DOCSLIB.ORG

The Newton Stone. by the Eight Hon. the Earl of Southesk, K.T., F.S.A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Newton Stone. by the Eight Hon. the Earl of Southesk, K.T., F.S.A I. THE NEWTON STONE. BY THE EIGHT HON. THE EARL OF SOUTHESK, K.T., F.S.A. SCOT. Introduction.—For more than seventy years the inscribed pillar-stone at Newton has been familiarly known to antiquaries, yet, notwithstanding many attempts to decipher them, its two remarkable inscriptions remain unread. To what this may be owing—whether to insufficient care in some cases, or to erroneous theories, or to the use of faulty copies taken from casts and sketches—it is needless at present to inquire; it will be admitted that no complete or satisfactory reading has been offered by the many learned men who have written on the subject. Through the kindness of Mr Gordon, the owner of Newton, I have had several opportunities for minute and lengthened study of the stone. I have also been supplied with photograph e inscriptionsth f so , taken ni presence of Mr Gordon and myself; some of which are from fresh points of view, to illustrate peculiarities in the lettering. These photographs are trustworth importane on n yi t respect I refe; r chalkin e toth g required to bring out the forms clearly,—a process which has often led to error, for photographn i s false chalk-mark hardln sca e distinguisheyb d from true. In the present case, the scores and letters were very carefully chalked by myself, wit r Gordon'M h s held advicepan anythind an , g that remained 2 2 PfiOCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F SO , DECEMBEE 11,1S82. doubtful, through wear or original imperfection, has been duly mentioned in my notes. Aware of these advantages, and not unconscious of considerable labour in the collation of alphabets and in other modes of research, I submit with some hopefulnes readin w e inscriptionsne th a f s go ; trusting that, at the least, my work may prove useful even to those who differ from mo, and that abler scholars than myself will perfect wha s faulti t r yo incomplete. At the beginning of my task the inscriptions seemed to be revealing themselves as brief sepulchral records, similar to those on the Irish and British monumental stones s regardA .e Oghamth e s th d par f an so t Main Inscription this view is accurate, but I have discovered that the other part of the Main Inscription differs widely from the rest,—that it religioua s i s invocation l evental t a a sentenc sr o , e fulf termo a l f o s mythological and foreign character. Knowing the tendency of modern scholarship to disallow the theories of such writer Higginss sa , Vallancey d Daviesan , havo wh e, striveno to , often fancifully o connect , e creed th td language an s e Easth tf o swit h thos Britaif eo Irelandd nan I shoul, d gladly have accepted less question- able conclusion s: nevertheless truth mus followee thin i b t sd casan d; e there may be gain in doing so, for if it can be shown that the old religions of Alban were allied to any known form of civilised Paganism, hop y lone w er ema o discove g t e meanin th re symbol e th th f g o n so Sculptured Stones. Though unwilling to lengthen this paper, I find it difficult to treat so complex a subject except in considerable detail, and I must further ask leav o submit e t some prefatory remarke historth d surn o san y - rounding e Newtoth e f naturs o sinscriptionsth it n n f o eo Ston d an e , also on certain form f Paganisso mthein i r relation ono st f theo o inscrip- tions,—for without such aids I fear lest my reading should be held too improbable to be v/orthy the attention I seek for it. r brevity'Fo s sake I ,hav e condense s possiblea r notey fa d dm s an a ,s e samfoth r e reaso I nhav e frequently abstained from strengtheninr go THE NEWTON STONE. 23 qualifyin statementy m g referencey b s d citation an sexpressiony b r o s s of doubt. On these points I hope it will be understood—(1) that there is pre- sumably competen statementy t m authorit t l al no r thao ) sd fo y(2 ; I t commit writermysely viewe an th f o t so f ,hav y whateveema madI e us re of his works; (3) that none of my remarks have a dogmatic meaning, even when they chance beao t ,e for th rf assertion mo . List lessof obvious Abbreviations. Ast., for Astle, The Origin and Progress of Writing, 1803. Bor., „ Borlase, Antiquities of Cornwall, 1769. Brash, „ Brash, The Ogam Inscribed Monuments of the Gaedhil, 1879. Bryant, „ Bryant, Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 1807. Eltou, „ Elton, Origins of English History, 1882. Faul., „ Faulmann, Das Buch tier Schrift, 1880. Fry, „ Fry, Pantographia, 1799. Ges., „ Gesenius, Scripturae Linguseque Phoenicia), 1837. Herbert, „ Herbert, Neo-drnidie Essath n yo c Heresy, 1838. Higgins, „ Higgins, The Celtic Druids, 1829. Hub., „ Htibiier, Inscriptiones Britannise Christianse, 1876. H.S.D., „ Highland Society's Gaelic Dictionary, 1828. Keane, „ Keane, Towers and Temples of Ancient Ireland, 1867. King, „ King Gnostice Th , theid san r Remains, 1864. O'B., „ O'Brien, Irish Dictionary ed.d ,2n , 1832. O'E., „ O'Eeilly, Irish Dictionary, 1821. Petrie, „ Petrie Ecclesiasticae Th , l Architectur Irelandf eo , 1845. Prinsep, „ Prinsep, Essays on Indian Antiquities, 1858. Eawlinson, „ Eawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, 1873. St.Sc , „ Sculptured Stone Scotlandf so , Spalding Club. Skene, „ Skene, The Four Ancient Books of Wales, 1868. Stephens, „ Stephens, The Old-Northern Eunic Monuments, 1866- 1868. Taylor, „ Taylor, Greeks and Goths, 1879. West., „ Westwood, Palseographia sacra Pictoria. Vail., „ Vallancey, Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis, 1786-1818. B. of Arm., ,, Book of Armagh. B. of Bal., „ Book of Ballymote. •24 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 188211 R . Of., for Compare. Ins., „ Inscription. Celt, var., „ Celtic, various. Kil. alpli., „ Kilmalkedar Alphabet. M. Ins., „ Main Inscription, at Newton. Min., „ Minuscule. N. St., „ Newton Stone. Ogh., „ Ogham. Ogh. Ins., _„ Ogham Inscription t Newtona , . Or. var., „ Oriental, various—chiefly ancient. Pat. Nos., „ Pater Noste Green (i r k letters, Arm.)Bf o . St.S , „ Serpent Stone t Newtona , . St., „ Stone. = „ Equivalen Signifiesr o , to t . Var., „ Various. Description and History.—The. Newton Stone (Sc. St., vol. i. pi. i.) is an unhewn boulder of iron-grey quartzose gneiss, flattened on the face, but otherwise of rounded forms; 6J feet in height above the ground, and about 5J feet in its general girth. On its face it bears an inscription of six horizontal line vern si y peculiar characters d towardan , lefs sit t angle there is another inscription comprising two perpendicular lines in Oghams. e ston Th t presena e t stande lawth t Newtona n s o Aberdeenshiren i , , abou yard0 7 t s fro housee easterlmn th a n i , y direction. Besid t standei s another stone, very similar in size and character (Sc. St., vol. i. pi. xxxvii.), engrave whichn o n , beneat e symbolicahth l double disc, there appear largsa beautifully-formed ean d serpent, barred wit Z-shapee hth d sceptre symbol. Newtoe Th n Stone originally stooa plantatio n di n near Shevack toll- e slopa hil th barf lo n e o abov, e Shevack Burn s inscriptionIt . s were first noticed about 1803 ,roa d beew wheha dne n a nopenee th n i d movevicinitys sita wa eo t dt I behin. d Newton House about 1837d an , was placed in its present position in 1873. e SerpenTh t Stone originally stood beside Newtone th Stone. This sha never been doubte e districtth n di , though written evidenc e facth tf o e wantings i . Some time during last centur e ston s taketh y wa e n away 5 2 THE NEWTON STONE. from Slievack, with intention, it is said, to use it elsewhere as a march- stone, but difficulty occurring in traversing a swampy place, it was finally left there, about three-quarter a mil f o es fro s supposeit m d destination. Its position on that site is noted in a Newton estate plan of 1760. Abou agais t 179wa n t i 4moved , thi se sit th time o behint e d Newton House. Tradition state s remova it tha n o t l from Shevack, twelve oxen could scarcely drag it; n wherea s returnma it e n o son , (John Beattie gred )ol ywite maron h e easily brough t backi t . This trivial story proves the existence of a belief in the association of the two stones, or, at all events, that the Serpent Stone had made a journey befor lass it e t removal n 187I stonee . 3th s were placed togethe thein o r r present site. It may be added, that at the trenching of the Shevack locality, about 1837, human remains were found buried in the earth within a few yards of the original site of the inscribed stone (So. St., vol. i. p. 1). The whole surrounding distric f "Tho t e Gariocb, parise wels th " a s ha l of Culsalmond, to which these stones immediately belong, abounds to an extraordinary extent with the relics of ancient Paganism. From Shevack may be seen (where not hidden by recent plantations) the Moor of Garden, Logie-Elphinstone th site f th eo e f stoneswhico e hon , bear a scircula r Ogham inscription (Sc. St., vol. i. pis. iii. iv.); the Standing Stone, on Candle Hil f Eayneo l Maidee th ; n Stone (Sc.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Phoenician Origin of Britons, Scots & Anglo-Saxons (1924
    THE PHCENICIAN ORIGIN OF THE BRITONS, SCOTS &: ANGLO-SAXONS WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. DISCOVERY OF THE LOST PALIBOTHRA OF THE GREEKS. With Plate. and Mape, Bengal Government Press,Calcutta, 1892.. "The discovery of the mightiest city of India clearly shows that Indian antiquarian studies are still in theirinfancy."-Engluhm4P1, Mar.10,1891. THE EXCAVATIONS AT PAUBOTHRA. With Plates, Plansand Maps. Government Press, Calcutta, 19°3. "This interesting ~tory of the discovery of one of the most important sites in Indian history i. [old in CoL. Waddell's RepoIt."-Timo of India, Mar. S, 1904· PLACE, RIVER AND MOUNTAIN NAMES IN THE HIMALAYAS. Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 1892.. THE BUDDHISM OF TIBET. W. H. Alien'" ce., London, 1895. "This is a book which considerably extends the domain of human knowledge."-The Times, Feb, 2.2., 1595. REPORT ON MISSION FOR COLLECTING GRECO-SCYTHIC SCULPTURES IN SWAT VALLEY. Beng. Govt. Pre.. , 1895. AMONG THE HIMALAYAS. Conetable, London, 1899. znd edition, 1900. "Thil is one of the most fascinating books we have ever seen."-DaU! Chro1Jiclt, Jan. 18, 1899. le Adds in pleasant fashion a great deal to our general store of knowledge." Geag"aphical Jau"nAI, 412.,1899. "Onc of the most valuable books that has been written on the Himalayas." Saturday Relliew,4 M.r. 189<}. wn,n TRIBES OF THE BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY. With Plates. Special No. of Asiatic Soc. Journal, Calcutta, 19°°. LHASA AND ITS MYSTERIES. London, 19°5; 3rd edition, Methuen, 1906. " Rich in information and instinct with literary charm. Every page bears witness to first-hand knowledge of the country ..
    [Show full text]
  • Examining the Transference Between Mithraism and Christianity Peter J
    \ The Sword and the Cross: Examining the Transference between Mithraism and Christianity Peter J. Decker III Advisor: Dr. Elizabeth Manwell Ph. D .. Kalamazoo College Co-Chair of Classics Department I - A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degr~e of Bachelor of ~rts at - - Kalamazoo College. 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................... ~ .... : ......................................................ii I. The Cult ofMithras: Imagery, Practices, and Beliefs ............................... .1-21 II. Examining the Transference between Mithraism and Christianity ............... ~ .. 23-38 III. Appendix .......................· ............................................................. 39 Bibliography .................... ·................................................................. 40-44 / 11 Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to my loving parents who made it possible to attend Kalamazoo College and allow me to further my studies in Classics. Without their financial and emotional support I would not have been able to complete this Senior Independent Project (SIP). Love you Mom and Dad! I am also deepl_y thankful to the Todd family and their generous grant, the Todd Memorial Classics Study Abroad Grant, which allowed me to travel to Italy and gain the inspiration for the topic of my SIP. I would like to express aspecial thanks to my SIP advisor Prof. Manwell, for putting up with all my procrastination and my challenging writing. I hope you didn't spend to many nights up late editing my drafts. Without all of you none of this would have been possible. Thank you very much. 1 I. The Cult ofMithras: Imagery, Practices, and Beliefs In the spring of 2011 an American atheist group put up a billboard in downtown New York City which read: "Born of a virgin on December 25th, known to his 12 disciples as "the Son of God, and resurrected three days after his death, we wish a Happy Birthday to Mithras, the mythical Persian god imagined over 600 years before that other guy ..
    [Show full text]
  • Mithraism and Gnosticism
    Mithraism and Gnosticism The theme of'Mithraism and Gnosticism' is at the same time fascinating and difficult to handle. It evokes a general question of relations between gnos­ ticism and the mystery cults (and the mysteriosophic doctrines)! of late pagan antiquity, but is at the same time conditioned by the specific char­ acteristics of the sources of Mithraism, that historical-religious 'quantity' which is so well determined yet so difficult to penetrate. Furthermore, it must be said that, whereas the final form of the initiatory cult of Mithras in the Roman milieu may be clearly caught through the remains of its typical sanctuaries and through direct witnesses (though poor in contents) which its adepts have bequeathed to us, the questions of the historical-cultural back­ ground of Mithraism are more complex than those of other mystery cults of the Graeco-Roman world. Suffice it to mention the researches of the Swedish school, and in particular those of G. Widengren,2 which examine the prob­ lem of the relations of Mithraism with Iran and those ~octrines which also play an essential part in the same author's studies of the origins of Gnosticism. We will face the problem starting with Mithraism's occidental connections. We have already hinted at this argument in a previous article on certain aspects of Gnostic and 'Orphic' theologies that imply syncretism or analogies with the Mithraic material.3 In this paper, two topics will be considered: first the cult and the figure of Arimanius in the mysteries, and second the ascensus of the souls-topics that most evidently belong to the question of 'Mithraism and Gnosticism'.
    [Show full text]
  • On Ancient Cults from the South of the Province of Dalmatia
    International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies Volume 7, Issue 12, 2020, PP 13-18 ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online) On Ancient Cults from the South of the Province of Dalmatia Gligor М. Samardzic* University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of History, Kosovo and Metohija, Kosovo *Corresponding Author: Gligor М. Samardzic, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of History, Kosovo and Metohija, Kosovo ABSTRACT Statues that testify about the religiousness of the Roman citizens exist in east Herzegovina (south of the province of Dalmatia) as well as in all areas within the Roman Empire. The spiritual life of the citizens from the south of the province of Dalmatia (east Herzegovina) reflected in the respect for a significant number of cults. The religion of an ancient man from east Herzegovina is respresented, above all, by modest archeological findings and epigraph statues. It manifested itself in the respect for a significant number of cults that relied on Illyrian tradition, Roman and oriental deities. Keywords: Ancient cults, epigraph statues, the Roman Empire, the province of Dalmatia, east Herzegovina. INTRODUCTION today. The scientific research focused on the aforementioned problems is ongoing even today After the Roman conquest of the east coastline because it was conditioned by new findings and of Adriatic Sea and its inland at the beginning of st thanks to that fact, the research could be more the 1 cenutry AD, the Roman merchants, specific about the cults of individual deities colonists and soldiers came to this area bringing (Radimsky 1891, 191, pic.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Pillar Stones
    ANCIENT PILLAR STONES OF SCOTLAND; ®inii anb §!earitiig rni (Etjjiitligir,' 818S5 0^^ BY GEORGE MOORE, M.D. M.R.O.P. bon:d., etc. EDINBURGH : EDMONSTONE AND DOUGLA^E^, WYLLIE AND SON. ■ o PREF’ Ac C^' 1, The ScU^-ptured Stones of Seoifcland are the mos-t remarkable in the world, and of these the most singular is that known as the ISeeWc^n Stone. This is uniqu^e, being inscribed wi'th characters unlike any found in Eu^i’ope, and which, though recognised as Oriental, have hitherto defied interpretation. To this stone and its inscriptions, thei'cfore, the especial att^ention o ^^Ire reader is invited, since the interest of the whole inquiry, as conducted in this volume, turns upon the significance ascribed, to this puzzling monument. 'To the serious diversion of visi'ting some Of the mos^ ancie:^^ pillar-stones of Aberdeenshire, and hunting for their mea^ning, the writer is indebted for a good holiday and the renewal of vigour for liis professional duty. He writes with a touch of gra­ titude, not only to kind friends who directed him to the old ston^es, but, so to say, to the grim old creatures themselves ; for their very hoariness bore a refreshing aspect, and, though reminding one of the -tomb, they uttered no coim^tlaint, however ti’eated, and the mystery ab^^t ttli<i^i& was withal o vi PREFACE. w^-fcho^'t prel^ent^i^ousness. To ran the finger along lines and letters rubbed in by human hands some two thousand years ago was like reaching back and puttying onesel^f en rappo^'t wi’th the dead and buried ages, tin the venerable memorials became alive wi'th interests thick and close as the grey lichen that covered them.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Sebastian and Mithras: a Suggestion
    Archaeological Journal ISSN: 0066-5983 (Print) 2373-2288 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/raij20 St. Sebastian and Mithras: A Suggestion Alice Kemp-Welch To cite this article: Alice Kemp-Welch (1915) St. Sebastian and Mithras: A Suggestion, Archaeological Journal, 72:1, 285-297, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.1915.10853283 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1915.10853283 Published online: 17 Jul 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 2 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=raij20 Download by: [University of California Santa Barbara] Date: 25 June 2016, At: 22:38 ST. SEBASTIAN AND MITHRAS: A SUGGESTION. BY ALICE KEMP-WELCH. In the Acta Sanctorum of the seventeenth century we read the harrowing story of St. Sebastian's martyrdom ; in the more critical Analecta Bollandiana of to-day we are told that the story ' bears the stamp of a work of imagination.' Yet even so, we believe, with Renan, that although ' la legende n'est pas vraie comme fait, elle est toujours vraie comme idee.' What is the idea behind this legend of terrible torture ? Why do we find the legend associated with Rome of the third century ? To reply that St. Sebastian was a christianised Apollo, the god of Light, whose arrows, shot amongst the Greeks, brought pestilence and death, leaves us still questioning, for although Apollo was, par excellence, the purifying and expiatory god, to whom a temple—that of Apollo Medicus, mentioned by Livy—was built in Rome as early as 433-431 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Mithras and Mithraism Citation for published version: Sauer, E 2012, 'Mithras and Mithraism: The Encyclopedia of Ancient History', The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, pp. 4551-4553. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah17273 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah17273 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: The Encyclopedia of Ancient History Publisher Rights Statement: © Sauer, E. (2012). Mithras and Mithraism: The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, 4551-4553 doi: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah17273 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 © Sauer, E. (2012). Mithras and Mithraism: The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, 4551-4553 doi: 10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah17273 Mithras and Mithraism By Eberhard Sauer, University of Edinburgh, [email protected] Worshipped in windowless cave-like temples or natural caves, across the Roman Empire by exclusively male (Clauss 1992; Griffith 2006) congregations, few ancient deities have aroused more curiosity than the sun god Mithras.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Roy Murphy
    US THE WHO, WHAT & WHY OF MANKIND Dr. Roy Murphy Visit us online at arbium.com An Arbium Publishing Production Copyright © Dr. Roy Murphy 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the copyright owner. Nor can it be circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without similar condition including this condition being imposed on a subsequent purchaser. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover design created by Mike Peers Visit online at www.mikepeers.com First Edition – 2013 ISBN 978-0-9576845-0-8 eBook-Kindle ISBN 978-0-9576845-1-5 eBook-PDF Arbium Publishing The Coach House 7, The Manor Moreton Pinkney Northamptonshire NN11 3SJ United Kingdom Printed in the United Kingdom Vi Veri Veniversum Vivus Vici 863233150197864103023970580457627352658564321742494688920065350330360792390 084562153948658394270318956511426943949625100165706930700026073039838763165 193428338475410825583245389904994680203886845971940464531120110441936803512 987300644220801089521452145214347132059788963572089764615613235162105152978 885954490531552216832233086386968913700056669227507586411556656820982860701 449731015636154727292658469929507863512149404380292309794896331535736318924 980645663415740757239409987619164078746336039968042012469535859306751299283 295593697506027137110435364870426383781188694654021774469052574773074190283
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    SCULPTURED STONE AT AUQUHOLLIE, KINCARDINESHIRE. 257 V. THE OLD-CELTIC INSCRIBED AND SCULPTURED STONE AT AUQU- HOLLIE, KINCARDINESHIRE, AND OGAM IN SCOTLAND. BY FRANCIS 0. DIACK, M.A., ABERDEEN. This monument, locally known as the Lang Steen, is situated at the farm-roasida f eo d betwee farme nth Eastef so Nethed ran r Auquhollie, Fig. 1. Standing Stone bearing an Ogam Inscription and Symbol t Auquholliea s , Kincardineshire. in the parish of Fetteresso, Kincardineshire, about 5 miles north-west of Stonehaven. It is a large, unshaped monolith of quartzose gneiss, of a rude but impressive appearance, 8 feet 6 inches high and of an irregu- larly rectangular formgirte Th s roughlhi . ye th abou s i feet 7 t I . only inscribed monument of the earliest period, north of the Forth, 7 1 VOL. LIX. 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MAY 11, 1925. which still stands undisturbed where it was originally placed; for it is safe to say that there would have been no motive in later times to change its position, or that, if it had once fallen down, anyone would have taken the trouble of re-erecting such a mass (fig. 1). According to the Earl of Southesk, whose notice was written some forty years ago, it is "said to have formed part of a circle recently removed." I have not been .able to verify this. There was, it seems, a circle of stones not far off, whence the local name, Langstanes, of a former holdin absorbew no g n Netheri d " AuquhollieI t bu , | could find 110 proof that this stone belonged to that %.,,, circle, and all experience is against it, since alphabetic ^ writing has never been found on such circles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inchyra Stone and Some Other Unpublished Early
    E INCHYRTH A STON SOMD EAN E OTHER UNPUBLISHED EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS by ROBERT B. K. STEVENSON, M.A., F.S.A., F.S.A.SCOT. THE main purpose of this paper is to publish notes on some sculptured monuments or fragments that have either been foun Scotlann di recenn di t year r whicso e har insufficiently published. Seven of them are Pictish or later Picto-Scottish (1-4, 6-8), two are Northumbrian (10) and three are Strathclyde British (12-13). Attention is also drawn to particular features of three better-known monuments, Pictish (5), show w BritisNorse b no o ne t eh on (i/j.).(n) d an ,1 For though the number and variety of the sculptured stones of Pictland has led writer concentrato s t othe e th f ro ancient themn ar e o e th t, kingdoms belongs equally of cours Scotlano et presens it n di t sense.2 Indeed interesmuce th f hmoderr o fo t n study lies not only in the differences of style conditioned by their ethnic and political history, but in the repeated interaction of those styles within a country which, despite them, shared what was no doubt broadly a common culture. Some dis- cussio thesn no e line alreads sha y been attempte writee th Pictis r y drfo b h art,d 3an for crossee somth f Scotief o s o c Dalriada, bried 4an f general comments seem parti- cularly called for here by the British sculpture to which little attention has been paid fo lona r g timee opportunitTh .
    [Show full text]
  • True History of Christianity Part1
    ““JohnJohn SmithSmith”” TheThe TrueTrue HistoryHistory ofof ChristianityChristianity LLet him who seeks continue seeking until he finds. When he finds, he will become troubled. When he becomes troubled, he will be astonished ... Jesus said ... For nothing hidden will not become manifest, and nothing covered will remain without being uncovered. The apocryphal Gospel of Thomas, a 4th Century ‘heretical’ text discovered at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, in 1945. MMany others, who oppose the truth and are the messengers of error, will set up their error ... thinking that good and evil are from one (source) ... but those of this sort will be cast into the outer darkness. From the Apocalypse of Peter, also found at Nag Hammadi. “Jesus said, ... For there are five trees for you in Paradise which remain undisturbed summer and winter and whose leaves do not fall. Whoever becomes acquainted with them will not experience death”. The apocryphal Gospel of Thomas II:19, also found at Nag Hammadi. The True History of Christianity “John Smith” 2005 4 The True History of Christianity DEDICATIONS This book is dedicated to a number of individuals who played an important part in this project - Firstly, no greater thanks can go to my family who patiently waited 10 years while their dad finished this book, and to my folks for their assistance when the going was really tough. Thanks also to the idiot who undid my wheel nuts (almost wiping out an entire family), not to mention the vile piece of of filth who cut through my brake hose causing my vehicle to spin out of control.
    [Show full text]
  • What the Hellenism: Did Christianity Cause a Decline of Th Hellenism in 4 -Century Alexandria?
    What the Hellenism: Did Christianity cause a decline of th Hellenism in 4 -century Alexandria? Classics Dissertation Exam Number B051946 B051946 2 Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 2 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 Problems with Evidence ......................................................................................................... 8 Pagan Topography and Demography......................................................................................... 9 Christian Topography .............................................................................................................. 19 Civic Power Structures ............................................................................................................ 29 Intellectualism .......................................................................................................................... 38 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 47 Bibliography of Primary Sources in Translation ..................................................................... 52 Figure Bibliography ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]