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Framing Social Protest: How Local Newspapers Covered

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Framing Social Protest: How Local Newspapers Covered FRAMING SOCIAL PROTEST: HOW LOCAL NEWSPAPERS COVERED THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA DESEGREGATION PROTESTS IN JANUARY 1961 by JAIME ANN BANKS LACKEY (Under the Direction of William F. Griswold) ABSTRACT This project examines the use of frames in the coverage of social protest, specifically Georgia newspapers’ coverage of desegregation protests at the University of Georgia in January 1961. Using content analysis as a foundation for the project, I analyze articles in The Red & Black, the Athens Banner- Herald, The Atlanta Constitution, the Atlanta Journal, the Atlanta Daily World and the Atlanta Inquirer based on the use of protest story frames identified by James Hertog and Douglas McLeod in their study of anarchist protests. INDEX WORDS: mass media, social control, social change, social protest, riots, school desegregation, frames FRAMING SOCIAL PROTEST: HOW LOCAL NEWSPAPERS COVERED THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA DESEGREGATION PROTESTS IN JANUARY 1961 by JAIME ANN BANKS LACKEY B.A., North Georgia College and State University, 1999 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2005 © 2005 Jaime Ann Banks Lackey All Rights Reserved FRAMING SOCIAL PROTEST: HOW LOCAL NEWSPAPERS COVERED THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA DESEGREGATION PROTESTS IN JANUARY 1961 by JAIME ANN BANKS LACKEY Major Professor: William F. Griswold Committee: Peggy Kreshel Janice Hume Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2005 iv DEDICATION For my grandfather, Jack Banks Sr., because what is important to his family is important to him. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Griswold, Dr. Kreshel and Dr. Hume — thank you for working with me on this project. I took on more than I could handle when I started it, and I appreciate your patience and your willingness to work with me when I was finally ready to finish it. To my family — there are no words to tell you what your support and love mean to me. Brian, Mama & Daddy, Jennifer, Denise & Terry, and my grandparents — thank you for your encouragement, your “nagging,” the gifts of computers and printers that made this project manageable, your financial help … and for understanding that this is important to me. Jerry France, Randy Shearin, Julie Hunt and all of my co-workers — thank you for allowing me to make time for this project. Your understanding and support mean so much to me. Nicole Thompson — a special thanks to you. I don’t think anyone else could have helped when you did, and I’m sure no one would have shared your determination to see it through! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of this Study ................................................................................................................. 5 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL RATIONALE................................................ 7 Review of the Literature ............................................................................................................ 7 Theory....................................................................................................................................... 15 3 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................ 22 Sources...................................................................................................................................... 22 Methodology............................................................................................................................. 24 4 STORY ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................... 31 The “Storm Watch” Frame, a marginalizing frame ................................................................ 32 The “Riot” Frame, a marginalizing frame............................................................................... 34 The “Romper Room” Frame, a marginalizing frame.............................................................. 39 The “Moral Decay” Frame, a marginalizing frame ................................................................ 40 The “Protest Reaction” Frame, a mixed frame ....................................................................... 43 The “Comparison” Frame, a mixed frame .............................................................................. 45 The “Association” Frame, a mixed frame............................................................................... 50 The “Showdown” Frame, a mixed frame................................................................................ 52 The “Trial” Frame, a mixed frame .......................................................................................... 52 The “Our Story” Frame, a sympathetic frame......................................................................... 55 vii The “Unjust Persecution” Frame, a sympathetic frame.......................................................... 55 5 ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS OF FRAMING ............................................................................. 58 The Red & Black ...................................................................................................................... 61 Athens Banner-Herald ............................................................................................................. 61 The Atlanta Constitution .......................................................................................................... 62 Atlanta Journal......................................................................................................................... 62 Atlanta Journal-Constitution Combined Sunday Editions ..................................................... 63 Atlanta Daily World ................................................................................................................. 63 Atlanta Inquirer........................................................................................................................ 63 All Six Papers........................................................................................................................... 63 The Athens Papers.................................................................................................................... 64 The White Atlanta Papers ........................................................................................................ 65 The Black Atlanta Papers......................................................................................................... 65 Minority Opinion vs. Majority Opinion .................................................................................. 66 6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................ 69 Social Control........................................................................................................................... 69 The Message............................................................................................................................. 73 Are Your Priorities in Order? .................................................................................................. 75 The Missing Balanced Frame .................................................................................................. 77 Practical Advice for Negotiating Protest Frames.................................................................... 80 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................. 84 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................... 87 A Articles in The Red and Black ...................................................................................................... 87 B Articles in the Athens Banner & Herald ...................................................................................... 90 C Articles in The Atlanta Constitution............................................................................................. 98 D Articles in the Atlanta Journal....................................................................................................110 viii E Articles in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Combined Sunday Editions...............................123 F Articles in the Atlanta Daily World............................................................................................126 G Articles in the Atlanta Inquirer...................................................................................................131 ix LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Percentage of Protest Stories .............................................................................................................. 58 Table 2: Number of Occurrences of Story Frames by Newspaper .................................................................. 59 Table 3: Percentage of Occurrences
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