DOCSLIB.ORG

Glossary–Index

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Glossary–Index Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information GLOSSARY–INDEX Note: Page references followed by ‘n’ denote footnotes. Figures are indicated by ‘fig’; tables by ‘tab’ and maps by ‘map’. Abagha Mongols, 140 Altar of Heaven (T’ien-t’an), 418 aborigines (Taiwan), competition Altyshahr, 134–5 between settlers and, 94–9;and Amaterasu , 237 corvee´ labor service, 84, 91–3; amban (Man. Ch’ing resident officials), education, 94; plains aborigine 118, 122, 130, 139 militia, 99; revolts by, 91–3; taxation Amin, 151 of, 82–4, 94; and tribal land Amiot, Jean-Joseph, 362 ownership, 95–9 Amoy , 79, 80, 88, 102, 269, Abunai, 122 274–6, 280–1 administration, Amur River (Hei-lung chiang), province–prefecture–county system, 166 8. See also governors of provinces; Amursana, 132–3 Grand Council; Li-fan yuan¨ ; an (dossier), 482, 483 provincial administration An Lu-shan , 17n administration commissioners, 23–4, an-ch’a shih (provincial judge, 31–5 surveillance commissioner), 31 Ai , Han emperor (r. 6–1 bce), 333 An-ch’ing , 18 Ai Yuan-cheng¨ , 37–8 An-nan tu-t’ung shih aisilaku¯ hafan (Man., assistant director (Commissioner of Annan), 201 in Li-fan yuan¨ ), 136 An-p’ing , 88 Aisin Gioro clan, 111–14, Analects , 168, 254, 256, 460, 473, 117, 140–1 502–3, 528n, 534, 536, 541, 557, Alchemy, see female alchemy; inner 567, 568–9 alchemy ancestral tablets, 352, 359, 365. See also Aleni, Giulio, 353–4 Chinese rites controversy all under heaven, see t’ien-hsia Anhwei province, 20, 34–5, 578, Almeida, Sebastian d’, 340–1 676tab, 691 Altai Mountains, 142 Annan , 10–11, 198, 201. See also Altan Khan, 117 Dai Viet © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information glossary–index 781 annual payments, see sui-pi (K. sep’ye) Barin Mongols, 120 Anqua, 282 Barkul, 132 Anson, George, 299 Batavia (Jakarta), 205, 211–12, 267, Aokhan Mongols, 120 268, 273, 275, 276, 277, 299, 300–7 Arai Hakuseki 0 , 234, 249 Batur Hongtayiji (r. 1635–53), 124, art and artists, see Castiglione, Giuseppe; 125–6 painting Baykov, F. I., 270 Aru Khorchin Mongols, 120 Beale, Daniel, 317 Asada Sohaku¯ , 251–2 beg [Ar. local Muslim official], 134–5 Asami Keisai , 237–8, 241 beile [Man. Jurchen aristocrat], 115–16 Ashikaga era (1338–1573), 234, beise [Man. Jurchen aristocrat], 115–16 236 benevolence halls, 677 Ashikaga Academy (J. Ashikaga gakko¯ Bengal, 273, 291–3, 295–6, 309, 327 ), 251, 255–6, 257–61 Benoist, Michel, 394 astrology and astromancy, 184–6, 386, Bien-Hoa, 212 387 Big Dipper, 420 Astronomia Europaea, 340 Binh-Duong, 228 astronomy, ban on private practice of, Birthday of emperor, 147, 157 184–6, 386, 387; compatibility of bka’-blon [Tib. local ministers], 131 Chinese and Western traditions, Bohea (Wu-i ) tea, 286–9 384–91, 392; Copernican system, book burning, 642–3 394–5, 522; K’ang-hsi emperor and, book censorship, see censorship; literary 386, 387; sky’s unfathomable nature, inquisitions 504. See also Bureau of Astronomy; book collectors and booksellers, 183–4, calendars and calendrical learning; 642, 648 Royal Bureau of Astronomy book exports and imports, 183–4, 240 Augustinians, 345, 350 Book of change (I , Chou i ,orI ayimagh (Mon. a grouping of Mongol ching ), 347, 355–6, 393, 502–3, khoshuu), 128–30 537, 560, 561, 599, 603 Ayudhaya, 210–11 Book of documents (Shu,orShu ching ), 502–3, 537, 551, 577, 603–4 Bach Viet (Hundred Yueh,¨ Ch. Pai Book of odes (Shih,orShih ching ), Yueh¨ ), 225 502–3, 537 Bangkok, 223, 225, 227 Book of rites (Li chi ), 352, 464, 557 banners (ch’i ), see banner system; Bort, Balthasar, 269 Eight Banner system; Han-chun¨ Boshoghtu Khan, see Galdan bannermen; Inner Mongolia; Leagues Bouvet, Joachim, 342, 346–7, 353–4, of Mongol Banners; Manchu 355–6 bannermen; Mongol bannermen; Red Boym, Michael, 330 Banner Brahe, Tycho, 375 banner system, (Mon. khoshuu), Mongol, broad learning (po hsueh¨ ), criticism of, 119–23, 129; Sinkiang, 134–5 468, 496–7; and Ku Yen-wu, 530, barbarian, (i, i-ti, yeh-jen), 112–17, 146, 530n, 545, 556–8; as term, 528n; and 237, 616, 628, 646 Wang Fu-chih, 567–9 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information 782 glossary–index brotherhoods, 105, 106, 109 emperors (summary), 397–8; Schall’s Buddhism, Central Buddhist Registry, calendar-making, 335; symbolic 424–5; Japan, 235–7, 241; Mongolia, importance of calendar; use of 126, 127–8, 137; status of clerics, “Western methods,” 378, 379, 381, 422, 426–7;Tibet,125;Vietnam, 382–3 213–14, 218–19. See also Ch’an calligraphy, 168 Buddhism; Mahayana Buddhism canonization, 417, 433, 435–6 Buddhist–Taoist clerics (seng-tao), cannons, 329, 338 422 Canton (Kuang-chou), 281–3, Buglio, Ludovico, 334 287–8, 292, 303–11, 358–9, 700 bun (J. classical literacy), 244 Canton Conference, 336–7 bunjin (J. men of letters), 241–6 Canton system, 274, 327 bunka (J. literary culture), 244 Cao-Bang, 201 bunri (J. composition), 242 cardinal virtues (san-kang), 616, 618, Bureau for Cherishing Those Who 644–7 Come from Distant Places (Jou-yuan¨ cartels, see hong (hang) merchant firms ssu ! ), 137 Casteel Zeelandia, 266 Bureau for Reception of Guests (Pin-k’o Castiglione, Giuseppe (Lang Shih-ning ssu "), 136–7 #), 302, 363 Bureau for Rewards for Meritorious Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Service (Lu-hsun¨ ssu ), 136 Church Bureau of Astronomy, 154, 329–30, causality, and coherence (li), 508–9, 335, 397. See also Ch’in-t’ien chien 537; and cosmic forces (tao), 561, Bureau of Mongol Affairs (Meng-ku 564–6; and epidemics, 405–7;and ya-men ), 135 seminal force (chi), 517–21; so-i-jan Bureau of Punishments (Li-hsing ssu as, 396, 509, 520, 564 ), 137 Censorate (Tu-ch’a yuan¨ ), 139 bureaucracy, see governors of provinces; censorship, categories of offense, 606–7, provincial administration 626–30; of drama and opera scripts, Burni, 122 625, 636; effect on publishing, 623; of gazetteers, 623–5, 691–9; Caballero, Antonio de Santa Maria, 336, limitations to, 647–8; of painting and 337 calligraphy, 625; of plaques, tablets, calendars and calendrical learning, and steles, 625–6; prominence in calendar controversy (1664), 154, Ch’ing era, 12–14, 67, 572, 606–7; 157, 372, 378–84; calendrical and revision of offensive works, system, 184–6; compatibility of 626–30; seizing of suspect books as, Chinese and Western traditions, 620–3; self-censorship, 634 384–91, 392; insertion of intercalary Central Buddhist Registry (Seng-lu ssu), months, 376–7; Jesuits’ role in 424–5 calendar reform, 335, 374–9, 382; Central Taoist Registry (Tao-lu ssu), 424 Korea, 176, 184–6, 190–1;Mei Cha-men ", 180, 182 Wen-ting on, 384–6;reformofMing Ch’a Ssu-t’ing , 613 calendar, 373–8; role of Ch’ing ch’a-chuang (tea processors), 288 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-46159-7 — The Cambridge History of China Part 2 Index More Information glossary–index 783 chaejo chi unˇ (special favor Chang T’ing-lu , 54 that enabled us to rebuild [the Chang T’ing-yu¨ , 54, 67, 587–8, country]), 148 656–9 chai (strict), 47 Chang Tsai , 519, 547–8, 560–2, Ch’ai Ta-chi , 107 563–4, 568 Chakhar Mongols [Chahar, Ch. Chang Ts’un-i , 431 Cha-ha-erh], 111, 116, 118, 122, Chang Ying , 352–3 134, 152, 156 Chang Ying-ching , 431 Chakhundorji (r. 1655–99), 126 Chang Yu-ch’u¨ , 416 Chakri dynasty (1782–), 227 Chang Yu-lung¨ , 431, 433 Champa, 199 Chang Yu-shu¨ , 600 ch’an (Taoist litany), 448 Chang-chou , 103, 105 Ch’an Buddhism, 213, 218, 236, Chang-hua % , 80, 90, 91, 92, 97, 331, 474, 476, 499, 538 100, 106–7 chang (lesser magistrate), 552–5 Chang-i ssu (Office of Palace Chang Chi , 641 Ceremonial), 418, 419 Chang Chi , 400 ch’ang ch’i (regular ch’i), 405 Chang Chih-ts’ung , 407n Ch’ang Ch’ing , 107–8 Chang Chung-ching , 252, Ch’ang-an , 259, 555 253–4 Ch’ang-Chao ho-chih Chang Heavenly Master, 416, 424, (Combined gazetteer of Ch’ang-shu and 429–36 Chao-wen counties), 696, 698 Chang Hsien-chung , 27 Ch’ang-chou , 85, 669 Chang Hsing-yao , 332–3, 352, Ch’ang-lo , 51 370 Ch’ang-lu , 51 Chang Hung-chang $, 91 Ch’ang-pai shan (Long White Chang Hung-jen (, 428 Mountain), 161 Chang Jen-cheng ', 431 Ch’ang-sha , 66 Chang Jo-ch’i , 23 Ch’ang-shu , 696, 698 Chang Lu , 399 Chao Chih-huan , 48–51 Chang Lu-(or¨ Li-)hsiang , 464, Chao Hung-hsieh , 44, 465, 490–2 48 Chang P’eng-ko , 343 Chao Hsueh-min¨ , 399 Chang Po-hsing , 46, 598 Chao imperial family of the Sung Chang San-feng $, 454 dynasty, 4–5 Chang San-feng ch’uan-chi¨ $ Chao Kao-i chi (Collected (Collected works of Chang San-feng), 455 writings of Chao Nan-hsing), 641 Chang Shih-ch’eng , 699 Chao T’o , 197 Chang T’ai-yen , 641 Chao Yu-shih¨ , 521 Chang Tao-ling (Chang, chao-fu Chiang-nan patriarch of Taoism), 429, 432 (pacificator of Chiang-nan), 608 Chang t’ien-shih (the Chang Chao-wen , 696 Heavenly Master), 416, 424, 429–36.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Voyages & Travel
    VOYAGES & TRAVEL CATALOGUE 1485 MAGGS BROS. LTD. atalogue is a selection of fty or so travel items to celebrate the rm’s moving Cinto its new premises at Bedford Square. In recent times we have structured travel catalogues by region, but here we hark back to some of the early, great Maggs catalogues and have ordered the items chronologically. We have tried to represent each area of the globe, from the discoveries in both poles, the Far East, the Middle East, the Paci c and the Americas. Among Cover image: item 25; Company School the highlights, are the two early manuscript leaves documenting Marco Polo’s travels to China and, particularly, Tibet. ere is a stunning mid-eighteenth MAGGS BROS. LTD. 48 Bedford Square London WC1B 3DR century view of Rio de Janeiro by the Baron de Breteuil, Telephone: ++ () a signi cant album of Indian watercolours executed by Facsimile: ++ () Company School artists, and a vast trove of manuscript Email: [email protected] and photographic material assembled by Charles Tennant for his landmark work on Ceylon. e Arctic is represented by the likes of Arthur Dobbs and John Rae while the Antarctic includes a rare copy of James Weddell’s Observations… and two of Herbert Ponting’s beautiful photographs. We look forward to welcoming you to the new shop as we commence the next phase of our history. © Maggs Bros. Ltd. 2017 Design by Radius Graphics Printed and Bound by The Gomer Press, Ceredigion An Original 14th Century Manuscript of an Important Section of Marco Polo’s Travels POLO (Marco). [Two original th century manuscript leaves, on vellum, containing the text of seven chapters of Marco Polo’s landmark description of his travels to Asia, including his description of Tibet].
    [Show full text]
  • Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881
    China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 The East India Company’s steamship Nemesis and other British ships engaging Chinese junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, 7 January 1841, during the first opium war. (British Library) ABOUT THE ARCHIVE China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 is digitised from the FO 17 series of British Foreign Office Files—Foreign Office: Political and Other Departments: General Correspondence before 1906, China— held at the National Archives, UK, providing a vast and significant primary source for researching every aspect of Chinese-British relations during the nineteenth century, ranging from diplomacy to trade, economics, politics, warfare, emigration, translation and law. This first part includes all content from FO 17 volumes 1–872. Source Library Number of Images The National Archives, UK Approximately 532,000 CONTENT From Lord Amherst’s mission at the start of the nineteenth century, through the trading monopoly of the Canton System, and the Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860, Britain and other foreign powers gradually gained commercial, legal, and territorial rights in China. Imperial China and the West provides correspondence from the Factories of Canton (modern Guangzhou) and from the missionaries and diplomats who entered China in the early nineteenth century, as well as from the envoys and missions sent to China from Britain and the later legation and consulates. The documents comprising this collection include communications to and from the British legation, first at Hong Kong and later at Peking, and British consuls at Shanghai, Amoy (Xiamen), Swatow (Shantou), Hankow (Hankou), Newchwang (Yingkou), Chefoo (Yantai), Formosa (Taiwan), and more.
    [Show full text]
  • Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century
    Global Positioning: Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Wong, John. 2012. Global Positioning: Houqua and His China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9282867 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – John D. Wong All rights reserved. Professor Michael Szonyi John D. Wong Global Positioning: Houqua and his China Trade Partners in the Nineteenth Century Abstract This study unearths the lost world of early-nineteenth-century Canton. Known today as Guangzhou, this Chinese city witnessed the economic dynamism of global commerce until the demise of the Canton System in 1842. Records of its commercial vitality and global interactions faded only because we have allowed our image of old Canton to be clouded by China’s weakness beginning in the mid-1800s. By reviving this story of economic vibrancy, I restore the historical contingency at the juncture at which global commercial equilibrium unraveled with the collapse of the Canton system, and reshape our understanding of China’s subsequent economic experience. I explore this story of the China trade that helped shape the modern world through the lens of a single prominent merchant house and its leading figure, Wu Bingjian, known to the West by his trading name of Houqua.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Palace Machine Work Palace Machine the Making
    11 ASIAN HISTORY Siebert, (eds) & Ko Chen Making the Machine Palace Work Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Making the Palace Machine Work Asian History The aim of the series is to offer a forum for writers of monographs and occasionally anthologies on Asian history. The series focuses on cultural and historical studies of politics and intellectual ideas and crosscuts the disciplines of history, political science, sociology and cultural studies. Series Editor Hans Hågerdal, Linnaeus University, Sweden Editorial Board Roger Greatrex, Lund University David Henley, Leiden University Ariel Lopez, University of the Philippines Angela Schottenhammer, University of Salzburg Deborah Sutton, Lancaster University Making the Palace Machine Work Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire Edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Artful adaptation of a section of the 1750 Complete Map of Beijing of the Qianlong Era (Qianlong Beijing quantu 乾隆北京全圖) showing the Imperial Household Department by Martina Siebert based on the digital copy from the Digital Silk Road project (http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/II-11-D-802, vol. 8, leaf 7) Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6372 035 9 e-isbn 978 90 4855 322 8 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789463720359 nur 692 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) The authors / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2021 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise).
    [Show full text]
  • Costume, Ceremonial, and the East Asian Order: What the Annamese King Wore When Congratulating the Emperor Qianlong in Jehol in 1790
    Front. Hist. China 2012, 7(1): 136–151 DOI 10.3868/s020-001-012-0008-0 LECTURE NOTE Zhaoguang Ge Costume, Ceremonial, and the East Asian Order: What the Annamese King Wore When Congratulating the Emperor Qianlong in Jehol in 1790 Abstract Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty celebrated his eightieth birthday in 1790, for which Vietnam, Korea, the Ryūkyū Islands, Burma, and Mongolia sent delegates to the imperial summer resort at Chengde 承德 to pay homage. Curiously, the Annamese (or, Vietnamese) king NguyễnQuangBình (阮 光平), who had just defeated the Qing army, offered to appear in Qing costume and kowtow to the Qing emperor. The unusual act pleased Emperor Qianlong and infuriated the Korean delegates. What did costume and ceremonial mean in the context of the East Asian political and cultural order? Why did the British embassy to China led by Lord Macartney three years later cause friction with regards to sartorial and ceremonial manners? This lecture will address these questions. Keywords East Asian political and cultural order, costume and ceremonial, Emperor Qianlong , Vietnam, Korea Introduction: Three Thoughts Today, it is my honor to give a talk in the famous Fairbank Center for China Studies. This talk is, to a great extent, a tribute to Professor John Fairbank, because I am going to tell a story that happened on the eve of Western “impact” and East Asia’s “response,” a topic that Fairbank often addressed. My story explores the change and negotiation of the East Asian international order prior to the arrival of strong ships and potent weaponry from the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Publications Were Issued in Latin Or German
    August 23–28, 2016 St. Petersburg, Russia EACS 2016 21st Biennial Conference of the European Association for Chinese Studies Book of ABStractS 2016 EACS- The European Association for Chinese Studies The European Association for Chinese Studies (EACS) is an international organization representing China scholars from all over Europe. Currently it has more than 700 members. It was founded in 1975 and is registered in Paris. It is a non-profit orga- nization not engaging in any political activity. The purpose of the Association is to promote and foster, by every possible means, scholarly activities related to Chinese Studies in Europe. The EACS serves not only as the scholarly rep- resentative of Chinese Studies in Europe but also as contact or- ganization for academic matters in this field. One of the Association’s major activities are the biennial con- ferences hosted by various centres of Chinese Studies in diffe- rent European countries. The papers presented at these confer- ences comprise all fields from traditional Sinology to studies of modern China. In addition, summer schools and workshops are organized under the auspices of the EACS. The Association car- ries out scholarly projects on an irregular basis. Since 1995 the EACS has provided Library Travel Grants to support short visits for research in major sinological libraries in Western Europe. The scheme is funded by the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation and destined for PhD students and young scholars, primarily from Eastern European countries. The EACS furthers the careers of young scholars by awarding a Young Scholar Award for outstanding research. A jury selects the best three of the submitted papers, which are then presented at the next bi-an- nual conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Admiralty Dock 166 Agricultural Experimentation Site Nongshi
    Index Admiralty Dock 166 Bishu shanzhuang 避暑山莊 88 Agricultural Experimentation Site nongshi bochuan剝船 125, 126 shiyan suo 農事實驗所 97 Bodde, Derk 295, 299 All-Hankou Guild Alliance Ge huiguan Bodolec, Caroline 28 各會館公所聯合會 gongsuo lianhe hui 327 bondservants 79, 82, 229, 264 Amelung, Iwo 88, 89 booi 264 American Banknote Company 237, 238 bound labour 60, 349 American Presbyterian Mission Press 253 Boxer Rebellion 143, 315, 356 Amoy. See Xiamen Bradstock, Timothy 327, 330, 331 潮州庵埠廠 Anfu, Chaozhou prefecture 188 brass utensils 95 Anhui 79, 120, 124, 132, 138, 139, 141, 172, 196, Bray, Francesca 25, 28, 317 249, 325, 342 bricklayers zhuanjiang 磚匠 91 安慶 Anqing 138 brickmakers 113 apprentices 99, 101, 102, 329, 333, 336, 337, 346 British Columbia 174 Arsenal 137, 146 brocade weavers 334 Arsenal wages 197, 199 Brokaw, Cynthia 28, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 255, artisan households 52 270, 274 artisan registration 94, 95 Brook, Timothy 62 匠体 artisan style jiangti 231 Bureau for Crafts gongyi ju 工藝局 97 Attiret, Denis 254, 269 Bureau for Weights and Measures quanheng Audemard 159, 169 duliang ju 權衡度量局 97 Auditing Office jieshen ku 節慎庫 75 Bureau of Construction yingshan qingli si 營繕 清吏司 74, 77, 106, 111, 335 baitang’a 栢唐阿 263 Bureau of Forestry and Weights yuheng qingli bang 幫 323, 331, 338, 342, 343 si 虞衡清吏司 74, 77 banner 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 278 Bureau of Irrigation and Transportation dushui baofang 報房 234 qingli si 都水清吏司 75, 77 baogongzhi 包工制 196 Burger, Werner 28, 77 baogong 包工 112 Burgess, John S. 29, 326, 330, 336, 338 Baoquan ju 寳泉局 78, 107
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Literature and Translation Yeke Caaji, the Mongol-Oyirod Great
    Asian Literature and Translation ISSN 2051-5863 https://doi.org/10.18573/alt.38 Vol 5, No. 1, 2018, 267-330 Yeke Caaji, the Mongol-Oyirod Great Code of 1640: Innovation in Eurasian State Formation Richard Taupier Date Accepted: 1/3/2018 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-ND) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ©Richard Taupier Asian Literature and Translation Vol. 5 No. 1 2018 267-330 Yeke Caaji: The Mongol-Oyirod Great Code of 1640: Innovation in Eurasian State Formation Richard Taupier Introduction In the year 1640 an assembly (kuriltai) of Mongol and Oyirod1 nobles gathered to discuss and approve a code of law intended to govern relationships among them and to regulate the behavior of their subjects. While the resulting document is reasonably well known among scholars of Central Asia, it is the position of this work that its purpose has been largely misunderstood and that modern descriptions of early seventeenth century Oyirod history are confused and incomplete. This current work endeavors to establish a better understanding of the motivations behind the Great Code of 1640 and what the participants hoped to gain by its adoption. It does so through a close examination of the text itself and other original Oyirod sources and an analysis of competing secondary narratives. This creates the opportunity to reconsider the document from new and more carefully articulated perspectives. The result is an appreciation of the Great Code as an important document in Mongolian history. Through this perspective we can see the document as a sign of waning Chinggisid authority and recognition that innovation in state formation was needed to enable the continued existence of the Mongol and Oyirod states.
    [Show full text]
  • The Literary Inquisition: the Persecution of Intellectuals and Human Capital Accumulation in China
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Literary Inquisition: The Persecution of Intellectuals and Human Capital Accumulation in China Koyama, Mark and Xue, Melanie Meng George Mason University 11 February 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/62103/ MPRA Paper No. 62103, posted 15 Feb 2015 14:10 UTC The Literary Inquisition: The Persecution of Intellectuals and Human Capital Accumulation in China∗ Mark Koyama‡ and Melanie Meng Xue§ George Mason University February 12, 2015 Abstract Imperial China used an empire-wide system of examinations to select civil ser- vants. Using a semiparametric matching-based difference-in-differences estimator, we show that the persecution of scholar-officials led to a decline in the number of examinees at the provincial and prefectural level. To explore the long-run impact of literary inquisitions we employ a model to show that persecutions could reduce the provision of basic education and have a lasting effect on human capital accu- mulation. Using the 1982 census we find that literary inquisitions reduced literacy by between 2.25 and 4 percentage points at a prefectural level in the early 20th cen- tury. This corresponds to a 69% increase in the probability of an individual being illiterate. Prefectures affected by the literary inquisition had a higher proportion of workers in agriculture until the 1990s. Keywords: China, Human Capital, Institutions, Persecutions, Persistence JEL Codes: N45, K42, I2 ∗We are grateful for discussions with Tyler Cowen, Mark Dincecco, James Fenske, Saumitra Jha, Noel Johnson, Dan Klein, Jared Rubin, Tuan-Hwee Sng, and audience members at the Adam Smith workshop, George Mason University, the Washington Area Economic History and Development Workshop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art Process of the Development of Chinese Literary Painting
    2019 3rd International Conference on Art Design, Language, and Humanities (ADLH 2019) The Art Process of the Development of Chinese Literary Painting Xiang Li*, and Xudong Fan 1211, 12th Floor, Xueyan Building, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing * Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: Literati painting does not seek self-entertainment; Poetry; Calligraphy and painting in one Abstract: The development of Chinese literary painting has gone through more than a thousand years of changes, but always occupies an important place in Chinese painting. As early as the Han Dynasty, Cai Yong, famous for literature and calligraphy, had a painting name; in the Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei, a poet, had a solid foundation for the formation and development of literati landscape paintings with Wanchuan as the theme, and established the thread of literati painting. Then in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties of more than 900 years, countless literati painters borrowed landscapes, flowers and birds, plum orchids, bamboo and chrysanthemum and other subjects to flaunt their escape in their breasts, or to express their spirits or to build their beliefs in life. Literati painting has formed a painting style which attaches great importance to the interest of brush and ink, pursues self-entertainment and pays equal attention to both poetry, calligraphy and painting cultivation. It is unique with its "talent, knowledge and cultivation". 1. Introduction The development of Chinese literary painting sprouted in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and then reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In traditional paintings, literati paintings mainly consist of ink and wash, which integrates poetry, calligraphy and painting, and expresses literati painters' sentiment and ambition.
    [Show full text]
  • Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5033
    I HISTORICAL PROLOGUE The Land and the People Demchugdongrob, commonly known as De Wang (Prince De in Chinese), was a thirty-first generation descendant of Chinggis Khan and the last ruler of Mongolia from the altan urag, the Golden Clan of the Chinggisids. The only son of Prince Namjilwang- chug, Demchugdongrob was bom in the Sunid Right Banner of Inner Mongolia in 1902 and died in Hohhot, the capital of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, in 1966. The Sunid was one of the tribes that initially supported Chinggis Khan (r. 1206- 1227). In the sixteenth century, Dayan Khan reunified Mongolia and put this tribe under the control of his eldest son, Torubolod. Thereafter, the descendants of Torubolod be­ came the rulers not only of the Sunid but also of the Chahar (Chakhar), Ujumuchin, and Khauchid tribes. The Chahar tribe was always under the direct control of the khan him­ self During the Manchu domination, the Sunid was divided into the Right Flank and Left Flank Banners, and both were part of the group of banners placed under the Shilingol League. During the first half of the seventeenth century, the Manchus expanded to the southern parts of Manchuria and began to compete with the Ming Chinese. Realizing the danger in the rise of the Manchus, Ligdan Khan, the last Mongolian Grand Khan, aban­ doned his people ’s traditional hostility toward the Chinese and formed an alliance with the Ming court to fight the Manchus. Although this policy was prudent, it was unaccept­ able to most Mongolian tribal leaders, who subsequently rebelled and joined the Manchu camp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Steppe Agriculture
    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture The Social and Natural Environment Changes in Hetao (1840s-1940s) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Yifu Wang aus Taiyuan, V. R. China WS 2017/18 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sabine Dabringhaus Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Joachim Grage Datum der Disputation: 01. 08. 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 1 1. Prologue 3 1.1 Hetao and its modern environmental crisis 3 1.1.1 Geographical and historical context 4 1.1.2 Natural characteristics 6 1.1.3 Beacons of nature: Recent natural disasters in Hetao 11 1.2 Aims and current state of research 18 1.3 Sources and secondary materials 27 2. From Mongol to Manchu: the initial development of steppe agriculture (1300s-1700s) 32 2.1 The Mongolian steppe during the post-Mongol empire era (1300s-1500s) 33 2.1.1 Tuntian and steppe cities in the fourteenth century 33 2.1.2 The political impact on the steppe environment during the North-South confrontation 41 2.2 Manchu-Mongolia relations in the early seventeenth century 48 2.2.1 From a military alliance to an unequal relationship 48 2.2.2 A new management system for Mongolia 51 2.2.3 Divide in order to rule: religion and the Mongolian Policy 59 2.3 The natural environmental impact of the Qing Dynasty's Mongolian policy 65 2.3.1 Agricultural production 67 2.3.2 Wild animals 68 2.3.3 Wild plants of economic value 70 1 2.3.4 Mining 72 2.4 Summary 74 3.
    [Show full text]