168 MACHADO et al.
Three new species of Mesabolivar (Aranea, Pholcidae) from leaf litter in urban environments in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Éwerton O. Machado1,2, Antonio D. Brescovit1, David F. Candiani3 & Bernhard A. Huber4
1. Laboratório de Artrópodes, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ([email protected], [email protected]) 2. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. 3. Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, 1901, 66077-530 Terra Firme, Belém, PA, Brasil. ([email protected]) 4. Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Museum, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ([email protected])
ABSTRACT. In this study we describe three new litter inhabiting species of Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 from nine urban forest remnants in the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil: M. forceps, M. mairyara and M. cavicelatus. In three of these remnants, we conduced a three year sampling using pitfall traps. Mesabolivar forceps sp. nov. was the most abundant pholcid (n=273 adults), always present in the samples, but with highest numbers in spring and summer. Mesabolivar mairyara sp. nov. was the second most abundant species (n=32), but the majority of individuals were collected in March 2001. Only three individuals of M. cavicelatus sp. nov. were collected.
KEYWORDS. Mesabolivar, spiders, Neotropical region, temporal variation, taxonomy.
RESUMO. Três espécies novas de Mesabolivar (Araneae, Pholcidae) da serapilheira de ambiente urbano da cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Neste trabalho são descritas três espécies novas de Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 coletadas na serapilheira de nove remanescentes florestais urbanos da região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo: M. forceps, M. mairyara e M. cavicelatus. Foram realizadas amostragens com armadilhas de solo, durante três anos, em três remanescentes urbanos da cidade de São Paulo, onde M. forceps sp. nov. foi a espécie mais abundante (n=273), apresentando maior abundância na primavera e verão, mas sempre presente nas coletas. Mesabolivar mairyara sp. nov. foi a segunda espécie mais abundante (n=32), com a maioria dos indivíduos coletados em março/2001. Foram coletados somente três indivíduos de M. cavicelatus sp. nov.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE. Mesabolivar, aranhas, região Neotropical, variação temporal, taxonomia.
The genus Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 nigridentis (Mello-Leitão), were not examined by HUBER currently includes 36 nominal species (PLATNICK, 2005; (2000) and the original descriptions do not present the HUBER et al., 2005). The genus is widespread in the diagnostic chacteres of the species herein described. Neotropical region and was revised by HUBER (2000). In general, there is limited information on habitat or However, many species remain undescribed, and few of temporal variation in Neotropical pholcids. For the known species were collected using specific methods, Mesabolivar, the biology of most species is poorly especially targeting soil and leaf-litter communities. The known. Only M. eberhardi Huber, 2000 has been studied microhabitats of best known diversity suspiciously in some detail (EBERHARD & BRICEÑO, 1983; 1985). All this coincide with the levels most easily accessible to humans, results in a poor knowledge on pholcids of ground or i.e., the shady areas near the ground and between low vegetation habitats. Besides, only now studies on buttresses, and the low vegetation (HUBER, 2000), DNA sequences of Mesabolivar species are being suggesting an influence of the sampling method, i.e., conduced (ASTRIN et al., 2006), including M. mairyara visual search. Some habitats, such as the canopy and sp. nov. and species related to the new species here the leaf litter, remain poorly known. Only three species of presented. Mesabolivar are known to live in the litter layer, having This paper is a result of a three year sampling using been captured with pitfall traps, namely M. cuarassu and pitfall traps in urban forests in the city of São Paulo, M. samatiaguassu (HUBER et al., 2005), and M. difficilis Brazil, in a subproject named “Soil spiders of the city of (Mello-Leitão, 1918) (ÁLVARES et al., 2004). There are São Paulo” (CANDIANI et al., 2005) of the project probably many more undescribed litter dwelling species, “Biodiversity of Arachnida and Myriapoda from the state and the morphology of some other known species of São Paulo” within the BIOTA/FAPESP program. The (relatively short and strong legs), such as M. banksi main objective was to evaluate the Atlantic forests (Moenkhaus, 1898) and M. simoni (Moenkhaus), remnants in urban areas of the city of São Paulo. The suggests that they may also have been collected in this Atlantic forest is one of the most important hotspots, habitat. Despite the great number of Brazilian species due to the high diversity and high concentration of described by Mello-Leitão, the new species herein endemic species of fauna and flora and is one of the most described are not similar to any of them. Of the Brazilian endangered ones (MYERS et al., 2000). In fact, the species, only M. aurantius (Mello-Leitão), M. azureus deforestation and fragmentation of this biome heavily (Badcock), M. fluminensis (Mello-Leitão) and M. threaten both fauna and flora (BROOKS & BALMFORD, 1996;
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SILVA & TABARELLI, 2000). The project has collected a lot in shape to M. difficilis (Mello-Leitão, 1918) and M. of information in this respect, and we expect that more banksi (Moenkhaus, 1898) (see HUBER, 2000, figs. 924, undescribed species will be discovered. Here we describe 932, 943); sternum light ochre. Thoracic groove distinct. three new species of Mesabolivar, and give some Eight eyes on slightly elevated ocular area (Figs. 1,2); information on the temporal variation of two of them. distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Chelicerae light brown with pair of black, frontal MATERIAL AND METHODS apophyses medially (Figs. 1,2). Palps as in Figs. 3-7. Coxa with distinct retrolateral apophysis. Femur proximally with The specimens used to access ecological data were distinct round retrolateral apophysis and small proximal sampled in the following urban forested areas: Horto dorsal hump (Fig. 3). Procursus dark brown, strongly Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Butantan; Mata da Cidade curved; enlarged tip with dorsal concavity. Bulb with very Universitária Armando Salles (C.U.A.S.O.), campus of the small and barely visible transparent projection (Fig. 7), Universidade de São Paulo and Parque da Previdência, embolar division of bulb dorsally curved. Legs light all described in details in CANDIANI et al. (2005). All three brown; without spines. Tarsus I with approximately 28 localities are in the municipality of São Paulo, state of pseudosegments, difficult to count. Opisthosoma São Paulo, Brazil. Sampling was done using pitfall traps globular, pale green, with several bluish-green-spots (BRENNAN et al., 1999) with 70% alcohol. Fifty pitfall traps (Figs. 8,9). were placed in each area and kept open for seven days, Female (Paratype IBSP 52649). Total length 2.4, every 3 months. This resulted in a total of twelve sampling carapace width 0.9; leg I 11.3 (2.5 + 0.3 + 3.0 + 4.3 + 1.1), periods between April 1999 and March 2002, totalling tibia II 1.9, tibia III 1.5, tibia IV 2.5, tibia I L/d 28. Habitus 1800 samples. Additional material from other seven soil as in Figs. 8-9. In general very similar to male. Tarsus I spider fauna sub-projects of the Instituto Butantan was with approximately 26 pseudosegments. Epigynum dark examined. brown, slightly elevated, with medium-sized median The material examined is deposited in the collections pocket, without apophyses or humps (Figs. 10,11). of Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (IBSP, A. D. Brescovit), Internal genitalia with two transversal pore plates (Fig. 12). Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Variation. Eleven males: carapace width 0.82-1.02 Paulo (MZSP, R. Pinto da Rocha) and Zoological Research (mean = 0.93); tibia I 3.36-4.80 (mean = 4.11). Eleven Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (ZFMK, females: carapace width 0.74-0.94 (mean = 0.87); tibia I B. A. Huber). Descriptions and measurements follow 2.64-3.48 (mean = 2.68). HUBER (2000). Measurements are given in millimeters. The ratio tibia I length/diameter (L/d) is a measure of the Other material examined. BRAZIL, São Paulo: São Paulo robustness of the legs (HUBER, 2000). The epigynum was (Cidade Universitária, campus of the Universidade de São Paulo, Mata da Cidade Universitária Armando Salles, 46º 43’W, 23º 33’S), dissected and immersed in clove oil for visualization of 2 , 16-23.IV.1999 (IBSP 52819-52820); 9 , 2 , 16-23.VIII.1999 internal structures following LEVI (1965). All drawings (IBSP 52821-52829, 52961); 3 , , 16-23.XI.1999 (IBSP 52830- were done with a camera lucida. Chi-squared tests were 52833); 10 , 4 , 16-23.II.2000 (IBSP 52834, 52839, 52869- performed at 0.05 levels to verify the sex ratio (ZAR, 1996). 52877, 52962, 52963); 2 , 2 , 15-22.VI.2000 (IBSP 52835- 52838); 8 , 12-19.VIII.2000 (IBSP 52878-52883, 52964); 2 , , 13-20.XII.2000 (IBSP 52884, 52885, 52965); 4 , 12- Mesabolivar forceps sp. nov. 19.III.2001 (IBSP 52886-52889); 2 , , 12-19.VI.2001 (IBSP (Figs. 1-12) 52890-52892); 7 , , 22.VIII.2001 (IBSP 52893-52898); 12 , 3 , 12-19.XII.2001 (IBSP 52899-52911); 3 , , 12-19.III.2002 Types. Male holotype from Horto Oswaldo Cruz (IBSP 52912-52914) and , , (ZFMK); , no date (IBSP 52966), (46º43’W, 23º33’S), campus of the Instituto Butantan, all collected by D. Candiani et al. col.; (Butantã, campus of the Instituto Butantan, Horto Oswaldo Cruz, 46º43’W, 23º33’S), 2 , Butantã, São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil, 11- 16-23.IV.1999 (IBSP 52812-52813); 2 , , 16-23.VIII.1999 (IBSP 18.VIII.2000, D. Candiani et al. col., with pitfall traps, 52650-52652); 7 , 8 , 16-23.XI.1999 (IBSP 52653-52664, deposited in IBSP 52648. Paratypes: female, same data as 52814); 4 , 9 , 16-23.II.2000 (IBSP 52665-52676); 4 , 3 , 14- holotype, 16-23.XI.1999 (IBSP 52649) and male and 21.VI.2000 (IBSP 52667-52682); 6 , 4 , 11-18.VIII.2000 (IBSP female, same data as holotype, 11-18.XII.2001 (MZSP 52683-52688); 12 , 21 , 12-19.XII.2000 (IBSP 52689, 52690, 52754-52772, 52815, 52816) and , (MZSP 25562, 25564); 25563, 25561). 2 , 3 , 11-18.III.2001 (IBSP 52773-52776, 52817); 2 , 2 , 11- Etymology. The specific name is a Latin noun in 18.VI.2001 (IBSP 52777-52779); 8 , 6 , 14-21.VIII.2001 (IBSP apposition and refers to the peculiar shape of the tip of 52780-52790, 52818); 20 , 8 , 11-18.XII.2001 (IBSP 52791- the procursus. 52807); 2 , 2 , 11-18.III.2002 (IBSP 52808-52811), all collected by D. Candiani et al. col.; , X-2005 (IBSP 57648), collector not Diagnosis. Mesabolivar forceps is easily given; (Jardim Ademar, Parque da Previdência, 46º43’W, 23º34’S), distinguished from congeners by the large and strongly , 2 , 16-23.IV.1999 (IBSP 52915-52917); 4 , 4 , 16- curved procursus (Figs. 3-6), with enlarged tip and distal 23.VIII.1999 (IBSP 52918-52925); , 3 , 16-23.XI.1999 (IBSP concavity (Figs. 4-6). The female is distinguished from 52926-52928); 11 , 2 , 16-23.II.2000 (IBSP 52929-52940); 2 , most species by the absence of apophyses or humps 2 , 16-23.VI.2000 (IBSP 52941-52944); 2 , 13-20.VIII.2000 (IBSP 52945, 52946); 4 , 5 , 13-20.III.2001 (IBSP 52947- combined with the medium-sized median pocket in the 52955); 2 , 16-23.VIII.2001 (IBSP 52956, 52957); , 13- epigynum (Fig. 10). 20.III.2002 (IBSP 52958), all collected by D. Candiani et al. col.; Description. Male (Holotype). Total length 2.2, (Cidade Jardim, Parque Alfredo Volpi, 46º42’09”W, 23º35’16”S), carapace width 1.0; leg I: 15.9 (3.8 + 0.4 + 4.2 + 6.3 + 1.3), , 04-10.VI.2004 (IBSP 53011), A. Bagio col.; (Vila Andrade, Parque Burle Marx), 5 , 2 , 27.V-02.VI.2005 (IBSP 52998-53004), A. tibia II: 2.5, tibia III: 1.8, tibia IV: 3.0, tibia I L/d 35. Habitus Bagio col.; (Água Funda, Parque do Estado), 2 , 13-20.V.2005 as in female (Figs. 8-9). Carapace light brown, very similar (IBSP 52996-52997), J. Valvassori col.; (Jardim Ângela, Represa
Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 97(2):168-176, 30 de junho de 2007 170 MACHADO et al.
Figs. 1-12. Mesabolivar forceps sp. nov. Male prosoma: 1, frontal; 2, lateral; 3, Left male palp, retrolateral, arrow indicates the femoral retrolateral apophysis; Tip of left procursus: 4, prolateral; 5, prolateral, slightly dorsal; 6, dorsal; 7, left bulb, prolateral, arrow indicates the transparent projection; Female habitus: 8, lateral; 9, dorsal; Epigynum: 10, ventral; 11, lateral; 12, dorsal. Scales: figs. 1-3, 0.5 mm; figs. 4-7, 0.25 mm; figs. 8-12, 0.5 mm.
Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 97(2):168-176, 30 de junho de 2007 Three new species of Mesabolivar (Araneae, Pholcidae) from leaf ... 171
Guarapiranga, 46º44’23”W, 23º44’14”S), , 9-15.X.1999 (IBSP Variation. Seven males: carapace width 0.94-1.16 53017); , 06-12.VI.2000 (IBSP 53018); 12 , 3 , 13-19.XI.2000 (mean = 1.07); tibia I 3.95-7.37 (mean = 5.86). Ten females: (IBSP 53012-53016, 53019-53025), R. P. Indicatti et al. col.; (Jardim Ângela, Ilha Parque dos Eucaliptos, 46º43’51”W, carapace width 0.76-1.04 (mean = 0.94); tibia I 4.08-7.96 23º43’51”S), 3 , V.2005 (IBSP 53005-53007), I. Cizaukas col.; (mean = 4.95). Itapevi, , 29.I.1999 (IBSP 57048), , 28.V.1999 (IBSP 57049); , , 24.VI.1999 (IBSP 52989); , 26.XI.1999 (IBSP 52984), V. Other material examined. BRAZIL, São Paulo: São Paulo C. Onofrio col.; all collected with pitfall traps. (Cidade Universitária, campus of the Universidade de São Paulo, Mata da Cidade Universitária Armando Salles, 46º43’W, 23º33’S), Distribution. Known only from the cities of São , , 12-19.VI.2001 (IBSP 52991, 52992); 1 , 15-22.VIII.2001 Paulo and Itapevi, State of São Paulo, Brazil. (IBSP 52993), D. Candiani et al. col.; (Butantã, campus of the Instituto Butantan, Horto Oswaldo Cruz, 46º43’W, 23º33’S), , 16-23.VIII.1999 (IBSP 52988) and (ZFMK); , 14-21.VIII.2001 Mesabolivar mairyara sp. nov. (IBSP 52990), D. Candiani et al. col.; (Jardim Ademar, Parque da (Figs. 13-23) Previdência, 46º43’W, 23º34’S), , 16-23.VI.2000 (IBSP 52969); 2 , , 13-20.VIII.2000 (IBSP 52970-52972); 2 , 14-21.XII.2000 Types. Male holotype from Parque da Previdência (IBSP 52973, 52974); 4 , 4 , 13-20.III.2001 (IBSP 52975- 52981) and , (MZSP 25566, 25568); , , 13-20.VI.2001 (45º43’W, 23º34’S), Jardim Ademar, São Paulo, State of (IBSP 52982-52983) and (ZFMK); , 16-23.VIII.2001 (IBSP São Paulo, Brazil, 13-20.XII.2001, D. Candiani et al. col. 52985); 2 , 13-20.XII.2001 (IBSP 52986, 52987), D. Candiani with pitfall traps, deposited in IBSP 52967. Paratypes: et al. col.; all collected with pitfall traps. São Paulo (Jardim female, same data as holotype, 13-20.III.2001 (IBSP 52968); Zoológico de São Paulo), 13.XII.2003, 6 , 8 in 100% ETOH, B. male with same data as holotype, 16-23.VIII.2001 and A. Huber col. (ZFMK); São Pedro (Cachoeira do Saltão near Hotel Fazenda Colina Verde, 20°23.5’S, 47°53’W), ~800m a.s.l., female with same data as holotype (MZSP 25565, 25567). 12.XII.2003, 8 , 13 in 100% ETOH, B. A. Huber col. (ZFMK). Etymology. The specific name is a Tupi noun given to the European people inhabiting Brazil. Distribution. Known from the city of São Paulo and Diagnosis. Males of Mesabolivar mairyara are from São Pedro, State of São Paulo, Brazil. distinguished from known congeners by the broad procursus with conspicuous tip, slightly bent dorsally Mesabolivar cavicelatus sp. nov. (Figs. 15,16) and chelicerae with median pair of apophyses (Figs. 24-33) and small pair of proximal protrusions (Figs 13,14). The female is distinguished by the epigynum with pair of Types. Male holotype from Parque Estadual da prominent humps, anterior position of small pocket (Fig. Cantareira (46º37’W, 23º25’S), Horto Florestal, São Paulo, 20) and two pairs of strong smooth hairs on posterior State of São Paulo, Brazil, 02-07.V.2005, F. Yamamoto col. plate behind gonopore (Fig. 21). with pitfall traps (IBSP 53009). Female paratype, same Description. Male (Holotype). Total length 2.2, data as holotype, 13-20.XII.2001 (IBSP 53010). carapace width 1.14; leg I 27.7 (7.1 + 0.4 + 7.3 + 11.4 + 1.6), Etymology. The specific name is a Latin adjective tibia II 4.6, tibia III 3.0, tibia IV 4.7, tibia I 1/d 66. Habitus (cavus=cavity, celatus=hidden) and refers to the position as in female (Fig. 19), very similar to M. forceps. Carapace of the epigynal pocket. light brown, darker medially and in ocular area, sternum Diagnosis. The male of M. cavicelatus is similar to light ochre. Thoracic groove distinct. Eight eyes on M. botocudo Huber, 2000 (see figs. 876-879 in HUBER, moderately elevated ocular area (Figs. 13,14); distance 2000), sharing a prolateral apophysis on the tip of the PME-ALE about 85% of PME diameter. Chelicerae light procursus (Figs. 27,28) and the single, small pair of median brown with pair of black frontal apophyses medially and apophyses on the male chelicerae (Figs. 24,25), but is pair of proximal protrusions. Palps as in figs. 15-18. Coxa distinguished by the shape of the prolateral apophysis with distinct retrolateral apophysis. Femur proximally with at the tip of the procursus (Figs. 26,28). The female is small round retrolateral apophysis. Procursus dark brown, distinguished from the congeners by the very anterior broad and almost straight, with ventral prolateral hairs in position of the small epigynal pocket and by the absence middle (Figs. 15,16); tip relatively simple, slightly bent of apophyses or humps on the epigynum (Figs. 31,32). dorsally (Figs. 15,16). Bulb globular with short transparent Description. Male (Holotype). Total length 2.3, projection (Figs. 17,18). Legs uniformly ochre-brown, carapace width 1.12; leg I 15.0 (3.8 + 0.4 + 3.3 + 6.3 + 1.2), without spines. Tarsus I with approximately 22 tibia II 2.6, tibia III 1.8, tibia IV 2.8, tibia I L/d 26. Habitus pseudosegments. Opisthosoma globular, pale green with as in M. forceps (Figs. 11-12). Carapace uniformly light several lateral bluish spots. brown with some darker radial lines, very similar in shape Female (Paratype IBSP 52968). Total length 2.0, to M. forceps; sternum light brown. Distinct thoracic carapace width 1.0; leg I 17.6 (4.4 + 0.3 + 4.6 + 7.0 + 1.3), groove. Eight eyes on slightly elevated ocular area (Fig. tibia II 2.8, tibia III 2.0, tibia IV 3.2, tibia I L/d 57. Habitus 24); distance PME-ALE about 90% of PME diameter. as in Fig. 19. Prosoma and legs pale yellow. In general Chelicerae light brown with pair of black frontal very similar to male. Tarsus I with approximately 24 apophyses medially. Palps as in Figs. 26-30. Coxa with pseudosegments. Epigynum dark brown, slightly distinct retrolateral apophysis (Fig. 26). Femur proximally elevated with medium-sized median pocket, without with small round retrolateral apophysis (Fig. 26). apophyses or humps (Figs. 20-22). Two pairs of strong Procursus brown, slightly curved (Fig. 26); distal region smooth hairs on posterior plate behind gonopore (Fig. of procursus dorsally sculptured with small spines (Figs. 21). Internal genitalia with two diagonal curved pore plates 26,28). Tip of procursus very distinctive (Figs. 27,28) with (Fig. 23). prolateral apophysis. Bulb globular, relatively simple,
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Figs. 13-23. Mesabolivar mairyara sp. nov. Male prosoma: 13, lateral; 14, frontal; 15, Left male palp, retrolateral, arrow indicates the femoral retrolateral apophysis; 16, Tip of left procursus, prolateral; Left bulb: 17, prolateral, arrow indicates the transparent projection; 18, retrolateral; 19, Female habitus, lateral; Epigynum: 20, anterior; 21, lateral; 22, ventral; 23, dorsal. Scale, 0.5 mm.
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Figs. 24-33. Mesabolivar cavicelatus sp. nov. 24, Male prosoma, frontal; 25, Male mouth area, lateral; 26, Left male palp, retrolateral, arrow indicates the femoral retrolateral apophysis and “c” indicates the coxal apophysis; Tip of left procursus: 27, prolateral; 28, retrolateral, slightly ventral; Left bulb: 29, retrolateral, sligthly ventral; 30, prolateral, slightly dorsal; Epigynum: 31, ventral; 32, ventral, slightly anterior; 33, dorsal. Scale, 0.5 mm.
Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 97(2):168-176, 30 de junho de 2007 174 MACHADO et al. without transparent projection (Figs. 29,30). Legs light Universitária, campus of the Universidade de São Paulo, Mata da brown, without spines or curved hairs. Tarsus I with Cidade Universitária Armando Salles, 46º43’W, 23º33’S), , 16- 23.XI.1999 (IBSP 52995); , 12-19.XII.2001 (IBSP 52994), D. approximately 26 pseudosegments, difficult to count. Candiani et al. col., all collected with pitfall traps. Opisthosoma globular, pale green with several lateral bluish spots. Distribution. Known only from city of São Paulo, Female (Paratype IBSP 53010). Total length 2.2, State of São Paulo, Brazil. carapace width 0.95; leg I 11.3 (2.9+ 0.35 + 2.5 + 4.4 + 1.1), tibia II 1.9, tibia III 1.5, tibia IV 1.3, tibia I L/d 23. In general Ecological Data. In three year sampling in the three very similar to male. Tarsus I with approximately 28 areas (CANDIANI et al., 2005) were collected four pholcid pseudosegments. Epigynum brown, slightly elevated, species. Three of these species belonged to the genus with very small and very anterior epigynal pocket; without Mesabolivar, represented by a total of 308 adult apophyses or humps (Figs. 31,32). Internal genitalia with specimens, and one species of Tupigea Huber, 2000, pair of oblique pore plates and central squared structure represented by only one specimen. Among the three (Fig. 33). Mesabolivar species, M. forceps was collected in the Variation. Three males: carapace width 0.94-1.12; largest numbers (n=273) with highest numbers in spring tibia I 3.84-4.00. Two females: carapace width 0.95; tibia I and summer, which are the rainy seasons. It was the most 3.16. abundant among the pholcids collected (Tab. I) which enabled us to evaluate some aspects of the temporal Other material examined. BRAZIL, São Paulo: São Paulo variation. This species was always present in the (Horto Florestal, Parque Estadual da Cantareira, 46º37’W, 23º25’S), , 02-07.V.2005 (IBSP 53008), F. Yamamoto col.; (Cidade samplings, showing a continuous distribution over time
Fig. 34. Metropolitan region of São Paulo. 1-9, Localities in the City of São Paulo. 1, Parque Estadual da Cantareira; 2, C.U.A.S.O.; 3, Horto Oswaldo Cruz; 4, Parque da Previdência; 5, Parque Alfredo Volpi; 6, Parque Burle Marx; 7, Parque do Estado; 8, Ilha Parque dos Eucaliptos; 9, Represa Guarapiranga; 10, City of Itapevi.
Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 97(2):168-176, 30 de junho de 2007 Three new species of Mesabolivar (Araneae, Pholcidae) from leaf ... 175
Table I. Number of specimens by area.
M. forceps M. mairyara M. cavicelatus Juveniles
Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Butantan 77 70 147 0 3 3 0 0 0 111 C.U.A.S.O. 64 16 80 2 1 3 2 1 3 64 Previdência 26 20 46 17 9 26 0 0 0 95 Total 167 106 273 19 13 32 2 1 3 270
(Fig. 35). The present study suggests that seasonal by the reduction of the flora diversity and consequent fluctuations do occur, but adult specimens can be availability of microhabitats. The ratio of males/females collected throughout the year. This species seems to was 1.58, differing significantly from and homogeneous present some degree of tolerance to habitats influenced ratio (χ2 = 13.63; p = 0.0002), probably due to the male by human activity, although all localities showed a bias in pitfall traps, as observed in COSTA (1998) and reasonable degree of preservation, even though ÁLVARES et al. (2004). Probably this is affected by a surrounded by buildings. Among the sampled areas, M. intense activity of the males in the reproductive period. forceps was more abundant in Horto Oswaldo Cruz, Mesabolivar mairyara was the second most especially in the rainy months of the years 2000 and 2001, abundant species (n=32) and was mostly collected in the since 1999 presented a extended dry season and there Parque da Previdência (Tab. I), and the majority of the was an unusually high abundance of ants. The greater individuals (37.5%) were collected in a single season abundance of this species in Horto Oswaldo Cruz maybe (March 2001) in the Parque da Previdência (Fig. 36). The can be related to the human ecological impact and ratio of males/females was 1.46 (χ2 = 1.125; p = 0.2888), alteration of the original flora, more intense than other showing that the ratio males/females of M. mairyara was sampled areas. It’s possible that M. forceps was favored 1:1. This ratio is not significant, problably due the low number of adult specimens collected. In most Mesabolivar species, there is no information on sampling methodology, but most were probably collected manually. The species living in low vegetation and among buttresses are far more easily collected and the exploitation of the leaf litter with pitfall methodology is relatively recent. We expect, with the development of projects specifically targeting the leaf litter environment, a substantial increase in the number of known ground dwelling species in the areas of the city of São Paulo.
Acknowledgments. We wish to thank Cristina A. Rheims and Sidclay C. Dias (IBSP) for helpful suggestions and revision of English language. This study was supported by Conselho Nacional Fig. 35. Temporal variation of Mesabolivar forceps sp. nov. de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq 301776/ 2004-0; 133488/2004-7), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 99/05446-8) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). This work is part of BIOTA/FAPESP - The Biodiversity Virtual Institute Program (www.biota.org.br).
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Recebido em dezembro de 2005. Aceito em novembro de 2006. ISSN 0073-4721 Artigo disponível em: www.scielo.br/isz
Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 97(2):168-176, 30 de junho de 2007