DOCSLIB.ORG

What About Industrial District(S) in Regional Science?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What About Industrial District(S) in Regional Science? DRAFT − 6 10 2013 What about Industrial District(s) in Regional Science? Fabio Sforzi and Rafael Boix University of Parma (Italy), University of Valencia (Spain) Abstract. Keywords: JEL: 1. Introduction: The thesis The insertion of the industrial district (ID) in Regional Science (RS) is only possible through a reversal of the analytical perspective that identifies the heart of the matter in the problem of the "unit of investigation". So it raises the question of what should be the appropriate unit for studying economic facts by a real "regional" perspective. In our opinion this unit should be the "region". 1 DRAFT − 6 10 2013 The identification of the "region" as the unit of investigation is what should distinguish RS from other sub‐disciplines of Economics (e.g. the Industrial Economics or the Urban Economics: the first being centred on the "industry", the second on the "city"). But, as we know, at the basis of the RS, as a new discipline, its founder, Walter Isard, placed the "location theory": that is, the location of individual (firm) and aggregate (industry) economic activities. It follows that the region is the result of a location. In other words, it is an "agglomeration of firms" (cluster) that defines a given place. The place has a "derivative status": i.e., it is a secondary concept. But the ID is a place‐based concept, in the sense that the place (local community) is the condition for its definition both in theory and in practice. So that from the ID perspective the place is a "primary concept". How to disentangle the matter? For many scholars the matter does not arise. Are those who believe that the district is an agglomeration (of SMEs) resulting from a location. Obviously, we disagree with this belief. To disentangle the matter we must begin by removing the "foundation stone" on which Walter Isard founded the Regional Science as a discipline. 2. The American bias Isard opens the Chapter 2 of his 1956 (p. 24) book "Location and Space‐Economy" with a harsh critique of Marshall, which judged the time to be "more fundamental" than space in the framework of economic development: The difficulties of the problem depend chiefly on variation in the area of space, and the period of time over which the market in question extends; the influence of time being more fundamental that that space (Marshall, 1920a, PE, V, XV, 1). Isard makes Marshall responsible to have prevented the insertion of the space in Economics. 2 DRAFT − 6 10 2013 The "prejudice exhibited by Marshall" − in the words of Isard − spread the belief (see, for example: Harvey, 1984, p. 8) that Marshall prioritized time over space: The insertion of space, place, locale and milieu into any social theory has a numbing effect upon that theory’s central propositions [...] Marx, Marshall, Weber and Durkheim prioritize time over space. And, where they treat the latter at all, tend to view it unproblematically as the site or context for historical action. This misinterpretation of Marshall’s thought comes from having chosen the "wrong" Book of Principles of Economics (PE) where to look for answer to the problem of the insertion of space/place in Economics. Or maybe the matter is more simple. Isard had a conventional knowledge of Marshall’s thought and he made an instrumental use of Marshall’s statement − in search of "the villain of the story" − to support the originality of his suggestion of a space‐economy. Isard was not the only American economist who misinterpreted Marshall’s thought. Hoover (1971) misinterpreted the meaning of "external economies" by associating them to the "industry" instead of "place"1. So, when Isard (1956, p. 172) illustrated − following Ohlin − the agglomeration factors "neatly" classified by Hoover, the misdeed was final: Following Ohlin, Hoover has neatly classified agglomeration (deglomeration) factors as follows: (a) Large‐scale economies within a firm, consequent upon the enlargement of the firm's scale of production at one point; 1 This misinterpretation is due to the perspective adopted, that of the "theory of location" of Alfred Weber (1909). Weber’s theory is about the firm and industry, is not about the place. Let us say it in the words of Isard (1956, p. 172): «In his classic work on location theory, Alfred Weber emphasizes three basic location forces. Two of these, transport cost differentials and labor cost differentials, interplay to determine the regional distribution of industries. […] The third general location factor, agglomeration (deglomeration) economies and diseconomies, acts, according to Weber, to concentrate or disperse industries within any given region». 3 DRAFT − 6 10 2013 (b) Localization economies for all firms in a single industry at a single location, consequent upon the enlargement of the total output of that industry at that location; (c) Urbanization economies for all firms in all industries at a single location, consequent upon the enlargement of the total economic size (population, income, output, or wealth) of that location, for all industries taken together. On the other hand, Hoover in his 1971 book An Introduction to Regional Economics (Hoover, 1971, p. 78‐79) wrote: We can thus distinguish three levels at which economies of size appear. There are, in respect to any particular activity: (1) economies associated with the size of the individual location unit (plant, store, or the like); (2) economies associated with the size of the individual firm; and (3) economies associated with the size of the agglomeration of an activity at a location. We can refer to these economies, for brevity’s sake, as "unit", "firm" and "cluster" economies [...]. Hoover, in the footnote inserted at the end of this sentence, states the following (Hoover, 1971, Ch. 5, footnote 9, p. 79): What are here identified as "cluster" economies are sometimes referred as economies of localization. Alfred Marshall’s succinct characterization of the "economies of localized industries" is often quoted from his Principles of Economics, 8th ed. (London: Macmillan, 1925), Book IV, Chapter 10. F.S. Hall’s Census monograph, "The Localization of Industries" (U.S. Census of 1900, Manufactures, Part 1, p. CXC‐CCXIV), reported on the development of highly clustered patterns of individual manufacturing industries toward the end of the nineteenth century. Unfortunately, however, the term "localization" has also been used synonymously with "location" and even in the sense of "dispersion", so it is best avoided. This is "the American bias": (1) the prejudice against Marshall about space and (2) the disappearance of the Marshallian external economies. All this, to remain in the field of Regional Science2. 2 In Economics the misuse of terms such as "agglomeration economies" or "externalities" as synonyms of external economies is frequent. These three terms correspond to three different ways of conceptualizing the localized industries. Agglomerations and externalities are concepts introduced to explain the origins of the 4 DRAFT − 6 10 2013 3. The criticism Walter Isard is the founder of RS as a discipline / field of study. And E.M. Hoover is a co‐founder of Regional Economics. But, his reputation in the field of Regional Science is so high that his book opens the list of "Classics in Regional Science"3. Their ideas were so influential to have misled regional scientists and regional economists by preventing the discovery of (1) the "district" in the field of theory and (2) the "districts" in the social reality. So, "What about industrial distric(s) in Regional Science?". In the theoretical framework of Regional Science there is no chance for the ID(s). How to disentangle the matter? 4. Back to Marshall Regional scientists – like other scholars interested in the industrial districts – know the contribution of ideas provided by Alfred Marshall for the conceptualization of the industrial district. Therefore we must "back to Marshall". And Giacomo Becattini will be our mentor. The purpose to go back to Marshall is not to look up "the definition of district" in his writings: simply because there is not! It is to prove that there is "another Marshall" who suggested Becattini "the idea of district". Becattini (1962) decided to deal with the Marshall’s theoretical system not from the side of mathematics, but from that of the ideological foundations. His belief was that only in this way the most original aspects of Marshall’s thought could be grasped. And history has proved he was right. localized industries, the external economies, conversely, explain why an industry, after it was formed in a place, it tends to remain there for long. 3 See the website of the Regional Research Institute at West Virginia University: http://rri.wvu.edu/resources/web‐book‐rs/list‐of‐books. 5 DRAFT − 6 10 2013 It is from this unconventional approach to Marshall’s thought that Becattini extracts a whole series of ideas that reorganizes in an original manner, and from which he derived the ID concept. The "invention" of the ID concept is by Giacomo Becattini. The cornerstones of the Becattini’s contribution are: (1) the centrality of human labour; (2) the conception of industry; and (3) the recovery of the Marshallian concept of economic nation. If you look for the ID definition in Marshall’s writings, you will not find it4. In Marshall’s writings you can find two main references that are at the foundation of the ID concept: ‐ the concepts collected in Book IV of PE; ‐ the concept of "economic nation" that Marshall introduced in Industry and Trade (Marshall, 1920b). Concepts collected in Book IV of PE are known: from the organization as agent of production to the knowledge as "engine" of production; from the local external economies to the "homines novi" as agents of reproduction of entrepreneurship. The concept of "economic nation" is little known.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leon Moses and Walter Isard: Collaborators, Rivals Or Antagonists?
    Leon Moses and Walter Isard: Collaborators, Rivals or Antagonists? David Boyce Archivist, Regional Science Association International Program Chair or Co-Chair, North American Regional Science Meetings, 1970-1989 Ph.D., Regional Science, University of Pennsylvania, 1965 Objectives of this talk • Examine contributions of Leon to regional science Research on interindustry models and industrial location theory Participation in the Regional Science Association Contributions to the field of regional science • Explore the relationship between Leon and Walter Isard, founder of regional science LEON MOSES • Born: New York City 1924 • Ohio State University B.A. 1945 • Harvard University M.A. 1950 Ph.D. 1952 • Part-time and visiting teaching appointments 1946-52 • Research Associate, Harvard Econ. Res. Project 1952-59 • Assistant Professor, Harvard 1957-59 • Associate Professor of Economics, Northwestern 1959-63 – Assistant Director, Research, Transportation Center 1959-63 • Professor of Economics, Northwestern 1963-05 • Director, Transportation Center 1974-79 • Professor Emeritus of Economics, Northwestern 2005 • Died: age 88, Evanston, Illinois 2013 WALTER ISARD • Born: Philadelphia 1919 • Temple University A.B. 1939 1935-39 • University of Chicago 1941-42 • Harvard University M.A. 1941 Ph.D. 1943 • Social Science Research Council 1942-43, 1946-48 • Part-time and visiting teaching appointments 1946-49 • Research Fellow, Associate, Econ. Research Project Lecturer, Harvard University 1949-53 • Associate Professor of Reg. Economics, M.I.T. 1953-56
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Political Economy: the Great Divide in Economic Thought/William K.Tabb
    Reconstructing Political Economy Reconstructing Political Economy offers an original perspective on the questions the great economists have asked and looks at their significance for today’s world. Written in a provocative and accessible style, it examines how the diverse traditions of political economy have conceptualized economic issues, events and theory. Going beyond the orthodoxies of mainstream economics, it shows the relevance of political economy to debates on the economic meaning today. This book is a timely and thought provoking contribution to a political economy for our time. In this light, it offers fresh insights into such issues as modern theories of growth, the historic relations between state and market, and the significance of globalization for modern societies. Reconstructing Political Economy will be of great interest to economists, political scientists, and historians of economic thought. William K.Tabb is Professor of Economics and Political Science at Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He is the author of The Japanese System: Cultural Economy and Economic Transformation, The Political Economy of the Black Ghetto; and co-editor of Instability and Change in the World Economy. Contemporary Political Economy series Edited by Jonathan Michie, Birkbeck College, University of London Reconstructing Political Economy The great divide in economic thought William K.Tabb London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002.
    [Show full text]
  • Location, Regional Growth and Local Development Theories
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Firenze University Press: E-Journals AESTIMUM 58, Giugno 2011: 1-25 Roberta Capello Location, Regional Growth and Local Development Theories Dipartimento BEST Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 The paper provides a survey of the rich number of theo- ries and models developed by regional economics over the 20133 Milano last fifty years. The paper moves from location theory, to e-mail: [email protected] regional growth and local development, up to the most recent local growth theories, giving emphasis to the role Parole chiave: tecniche di ricerca in in which space is conceived in the different approaches, banche dati; teorie della localizzazio- and showing how regional economics moves from “space” ne; teorie della crescita regionale e to “territory” when space is included as an economic re- dello sviluppo locale source and as an independent production factor, a genera- tor of static and dynamic advantages for the firms situated Keywords: location theories; regional within it. growth and local development theories 1. Space in economic theories Space influences the way an economic system works. It is a source of economic advantages (or disadvantages) such as high (or low) endowments of production factors. It also generates geographical advantages, like the easy (or difficult) ac- cessibility of an area, and a high (or low) endowment of raw materials. Space is also the source of advantages springing from the cumulative nature of productive processes in space: in particular, spatial proximity generates economies that reduce production costs (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: Internationalization of Architectural and Engineering (A/E) Firms
    Appendix A: Internationalization of Architectural and Engineering (A/E) Firms Background Interviewee’s information Company Designation Name Role Years of experience Contact Telephone number Email address Interview Location Time Discussions Please note that The Organization refers to the collective units of main and field- offices while The firm refers to the branch office which is away from the headquarters. S/no Questions and aims Reference (and rationale) Internalization and Strategic models 1 Please describe your organization and Dunning’s Eclectic Paradigm firm’s background in terms of ownership, (OLI and distance) locational and internalization (OLI) factors. How does flight-distance influence OLI factors? (continued) L.C. Peh and S.P. Low, Organization Design for International Construction Business, 325 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35164-8, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 326 Appendix A: Internationalization of Architectural and Engineering (A/E) Firms (continued) S/no Questions and aims Reference (and rationale) 2 Please describe your organization and firm’s Porter’s Diamond Theory (Diamond strategies and structures due to rivalry, and distance) factor and demand conditions, supporting and related industries, government intervention and chances. How does flight-distance influence the Diamond’s factors? 3 Please describe your organization and McKinsey 7S (Change in strategies due firm’s strategic management model to distance) and strategic thrusts. Discuss isomorphism of firms Discuss embeddedness. Internationalization: Reasons for overseas
    [Show full text]
  • The Analysis of Location, Co-Location And
    CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series Paper No.67 THE ANALYSIS OF LOCATION, CO-LOCATION AND 1 URBANISATION ECONOMIES Börje Johansson2 and Ulla Forslund 3 May 2006 1 Status of the paper: The paper has been written as a contribution to a Handbook of Research on Clusters 2 CESIS, Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, The Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm and JIBS, Jönköping International Business School. Email: [email protected]. 3 JIBS, Jönköping International Business School. Email: [email protected] THE ANALYSIS OF LOCATION, CO-LOCATION AND URBANISATION ECONOMIES Börje Johansson and Ulla Forslund Abstract This paper provides an overview and critical assessment of co-location and clustering in space. Basic location conditions include accessibility to customers, input suppliers including knowledge providers, and regional endowments. A distinction is made between slow and fast location adjustments. In a basic model, it is shown how distance sensitivity and scale economies generate self-reinforcing location externalities. Variations of the same model are employed to illuminate how urbanisation economies can stimulate co-location and clustering. One model variant is designed to examine how innovation activities also can be influenced by urbanisation economies. The paper concludes that a set of basic principals form the basis for localisation and urbanisation economies. However, there remains a challenging gap between model predictions and empirical observations. JEL classification: L14, L29, O30, R30 Keywords: Location, co-location economies, agglomeration economies, urbanisation economies 1 1. INTRODUCTION Location analysis has two major perspectives. The first is concerned with where to place a given economic activity or facility, defined as optimization problem, where the properties of the economic environment are taken as a given fact.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative Geography
    Quantitative Geography Alan T. Murray School of Geographical Sciences Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-5302, USA (Email: [email protected]) Prepared for: Journal of Regional Science’s 50th Anniversary Conference April 23-24, 2009 Federal Reserve Bank of New York April 17, 2009 Abstract This paper provides an overview of quantitative geography, and the methods that have come to define it. This is part of a conference marking the 50th anniversary of the Journal of Regional Science. Six broad categories are used to discuss the range of methods found in quantitative geography: geographic information systems; airborne sensing (global positioning system, photogrammetry and remote sensing); statistics and exploratory spatial data analysis; mathematics and optimization; regional analysis; and, computer science and simulation. Particular emphasis is given to the state of the art in each area, with discussion on major unresolved issues and future research directions. Introduction There have been many overview texts on quantitative geography, most somewhat dated at this point. Perhaps the most recognized is that of Wrigley and Bennett (1981), at least in terms of citations in the literature, but others include Taylor (1977) and Cole and King (1968). Of course, there are also the works cast under the headings of “spatial analysis” (Berry and Marble 1968), “statistical analysis” (King 1969, Clark and Hosking 1986) and “locational analysis” (Haggett et al. 1966) that could/should be included in this area as well, certainly touching upon major components of quantitative geography. Quantitative geography has been defined by Fotheringham et al. (2000) as consisting of “… one or more of the following activities: the analysis of numerical spatial data; the development of spatial theory; and the construction and testing of mathematical models of spatial processes.” This is a reasonable definition/characterization, though the creation of spatial information and knowledge may be missing.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 23 Central Place Theory
    Development Planning and Administration UNIT 23 CENTRAL PLACE THEORY Structure 23.0 Objectives 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Location Theory 23.3 Regional Aspects of Development and Planning 23.4 Central Place Theory 23.5 Activity 23.6 Conclusion 23.7 References and Further Readings 23.0 OBJECTIVES This unit aims to introduce you to spatial and location-related aspects of development. These aspects are crucial in the whole framework of decentralised and block and district level planning. The unit discusses in detail an important theory known as Central Place Theory. The previous unit, too, was on central settlements and the material in the two units is complementary. One crucial aspect of development planning is the regional aspect, which is often not given the importance or attention it deserves. Out of several types of development activities, the unit primarily focuses on production activities. After going through the unit, you will be able to: • Describe the importance of studying the regional aspect of development; • Discuss the importance of spatial and regional analysis for decentralised and multilevel planning. • Analyse theories of location and of the distribution of production activities over regions; and • Define the notions of growth poles and central places, and analyse theory of central places 23.1 INTRODUCTION In the course of development of a nation or society, policy makers have to plan for and pay attention to all aspects of development. Apart from physical targets and financial aspects, policy makers need to focus on regional aspects of development. They have to see, especially in geographically heterogeneous societies, whether some regions show a higher potential for growth as compared to other regions, or whether there can be certain ‘growth centres’ around which growth can take place.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Internalization Theory to International Business: New Realities and Unanswered Questions
    This is a repository copy of The Contribution of Internalization Theory to International Business: New Realities and Unanswered Questions. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/92341/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Buckley, PJ (2016) The Contribution of Internalization Theory to International Business: New Realities and Unanswered Questions. Journal of World Business, 51 (1). pp. 74-82. ISSN 1090-9516 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.08.012 © 2015. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ The Contribution of Internalisation Theory to International Business: New Realities and Unanswered Questions Professor Peter J Buckley Centre for International Business Leeds University Business School University of Leeds Maurice Keyworth Building Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom Tel: +44(0) 113 343 4646 E-mail: [email protected] Journal of World Business Special Issue – 50th Anniversary I would like to thank Björn Ambos, an anonymous referee and Jonathan Doh for comments on earlier versions.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Gerard Rushton, Central Place Theory and Me
    Central Place Theory and Me 31 Chapter 3 Gerard Rushton, Central Place Theory and Me: The Influence of a Geographic Visionary on One of His Students Thomas L. Bell 3.1 The Predoctoral Stage: My Experience as Gerard Rushton’s Student and Research Assistant I was Dr. Gerard Rushton’s first doctoral advisee at the University of Iowa, although he had advised several doctoral students at McMaster University and Michigan State University before his return to his doctoral alma mater. I was also lucky to take a class in intermediate economic geography from him as an undergraduate student at Iowa, and to see first- hand how he presented complex ideas in location theory, especially central place theory. I nevertheless was uncertain about what aspect of central place theory I should pursue when I was trying to formulate a defensible dissertation proposal. After reading so much of the extant central place theory literature, I began to hypothesize that the underlying organizing principles of Walter Christaller and August Lösch were quite different. Perhaps real world central place systems were a hybrid amalgam of the hierarchical principle of Christaller [1] and the area-serving principle of Lösch [2]. But how was I going to test that hypothesis? My breakthrough lay in the applied literature of rural sociology, especially the work of Edward Hassinger [3] at the 32 Research in Behavioral, Econ. and Health Geography University of Wisconsin at Madison. He explored the use of Guttman scaling to delineate a hierarchy of central place functions in a manner different from that of Berry and Garrison’s duplication ratio method [4]-[6].
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Regional Economics
    Web Book of Regional Science Regional Research Institute 2020 An Introduction to Regional Economics Edgar M. Hoover University of Pittsburgh Frank Giarratani University of Pittsburgh Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri-web-book Recommended Citation Hoover, Edgar M., & Giarratani, F. (1999). An Introduction to Regional Economics. Reprint. Edited by Scott Loveridge and Randall Jackson. WVU Research Repository, 2020. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Regional Research Institute at The Research Repository @ WVU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Web Book of Regional Science by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Web Book of Regional Science Sponsored by An Introduction to Regional Economics Fourth Edition* By Edgar M. Hoover (deceased) Distinguished Service Professor of Economics, Emeritus University of the Pittsburgh Frank Giarratani Professor of Economics and Director, Center for Industry Studies Department of Economics Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Tel: (412) 648-1741 Published: 1999 Updated: January, 2020 *The web version of the third edition of An Introduction to Regional Economics which first appeared in The Web Book of Regional Science series was edited by: Scott Loveridge Professor, Extension Specialist Michigan State University This fourth edition of An Introduction to Regional Economics is the result of extensive revision of the web book version of the third edition by: Randall Jackson Director, Regional Research Institute West Virginia University This work was originally published by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., copyright 1971, 1975, and 1984. In 1999, copyright was transferred from Knopf to the Hoover Family Trust and Frank Giarratani.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Approach to Evaluate the Location Factors Affecting Fdis
    A New Approach to Evaluate the Location Factors Affecting FDIs’ Operations: A case of the NETD Kristianstad University The Department of Business Studies FEC 685 Master Dissertation Public administration & International Business Program May 2005 Tutors: Bengt Ferlenius Authors: Liu Wenke Huang Jianhua Annika Fjelkner Zhou Jingfeng Acknowledgments The municipality of Ningbo provided us a very precious opportunity to study here at Kristianstad University. During our education, we have gained much valuable knowledge and experience in international business and public administration from all our teachers and guest lecturers. The time we have experienced here must be memorable in our life. In the past several months, our group has worked together with a great interest to carry out our dissertation. This dissertation is a challenge to us. We have learned how to collaborate with each other, how to find a new research question and how to solve it in a scientific way. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our tutor Bengt Ferlenius. His broad knowledge and generous devotion made it possible for us to complete this dissertation. During the period of study here, our families have been giving very much their love and encouragement to spirit us finishing our study, a lot of thanks to them. We also would like to express our thanks to Annika Fjelkner, our English teacher, for her revising our paper; to our colleagues, for their help to conduct the questionnaire survey in the NETD; to all respondents, for their reply to our survey; to Lisa Nilsson, for her kind help in our study; to all our classmates, for their help in many ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Location
    Web Book of Regional Science Regional Research Institute 2020 Industrial Location Michael J. Webber Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri-web-book Recommended Citation Webber, M.J. (1985). Industrial Location. Reprint. Edited by Grant Ian Thrall. WVU Research Repository, 2020. This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Regional Research Institute at The Research Repository @ WVU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Web Book of Regional Science by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Web Book of Regional Science Sponsored by Industrial Location By Michael J. Webber Scientific Geography Series Editor: Grant Ian Thrall Sage Publications: 1985 Web Book Version: May, 2020 Web Series Editor: Randall Jackson Director, Regional Research Institute West Virginia University <This page blank> The Web Book of Regional Science is offered as a service to the regional research community in an effort to make a wide range of reference and instructional materials freely available online. Roughly three dozen books and monographs have been published as Web Books of Regional Science. These texts covering diverse subjects such as regional networks, land use, migration, and regional specialization, include descriptions of many of the basic concepts, analytical tools, and policy issues important to regional science. The Web Book was launched in 1999 by Scott Loveridge, who was then the director of the Regional Research Institute at West Virginia University. The director of the Institute, currently Randall Jackson, serves as the Series editor. When citing this book, please include the following: Webber, M.J.
    [Show full text]