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Analysis of the Determinants of Sports Participation in Spain and England

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Analysis of the Determinants of Sports Participation in Spain and England Analysis of the Determinants of Sports Participation in Spain and England. Statistical, Economic Analysis and Policy Conclusions. Themis Kokolakakis, Fernando Lera Lopez, Thanos Panagouleas To cite this version: Themis Kokolakakis, Fernando Lera Lopez, Thanos Panagouleas. Analysis of the Determinants of Sports Participation in Spain and England. Statistical, Economic Analysis and Policy Conclusions.. Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2011, pp.1. 10.1080/00036846.2011.566204. hal- 00710058 HAL Id: hal-00710058 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00710058 Submitted on 20 Jun 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Submitted Manuscript For Peer Review Analysis of the Determinants of Sports Participation in Spain and England. Statistical, Economic Analysis and Policy Conclusions. Journal: Applied Economics Manuscript ID: APE-2010-0145 Journal Selection: Applied Economics Date Submitted by the 19-Mar-2010 Author: Complete List of Authors: Kokolakakis, Themis; Sheffield Hallam University, Sport Industry Research Centre Lopez, Fernando Panagouleas, Thanos JEL Code: I00 - General < I0 - General < I - Health, Education, and Welfare Keywords: Editorial Office, Dept of Economics, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Page 1 of 32 Submitted Manuscript 1 2 3 Analysis of the determinants of sports participation in Spain and England 4 5 † 6 Themis Kokolakakis , Sport Industry Research Centre (SIRC), Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, 7 8 UK 9 10 Fernando Lera-López, Department of Economics, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain 11 12 13 Thanos Panagouleas, SIRC, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK 14 15 Abstract 16 17 18 For Peer Review 19 This paper investigates the role of socio-demographic characteristics, educational and economic 20 21 variables on sports participation in a comparative way in two European countries: Spain and 22 23 England. Adopting a broad concept of sport, as in the common European approach, we analyze the 24 25 determinants of sports participation in forty different professional and non-professional sports 26 27 28 and recreational activities in both countries. The research involves a comparative analysis between 29 30 the data of England and Spain based on two Logistic regressions. The regression equation of every 31 32 country tests the effect of 17 binary explanatory variables on a dependent binary variable for 33 34 35 participation. Higher education level, professional occupation, younger age and being male are all 36 37 factors associated with more sports participation. Although there is no difference in the direction 38 39 of the factor effects on participation between England and Spain, there is considerable variation in 40 41 42 their relative strength, which has sport policy implications in the two nations. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 † 56 Corresponding author: Themis Kokolakakis, Sport Industry Research Centre, A118 Collegiate Hall, 57 Collegiate Campus, Sheffield, S10 2BP, E-mail: [email protected] 58 59 60 1 Editorial Office, Dept of Economics, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Submitted Manuscript Page 2 of 32 1 2 3 1. Introduction 4 5 6 Between the 1960s and the 1990s there was a significant increase in the number of people 7 8 9 taking part in sports and in sports participation frequency in Europe (Gratton and Taylor, 2000). 10 11 Nevertheless, over the past ten years sports participation appears to have reached a stagnation 12 13 point in many European countries (Spain, Finland, Belgium, Portugal and Austria), and has actually 14 15 16 begun to decline in some countries such as The Netherlands, Italy, and England (Bottenburg, 17 18 2005). In England,For sports participationPeer (at Reviewleast once in four weeks, excluding walking) fell from 19 20 48% in 1990 to 43% in 2002. The decline was reversed four years later reaching 48% in 2006 21 22 23 (based on Active People Survey data, SIRC). 24 25 The stagnation in sports participation is a source of concern not only in European countries 26 27 but also in other areas of the world. For example, sports participation figures for the adult 28 29 30 population in Canada show a disconcerting decrease from 45% to 31% between 1992 and 2004 31 32 (Bloom, Grant and Watt, 2005). Over the past decade, the US sports participation, as measured by 33 34 American Sports Data, has either decreased or grew slower than the overall population (Sporting 35 36 Goods Manufacturers Association, SGMA, 2004). 37 38 39 Consequently, the aforementioned decline has resulted in a strong interest in sports 40 41 participation research in Europe (e.g. Downward, 2007; Lera-López and Rapún-Gárate, 2007; 42 43 Downward, Dawson and Dejonghe, 2009; Wicker, Breuer and Pawlowski, 2009). Unfortunately, 44 45 46 differences in datasets (size of sample, intervals of age included in the survey, etc.) and sports 47 48 participation definitions have prevented consistent comparisons among countries. 49 50 This paper investigates and compares the role of socio-demographic characteristics, 51 52 53 educational and economic variables on forming sports participation in two European countries: 54 55 Spain and England. Adopting a broad concept of sport, as in the common European approach, we 56 57 analyse the determinants of sports participation based on forty different professional and non- 58 59 60 2 Editorial Office, Dept of Economics, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Page 3 of 32 Submitted Manuscript 1 2 3 professional sports and recreational activities in both countries. Our aim is to compare the drivers 4 5 6 of sports participation in England and Spain. As far as we know, it is the first paper comparing 7 8 through similar methodology sports participation in different European countries. It investigates 9 10 how gender, age, education, occupational and professional status affect sports participation in 11 12 13 Spain and England. It conducts a comparative analysis of the two countries' participation data 14 15 based on two Logit regressions. This analysis may be of significant use to sports managers, 16 17 sporting organizations, and government and municipal authorities when selecting the most 18 For Peer Review 19 efficient strategies for increasing the number of sports participants. 20 21 22 The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: The next section provides an overview of 23 24 the level and evolution of sports participation in Europe. In section three, we present a literature 25 26 review about the most relevant determinants of sports participation. This is followed in section 27 28 29 four by a description of the methodology adopted in this study, including both the model and the 30 31 data sources employed in the estimations for Spain and England. Some basic statistics and the 32 33 results of the model estimations are presented and interpreted in section five. Section six 34 35 36 concludes with a summary of the main findings and an indication of the policy implications and 37 38 opportunities for further research. 39 40 2. Sports participation in Europe 41 42 43 2.1. Sports participation in the European Union 44 45 46 The first attempt to measure consistently sports participation rates in Europe was made by 47 48 49 Rodgers (1977). He examined sports participation in Flemish Belgium, West Germany, the UK, the 50 51 Netherlands, France, Norway and Spain. Unfortunately, the aforementioned country surveys 52 53 shared no technical or survey design similarities, which made the interpretation very difficult. 54 55 56 Several attempts to harmonise sport data have been made since then. The most recent attempt to 57 58 59 60 3 Editorial Office, Dept of Economics, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK Submitted Manuscript Page 4 of 32 1 2 3 put together EU's sports participation statistics was in the Eurobarometer 2004 publication 'The 4 5 6 Citizens of the European Union and Sport' (European Commission, 2004). The methodology used 7 8 was that of the Standard Eurobarometer polls. In the aforementioned poll, the definition of sport 9 10 is not explicitly stated and it is dependent on the understanding of the interviewee. 11 12 13 Table 1 presents some results of the latest Eurobarometer survey classifying participation in 14 15 ‘at least once a week’ and ‘at least three times a week’ categories. In 2004, 38% of the European 16 17 citizens (24 member states) participated in sport at least once a week. Forty per cent of the EU 18 For Peer Review 19 citizens answered that they never play sport. Participation rates at least once a week fluctuate in a 20 21 22 range of 22% (Portugal) to 76% (Finland). The Scandinavian countries are the most sporting 23 24 countries, with participation rates in excess of 70% at least once per week. On the other hand, 25 26 sports participation tends to be lower in some southern countries (Portugal 22%, Greece 26%, and 27 28 29 Italy 27%) and new member states (Hungary 20%, Slovakia 24%). The participation rates (at least 30 31 once per week) of the UK and Spain are 45% and 37% correspondingly. 32 33 If the definition changes from participating ‘at least once a week’ to ‘at least three times a 34 35 36 week’, the sports participation level of the 24 EU states reduces by more than half (from 38% to 37 38 17%). At this level of frequency, the lowest participation rate is recorded in Portugal (8%), 39 40 followed by Italy (9%) and Austria (12%).
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