After dismissing Bairamkhan, he became an independent ruler in 1560. Later he married Salima Begum. In 1561, defeated Baz Bahadur, Sultan of Malwa. In 1562, he married Joda Bhai, daughter of Raja Bharmal. In 1572, captured Gujarat and built new capital city Fathepur Sikri (city of victory) near Agra. In 1575, constructed prayer house Ibadatkhana, in Fathepur Sikri. In 1585, Ralph Fitch visited his court. In 1576 he defeated Maharana Pratap in the Battle of Haldighat. Died in 1605. Maintained scholastic assembly in his court. They are as follows: Abul Fazul: Historian who wrote Akbar‘s biographical works Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Namah Abul Faizi: Abul‘s brother and Persian poet. Translated Mahabharata as ‗Razam Namah‘ in Persian. Mian Tansen: Court musician, Ramtanu was his original name. Composed Raga, Rajdarbari in honour of Akbar. Birbal: Akbar‘s court jesterwhose real name was Mahesh Das. Raja Todar Mal: Akbar‘s finance minister. Translated Bhagavata Purna into Persian. Man Singh: Military commander of Akbar‘s court. Badauni: Historian who translated Ramayana into Persian. Tulsidas: Hindi poet who wrote Ramacharitamanas. Jahangir (1605 – 1627) Salim was his earlier name, Akbar called him Sheik Baba. In 1605, he came to the throne. He was the son of Akbar and Jodabai. In 1611, he married an Afghan widow named Mehr-un-nisa. Later he gave her the titles, Noor Mahal, Noor Jahan and Padshah Begum. In 1609, he received William Hawkins who came to India to obtain a trade concession. In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe, the first ambassador of James - I reached Jahangir‘s court. His period is called the ‗Golden age of Mughal painting‘. Built Shalimar and Nishant gardens in Srinagar. Anarkali was Jahangir‘s lover. Jahangir wrote his autobiography as ‗Tuzukh-i-Jahangiri‘ in Persian language. Died in 1627. Shah Jahan (1628 – 1658) Born on 5th January, 1592 in Lahore. Jagat Gosain, his mother and his childhood name was Khurram. Married Arjumand Banu Begum also known as Mumtaz Mahal. His period is considered the ‗Golden Age of Mughal Architecture‘ and he is also known as ‗Prince of Builders‘. In 1631, he started the construction of Taj Mahal in memory of his wife and completed it in 1653. Situated on the banks of Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh. In 1658, he was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb. Died in 1666. Aurangzeb (1658 – 1707) He imprisoned his father and made himself Padshah in 1658. Also known as ‗Zinda Pir‘. Banned music and dance. He was the last Mughal Emperor. In 1675, 9th Sikh Guru ‗Guru Tej Behadur‘ was executed. He died on 20th February, 1707. .
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