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Columbia Basin Project Washington Bureau of Reclamation

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Columbia Basin Project Washington Bureau of Reclamation Water Resource Project U.S. Department of the Interior Columbia Basin Project Washington Bureau of Reclamation From its glacier-lake source in British Colum­ power for the Pacific Northwest; its waters art River. One of the largest is the Columbia Basin bia, the Columbia River travels more than stored and diverted to irrigate thousands upor Project. Designed and being constructed by 1,200 miles to the Pacific Ocean on the thousands of fertile acres; and it provides the Bureau of Reclamation, this project will ulti­ Washington-Oregon coast. The river drains domestic and industrial water supplies for mately irrigate more than 1 million acres in one-quarter of a million square miles - an area numerous towns and cities. east-central Washington State. The key feature nearly as large as the State of Texas. During of the project, Grand Coulee Dam, is also the the last three-quarters of a century, the Colum­ There are many developments - dams and irri major component of the hydroelectric power bia has been developed into a major source of gation projects - on and along the Columbia system on the Columbia River. Abandoned farm in Columbia Basin Irrigated farmlands, Columbia Basin Lake Roosevelt Grand Coulee Dam Third Powerplant How It Started Grand Coulee Dam In the late 1800's and early 1900's, three rail­ forced some settlers to abandon their farms, viduals and private organizations, and the U.S. The key to the entire Columbia Basin Pro­ generated by the first of six units to be in­ roads were completed across the Columbia others to attempt to develop water supplies for Congress pondered the plans. Finally, with the ject is Grand Coulee Dam, the massive con­ stalled in the mammoth Third Powerplant. Basin. These transportation systems, which irrigation. But irrigation plans pursued by recommendation of the U.S. Army Corps of En­ crete structure which blocks the Columbia When all six of these units become opera­ provided an efficient means to deliver farm pro­ private groups and organizations during early gineers, a proposal to dam the Columbia and River to form Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake. tional and two additional units are installed ducts to markets, prompted a burst of settle­ settlement of the basin often proved too costly pump water up to the Grand Coulee was This huge reservoir, a major recreation at­ in the pump-generating plant, the Grand ment and agricultural development in the basin. or too technically difficult. deemed most economical and feasible. But by traction, extends 151 miles to the Canadian Coulee power complex will have a rated Many towns, founded on agricultural econo­ this time, 1932, the Nation was suffering an border and makes water available for irriga­ generating capacity of 6,480,000 kilowatts. mies, appeared along the railroads. The reliability of the water supply, and subse­ economic depression and Congress hesitated tion and power production. The dam, es­ Presently, studies are being conducted to quently the economic well-being of many com­ to fund the irrigation project. sentially completed in 1941 and later ex­ determine the feasibility of enlarging the Dryland farming efforts proved prosperous in munities, prompted the Washington State tended to accommodate additional power Third Powerplant, which could bring the those years of above average precipitation Legislature, in 1919, to fund a study of two One year later, however, President Franklin facilities, is also operated for flood control, total rated capacity of the complex to and precarious when the rainfall matched or proposed large-scale irrigation plans for the D. Roosevelt included the Columbia Basin river regulation, navigation, and down­ about 9 million kilowatts. Power produced fell below the 6-10 inch average for the area. basin. Project in his Public Works Administration stream power production. at Grand Coulee Dam is distributed and Though the growing season is ample in the Program. Funds from this program were al­ marketed throughout the Northwest by the basin - about 165 days annually - and the soil During the next several years, many engineer­ lotted to the project. Its construction, in­ The Grand Coulee power facilities consist Bonneville Power Administration. well-suited for crops, the lack of water often ing and economic studies were made of the cluding Grand Coulee Dam, was assigned of the Left, Right, and Third Powerplants resulted in widespread crop failure. Drought two proposals. The State Legislature, indi­ to the Bureau of Reclamation. In 1934, the and a pump-generating plant. Initial power first construction contracts were awarded. was produced in 1941. In 1975, power was Grand Coulee Dam construction Columbia Basin Project The Irrigation System Recreation Fish and Wildlife Enhancement Water drawn from from the northern part Within the Columbia Franklin D. Roosevelt of the project are col­ Basin Project there are Lake by six of the lected in Potholes 23 designated recrea­ world's largest pumps Reservoir and distri­ tion areas that record irrigates more than half buted to farms in the a total annual attend­ a million acres of crop­ southern portion of ance of more than 2 land in the Columbia the project. Some million people. Camp­ Basin. The water is water is reused by ing, boating, swimming, pumped to Banks pumping it from fishing, and hunting are Lake, formed by drains and waste- favorite recreation ac­ damming both ends of ways, and returning it tivities on project lands the 27-mile-long Grand to the distribution and lakes. Trout, bass, Coulee. From the lake, system. Though the and spiny ray draw the water flows through annual diversion from numerous anglers, a main siphon, tunnel, the Columbia River to many from western and canal to the pro­ the project is about 2 Washington, to the ject's irrigated area million acre-feet, re­ manmade lakes and that begins about 50 use of some of the waterways. Waterfowl miles south of Grand water allows more and upland game bird Water, the lifeblood of regulated to protect Coulee Dam. About than 3 million acre- hunting is a popular ac­ farms and industry in the land and wildlife. 2,300 miles of canals feet to be delivered tivity. The variety of this once semiarid re­ and laterals distribute to project farms. wildlife attracts bird­ gion, plays another im­ During recent years, a the water to nearly watchers, photo­ portant role - it has Department of the Inte­ transformed much of rior sponsored Youth 6,000 farm units now The irrigation system graphers, and nature served by the project. study groups. the basin into a prime Conservation Corps now serves more than habitat for many fish Center has been The irrigation system 500,000 acres, ap­ includes several other and wildlife species. located on the project. proximately half of Over one-third of a mil­ In their summer work- smaller siphons, tunnels, the million-acre pro­ and pumping plants. lion acres of Federally study program, high ject authorized by owned lands and water school age enrollees Congress. Modifica­ areas are managed for build nestinn Platforms Before the irrigation tion of the sysiem, public recreation and dikes that create fish water finds its way presently underway, fish and wildlife pur­ spawning grounds, back to the Columbia will provide water poses. In large blocks trails, and other con­ River, much of it will service to an addi­ set aside as wildlife servation and recrea­ have been recycled tional 200,000 acres, refuges, man's use is tion facilities. throughout the project. which are planned for Return irrigation flows development. The Grand Coulee (a As the Nation's principal conservation coulee is a deep agency, the Department of the Interior has ravine or valley) was responsibility for most of our nationally formed during the Ice Age when a huge owned public lands and natural resources. glacier dammed a This includes fostering the wisest use of gorge in a bend of the our land and water resources, protecting olumbia River. This our fish and wildlife, preserving the environ­ forced the river to cut a new valley across mental and cultural values of our national the bend. When the parks and historical places, and providing glacier receded, the for the enjoyment of life through outdoor river returned to its recreation. The Department assesses our original bed. The new valley—the Grand energy and mineral resources and works to Coulee—remained assure that their development is in the high and dry above best interest of all our people.The Depart­ the river. ment also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S.administration. Water is pumped through these penstocks to Banks Lake Crops and Livestock Production Municipal and Industrial Growth Costs and Repayment Project Data Potatoes, sugar beets, alfalfa, hay, wheat, Stimulated by the increase in agricultural devel­ Payments by water users and revenue from Grand Coulee Dam Grand Coulee Pumping Facilities vegetables, and various seeds are principal opment, the population in the project area has the sale of power produced at Grand Cou­ Total length of dam (axis) 5,223 feet Pumps (65,000 horsepower) 9,600 cubic among the 60 different crops grown in the tripled during the last 30 years. New communi­ lee Dam will repay nearly all of the $2.9 Height above lowest bedrock 550 feet feet/second Columbia Basin Project. In 1978, the total value ties have been established and existing towns billion that the Columbia Basin Project is Concrete content 11,975,000 cubic Reversible pump / generators 10,200 cubic of crops produced on 505,000 irrigated acres have grown, though only one has a population estimated to cost. Construction costs allo­ yards (67,500 horsepower) feet/second was more than $225 million.
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