DOCSLIB.ORG

Volume 26 / No. 5 / 1999

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The Journal of VolumeGemmolol 26 No. 5 January 1999 y The Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain 27 Greville Street, London EClN 8TN Tel: 01714043334 Fax: 0171 4048843 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.gagtl.ac.uk/ gagtl President: Professor RA Howie Vice-Presidents: E.M. Bruton, AE. Farn, D.G. Kent, RK. Mitchell Honorary Fellows: RA Howie, RT. Liddicoat Jnr, K. Nassau Honorary Life Members: D.J. Callaghan, E.A Jobbins, H. Tillander Council of Management: C.R Cavey, T.J. Davidson, N.W. Deeks, RR Harding, M.J. O'Donoghue, I. Thomson, Y.P. Watson Members' Council: AJ. Allnutt, P. Dwyer-Hickey, S.A Everitt, R Fuller, A.G. Good, J. Greatwood, B. Jackson, J. Kessler, J. Monnickendam, L. Music, J.B. Nelson, P.G. Read, R Shepherd, P.J. Wates, C.H. Winter Branch Chairmen: Midlands - G.M. Green, North West -I. Knight, Scottish - B. Jackson Examiners: AJ. Allnutt, M.5c., Ph.D., FGA, L. Bartlett, B.5c., M.Phil., FGA, DGA, E.M. Bruton, FGA, DGA, C.R Cavey, FGA, S. Coelho, B.5c., FGA, DGA, Prof. AT. Collins, B.5c., Ph.D, AG. Good, FGA, DGA, G.M. Howe, FGA, DGA, G.H. Jones, B.5c., Ph.D., FGA, M. Newton, B.5c., D.Phil., CJ.E. Oldershaw, B.5c. (Hons), FGA, B.L. Plumb, B.5c., FGA, DGA, RD. Ross, B.5c., FGA, DGA, P.A Sadler, B.5c., FGA, DGA, E. Stern, FGA, DGA, S.M. Stocklmayer, B.Sc. (Hons), FGA, Prof. I. Sunagawa, D.5c., M. Tilley, GG, FGA, CM. Woodward, B.5c., FGA, DGA The Journal of Gemmology Editor: Dr RR Barding Assistant Editors: M.J. O'Donoghue, P.G. Read Associate Editors: Dr CE.s. Arps (Leiden), G. Bosshart (Zurich), Prof. AT. Collins (London), Dr J.W. Harris (Glasgow), Prof. RA Howie (Derbyshire), Dr J.M. Ogden (Cambridge), Prof. AB. Rankin (Kingston upon Thames), Dr J.E. Shigley (Carlsbad), Prof. D.C Smith (Paris), E. Stern (London), S.M. Stocklmayer (Perth), Prof. I. Sunagawa (Tokyo), Dr M. Superchi (Milan), CM. Woodward (London) Production Editor: M.A Burland Vol 26, No.5, January 1999 [SSN: 1355-4565 Element mapping of trapiche rubies Dr Karl Schmetzer1, Professor Zhang Beili2, Gao Yan2, Dr Heinz-Jurgen Bernhardt3 and Professor Henry A. Hanni4 1. Marbacher Str. 22b, D-85238 Petershausen, Germany 2. National Gemstone Testing Center, Beijing 100034, RR. China 3. Institutfur Mineralogie, Ruhr-Universitat, D-44780, Bochum, Germany 4. SSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland ABSTRACT: Chemical zoning in trapiche rubies was examined by X-ray microfluorescence analysis and by electron microprobe analysis. Two- dimensional element maps indicate a chemical variability of Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr and Fe within the samples. This chemical variation is mainly due to primary growth zoning as well as due to carbonate and in places silicate inclusions in orientated channels of the host rubies. Secondary iron staining caused by intense weathering of the samples is also observed. Keywords: electron probe, element map, ruby, trapiche, X-ray micro- fluorescence 290Q Introduction In the yellow or white arms of the star and in the boundary zones between the core and rapiche rubies from south-east the six trapezohedral ruby sectors, a massive Asia with a fixed six-rayed star, concentration of tube-like inclusions is Tsimilar in effect to trapiche emeralds observed. These inclusions are orientated from Colombia, were recently described by perpendicular to morphologically dominant Schmetzer et al. (1996a). Information dipyramidal crystal faces; they contain available at present indicates that the liquid, two-phase (liquid/gas) and solid trapiche rubies come from Myanmar and fillings identified as magnesium-bearing Vietnam. They consist of six transparent-to- calcite and dolomite by a combination of translucent ruby sectors separated by the electron microprobe analysis and micro- yellow- or white-appearing arms of a Raman spectroscopy. In black or yellow six-rayed star. In some crystals, the six cores, tube-like structures with identical arms (which, unlike typical asteriated fillings also run parallel to the c-axis, i.e. gems, are fixed - that is, they do not move perpendicular to basal faces of the trapiche when the stone or light source is moved) rubies. intersect at one small point, forming six Because tube-like structures that extend triangular ruby sectors. In many specimens, into the gem-quality ruby sectors are almost however, the arms extend outward from a colourless, and the calcite and dolomite hexagonal central core, producing six inclusions are iron-free, it was concluded trapezohedral ruby areas. The cores are that the yellow colour of the arms and some usually opaque yellow or black, but cores must be due to intense weathering and transparent red central areas are also secondary iron staining of the cavities and present occasionally. tubes. This interpretation was supported by © Gemmological Association and Gem Testing Laboratory of Great Britain ISSN: 135^4565 290 ~Q s Table 1. Chemical zoning? of trapiche rubies • "5 5 u s a S b o Sample. description ZOl1il1gil1 Mg AI Si Ca Ti V Cr Fe A Six-rayed star with sharp yellowish-white Triangular ruby sectors z arms intersecting at one small point Yellowish-white arms + ++ + B Six-rayed star with sharp yellOW arms Triangular ruby sectors z intersecting at one small point Yellow arms ++ ++ u C Six-rayed star with sharp yeUow arms, Trapezoidal ruby sectors black core Black core + +++ + • ++ Yellow arms + ++ + • +++ D Six-rayed star with yelJow arms that widen Trapezoidal ruby sectors + + + + + + + + + toward the edge, black core Black core + ++ + • +++ + + + YeUowarms + ++ + • +++ w "8 E Six-rayed star with zoned, sharp yellowish- Trapezoidal ruby sectors z : + + i i whlte (inner part) to yeUow (outer part) B.1 ack core ++ + + + + + + o U N ^ arms, black core YeUowish-white to yellow arms ++ +or++ N - ' (z) • F Six-rayed star with thin yellow9 arms Trapezoidal ruby sectors z 9 without distinct, continuous bowldaries Red core + / . to the host, small red core Yellow arms + + ':-< Gemm. , 2998, *! I •4 •4 • • I J li « §« C u £ o S g. .... H s S c I D 3 3 s m o o < 6 . 5 . u S smaller concentration than in the six trigonal or trapezohedralP ruby sectors ::g * si s * s s s ,00 J " o > X . 3 s s 8 . 26 much smaller G concentration than in the six trigonal or trapezohedral ruby sectors .S c * 8 c N s S g 2 4 , ,~ | 5, P + higher concentrationu than in the six trigonal or trapezohedral ruby sectors a . *L 5 X I t £ 8 8 o s 5 9 S 0 * O ^ S 3 * 3 8 ,CJ1 s 3 M 0 S -. O N w 289-30 * * ++ much higher concentration than in the six trigonal or trapezohedral ruby ^ sectors g 3 * N + + + S § 8 • C O • 00 N > s . +++ very much higher concentration -S than in the six trigonal or trapezohedral ruby sectors 5 £ 8 S i w * 8 z zoning from fc centre to rim ! s 1 T I x P ^ a e o < o o ;::; 3 n u not observable inj small concentrations due to an overlap of VKa with TiK~ d 291 b Figure la to f:f: Hexagonal cross-sections of six trapiche rubies, samples A to F; the arms of thethe fixed six-rayed stars intersect in a small centralcentral point (a,b) oror extend extend outward outward from from thethe comers corners of of a a hexagonal blackblack (c,d,e) (cj&je) or orred red (f) (f)core. core. The The arms arms of of the stars are yellowish-whiteyellowish-white (a),(a), yellowyellow (b,c,d,f)(b,c4,f) or zoned yellowish-white in an inner part and yellow c in an outer part of the sample (e). Sizes of the samples are 4.8 mm (a), 3.3 mm (b), 3.2 mm (c), 4.1 mmmm (d),(d), 4.24.2 mm mm (e),(e), and and 4.5 4.5 mm mm x x 5.0 5.0 mm mm (fJ. (f). Element mapping of trapiche rubiesrubies X-ray fluorescence analyses of selected The application of the two conventional trapiche ruby areas with or without a part of methods described, however, is unable to a yellow arm. provide two-dimensional information about Two methods were applied to determine element concentrations and chemical the chemical properties of trapiche rubies by variability in minerals, which is of great Schmetzer et al. (1996a) providing analytical interest in trapiche rubies. data that represent different-size areas The present paper describes two different within a sample. X-ray fluorescence analysis techniques for the determination of two- reveals an average composition of that part dimensional element maps in trapiche rubies, of the ruby in an area exposed to the X-ray which have been only rarely applied to the beam that can be measured in the range of characterization of gem materials. Using square millimetres. The electron microprobe, trapiche rubies as an example, the techniques on the other hand, is able to analyse much described are able to fill the gap,between smaller areas with diameters down to about conventional X-ray fluorescence analysis and one micrometre. conventional electron microprobe techniques. The chemical variability of a mineralogical sample is, in general, detectable by electron Materials microprobe using two conventional techniques. Preparing X-ray scanning images For the present study six slices of trapiche for selected elements, the intensities of single rubies were cut in a direction perpendicular spots within an image of the area covered by to the c-axis of the corundum crystals.
Recommended publications
  • Fall 2016 Gems & Gemology

    Fall 2016 Gems & Gemology

    FALL 2016 VOLUME LII THE UARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Review of CVD Synthetic Diamonds Reversible Color Alteration of Blue Zircon Sapphires from the Russian Far East Grandidierite from Madagascar Editorial Staff Editor-in-Chief Editors, Lab Notes Contributing Editors Duncan Pay Thomas M. Moses James E. Shigley gia.edu/gems-gemology [email protected] Shane F. McClure Andy Lucas Donna Beaton Subscriptions Managing Editor Editors, Micro-World Copies of the current issue may be purchased for Stuart D. Overlin Nathan Renfro Editor-in-Chief Emeritus $29.95 plus shipping. Subscriptions are $79.99 for one [email protected] Elise A. Skalwold Alice S. Keller year (4 issues) in the U.S. and $99.99 elsewhere. Cana- John I. Koivula dian subscribers should add GST. Discounts are avail- Editor Customer Service able for group subscriptions, GIA alumni, and current Jennifer-Lynn Archuleta Editors, Gem News Martha Erickson GIA students. To purchase print subscriptions, visit [email protected] (760) 603-4502 store.gia.edu or contact Customer Service. For insti- Emmanuel Fritsch tutional rates, contact Customer Service. [email protected] Technical Editors Gagan Choudhary Tao Z. Hsu Christopher M. Breeding Database Coverage Gems & Gemology’s impact factor is 0.394, accord- [email protected] Editorial Assistants ing to the 2015 Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Jennifer Stone-Sundberg Brooke Goedert Reports (issued July 2016). G&G is abstracted in Erin Hogarth Thomson Reuters products (Current Contents: Phys- ical, Chemical & Earth
  • English-Spanish (Dictionnaire)

    English-Spanish (Dictionnaire)

    English−spanish (dictionnaire) English−spanish Dictionary éditions eBooksFrance www.ebooksfrance.com English−spanish Dictionary 1 English−spanish (dictionnaire) Adapted from : http://www.freedict.com/dictionary/index.
  • Ultrahigh-Field Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals

    Ultrahigh-Field Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals

    Ultrahigh-Field 25Mg NMR and DFT Study of Magnesium Borate Minerals 1 2† 3 4 5 Bing Zhou, § Alexandra Faucher, § Robert Laskowski, Victor V. Terskikh, Scott Kroeker, Wei Sun,6,7 Jinru Lin,6 Jin-Xiao Mi,7 Vladimir K. Michaelis2* and Yuanming Pan6* 1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 21000, China 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada 3. Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16, Connexis, Singapore 138632 4. Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada 5. Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada 6. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada 7. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China †Current address: Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Republic of Ireland §BZ and AF contributed equally *Corresponding authors: Vladimir K. Michaelis ([email protected]) and Yuanming Pan ([email protected]) Keywords: MAS NMR, grandidierite, quantum chemical calculations, WURST, CPMG, wideline, NMR crystallography 1 ABSTRACT A series of well-characterized magnesium borate minerals and synthetic analogues have been studied via ultrahigh-field 25Mg solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Correlations between 25Mg NMR parameters and the local structure at the magnesium site(s) are highlighted and discussed. First-principles density functional theory calculations of 25Mg NMR parameters carried out with the WIEN2k software package support our experimental 25Mg NMR 25 data. Experimental Mg CQ values range from 0.7 ± 0.1 MHz in hungchaoite to 18.0 ± 0.5 MHz in 25 boracite-type Mg3B7O13Br.
  • Mineral Processing

    Mineral Processing

    Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19
  • Key to Rocks & Minerals Collections

    Key to Rocks & Minerals Collections

    STATE OF MICHIGAN MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION A mineral is a rock substance occurring in nature that has a definite chemical composition, crystal form, and KEY TO ROCKS & MINERALS COLLECTIONS other distinct physical properties. A few of the minerals, such as gold and silver, occur as "free" elements, but by most minerals are chemical combinations of two or Harry O. Sorensen several elements just as plants and animals are Reprinted 1968 chemical combinations. Nearly all of the 90 or more Lansing, Michigan known elements are found in the earth's crust, but only 8 are present in proportions greater than one percent. In order of abundance the 8 most important elements Contents are: INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 Percent composition Element Symbol MINERALS........................................................................ 1 of the earth’s crust ROCKS ............................................................................. 1 Oxygen O 46.46 IGNEOUS ROCKS ........................................................ 2 Silicon Si 27.61 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS............................................... 2 Aluminum Al 8.07 METAMORPHIC ROCKS.............................................. 2 Iron Fe 5.06 IDENTIFICATION ............................................................. 2 Calcium Ca 3.64 COLOR AND STREAK.................................................. 2 Sodium Na 2.75 LUSTER......................................................................... 2 Potassium
  • Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ocelli in the Damtjernite Dykes and Sills, Chadobets Uplift, Siberian Craton: Evidence of the Fluid–Lamprophyric Magma Interaction

    Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ocelli in the Damtjernite Dykes and Sills, Chadobets Uplift, Siberian Craton: Evidence of the Fluid–Lamprophyric Magma Interaction

    minerals Article Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ocelli in the Damtjernite Dykes and Sills, Chadobets Uplift, Siberian Craton: Evidence of the Fluid–Lamprophyric Magma Interaction Anna A. Nosova 1,*, Ludmila V. Sazonova 1,2, Alexey V. Kargin 1 , Elena O. Dubinina 1 and Elena A. Minervina 1 1 Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IGEM RAS), 119017 Moscow, Russia; [email protected] (L.V.S.); [email protected] (A.V.K.); [email protected] (E.O.D.); [email protected] (E.A.M.) 2 Geology Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+7-499-230-8414 Abstract: The study reports petrography, mineralogy and carbonate geochemistry and stable iso- topy of various types of ocelli (silicate-carbonate globules) observed in the lamprophyres from the Chadobets Uplift, southwestern Siberian craton. The Chadobets lamprophyres are related to the REE-bearing Chuktukon carbonatites. On the basis of their morphology, mineralogy and relation with the surrounding groundmass, we distinguish three types of ocelli: carbonate-silicate, containing carbonate, scapolite, sodalite, potassium feldspar, albite, apatite and minor quartz ocelli (K-Na-CSO); carbonate–silicate ocelli, containing natrolite and sodalite (Na-CSO); and silicate-carbonate, con- taining potassium feldspar and phlogopite (K-SCO). The K-Na-CSO present in the most evolved Citation: Nosova, A.A.; Sazonova, damtjernite with irregular and polygonal patches was distributed within the groundmass; the patches L.V.; Kargin, A.V.; Dubinina, E.O.; consist of minerals identical to minerals in ocelli. Carbonate in the K-Na-CSO are calcite, Fe-dolomite Minervina, E.A.
  • Studies of the Zeolites Composition of Zeolites of the Natrolite Group and Compositional Relations Among Thomsonites Gonnardites, and Natrolites

    Studies of the Zeolites Composition of Zeolites of the Natrolite Group and Compositional Relations Among Thomsonites Gonnardites, and Natrolites

    r-'1 ~ Q I ~ c lt') ~ r-'1 'JJ ~ Q.) < ~ ~ ......-~ ..,.;;j ~ <z 0 0 Q.) 1-4 rJ:J rJ:J N r-'1 ~ Q.) 0 ~ ..c ~ ~ ~ I r-'1 ~ > ~ 0 I ~ rJ:J 'JJ ..,.;;j Q.) < .....-~ 0 . 1-4 ~ C"-' 0 ~ ..,.;;j ~ 0 r-'1 00 C"-' Foster-STUDIES•. OF THE ZEOLITES-Geological Survey Professional Paper 504-D, E Studies of the Zeolites Composition of Zeolites of the Natrolite Group and Compositional Relations among Thomsonites Gonnardites, and Natrolites By MARGARET D. FOSTER SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 504-D, E UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1965 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretory GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Foster, Margaret Dorothy, 1895- Studies of the zeolites. D. Composition of zeolites of the natrolite group. E. Compositional relations among thom­ sonites, gonnardites, and natrolites. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965. v, 7; iii, 10 p. diagrs., tables. 30 em. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 504-D, E) Shorter contributions to general geology. Each part also has separate title page. Includes bibliographies. (Continued on next card) Foster, Margaret Dorothy, 1895- Studies of the zeolites. 1965. (Card 2) 1. Zeolites. I. Title. II. Title: Composition of zeolites of the natro­ lite group. III. Title: Compositional relations among thomsonites, gonnardites, and natrolites. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 25 cents (paper cover) Studies of the Zeolites Composition of Zeolites of the N atrolite Group By MARGARET D.
  • Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 1997 Issued October 1999

    Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 1997 Issued October 1999

    Potash, Soda, and Borate Mineral Mining 1997 Issued October 1999 EC97N-2123I 1997 Economic Census Mining Industry Series U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The staff of the Manufacturing and Con- The Geography Division staff developed struction Division prepared this report. geographic coding procedures and associ- Judy M. Dodds, Assistant Chief for Cen- ated computer programs. sus and Related Programs, was respon- The Economic Statistical Methods and Pro- sible for the overall planning, manage- gramming Division, Charles P. Pautler ment, and coordination. Patricia L. Jr., Chief, developed and coordinated the Horning, Chief, Construction and Miner- computer processing systems. Martin S. als Branch, assisted by M. Susan Bucci Harahush, Assistant Chief for Quinquen- and Susan L. DiCola, Section Chiefs, per- nial Programs, assisted by Barbara Lam- formed the planning and implementation. bert and Christina Arledge were respon- Richard Hough, Christopher D. sible for design and implementation of the Perrien, John F. Roehl, Eva J. Snapp, computer systems. Gary T. Sheridan, and Sarah B. Teichner provided primary Chief, Manufacturing and Construction staff assistance. Branch, Lori A. Guido and Roy A. Smith, Brian Greenberg, Assistant Chief for Section Chiefs, supervised the preparation Research and Methodology Programs, of the computer programs. assisted by Stacey Cole, Chief, Manufac- turing Programs Methodology Branch, and Computer Services Division, Debra Will- Robert Struble, Section Chief, provided iams, Chief, performed the computer pro- the mathematical and statistical tech- cessing. niques as well as the coverage operations. The staff of the Administrative and Cus- Jeffrey Dalzell and Cathy Ritenour pro- tomer Services Division, Walter C.
  • Personal Body Ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: an Archaeomineralogical Study

    Personal Body Ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: an Archaeomineralogical Study

    Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5 (2016) 156–167 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep Personal body ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: An archaeomineralogical study Carlos P. Odriozola a,⁎, Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich b,c, Rodrigo Villalobos García c, José M. Martínez-Blanes d, Miguel A. Avilés e, Norberto Palomares Zumajo f, María Benito Sánchez g, Carlos Barrio Aldea h, Domingo C. Salazar-García i,j a Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain b Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain c Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Centro asociado UNED-Ciudad Real, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain d Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Antropología Social y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain e Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro mixto Universidad de Sevilla—CSIC, Spain f Anthropos, s.l., Spain g Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain h Archaeologist i Department of Archaeology, University of Capetown, South Africa j Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València, Spain article info abstract Article history: Beads and pendants from the Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches, Ciudad Real) and Cerro Ortega (Villanueva de la Received 22 June 2015 Fuente, Ciudad Real) burials were analysed using XRD, micro-Raman and XRF in order to contribute to the cur- Received in revised form 30 October 2015 rent distribution map of green bead body ornament pieces on the Iberian Peninsula which, so far, remain Accepted 14 November 2015 undetailed for many regions.
  • Thirty-Seventh List of New Mineral Names. Part 1" A-L

    Thirty-Seventh List of New Mineral Names. Part 1" A-L

    Thirty-seventh list of new mineral names. Part 1" A-L A. M. CLARK Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK AND V. D. C. DALTRYt Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Natal, Private Bag XO1, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa THE present list is divided into two sections; the pegmatites at Mount Alluaiv, Lovozero section M-Z will follow in the next issue. Those Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. names representing valid species, accredited by the Na19(Ca,Mn)6(Ti,Nb)3Si26074C1.H20. Trigonal, IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral space group R3m, a 14.046, c 60.60 A, Z = 6. Names, are shown in bold type. Dmeas' 2.76, Dc~ac. 2.78 g/cm3, co 1.618, ~ 1.626. Named for the locality. Abenakiite-(Ce). A.M. McDonald, G.Y. Chat and Altisite. A.P. Khomyakov, G.N. Nechelyustov, G. J.D. Grice. 1994. Can. Min. 32, 843. Poudrette Ferraris and G. Ivalgi, 1994. Zap. Vses. Min. Quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Obschch., 123, 82 [Russian]. Frpm peralkaline Na26REE(SiO3)6(P04)6(C03)6(S02)O. Trigonal, pegmatites at Oleny Stream, SE Khibina alkaline a 16.018, c 19.761 A, Z = 3. Named after the massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Monoclinic, a Abenaki Indian tribe. 10.37, b 16.32, c 9.16 ,~, l~ 105.6 ~ Z= 2. Named Abswurmbachite. T. Reinecke, E. Tillmanns and for the chemical elements A1, Ti and Si. H.-J. Bernhardt, 1991. Neues Jahrb. Min. Abh., Ankangite. M. Xiong, Z.-S.
  • AFMS Merit Badges

    AFMS Merit Badges

    AMERICAN FEDERATION OF MINERALOGICAL SOCIETIES Future Rockhounds of America Badge Program Fourth Edition Jim Brace-Thompson AFMS Juniors Program Chair [email protected] (805) 659-3577 This packet is available on-line on the AFMS website: www.amfed.org © 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2016 Jim Brace-Thompson & the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies AMERICAN FEDERATION OF MINERALOGICAL SOCIETIES Future Rockhounds of America Badge Program MISSION STATEMENT Future Rockhounds of America is a nationwide nonprofit program within the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies that develops and delivers quality youth activities in the earth sciences and lapidary arts in a fun, family environment. Our underlying goals are to foster science literacy and arts education through structured activities that are engaging and challenging and by which kids—and the adults who mentor them—learn while having fun. INTRODUCTION . Philosophy behind the FRA Badge Program & Suggestions on Using It I’ve developed this manual so as to enable the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies to sponsor a youth program via Future Rockhounds of America, a program that rewards kids on an on-going basis as a means of encouraging and cultivating their interest in the earth sciences and lapidary arts. Through this, each of our individual clubs and societies will uphold our chartered goals as nonprofit, educational organizations by actively seeking to foster and develop science literacy and arts education amongst our youngest members. My guiding philosophy has three underpinnings. They come from both my own values as a person invested in the positive development of young people and from a wealth of academic research indicating that if one wants to design and deliver programs that effectively promote positive development among young people, three steps are crucial to enact.
  • Borate Minerals. Ii. a Hierarchy of Structures

    Borate Minerals. Ii. a Hierarchy of Structures

    731 The Canadian Mineralogist Vol 37, pp 731-'162(1999) BORATEMINERALS. II. A HIERARCHYOF STRUCTURES BASEDUPON THE BORATE FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCK JOEL D. GRICE Research Division, Canadian Museum of Nature, p O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario Klp 6p4, Canada PETERC. BURNS Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences,(Jniversity of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, U.S.A. FRANK C. HAWTHORNES Department of Geological Sciences,University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada AesrRAcr A hierarchical structural classification is developed for borate minerals, based on the linkage of (BQ) triangles and (BO+) tetrahedra to form FBBs (fundamental building blocks) that polymerize to form the structural unit, a tightly bonded anionic polyhedral array whose excesscharge is baianced by the presenceof large low-valence interstitial cations. Thirty-one minerals, with nineteen distinct structure-types,contain isolated borate polyhedra. Twenty-seven minerals, with twenty-five distinct struc- ture-types, contain finite clusters of borate polyhedra. Ten minerals, with ten distinct structue-types, contain chains of borate polyhedra. Fifteen minerals, with thirteen distinct structue-types, contain sheets of borate polyhedra. Fifteen minerals, with thirteen distinct sEucture-types,contain frameworks of borate polyhedra. It is only the close-packed structures of the isolated- polyhedra class that show significant isotypism Kelwords: borate minerals, crystal sffuctures, structural hierarchy. Sowenn Nous ddvelopponsici un sch6made classification structurale des mindraux du groupe des borates,fond6 sur I'articulation des ffiangles (BO:) et des t6trabdres(BOa), qui forment des modules structuraux fondamentaux. Ceux-ci, polym6ris6s, constituent l'unitd structuralede la maille, un agencementcompact d'anions fait de ces polyddres dont I'excddent de charge est neutralis6par des cations interstitiels h rayon relativement gros et d valence relativement faible.