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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information GLOSSARY–INDEX Note: Page references followed by ‘n’ denote footnotes. Figures are indicated by ‘fig’; tables by ‘tab’ and maps by ‘map’. Abagha Mongols, 140 Altar of Heaven (T’ien-t’an), 418 aborigines (Taiwan), competition Altyshahr, 134–5 between settlers and, 94–9;and Amaterasu , 237 corvee´ labor service, 84, 91–3; amban (Man. Ch’ing resident officials), education, 94; plains aborigine 118, 122, 130, 139 militia, 99; revolts by, 91–3; taxation Amin, 151 of, 82–4, 94; and tribal land Amiot, Jean-Joseph, 362 ownership, 95–9 Amoy , 79, 80, 88, 102, 269, Abunai, 122 274–6, 280–1 administration, Amur River (Hei-lung chiang), province–prefecture–county system, 166 8. See also governors of provinces; Amursana, 132–3 Grand Council; Li-fan yuan¨ ; an (dossier), 482, 483 provincial administration An Lu-shan , 17n administration commissioners, 23–4, an-ch’a shih (provincial judge, 31–5 surveillance commissioner), 31 Ai , Han emperor (r. 6–1 bce), 333 An-ch’ing , 18 Ai Yuan-cheng¨ , 37–8 An-nan tu-t’ung shih aisilaku¯ hafan (Man., assistant director (Commissioner of Annan), 201 in Li-fan yuan¨ ), 136 An-p’ing , 88 Aisin Gioro clan, 111–14, Analects , 168, 254, 256, 460, 473, 117, 140–1 502–3, 528n, 534, 536, 541, 557, Alchemy, see female alchemy; inner 567, 568–9 alchemy ancestral tablets, 352, 359, 365. See also Aleni, Giulio, 353–4 Chinese rites controversy all under heaven, see t’ien-hsia Anhwei province, 20, 34–5, 578, Almeida, Sebastian d’, 340–1 676tab, 691 Altai Mountains, 142 Annan , 10–11, 198, 201. See also Altan Khan, 117 Dai Viet © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information glossary–index 781 annual payments, see sui-pi (K. sep’ye) Barin Mongols, 120 Anqua, 282 Barkul, 132 Anson, George, 299 Batavia (Jakarta), 205, 211–12, 267, Aokhan Mongols, 120 268, 273, 275, 276, 277, 299, 300–7 Arai Hakuseki 0 , 234, 249 Batur Hongtayiji (r. 1635–53), 124, art and artists, see Castiglione, Giuseppe; 125–6 painting Baykov, F. I., 270 Aru Khorchin Mongols, 120 Beale, Daniel, 317 Asada Sohaku¯ , 251–2 beg [Ar. local Muslim official], 134–5 Asami Keisai , 237–8, 241 beile [Man. Jurchen aristocrat], 115–16 Ashikaga era (1338–1573), 234, beise [Man. Jurchen aristocrat], 115–16 236 benevolence halls, 677 Ashikaga Academy (J. Ashikaga gakko¯ Bengal, 273, 291–3, 295–6, 309, 327 ), 251, 255–6, 257–61 Benoist, Michel, 394 astrology and astromancy, 184–6, 386, Bien-Hoa, 212 387 Big Dipper, 420 Astronomia Europaea, 340 Binh-Duong, 228 astronomy, ban on private practice of, Birthday of emperor, 147, 157 184–6, 386, 387; compatibility of bka’-blon [Tib. local ministers], 131 Chinese and Western traditions, Bohea (Wu-i ) tea, 286–9 384–91, 392; Copernican system, book burning, 642–3 394–5, 522; K’ang-hsi emperor and, book censorship, see censorship; literary 386, 387; sky’s unfathomable nature, inquisitions 504. See also Bureau of Astronomy; book collectors and booksellers, 183–4, calendars and calendrical learning; 642, 648 Royal Bureau of Astronomy book exports and imports, 183–4, 240 Augustinians, 345, 350 Book of change (I , Chou i ,orI ayimagh (Mon. a grouping of Mongol ching ), 347, 355–6, 393, 502–3, khoshuu), 128–30 537, 560, 561, 599, 603 Ayudhaya, 210–11 Book of documents (Shu,orShu ching ), 502–3, 537, 551, 577, 603–4 Bach Viet (Hundred Yueh,¨ Ch. Pai Book of odes (Shih,orShih ching ), Yueh¨ ), 225 502–3, 537 Bangkok, 223, 225, 227 Book of rites (Li chi ), 352, 464, 557 banners (ch’i ), see banner system; Bort, Balthasar, 269 Eight Banner system; Han-chun¨ Boshoghtu Khan, see Galdan bannermen; Inner Mongolia; Leagues Bouvet, Joachim, 342, 346–7, 353–4, of Mongol Banners; Manchu 355–6 bannermen; Mongol bannermen; Red Boym, Michael, 330 Banner Brahe, Tycho, 375 banner system, (Mon. khoshuu), Mongol, broad learning (po hsueh¨ ), criticism of, 119–23, 129; Sinkiang, 134–5 468, 496–7; and Ku Yen-wu, 530, barbarian, (i, i-ti, yeh-jen), 112–17, 146, 530n, 545, 556–8; as term, 528n; and 237, 616, 628, 646 Wang Fu-chih, 567–9 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information 782 glossary–index brotherhoods, 105, 106, 109 emperors (summary), 397–8; Schall’s Buddhism, Central Buddhist Registry, calendar-making, 335; symbolic 424–5; Japan, 235–7, 241; Mongolia, importance of calendar; use of 126, 127–8, 137; status of clerics, “Western methods,” 378, 379, 381, 422, 426–7;Tibet,125;Vietnam, 382–3 213–14, 218–19. See also Ch’an calligraphy, 168 Buddhism; Mahayana Buddhism canonization, 417, 433, 435–6 Buddhist–Taoist clerics (seng-tao), cannons, 329, 338 422 Canton (Kuang-chou), 281–3, Buglio, Ludovico, 334 287–8, 292, 303–11, 358–9, 700 bun (J. classical literacy), 244 Canton Conference, 336–7 bunjin (J. men of letters), 241–6 Canton system, 274, 327 bunka (J. literary culture), 244 Cao-Bang, 201 bunri (J. composition), 242 cardinal virtues (san-kang), 616, 618, Bureau for Cherishing Those Who 644–7 Come from Distant Places (Jou-yuan¨ cartels, see hong (hang) merchant firms ssu ! ), 137 Casteel Zeelandia, 266 Bureau for Reception of Guests (Pin-k’o Castiglione, Giuseppe (Lang Shih-ning ssu "), 136–7 #), 302, 363 Bureau for Rewards for Meritorious Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Service (Lu-hsun¨ ssu ), 136 Church Bureau of Astronomy, 154, 329–30, causality, and coherence (li), 508–9, 335, 397. See also Ch’in-t’ien chien 537; and cosmic forces (tao), 561, Bureau of Mongol Affairs (Meng-ku 564–6; and epidemics, 405–7;and ya-men ), 135 seminal force (chi), 517–21; so-i-jan Bureau of Punishments (Li-hsing ssu as, 396, 509, 520, 564 ), 137 Censorate (Tu-ch’a yuan¨ ), 139 bureaucracy, see governors of provinces; censorship, categories of offense, 606–7, provincial administration 626–30; of drama and opera scripts, Burni, 122 625, 636; effect on publishing, 623; of gazetteers, 623–5, 691–9; Caballero, Antonio de Santa Maria, 336, limitations to, 647–8; of painting and 337 calligraphy, 625; of plaques, tablets, calendars and calendrical learning, and steles, 625–6; prominence in calendar controversy (1664), 154, Ch’ing era, 12–14, 67, 572, 606–7; 157, 372, 378–84; calendrical and revision of offensive works, system, 184–6; compatibility of 626–30; seizing of suspect books as, Chinese and Western traditions, 620–3; self-censorship, 634 384–91, 392; insertion of intercalary Central Buddhist Registry (Seng-lu ssu), months, 376–7; Jesuits’ role in 424–5 calendar reform, 335, 374–9, 382; Central Taoist Registry (Tao-lu ssu), 424 Korea, 176, 184–6, 190–1;Mei Cha-men ", 180, 182 Wen-ting on, 384–6;reformofMing Ch’a Ssu-t’ing , 613 calendar, 373–8; role of Ch’ing ch’a-chuang (tea processors), 288 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information glossary–index 783 chaejo chi unˇ (special favor Chang T’ing-lu , 54 that enabled us to rebuild [the Chang T’ing-yu¨ , 54, 67, 587–8, country]), 148 656–9 chai (strict), 47 Chang Tsai , 519, 547–8, 560–2, Ch’ai Ta-chi , 107 563–4, 568 Chakhar Mongols [Chahar, Ch. Chang Ts’un-i , 431 Cha-ha-erh], 111, 116, 118, 122, Chang Ying , 352–3 134, 152, 156 Chang Ying-ching , 431 Chakhundorji (r. 1655–99), 126 Chang Yu-ch’u¨ , 416 Chakri dynasty (1782–), 227 Chang Yu-lung¨ , 431, 433 Champa, 199 Chang Yu-shu¨ , 600 ch’an (Taoist litany), 448 Chang-chou , 103, 105 Ch’an Buddhism, 213, 218, 236, Chang-hua % , 80, 90, 91, 92, 97, 331, 474, 476, 499, 538 100, 106–7 chang (lesser magistrate), 552–5 Chang-i ssu (Office of Palace Chang Chi , 641 Ceremonial), 418, 419 Chang Chi , 400 ch’ang ch’i (regular ch’i), 405 Chang Chih-ts’ung , 407n Ch’ang Ch’ing , 107–8 Chang Chung-ching , 252, Ch’ang-an , 259, 555 253–4 Ch’ang-Chao ho-chih Chang Heavenly Master, 416, 424, (Combined gazetteer of Ch’ang-shu and 429–36 Chao-wen counties), 696, 698 Chang Hsien-chung , 27 Ch’ang-chou , 85, 669 Chang Hsing-yao , 332–3, 352, Ch’ang-lo , 51 370 Ch’ang-lu , 51 Chang Hung-chang $, 91 Ch’ang-pai shan (Long White Chang Hung-jen (, 428 Mountain), 161 Chang Jen-cheng ', 431 Ch’ang-sha , 66 Chang Jo-ch’i , 23 Ch’ang-shu , 696, 698 Chang Lu , 399 Chao Chih-huan , 48–51 Chang Lu-(or¨ Li-)hsiang , 464, Chao Hung-hsieh , 44, 465, 490–2 48 Chang P’eng-ko , 343 Chao Hsueh-min¨ , 399 Chang Po-hsing , 46, 598 Chao imperial family of the Sung Chang San-feng $, 454 dynasty, 4–5 Chang San-feng ch’uan-chi¨ $ Chao Kao-i chi (Collected (Collected works of Chang San-feng), 455 writings of Chao Nan-hsing), 641 Chang Shih-ch’eng , 699 Chao T’o , 197 Chang T’ai-yen , 641 Chao Yu-shih¨ , 521 Chang Tao-ling (Chang, chao-fu Chiang-nan patriarch of Taoism), 429, 432 (pacificator of Chiang-nan), 608 Chang t’ien-shih (the Chang Chao-wen , 696 Heavenly Master), 416, 424, 429–36.
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  • The Rise of Steppe Agriculture

    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture

    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture The Social and Natural Environment Changes in Hetao (1840s-1940s) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Yifu Wang aus Taiyuan, V. R. China WS 2017/18 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sabine Dabringhaus Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Joachim Grage Datum der Disputation: 01. 08. 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 1 1. Prologue 3 1.1 Hetao and its modern environmental crisis 3 1.1.1 Geographical and historical context 4 1.1.2 Natural characteristics 6 1.1.3 Beacons of nature: Recent natural disasters in Hetao 11 1.2 Aims and current state of research 18 1.3 Sources and secondary materials 27 2. From Mongol to Manchu: the initial development of steppe agriculture (1300s-1700s) 32 2.1 The Mongolian steppe during the post-Mongol empire era (1300s-1500s) 33 2.1.1 Tuntian and steppe cities in the fourteenth century 33 2.1.2 The political impact on the steppe environment during the North-South confrontation 41 2.2 Manchu-Mongolia relations in the early seventeenth century 48 2.2.1 From a military alliance to an unequal relationship 48 2.2.2 A new management system for Mongolia 51 2.2.3 Divide in order to rule: religion and the Mongolian Policy 59 2.3 The natural environmental impact of the Qing Dynasty's Mongolian policy 65 2.3.1 Agricultural production 67 2.3.2 Wild animals 68 2.3.3 Wild plants of economic value 70 1 2.3.4 Mining 72 2.4 Summary 74 3.