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Palotas Zsolt.Pdf (4.006MB) TÁMOP-4.2.2/B-10/1-2010-0012 projekt „Ha háború a célja, köteles leszek megadni neki azt!” Az 1805-ös krízis az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és a Tuniszi Kormányzóság között a források tükrében Palotás Zsolt Újkori Egyetemes Történeti és Mediterrán Tanulmányok Tanszék USS Constitution fregatt Hickey, Federalist Defense Policy in the Age of Jefferson, 1801-1812. Military Affairs, Vol. 45 (1981) No. 2. 65. Szegedi Tudományegyetem Szegedi Tudományegyetem Cím: 6720 Szeged, Dugonics tér 13. 2013. április 24. www.u-szeged.hu www.ujszechenyiterv.gov.hu Bevezetés – Az előadás főbb részei - Historiográfiai áttekintés - Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok külpolitikai lehetőségei egy „fenyegető világban” - Federalisták és anti-federalisták - Kereskedelmi érdekek védelme: a flottafejlesztés - A Tuniszi Kormányzóság az újkorban A Berber partok térképe (1812) - Politikai elit a 17–18. században http://www.miklianmaps.com/maltebrun-map-of-barbary-coast- - Hamouda bej uralkodása 1812-p-361.html - 2013.04.22. - Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és a Magreb térség (1786–1805) - Béke és kereskedelmi szerződések - A Tripoli elleni háború 1801–1805 - Az USA és a Tuniszi Kormányzóság a Tripoli elleni háború időszakában: az 1805-ös krízis és annak Algír látképe a 18. században megoldása Stoopendaal, D.: De Stadt Algiers La Ville d’Alger. Amsterdam, 1700. Historiográfiai áttekintés I. Források 1, Archives Nationales de Tunisie (ANT), Série Historique, Dossier 685, Carton 252. 2, Naval Documents Related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers… Vol 6. Washington, 1939–1944. 3, American State Papers, Class I: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States: Foreign Relations, 1789–1828. Vol 6. Washington, 1832–1861. 4, Cahiers des Archives. Traités et accords conclus entre la Tunisie et les puissances occidentales (1626–1955). Tunis, 2011. 5, The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of Government in 1789 to March 3, 1845. Boston, 1845–1867. Historiográfiai áttekintés II. Másodlagos szakirodalom 1, Allen, Gardner Weld: Our Navy and the 8, Folayan, Kola: „Tripoli and the War with the Barbary Corsairs. Houghton, 1905. U.S.A., 1801–5” Jornal of African History, Vol. 2, Field, James A.: America and the 13 (1972) No. 2. 261–270. Mediterranean World, 1776–1882. 9, Maalouf-Limam, Haifa: „The Mission of the Princeton, 1969. American Squadron in the Mediterranean: 3, Fremont-Barnes, Gregory: The Wars of 1790–1805” Revue d’Histoire Maghrébine, Vol. the Barbary Pirates. To the shores of 6 (1979) Issue 15–16. 83–91. Tripoli: the rise of the US Navy and 10, MacLeod, Julia H: „Jefferson and the Marines. Oxford, 2006. Navy: A Defense” Huntington Library 4, Paullin, Charles Oscar: Commodore Quarterly, Vol. 8 (Feb., 1945) No. 2. 153–184. John Rodgers… Cleveland, 1910. 11, Panzac, Daniel: „La Régence de Tunis et la 5, Paullin, Charles Oscar: Diplomatic Mer á l’Époque d’Hammouda Pacha bey Negotiations of American Naval Officers, (1782–1814)” Les Cahiers de Tunisie, Vol. 165 1778–1883. Baltimore, 1912. (1995) 67–84. 6, Sebag, Paul: La Course Tunisienne aux XVIIIe siécle. Tunis, 2001. 7, Wheelan, Joseph: Jefferson’s War: America’s First War on Terror, 1801–5. New York, 2003. I. Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok külpolitikai lehetőségei egy „fenyegető világban” 1, Federalisták és anti-federalisták a, Függetlenségi háború – szakítás Nagy-Britanniával - Kalózprobléma b, Federalisták: „Egy nemzetnek, mely a nagybecsben tartott békét fenn kívánja tartani, fel kell készülnie a háborúra.” Hickey: The Federalist Defense Decatur flottája Algírban, 1815 júniusa Policy, 64. i.m. Hartford Connecticut Courant, reprinted in Alexandria Gazette (30 Jan. Fremont-Barnes, Gregory: The Wars of the Barbary Pirates. To the shores of Tripoli: the rise 1812) of the US Navy and Marines. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2006. 79. c, Védelmi irányok 2, Kereskedelmi érdekek védelme: a - Kereskedelem flottafejlesztés - Tengerpart a, Függetlenségi háború időszaka - Belső határok - George Washington b, Az 1794-as flottafejlesztési program c, Az ún. Quasi háború (1798–1800) d, Tripoli elleni háború (1801–1805) Brit mediterrán menlevél http://gibraltar-intro.blogspot.hu/2010/10/in-1713-treaty-of- A Constellation összecsapása az Insurgente-vel, 1799. utrecht-was-signed.html – 2013.05.22 http://ushistoryclassroom.blogspot.hu/2011/10/adams- administration.html – 2013.05.23. Az Experiment schooner elfogja a francia Diane nevű kalózhajót, 1800. október 1. Naval Documents, Quasi Wars, VI, kezdőlap A USS Philadelphia Tripoliban Fremont-Barnes, Gregory: The Wars of the Barbary Pirates. To the shores of Tripoli: the rise of the US Navy and Marines. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2006. 29. II. A Tuniszi Kormányzóság az újkorban 1, A Magreb térség és annak államai - Oszmán Birodalom „vazallusai”: Algír, Tunisz és Tripoli – kalózállamok - Uralkodói dinasztiák Tuniszban: a, Középkor: Hafszidák (1207–1574) b, Muradita-dinasztia (1613–1702) d, Huszainita-dinasztia (1702–1957) 2, Hamouda pasa bej (1782–1814) Bardo palota, Tunisz a, 32 éves uralkodása alatt Tunisz virágzik: - Kevés természeti csapás (1784–1785, 1777–1778) - Külpolitikai sikerek (1784–1792, 1793–1794, 1807) b, A Bej maga is igen művelt: „A fiatal herceg egyszerre volt jó alkatú, nemes és barátságos modorú. Hallottam, hogy ugyanolyan könnyedséggel beszélt három különböző nyelven is [arabul, törökül és olaszul].” Windler, Christian: „Diplomatic History as a Field for Cultral Analysis: Muslim-Christian Relations in Tunis, 1700–1840” The Historical Journal, Vol. 44 (March, 2010) Issue 1. 86. i.m. Delespine de Chateauneuf Castrieshez. 1787. február 16, AN, AE B1 1152. Tunisz 1670 körül Fremont-Barnes, Gregory: The Wars of the Barbary Pirates. To the shores of Tripoli: the rise of the US Navy and Marines. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2006. 9. III./1. Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és a Magreb térség (1786–1805) 1, Béke és kereskedelmi szerződések - Az amerikai kereskedelem dinamikusan növekedett a 18–19. században „…Azt a következtetést vonhatjuk le, hogy a búza és a liszt kivitelének hatod része az Egyesült Államokból, és a szárított és pácolt hal értékének negyede, és a rizs kitűnő piacra talált a Mediterrán kikötőkben; […] a kifelé irányuló kereskedelem évente nyolcvan, illetve száz hajó közé tehető, húszezer tonna rakománnyal, melyek fedélzetén ezerkétszáz tengerész teljesít szolgálatot.” [Timothy Pickering] külügyminiszter jelentése a mediterrán kereskedelemre vonatkozóan a Képviselőházhoz 1790. december 30-án és a Szenátushoz 1791. január 3-án. American State Papers, Foreign Relations, I, 104; Naval Documents, Barbary Wars, I, 22. - Szerződések a Berber Államokkal (Barbary States) 1786. Marokkó, 1795. Algír, 1796. Tripoli, 1797. Tunisz - Különböző incidensek: George Washington (1800) 2, Hamouda és az USA 1801-at megelőzően Nézeteltérések: a, Nem Algír a vezető állam a Magrebben b, Konzuli ajándékok elmaradása William Eaton (1764–1811) c, Tripoli elleni blokád Prentiss, Charles: The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton; … E. Merriam & Co., Brookfield, 1813. Szerződés a Tuniszi Kormányzóság és az Amerikai Egyesült Államok között, 1799. március 26. ANT, Serie Historique, Carton 252, Dossier 685. Cahiers des Archives, 87, 103. III./1. Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és a Magreb térség (1786–1805) Algíri nyomás Tuniszra az USA-val való béke megkötésére: „…mivelhogy a tuniszi bej visszautasította, hogy elfogadja a feltételeket, melyeket az algíri dej javasolt (invesztált) korábban az Amerikai Egyesült Államok nevében; a Dej magára vállalta a béke megvalósítását. Úgy tűnik gyakorlatilag megszállta a tuniszi területeket, elsősorban azért, hogy elérje ezt a célt.” David Humphreys, az Egyesült Államok lisszaboni (Portugália) és a Berber Államokkal való tárgyalással megbízott miniszterének levele [Timothy Pickering] külügyminiszterhez. Lisszabon, 1797. január 31. Naval Documents, Barbary Wars, I, 194. Forrás arra vonatkozóan, hogy Tunisz nem ismer el semmilyen blokádot: „…[Hamouda] hadihajóit/cirkálóit felszerelték és ő kinyilvánította, hogy nem fogja figyelembe venni azt, hogy bármilyen kikötő blokád alatt van és, hogy folytatni fogja a kereskedelmét Tripolival, emellett megtorlást fog alkalmazni abban az esetben, ha bármilyen hajóját elfogja vagy visszatartja flottánk.” Richard V. Morris kapitány levele [Robert Smith] tengerészetügyi miniszterhez. 1803. március 30. Naval Documents, Barbary Wars, II, 384. III./2. Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok és a Magreb térség (1786–1805) „…Jelenlegi háborúnk során értékes zsákmány szerzésére nem számíthatunk. Fő célunk kereskedelmünk védelme, ezt úgy kell megvalósítani, hogy megfosztjuk az ellenséget minden háborús eszközétől.” [Robert Smith] tengerészetügyi miniszter levele William Bainbridge kapitányhoz. Philadelphia fregatt, Philadelphia, 1803. július 13. Naval Documents, Barbary Wars, II, 477. A Constitution fregatt megkezdi a támadást Tripoli ellen Fremont-Barnes, Gregory: The Wars of the Barbary Pirates. Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2006. 7. 1, A Tripoli elleni háború (1801–1805) Jelentősebb események: Tripoli látképe Panzac, Daniel: Barbary Corsairs: The End of a Legend - 1803. október 31. USS Philadelphia fregatt elvesztése 1800–1820. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Boston, 2005. 279. - 1804. február 16. Stephan Decatur felgyújtja a Phialdelphiát - 1805. március 8 – április 25. William Eaton hadjárata Derna ellen - 1805. június 4. Béke (blokád felszámolása július 31.) Az Enterprize scooner tripoliszi hajót fog el Naval Documents, Barbary Wars, I, 538. A USS Philadelphia zátonyra
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