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Recent Advancements in Transparent Carbon Nanotube Films: Chemistry Scotland's Rural College Recent advancements in transparent carbon nanotube films: chemistry and imminent challenges Siwal, Samarjeet Singh; Saini, Adesh Kumar; Rarotra, Saptak; Zhang, Qibo; Thakur, Vijay Kumar Published in: Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry DOI: 10.1007/s40097-020-00378-2 First published: 06/01/2021 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for pulished version (APA): Siwal, S. S., Saini, A. K., Rarotra, S., Zhang, Q., & Thakur, V. K. (2021). Recent advancements in transparent carbon nanotube films: chemistry and imminent challenges. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 11(1), 93- 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00378-2 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry (2021) 11:93–130 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-020-00378-2 REVIEW Recent advancements in transparent carbon nanotube flms: chemistry and imminent challenges Samarjeet Singh Siwal1,2 · Adesh Kumar Saini3 · Saptak Rarotra4 · Qibo Zhang1,5 · Vijay Kumar Thakur6,7 Received: 9 September 2020 / Accepted: 5 December 2020 / Published online: 6 January 2021 © Crown 2021 Abstract Carbon nanotube (CNT)-doped transparent conductive flms (TCFs) is an encouraging option toward generally utilized indium tin oxide-depended TCFs for prospective stretchable optoelectronic materials. Industrial specifcations of TCFs involve not just with high electrical performance and transparency but also amidst environmental resistance and mechanical characteristic; those are usually excused within the research background. Though the optoelectronic properties of these sheets require to be developed to match the necessities of various strategies. While, the electrical stability of single-walled CNT TCFs is essentially circumscribed through the inherent resistivity of single SWCNTs and their coupling confrontation in systems. The main encouraging implementations, CNT-doped TCFs, is a substitute system during approaching electronics to succeed established TCFs, that utilize indium tin oxide. Here we review, a thorough summary of CNT-based TCFs including an overview, properties, history, synthesis protocol covering patterning of the flms, properties and implementation. There is the attention given on the optoelectronic features of flms and doping efect including applications for sophisticated pur- poses. Concluding notes are given to recommend a prospective investigation into this feld towards real-world applicability. Graphic abstract This graphical abstract shows the overview of diferent properties (mechanical, electrical, sensitivity and transportation), synthesis protocols and designing (dry and wet protocol, designing by surface cohesive inkjet-printed and the support of polymers), doping efect (general doping, metal halides, conductive polymers and graphene for transparent electrodes) and * Qibo Zhang 4 Energy Research Institute At Nanyang Technological [email protected] University, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore * Vijay Kumar Thakur [email protected] 5 State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Cleaning Utilization in Yunnan Province, 1 Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Metallurgy, Faculty Kunming 650093, People’s Republic of China of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming 6 Biorefning and Advanced Materials Research Center, University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, People’s Republic of China Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK 2 Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, 7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, School Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), of Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India Uttar Pradesh 201314, India 3 Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 94 Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry (2021) 11:93–130 implementations (sensing panels, organic light-emitting diodes devices, thin-flm transistors and bio-organic interface) of carbon nanotubes transparent conductive flms. Keywords Transparent conducting flms · Carbon nanotubes · Doping efect · Organic photovoltaics devices Introduction versatility, that contains its employment for developing elas- tic, stretchable and wearable electronic forms. Transparent conductive flms (TCFs) are an essential ingre- Among the developing and accelerated growth of elas- dient of diferent optoelectronic gadgets, for example, sens- tic electronic materials, substitute transparent conductive ing displays, smart gadgets, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), substances beside excellent compliance have been studied, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic photo- along with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [11, 12], graphene (Gr) voltaic (OPV) devices [1–3]. Indium tin oxide (ITO) gen- [13], metal nanowires (MNWs) [14], conducting polymers erally holds the applied translucent conductive substance (CPs) [15, 16], and several amalgams [17, 18]. Amongst including an excellent electrical and optical characteristics; all, single-wall CNTs (SWCNTs) are an attractive nominee though, the bound resources of indium and the fragile quality because of its excellent electrical activity, high architectural of ITO control its sustainable purpose into elastic electronics resistance, enormous versatility, and acceptable optical char- [4, 5]. Recently, ITO is the predominant element employed acteristics, for example, lower refractive index, slight pig- for large range TCF uses. ITO has unique features besides mentation, and lower mist [19]. In the previous years, the a sheet resistance of 10 Ω sq −1 at around 90% visual trans- notable attempt has been devoted for achieving excellent mission, shows excellent durability and adaptability through movement towards SWCNT-depend TCFs employing cor- equally wet and dry equipment methods. Though, expected respondingly wet [11, 20] and dry methods [21]. Though, optoelectronics need TCF substances those are mechanically the electrical behavior of SWCNT TCFs is yet not excel- fexible, insubstantial and lower assembly price [6–10]. The lent as ITO and happens very low of what may be required increasing market toward ITO owing to the growth of solar by the electric and photosensitive characteristics of singu- cells can drive to an improvement in the price. This increase lar SWCNTs [22]. The expectancy toward the subsequent in the actual value is due to the comparatively intermittent 5–10 years is that the need to CNTs will regularly increase, component of indium. Also, ITO bears by weak mechanical as long as price/property, clearness and composition yield 1 3 Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry (2021) 11:93–130 95 problems are overwhelmed. The cost of CNTs has been ecological resistance. Owing to their outstanding electrical varying signifcantly in the prior several years, being reli- performance, mechanical adaptability, including optically ant on their pureness and prototype along with the supplier. inactive pigment, CNTs have been largely doped and studied The MWCNTs price is typically within US$ 0.5–100/g, under TCFs and exhibit high possible material for industrial while DWCNTs may be purchased for about US$ 10/g. The utilization. A wide kind of protocols has been produced to price of SWCNTs also changes a lot, regularly within US$ synthesize and design the fnal CNT TCFs. 20–2000/g [23]. Yet another possibility for TCF substances are the metal- Kumanek et al. [24] demonstrated how exposure of the lic nano-compositions, with metal sheets, conductive termi- material to a hostile sound wave environment can be lim- nals, and MNWs, which have been conferred to present more ited by the application of another preprocessing step. Ini- benefcial characteristics compare to TCOs at plastic supports tially, SWCNTs, were pulverized in a common style grinder, [33–38]. Though, the metallic compositions usually show a which empowered the de-collection thereof. This unsophis- cloudy vision, which is inconsistent among the image pur- ticated method enables a high-quality CNT dispersion at poses but is useful in diferent photovoltaics [39]. Metallic concentrated sonication time. The electrical conductivity of nanoparticles (MNPs) are generally formed by silver, that has a high-quality CNT dispersion was enhanced by four times comparable price near indium, indicating there is a slight eco- as compared with unground material, reaching a high value nomic advantage while applying MNPs. Moreover, the chemi- of 1067 ± 34 S/cm. Marzari and Elise [25] studied conduct- cal, thermal and longtime durability of TCFs as of MNPs are ance preserving model to study the efect of covalent
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