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PACIFIC INSECTS Xwyf 13 XWYf• 4 PACIFIC /f )\ ' / vy \ INSECTS MONOGRAPH 13 A monographic revision of the ant jgenu s Ponera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) By Robert W. Taylor Published by Entomology Department, Bernice P. Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A. 1967 PACIFIC INSECTS MONOGRAPHS Published by Entomology Department, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96819, U.S.A. Editorial Committee: J. L. Gressitt, Editor (Honolulu), S. Asahina (Tokyo), R. G. Fennah (London), R. A. Harrison (Christchurch), T. C. Maa (Honolulu & Taipei), C. W. Sabrosky (Washington, D. C), R. L. Usinger (Berkeley), J. van der Vecht (Leiden), K. Yasumatsu (Fukuoka), E. C. Zimmerman (New Hampshire). Assistant Editors: P. D. Ashlock (Honolulu), Carol Higa (Honolulu), Naoko Kunimori (Fukuoka), Setsuko Nakata (Honolulu). Business Manager: C. M. Yoshimoto (Honolulu). Business Assistant: Shirley Hokama (Honolulu). Business Agent in Japan: K. Yasumatsu (Fukuoka). Entomological staff, Bishop Museum, 1967: Hatsuko Arakaki, P. D. Ashlock, Madaline Boyes, Candida Cardenas, Ann Cutting, M. Farinas, Eileen Garrett, J. L. Gressitt (Chairman), Carol Higa, Y. Hiroshima, Shirley Hokama, E. Holzapfel, Dorothy Hoxie, Yiau-Min Huang, Helen Hurd, June Ibara, Suzanne Kee­ nan, Naoko Kunimori, D. Lenhoff, T. C. Maa, Grace Nakahashi, Setsuko Nakata (Adm. Asst), Tuline Nonomura, T. Saigusa, I. Sakakibara, Judy Sakamoto, Pualani Sakimura, G. A. Samuelson, Sybil Seto, W. A. Steffan, R. W. Strandtman, Amy Suehiro, Grace Thompson, Clara Uchida, J. R. Vockeroth, Nixon Wil­ son, C. M. Yoshimoto, E. C. Zimmermann. Field associates: E. E. Gless, V. Peckham, D. S. Rabor, J. Sedlacek, M. Sedlacek, P. Shanahan, R. Straatman, H. M. Torrevillas, A. M. R. Wegner. Research fellows: R. R. Forster, S. Sirivanakarn, T. W. Suman, W. J. Voss. PACIFIC INSECTS MONOGRAPHS form an adjunct series associated with the quarterly journal PACIFIC INSECTS. The series is devoted to monographs and other works too large for the journal. The MONOGRAPHS appear irregularly and are numbered consecutively except for works which are issued in more than one installment. (See back cover for information about the journal). Price: The MONOGRAPHS are not included in the subscription to PACIFIC INSECTS. The price of this issue is $ 4.50 with hard cover or $ 3.50 with paper cover (remittance to Pacific Insects, Bishop Mu­ seum Honolulu, Hawaii, 95819, U. S. A.); Japan: ¥ 1620 or ¥ 1260 (remittance to Dr. K. Yasumatsu, En­ tomological Lab., Fac. of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan). PACIFIC INSECTS MONOGRAPHS 1A-1B. Gressitt and Kimoto: Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea, Parts 1 and 2. Pp. 1- 1026, 284 figs. (incl, color pl.). 1961, 1963. $ 14.75 bound together. Part 1 (Mon. IA) : Pp. 1-299, 77 figs. 1961. $4.00. Part 2 (Mon. IB) : Pp. 301-1026, 207 figs. 1 col. pl. 1963. $ 10.00. 2. J. L. Gressitt: Problems in the zoogeography of Pacific and Antarctic insects. With appendices by T. C. Maa, I. M. Mackerras, S. Nakata and L. W. Quate. Pp. 1-127, 45 figs. 1961. $ 2.50 bound; $ 2.00 unbound. 3. K. Sakaguti and E. W. Jameson, Jr.: The Siphonaptera of Japan. Pp. 1-169, 66 figs. 1962. $4.00 bound ; $ 3.25 unbound. 4. V. K. Gupta: Taxonomy, zoogeography, and evolution of Indo-Australian Theronia (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Pp. 1-142, 29 figs., 15 maps. 1962. $ 3.50 bound; $ 3.00 unbound. 5. T. C. Maa: A review of the Machaerotidae (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea). Pp. 1-166, 35 figs. 1963. $ 5.00 bound; $ 4.25 unbound. 6. T. C. Maa: Genera and species of Hippoboscidae (Diptera): types, synonymy, habitats and nat­ ural groupings. Pp. 1-186, 55 figs. 1963. $4.50 bound; $3.75 unbound. 7. J. L. Gressitt and Collaborators: Insects of Campbell Island. Pp. 1-663, many figs. (incl. 2 color pis.) 1964. $ 10.00 bound; $ 9.00 unbound. 8. C. R. Baltazar: A catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera (with a bibliography, 1758-1963). Pp. 1-488. 1966. $ 9.00 bound; S 8.00 unbound. 9. W. Hennig: The Diptera fauna of New Zealand as a problem in Systematics and zoogeography. Translated from German by Petr Wygodzinsky. Pp. 1-81, 27 figs., 7 tables. 1966. S 3.50 unbound. 10. T. C. Maa: Studies in Hippoboscidae (Diptera). Pp. 1-148, 83 figs. 1966. $5.00 bound; $4.00 unbound. 11. J. A. Comstock: Lepidoptera of American Samoa with particular reference to biology and eco­ logy. Pp. 1-74, 13 pis. (7 in color). $3.50 bound; $2.50 unbound. 12. S. H. Mahmood: A study of the Typhlocybine genera of the Oriental Region (Thailand, the Philippines and adjoining areas). Pp. 1-52, 10 pis. $3.25 bound; $2.25 unbound. Printed by Shukosha Printing Co., Fukuoka, Japan Pacific Insects Monograph 13: 1-112 30 May 1967 A MONOGRAPHIC REVISION OF THE ANT GENUS PONERA LATREILLE (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)1'2 By Robert W. Taylor BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES, HARVARD UNIVERSITY3 Abstract: Most species of Ponera (s. lat.) may be assigned to a newly delimited genus taking the name Hypoponera Santschi (new status, for Ponera subgenus Hypoponera). The 28 living and 1 extinct species remaining in Ponera are monographed, following discussion of the new generic classification. Species described as new are: Ponera alpha, P. angusta (NE New Guinea) ; P. borneensis (Borneo) ; P. chapmani (Negros, Philippines) ; P. manni (Viti Levu, Fiji), P. loi and P. woodwardi (Upolu, Samoa). This is the first of a series of proposed papers dealing with those species assigned to the ant genus Ponera in the classification of Emery (1911) and Wheeler (1922). The Emery- Wheeler system has been subject to considerable recent change and will no longer operate successfully in the light of modern knowledge. Recent research has necessitated synonymy of many older genera, as they have merged one into another on critical examination of their status. This paper offers yet another generic change, in this case not a synonymy but a split; for it demonstrates that Ponera {sensu lato) consists of two distinct, non-cognate, and easi­ ly distinguished genera. True Ponera contains only 28 living species confined to the Indo- Australian area, eastern North America and Europe; while the second genus receives most of the former Ponera species, including all of the Neotropical and Ethiopian forms. This last assemblage takes the name Hypoponera Santschi (1938) which was originally assigned subgeneric status under Ponera. Santschi's morphological criteria of Hypoponera are taxonomically meaningless, but his type species, Ponera abeillei Andre 1881, belongs in my second genus which must be named accordingly. In addition this study provides a world revision of Ponera, in the newly restricted sense. I have examined many hundreds of specimens of Ponera (sensu lato), including most types. Consequently it can be confidently claimed that all species previously described in Ponera, and congeneric with the type, P. coarctata, are included here. As a sideline to the main study Heer's form-genus Poneropsis has been utilized as a parataxonomic category, contain­ ing all but one of the many fossil ants previously assigned to Ponera (Taylor 1964). 1. Based on research completed in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Harvard University. 2. Research supported in part by U. S. National Science Foundation Grant GB-1634. 3. Present address: Entomology Division, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia. 2 Pae. Ins. Mon. 13 REFERENCE COLLECTIONS Proper systematic study of ants is usually impossible without access to type material. This is especially true when considering large, long-standing genera like Ponera. In this regard I have obtained splendid cooperation from the curators of many museums and other institutions, and have been able to study almost all required type specimens. At present all types in Ponera {sensu lato) have not been examined, since the primary task of estab­ lishing the new generic limits has been possible without this. However, I have seen types, or dependably type-compared specimens, of all erstwhile Ponera species from areas where the genus in its present sense occurs, as well as those of most African and South American species properly assigned to Hypoponera. In revising Ponera it has thus been possible to proceed with several revisionary studies of Hypoponera. In the systematic treatment of Ponera species to follow, each loan of reference material is noted. Notice is not given to all loans made for the major study of which this paper is a part since many consign­ ments contained only Hypoponera species. However, in the list of cooperating institutions given below, all those that have assisted with the project are included, and the persons involved are acknowledged in the relevant section following. The principal collections from which types or details concerning them have been obtained are the following (abbreviations in brackets are those used in the text): American Museum of Natural History, New York City (AMNH) ; British Museum (Natural History), London (BMNH) ; Clark Collection, National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (Clark Coll.) ; National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Org­ anization, Canberra, Australia (CSIRO) ; Emery Collection, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy (Emery Coll.) ; Forel Collection, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzer­ land (Forel Coll.) ; Hungarian National Museum, Budapest (Hung. N. M.) ; Mayr Collec­ tion, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (Mayr Coll.) ; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (MCZ); Oxford University Museum, Oxford, England (Oxford Coll.) ; Paris Museum, Paris, France (Paris Mus.); Santschi Col­ lection, Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Basel, Switzerland (Santschi Coll.); United States Na­ tional Museum, Washington, D. C. (USNM). Valuable general collections have been received from the following institutions : AMNH ; B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii (BISHOP) ; Canada Department of Agriculture, Entomological Research Branch, Ottawa (CDA) ; Cornell University, Department of En­ tomology, Ithaca, New York (Cornell Coll.); CSIRO; Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil (Sec. Ag. Brazil) ; University of Queensland, Department of Entomology, Brisbane, Australia (Queensland U.
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