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Three New Species of Mesabolivar (Aranea, Pholcidae) from Leaf Litter in Urban Environments in the City of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Three New Species of Mesabolivar (Aranea, Pholcidae) from Leaf Litter in Urban Environments in the City of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 168 MACHADO et al. Three new species of Mesabolivar (Aranea, Pholcidae) from leaf litter in urban environments in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Éwerton O. Machado1,2, Antonio D. Brescovit1, David F. Candiani3 & Bernhard A. Huber4 1. Laboratório de Artrópodes, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ([email protected], [email protected]) 2. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo. 3. Departamento de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, 1901, 66077-530 Terra Firme, Belém, PA, Brasil. ([email protected]) 4. Alexander Koenig Zoological Research Museum, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany ([email protected]) ABSTRACT. In this study we describe three new litter inhabiting species of Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 from nine urban forest remnants in the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil: M. forceps, M. mairyara and M. cavicelatus. In three of these remnants, we conduced a three year sampling using pitfall traps. Mesabolivar forceps sp. nov. was the most abundant pholcid (n=273 adults), always present in the samples, but with highest numbers in spring and summer. Mesabolivar mairyara sp. nov. was the second most abundant species (n=32), but the majority of individuals were collected in March 2001. Only three individuals of M. cavicelatus sp. nov. were collected. KEYWORDS. Mesabolivar, spiders, Neotropical region, temporal variation, taxonomy. RESUMO. Três espécies novas de Mesabolivar (Araneae, Pholcidae) da serapilheira de ambiente urbano da cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Neste trabalho são descritas três espécies novas de Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 coletadas na serapilheira de nove remanescentes florestais urbanos da região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo: M. forceps, M. mairyara e M. cavicelatus. Foram realizadas amostragens com armadilhas de solo, durante três anos, em três remanescentes urbanos da cidade de São Paulo, onde M. forceps sp. nov. foi a espécie mais abundante (n=273), apresentando maior abundância na primavera e verão, mas sempre presente nas coletas. Mesabolivar mairyara sp. nov. foi a segunda espécie mais abundante (n=32), com a maioria dos indivíduos coletados em março/2001. Foram coletados somente três indivíduos de M. cavicelatus sp. nov. PALAVRAS-CHAVE. Mesabolivar, aranhas, região Neotropical, variação temporal, taxonomia. The genus Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 nigridentis (Mello-Leitão), were not examined by HUBER currently includes 36 nominal species (PLATNICK, 2005; (2000) and the original descriptions do not present the HUBER et al., 2005). The genus is widespread in the diagnostic chacteres of the species herein described. Neotropical region and was revised by HUBER (2000). In general, there is limited information on habitat or However, many species remain undescribed, and few of temporal variation in Neotropical pholcids. For the known species were collected using specific methods, Mesabolivar, the biology of most species is poorly especially targeting soil and leaf-litter communities. The known. Only M. eberhardi Huber, 2000 has been studied microhabitats of best known diversity suspiciously in some detail (EBERHARD & BRICEÑO, 1983; 1985). All this coincide with the levels most easily accessible to humans, results in a poor knowledge on pholcids of ground or i.e., the shady areas near the ground and between low vegetation habitats. Besides, only now studies on buttresses, and the low vegetation (HUBER, 2000), DNA sequences of Mesabolivar species are being suggesting an influence of the sampling method, i.e., conduced (ASTRIN et al., 2006), including M. mairyara visual search. Some habitats, such as the canopy and sp. nov. and species related to the new species here the leaf litter, remain poorly known. Only three species of presented. Mesabolivar are known to live in the litter layer, having This paper is a result of a three year sampling using been captured with pitfall traps, namely M. cuarassu and pitfall traps in urban forests in the city of São Paulo, M. samatiaguassu (HUBER et al., 2005), and M. difficilis Brazil, in a subproject named “Soil spiders of the city of (Mello-Leitão, 1918) (ÁLVARES et al., 2004). There are São Paulo” (CANDIANI et al., 2005) of the project probably many more undescribed litter dwelling species, “Biodiversity of Arachnida and Myriapoda from the state and the morphology of some other known species of São Paulo” within the BIOTA/FAPESP program. The (relatively short and strong legs), such as M. banksi main objective was to evaluate the Atlantic forests (Moenkhaus, 1898) and M. simoni (Moenkhaus), remnants in urban areas of the city of São Paulo. The suggests that they may also have been collected in this Atlantic forest is one of the most important hotspots, habitat. Despite the great number of Brazilian species due to the high diversity and high concentration of described by Mello-Leitão, the new species herein endemic species of fauna and flora and is one of the most described are not similar to any of them. Of the Brazilian endangered ones (MYERS et al., 2000). In fact, the species, only M. aurantius (Mello-Leitão), M. azureus deforestation and fragmentation of this biome heavily (Badcock), M. fluminensis (Mello-Leitão) and M. threaten both fauna and flora (BROOKS & BALMFORD, 1996; Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 97(2):168-176, 30 de junho de 2007 Three new species of Mesabolivar (Araneae, Pholcidae) from leaf ... 169 SILVA & TABARELLI, 2000). The project has collected a lot in shape to M. difficilis (Mello-Leitão, 1918) and M. of information in this respect, and we expect that more banksi (Moenkhaus, 1898) (see HUBER, 2000, figs. 924, undescribed species will be discovered. Here we describe 932, 943); sternum light ochre. Thoracic groove distinct. three new species of Mesabolivar, and give some Eight eyes on slightly elevated ocular area (Figs. 1,2); information on the temporal variation of two of them. distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Chelicerae light brown with pair of black, frontal MATERIAL AND METHODS apophyses medially (Figs. 1,2). Palps as in Figs. 3-7. Coxa with distinct retrolateral apophysis. Femur proximally with The specimens used to access ecological data were distinct round retrolateral apophysis and small proximal sampled in the following urban forested areas: Horto dorsal hump (Fig. 3). Procursus dark brown, strongly Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Butantan; Mata da Cidade curved; enlarged tip with dorsal concavity. Bulb with very Universitária Armando Salles (C.U.A.S.O.), campus of the small and barely visible transparent projection (Fig. 7), Universidade de São Paulo and Parque da Previdência, embolar division of bulb dorsally curved. Legs light all described in details in CANDIANI et al. (2005). All three brown; without spines. Tarsus I with approximately 28 localities are in the municipality of São Paulo, state of pseudosegments, difficult to count. Opisthosoma São Paulo, Brazil. Sampling was done using pitfall traps globular, pale green, with several bluish-green-spots (BRENNAN et al., 1999) with 70% alcohol. Fifty pitfall traps (Figs. 8,9). were placed in each area and kept open for seven days, Female (Paratype IBSP 52649). Total length 2.4, every 3 months. This resulted in a total of twelve sampling carapace width 0.9; leg I 11.3 (2.5 + 0.3 + 3.0 + 4.3 + 1.1), periods between April 1999 and March 2002, totalling tibia II 1.9, tibia III 1.5, tibia IV 2.5, tibia I L/d 28. Habitus 1800 samples. Additional material from other seven soil as in Figs. 8-9. In general very similar to male. Tarsus I spider fauna sub-projects of the Instituto Butantan was with approximately 26 pseudosegments. Epigynum dark examined. brown, slightly elevated, with medium-sized median The material examined is deposited in the collections pocket, without apophyses or humps (Figs. 10,11). of Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (IBSP, A. D. Brescovit), Internal genitalia with two transversal pore plates (Fig. 12). Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Variation. Eleven males: carapace width 0.82-1.02 Paulo (MZSP, R. Pinto da Rocha) and Zoological Research (mean = 0.93); tibia I 3.36-4.80 (mean = 4.11). Eleven Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (ZFMK, females: carapace width 0.74-0.94 (mean = 0.87); tibia I B. A. Huber). Descriptions and measurements follow 2.64-3.48 (mean = 2.68). HUBER (2000). Measurements are given in millimeters. The ratio tibia I length/diameter (L/d) is a measure of the Other material examined. BRAZIL, São Paulo: São Paulo robustness of the legs (HUBER, 2000). The epigynum was (Cidade Universitária, campus of the Universidade de São Paulo, Mata da Cidade Universitária Armando Salles, 46º 43’W, 23º 33’S), dissected and immersed in clove oil for visualization of 2 , 16-23.IV.1999 (IBSP 52819-52820); 9 , 2 , 16-23.VIII.1999 internal structures following LEVI (1965). All drawings (IBSP 52821-52829, 52961); 3 , , 16-23.XI.1999 (IBSP 52830- were done with a camera lucida. Chi-squared tests were 52833); 10 , 4 , 16-23.II.2000 (IBSP 52834, 52839, 52869- performed at 0.05 levels to verify the sex ratio (ZAR, 1996). 52877, 52962, 52963); 2 , 2 , 15-22.VI.2000 (IBSP 52835- 52838); 8 , 12-19.VIII.2000 (IBSP 52878-52883, 52964); 2 , , 13-20.XII.2000 (IBSP 52884, 52885, 52965); 4 , 12- Mesabolivar forceps sp. nov. 19.III.2001 (IBSP 52886-52889); 2 , , 12-19.VI.2001 (IBSP (Figs. 1-12) 52890-52892); 7 , , 22.VIII.2001 (IBSP 52893-52898); 12 , 3 , 12-19.XII.2001 (IBSP 52899-52911); 3 , , 12-19.III.2002 Types. Male holotype from Horto Oswaldo Cruz (IBSP 52912-52914) and , , (ZFMK); , no date (IBSP 52966), (46º43’W, 23º33’S), campus of the Instituto Butantan, all collected by D. Candiani et al. col.; (Butantã, campus of the Instituto Butantan, Horto Oswaldo Cruz, 46º43’W, 23º33’S), 2 , Butantã, São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil, 11- 16-23.IV.1999 (IBSP 52812-52813); 2 , , 16-23.VIII.1999 (IBSP 18.VIII.2000, D.
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