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Magnitud E Implicaciones De La Política Pesquera Comunitaria: Aplicación De Indicadores De Sostenibilidad Sobre El Metabolismo De Los Ecosistemas Marinos

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Magnitud E Implicaciones De La Política Pesquera Comunitaria: Aplicación De Indicadores De Sostenibilidad Sobre El Metabolismo De Los Ecosistemas Marinos Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales MAGNITUD E IMPLICACIONES DE LA POLÍTICA PESQUERA COMUNITARIA: APLICACIÓN DE INDICADORES DE SOSTENIBILIDAD SOBRE EL METABOLISMO DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS MARINOS Por Sebastián Villasante Directora: Dra. María do Carme García-Negro MEMORIA DE TESIS PRESENTADA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN ECONOMÍA Universidad de Santiago de Compostela 2009 © Sebastián Villasante Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales MAGNITUD E IMPLICACIONES DE LA POLÍTICA PESQUERA COMUNITARIA: APLICACIÓN DE INDICADORES DE SOSTENIBILIDAD SOBRE EL METABOLISMO DE LOS ECOSISTEMAS MARINOS Autor Sebastián Villasante Memoria de tesis realizada en el Departamento de Economía Aplicada de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, bajo la dirección de la Profesora Dra. María do Carme García-Negro, y entregada como parte de los requerimientos para la obtención del título de Doctor en Economía. En Santiago de Compostela, Mayo de 2009. Dedicatoria A Marcela, por su bondad y paciencia, y a mi pequeña Sofía Agradecimientos Esta memoria de tesis ha sido realizada gracias al apoyo de numerosas personas y al financiamiento de diversos organismos e instituciones han permitido que continuara con mis estudios de doctorado y mis trabajos de investigación. La realización de esta memoria de tesis doctoral resultó ser un arduo y difícil camino. Muchas han sido las personas que, de alguna forma u otra, han contribuido de diferentes maneras y me han ayudado a encontrar soluciones a los innumerables problemas de investigación que me he planteado a lo largo de este trabajo. Quisiera expresar, en primer lugar, mi profunda gratitud a la Profesora María do Carme García-Negro, directora de esta memoria de tesis, por creer en mí y porque me otorgó la oportunidad de iniciar mi carrera investigadora. Me he beneficiado enormemente de su conocimiento y experiencia en el análisis económico del sector pesquero en estos años. Sus consejos, su creatividad, rigurosidad, generosidad y paciencia excedieron con mucho el ámbito estrictamente académico de este trabajo. También agradezco el apoyo constante que recibí de mis compañeros del Grupo de Investigación de Economía Pesquera y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), en particular del Profesor Gonzalo Rodríguez Rodríguez por dedicarme su tiempo a discutir numerosos aspectos de este trabajo. A mis compañeros Adolfo Carballo Penela y Xoana Pintos Barral, por estar siempre dispuestos a ayudarme, y por el tiempo compartido. Agradezco a la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela por su financiamiento no sólo durante esta etapa predoctoral sino también por su apoyo para la realización de una estancia de investigación en el Fisheries Centre de la Universidad de British Columbia (UBC). Allí tuve la suerte de conocer y trabajar con los Profesores Daniel Pauly y Rashid Sumaila. Ellos han sido, y son, una fuente de inspiración y creación constante, brindándome indispensables conocimientos y consejos que determinaron, en buena medida, la temática y el objeto de estudio de esta memoria. Del Profesor Rashid Sumaila aprendí, y aprendo, de su enorme capacidad de trabajo, sensibilidad y optimismo en la resolución de los problemas de gestión de los recursos pesqueros. Agradezco también al Profesor Gordon Munro (UBC) por sus comentarios sobre las posibles soluciones a la gestión pesquera de los recursos transfronterizos en el Océano Atlántico Sudoccidental y al Profesor Juan Carlos Estévez (USC) por su paciencia, rigurosidad e inestimable ayuda en los cálculos estadísticos de los escenarios cooperativos y no cooperativos para la gestión de Calamar argentino ( Illex argentinus ) en la plataforma continental argentina. Me siento hondamente agradecido con los Dres. Dirk Zeller y María (Deng) Palomares (UBC) por la valiosa información metodológica que me facilitaron para la reconstrucción estadística de las capturas procedentes de la pesca de bajura y litoral del litoral gallego. El Dr. Telmo Morato (Universidade de Azores) me ha ayudado en un sin fin de ocasiones y a él le debo el aprendizaje en el conocimiento de las pesquerías de aguas profundas. Asimismo, quisiera agradecer al Profesor Fernando González Laxe (Universidade A Coruña), por sus comentarios rigurosos en la elaboración del Capítulo 3 . Su metódica e capacidad de trabajo contribuyó de forma decisiva a la estructura y contenido de este capítulo. También agradezco el tiempo dedicado a mis consultas a los Dres. Xosé Antón Álvarez-Salgado, Antonio Bode, José Iglesias, Manuel Varela del Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Yolanda Pazos (INTECMAR) y Juan Carlos Maneiro (Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos), por brindarme información biológica imprescindible para el conocimiento básico del funcionamiento de las rías gallegas. Nélida Pérez y Valentín Trujillo (IEO) también me han facilitado información muy valiosa relativa a descartes y a la actividad de la flota española en caladeros comunitarios. Quisiera agradecer el financiamiento conjunto de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela y de la Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos de la Xunta de Galicia para la realización del I Master de Economía Pesquera de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (2007-2008). De la Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos agradezco a Carlos Arnáiz Arreondo, Susana Rodríguez Carballo y Xoán Pérez, de la Unidad Técnica de Baixura, por la inestimable ayuda en forma de comentarios, sugerencias y soporte de información. Del mismo modo, quiero agradecer al programa Latin American and Caribbean Environmental and Economics Program (LACEEP), financiado por la Swedish Agency for Cooperation Development (SIDA) y al Canadian International Development Research Center (IDRC), a través de la persona de los Profesores Francisco Alpízar (Goteborg University) y Juan Robalino (CATIE), por su hospitalidad y por confiar en mis ideas y proyectos de investigación. En el marco de los talleres de trabajo organizados por LACEEP, tuve la suerte de participar de un ambiente académico de discusión inmejorable, que ha contribuido a mejorar notablemente los resultados de esta memoria. En este sentido, agradezco al Profesor Karl-Göran Mäler (Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics), por las estimulantes discusiones mantenidas durante el curso Ecosystems services que impartió en Chile en la primavera de 2007. Del mismo modo, la Profesora Nancy Oliwerer (Simon Fraser University), me aportó valiosos comentarios acerca de los planteamientos teóricos de los modelos bioeconómicos actuales durante el VII Biannual Workshop de LACEEP celebrado en Costa Rica, en marzo de 2009. Igualmente, quisiera agradecer el apoyo de la American Fisheries Society para presentar los trabajos “ Economic of straddling fish stocks in the Patagonian marine ecosytem ” y “ Overfishing and the Common Fisheries Policy: (un)sucessful results of the TAC regulation ” en el 5 th World Fisheries Congress, Yokohama, Japón. Agradezco, asimismo, al Conservation Strategy Fund por el apoyo recibido para asistir al curso Economic tools for conservation organizado por la Stanford University en agosto de 2009. También agradezco a los responsables de las bibliotecas de las universidades de A Coruña, British Columbia, Portsmouth, Santiago de Compostela y de Vigo, y a Juan Manuel Pérez, responsable del área hispánica de la biblioteca del Congreso de los Estados Unidos, todos ellos me otorgaron importantes fuentes bibliográficas. Numerosas personas me han brindado información imprescindible para la reconstrucción estadística de las capturas de la pesca de bajura y litoral en Galicia: Eduardo Blanco y José Tacón (Autoridad Portuaria de A Coruña), Antonio Basanta Fernández (Puerto de Burela), Eduardo Míguez (Puerto de Celeiro), a Juan Saborido y Xosé Manuel Abad (Autoridad Portuaria de Marín), al Sr. Orellán (Autoridad Portuaria de Ribeira), a José Cidrás (Autoridad Portuaria de Vigo), y a lo(a)s patrones mayores de las Cofradías de Pescadores consultados de todo el litoral. Amigos y compañeros me aportaron nuevas ideas, siempre se mostraron interesados y me alentaron a finalizar esta investigación, en particular, agradezco a Manel Antelo, Alejandro Ballesteros, Manuel González López, Joseba Lebrancón, Roberto Lorenzana, Manuel París, Óscar Rodil, Gonzalo Rodríguez Rodríguez, Carmela Sánchez Carreira y Alexandre Trigo Campos, de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, a Patrizia Abdallah (Universidade Federal de Río Grande), Divya Varkey (UBC) y a Rosa Chapela (CETMAR). Finalmente, mi especial y profundo agradecimiento a Marcela, por su tiempo, sus consejos y su apoyo incondicional, por todas las horas de estudio que le he robado, por compartir conmigo esta aventura transatlántica, esta memoria nunca la hubiera finalizado sino fuera por su fortaleza. Quisiera culminar los agradecimientos con una nota personal. Nací y me crié en Buenos Aires, donde tuve una vida bastante difícil, entre otras cosas porque mi padre navegaba y sus ausencias transitorias apenas me permitían compartir tiempo con él. Cuando tenía nueve años, tuve la suerte de acompañarlo en el inicio de un viaje que nos llevaría desde el puerto de Buenos Aires hasta Vigo; cuando atracamos observamos a los pescadores faenando en la Ría. Ya desembarcados, pude disfrutar de la subasta de especies por entonces completamente desconocidas para mí; y luego tuve la suerte que un pescador de Esteiro, amigo de nuestra familia en Galicia, me obsequiara el libro “ El Bacalao: biografía del pez que cambió el mundo ”, para
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