Stray Finds, the Sites of Otsoinen Ylätalo and Meijeri I-III and the Possibilities of Stone Age Archaeology in the Former Parish of Sortavala

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Stray Finds, the Sites of Otsoinen Ylätalo and Meijeri I-III and the Possibilities of Stone Age Archaeology in the Former Parish of Sortavala Tracing Stone Age on the Northwestern Shore of Lake Ladoga – Stray finds, the sites of Otsoinen Ylätalo and Meijeri I-III and the possibilities of Stone Age archaeology in the former parish of Sortavala Liisa Kunnas Master of Arts Thesis University of Helsinki Faculty of Arts Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies Archaeology October 2011 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Filosofian, historian, kulttuurin ja taiteiden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Liisa Kunnas Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Tracing Stone Age on the Northwestern Shore of Lake Ladoga – Stray finds, the sites of Otsoinen Ylätalo and Meijeri I-III and the possibilities of Stone Age archaeology in the former parish of Sortavala Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Arkeologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum –Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu Lokakuu 2011 Teksti 90 s., lähteet ja liitteet 50 s. Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on luoda kuvaa Sortavalan kaupungin ja entisen Sortavalan maalaiskunnan alueelta tunnetusta kivikautisesta löytömateriaalista, ja aikaisempaa materiaalia ja alueella tapahtuneita vesistömuutoksia tutkimalla tunnistaa paikkoja, joista kivikautisia kohteita voisi etsiä tulevaisuudessa. Kivikauden tutkimus luovutetun Karjalan alueella on lähinnä kohdistunut Karjalankannakselle, ja Karjalan Tasavallan alueella Äänisen seudulle, mutta on todennäköistä, että myös Laatokan Karjalan alueelta olisi löydettävissä uutta kivikautista materiaalia, jos siellä tehtäisiin systemaattisempaa tutkimusta. Tutkimuksen taustaksi työn toisessa luvussa käsitellään kivikauden tutkimushistoriaa Sortavalan alueella ja tutkitaan tarkemmin kahteen työn teemaan: irtolöytöihin ja kivikautisen asutuksen tutkimukseen liittyviä historiallisia ja teoreettisia seikkoja. Lähes kaikki irtolöydöt ovat kiviesineitä, joiden keräilyyn maaginen maailmankuva ja kiviesineisiin liitetyt kansanuskomukset ovat vaikuttaneet voimakkaasti. Kivikautisen asutuksen tutkimukseen liittyviä teemoja taas ovat ihmisasutuksen ja kulttuurin suhde ympäristöön sekä yhteiskunnallisten tendenssien vaikutus kivikauden tutkimukseen. Luvut 3-5 käsittelevät työn varsinaista materiaalia: Sortavalasta 1800-luvulla ja 1900-luvun alussa kerättyjä irtolöytöjä ja neljän kivikautisen asuinpaikan kaivausraportteja ja löytömateriaalia. Sortavala Otsoinen Ylätalo on tutkittu vuonna 1921 ja kohteilla Sortavala Meijeri I-III on suoritettu tutkimuksia 1980-luvulla. Kaikki kohteet sijaitsevat saman vesistön ympärillä, joka on ollut Laatokan lahti asuinpaikkojen ollessa käytössä. Otsoisten asuinpaikan yhteydessä käsitellään myös kivikautisen keramiikan termistön ja kronologian ongelmia tutkimusalueella. Kohteiden Meijeri I-III kohdalla tärkein tutkimustavoite on niiden sijainnin selvittäminen ja sijoittaminen kartalle sekä olemassa olevan informaation kokoaminen yhteen paikkaan. Irtolöytömateriaalin selvittäminen on tehty pelkästään arkistomateriaalin avulla, joten niiden edustamia esinetyyppejä joudutaan tutkimaan vain tutkimushistoriallisesta näkökulmasta. Irtolöytöjen löytöpaikat oli yleensä ilmoitettu arkistomateriaalissa pelkästään kylän tarkkuudella, mutta niiden summittaisia löytöalueita pystyttiin kuitenkin paikallistamaan kartalle. Luvussa 6 käsitellään vesistöhistorian merkitystä arkeologialle ja verrataan irtolöytöjen löytöpaikkoja ja asuinpaikkojen sijaintia Laatokan vedenkorkeuden muutoksiin kivikaudella. Laatokan Karjalan alueella merkittävin vedenkorkeus kivikautisen asutuksen löytämisen kannalta on n. 20 m mpy, jossa vedenpinta pysyi tuhansia vuosia Laatokan transgression aikana. Huolimatta ongelmista, joita irtolöytöjen paikallistamiseen liittyi, irtolöytöjen ja vesistöjen välillä on yhteys. Muinaisen Otsoistenlahden alue on esimerkki alueesta, jolla sopiva vedenkorkeus ja suuri määrä irtolöytöjä kohtaavat, ja jolta todellisuudessakin tunnetaan kohdeita. Irtolöytöjen ja vedenkorkeuksien perusteella pystyttiin määrittämään alueita, joilta kivikautta tulisi etsiä tulevaisuudessa. Nämä alueet sijaitsevat yleensä joko nykyisten lahtien ympäristössä rannikolla ja saaristossa sekä jokilaaksoissa, jotka ovat olleet lahtia. Tulevaisuudessa Sortavalassa, ja laajemmin Laatokan Karjalan alueella pitäisikin tehdä arkeologista perustutkimusta: olemassa olevan materiaalin tarkempaa kartoittamista ja inventointia yhteistyössä venäläisten arkeologien kanssa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Kivikausi – Sortavala – Irtolöydöt – Asuinpaikat – Keramiikka – Rannansiirtyminen – Tutkimushistoria Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 The location and geographical setting of the research area ..................................... 8 2 Behind the scenes - Research history and exploration of some themes of the study ......................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Research history of Stone Age archaeology in the area of Sortavala.................... 11 2.2 The many lives of the stray finds – Magic stones, archaeological artefacts, tools 16 2.3 Different views on the Stone Age settlement – Humans and their environment, environment and culture, archaeology and the surrounding society ........................... 24 3 Stone Age stray finds from Sortavala parish ........................................................... 32 3.1 The collectors in Sortavala parish ......................................................................... 33 3.2 Artefact types in the stray find material ................................................................ 36 3.3 Location, location – Finds and villages ................................................................. 40 4 The site of Sortavala Otsoinen Ylätalo ..................................................................... 43 4.1 Location and geography of the site ....................................................................... 43 4.2 The excavation of 1921 ......................................................................................... 45 4.3 Find material in the site ......................................................................................... 47 4.3.1 Stone artefacts ................................................................................................. 47 4.3.2 Ceramics ......................................................................................................... 51 4.3.3 Other finds ...................................................................................................... 56 4.4 Discussion – Otsoinen and the ceramic styles in the research area ....................... 57 5 The sites Sortavala Meijeri I–III .............................................................................. 64 5.1 Meijeri I ................................................................................................................. 65 5.2 Meijeri II ................................................................................................................ 67 5.3 Meijeri III .............................................................................................................. 69 5.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................. 71 6 Changes in water systems and their relation to Stone Age settlement in the research area.................................................................................................................. 74 6.1 Geological research in the area of Lake Ladoga and the source materials ........... 75 6.2 Water level changes in the history of Lake Ladoga .............................................. 77 6.3 Shoreline and the stray finds ................................................................................. 79 6.4 The sites of Otsoinen and Meijeri in relation to the changing shoreline ............... 81 6.5 Discussion: Problems, results and future possibilities .......................................... 82 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 88 References Appendices Appendix I: General map of the research area. Appendix II: Map of the finding locations of the stray finds. Appendix III: Map showing the locations of the sites Otsoinen and Meijeri I–III. Appendix IV: Map showing the stray find locations and the transgression shoreline. Appendix V: Map showing the location of the sites with different water levels. Appendix VI: Tables of the stray finds. Appendix VII: Tables and further information about the find material of Otsoinen site 2 1 Introduction The western and southern shores of Lake Ladoga have been in the focus of archaeological research ever since the beginnings of professional archaeology in Finland. Meanwhile, archaeological research has been scarce in the northwestern and northern shore of Lake Ladoga, belonging to the Republic of Karelia, and usually referred to in Finland as the Ladoga Karelia. The Iron Age and early Medieval period of the area have been researched somewhat more, especially the hillforts (e.g. Kivikoski 1961: 155; Kočkurkina1 1982, 1995, Spiridonov 1987), but the Stone Age of Ladoga Karelia
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