Glossary–Index

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GLOSSARY–INDEX

Note: Page references followed by ‘n’ denote footnotes. Figures are indicated by ‘ﬁg’; tables by ‘tab’ and maps by ‘map’.

Abagha Mongols, 140 Altar of Heaven (T’ien-t’an), 418 aborigines (Taiwan), competition Altyshahr, 134–5 between settlers and, 94–9;and Amaterasu , 237 corvee´ labor service, 84, 91–3; amban (Man. Ch’ing resident ofﬁcials), education, 94; plains aborigine 118, 122, 130, 139 militia, 99; revolts by, 91–3; taxation Amin, 151 of, 82–4, 94; and tribal land Amiot, Jean-Joseph, 362 ownership, 95–9 Amoy , 79, 80, 88, 102, 269, Abunai, 122 274–6, 280–1 administration, Amur River (Hei-lung chiang), province–prefecture–county system, 166 8. See also governors of provinces; Amursana, 132–3 Grand Council; Li-fan yuan¨ ; an (dossier), 482, 483 provincial administration An Lu-shan , 17n administration commissioners, 23–4, an-ch’a shih (provincial judge, 31–5 surveillance commissioner), 31 Ai , Han emperor (r. 6–1 bce), 333 An-ch’ing , 18 Ai Yuan-cheng¨ , 37–8 An-nan tu-t’ung shih aisilaku¯ hafan (Man., assistant director (Commissioner of Annan), 201 in Li-fan yuan¨ ), 136 An-p’ing , 88 Aisin Gioro clan, 111–14, Analects , 168, 254, 256, 460, 473, 117, 140–1 502–3, 528n, 534, 536, 541, 557, Alchemy, see female alchemy; inner 567, 568–9 alchemy ancestral tablets, 352, 359, 365. See also Aleni, Giulio, 353–4 Chinese rites controversy all under heaven, see t’ien-hsia Anhwei province, 20, 34–5, 578, Almeida, Sebastian d’, 340–1 676tab, 691 Altai Mountains, 142 Annan , 10–11, 198, 201. See also Altan Khan, 117 Dai Viet

glossary–index 781

annual payments, see sui-pi (K. sep’ye) Barin Mongols, 120 Anqua, 282 Barkul, 132 Anson, George, 299 Batavia (Jakarta), 205, 211–12, 267, Aokhan Mongols, 120 268, 273, 275, 276, 277, 299, 300–7 Arai Hakuseki 0 , 234, 249 Batur Hongtayiji (r. 1635–53), 124, art and artists, see Castiglione, Giuseppe; 125–6 painting Baykov, F. I., 270 Aru Khorchin Mongols, 120 Beale, Daniel, 317 Asada Sohaku¯ , 251–2 beg [Ar. local Muslim ofﬁcial], 134–5 Asami Keisai , 237–8, 241 beile [Man. Jurchen aristocrat], 115–16 Ashikaga era (1338–1573), 234, beise [Man. Jurchen aristocrat], 115–16 236 benevolence halls, 677 Ashikaga Academy (J. Ashikaga gakko¯ Bengal, 273, 291–3, 295–6, 309, 327 ), 251, 255–6, 257–61 Benoist, Michel, 394 astrology and astromancy, 184–6, 386, Bien-Hoa, 212 387 Big Dipper, 420 Astronomia Europaea, 340 Binh-Duong, 228 astronomy, ban on private practice of, Birthday of emperor, 147, 157 184–6, 386, 387; compatibility of bka’-blon [Tib. local ministers], 131 Chinese and Western traditions, Bohea (Wu-i ) tea, 286–9 384–91, 392; Copernican system, book burning, 642–3 394–5, 522; K’ang-hsi emperor and, book censorship, see censorship; literary 386, 387; sky’s unfathomable nature, inquisitions 504. See also Bureau of Astronomy; book collectors and booksellers, 183–4, calendars and calendrical learning; 642, 648 Royal Bureau of Astronomy book exports and imports, 183–4, 240 Augustinians, 345, 350 Book of change (I , Chou i ,orI ayimagh (Mon. a grouping of Mongol ching ), 347, 355–6, 393, 502–3, khoshuu), 128–30 537, 560, 561, 599, 603 Ayudhaya, 210–11 Book of documents (Shu,orShu ching ), 502–3, 537, 551, 577, 603–4 Bach Viet (Hundred Yueh,¨ Ch. Pai Book of odes (Shih,orShih ching ), Yueh¨ ), 225 502–3, 537 Bangkok, 223, 225, 227 Book of rites (Li chi ), 352, 464, 557 banners (ch’i ), see banner system; Bort, Balthasar, 269 Eight Banner system; Han-chun¨ Boshoghtu Khan, see Galdan bannermen; Inner Mongolia; Leagues Bouvet, Joachim, 342, 346–7, 353–4, of Mongol Banners; Manchu 355–6 bannermen; Mongol bannermen; Red Boym, Michael, 330 Banner Brahe, Tycho, 375 banner system, (Mon. khoshuu), Mongol, broad learning (po hsueh¨ ), criticism of, 119–23, 129; Sinkiang, 134–5 468, 496–7; and Ku Yen-wu, 530, barbarian, (i, i-ti, yeh-jen), 112–17, 146, 530n, 545, 556–8; as term, 528n; and 237, 616, 628, 646 Wang Fu-chih, 567–9

782 glossary–index

brotherhoods, 105, 106, 109 emperors (summary), 397–8; Schall’s Buddhism, Central Buddhist Registry, calendar-making, 335; symbolic 424–5; Japan, 235–7, 241; Mongolia, importance of calendar; use of 126, 127–8, 137; status of clerics, “Western methods,” 378, 379, 381, 422, 426–7;Tibet,125;Vietnam, 382–3 213–14, 218–19. See also Ch’an calligraphy, 168 Buddhism; Mahayana Buddhism canonization, 417, 433, 435–6 Buddhist–Taoist clerics (seng-tao), cannons, 329, 338 422 Canton (Kuang-chou), 281–3, Buglio, Ludovico, 334 287–8, 292, 303–11, 358–9, 700 bun (J. classical literacy), 244 Canton Conference, 336–7 bunjin (J. men of letters), 241–6 Canton system, 274, 327 bunka (J. literary culture), 244 Cao-Bang, 201 bunri (J. composition), 242 cardinal virtues (san-kang), 616, 618, Bureau for Cherishing Those Who 644–7 Come from Distant Places (Jou-yuan¨ cartels, see hong (hang) merchant ﬁrms ssu ! ), 137 Casteel Zeelandia, 266 Bureau for Reception of Guests (Pin-k’o Castiglione, Giuseppe (Lang Shih-ning ssu "), 136–7 #), 302, 363 Bureau for Rewards for Meritorious Catholic Church, see Roman Catholic Service (Lu-hsun¨ ssu ), 136 Church Bureau of Astronomy, 154, 329–30, causality, and coherence (li), 508–9, 335, 397. See also Ch’in-t’ien chien 537; and cosmic forces (tao), 561, Bureau of Mongol Affairs (Meng-ku 564–6; and epidemics, 405–7;and ya-men ), 135 seminal force (chi), 517–21; so-i-jan Bureau of Punishments (Li-hsing ssu as, 396, 509, 520, 564 ), 137 Censorate (Tu-ch’a yuan¨ ), 139 bureaucracy, see governors of provinces; censorship, categories of offense, 606–7, provincial administration 626–30; of drama and opera scripts, Burni, 122 625, 636; effect on publishing, 623; of gazetteers, 623–5, 691–9; Caballero, Antonio de Santa Maria, 336, limitations to, 647–8; of painting and 337 calligraphy, 625; of plaques, tablets, calendars and calendrical learning, and steles, 625–6; prominence in calendar controversy (1664), 154, Ch’ing era, 12–14, 67, 572, 606–7; 157, 372, 378–84; calendrical and revision of offensive works, system, 184–6; compatibility of 626–30; seizing of suspect books as, Chinese and Western traditions, 620–3; self-censorship, 634 384–91, 392; insertion of intercalary Central Buddhist Registry (Seng-lu ssu), months, 376–7; Jesuits’ role in 424–5 calendar reform, 335, 374–9, 382; Central Taoist Registry (Tao-lu ssu), 424 Korea, 176, 184–6, 190–1;Mei Cha-men ", 180, 182 Wen-ting on, 384–6;reformofMing Ch’a Ssu-t’ing , 613 calendar, 373–8; role of Ch’ing ch’a-chuang (tea processors), 288

glossary–index 783

chaejo chi unˇ (special favor Chang T’ing-lu , 54 that enabled us to rebuild [the Chang T’ing-yu¨ , 54, 67, 587–8, country]), 148 656–9 chai (strict), 47 Chang Tsai , 519, 547–8, 560–2, Ch’ai Ta-chi , 107 563–4, 568 Chakhar Mongols [Chahar, Ch. Chang Ts’un-i , 431 Cha-ha-erh], 111, 116, 118, 122, Chang Ying , 352–3 134, 152, 156 Chang Ying-ching , 431 Chakhundorji (r. 1655–99), 126 Chang Yu-ch’u¨ , 416 Chakri dynasty (1782–), 227 Chang Yu-lung¨ , 431, 433 Champa, 199 Chang Yu-shu¨ , 600 ch’an (Taoist litany), 448 Chang-chou , 103, 105 Ch’an Buddhism, 213, 218, 236, Chang-hua % , 80, 90, 91, 92, 97, 331, 474, 476, 499, 538 100, 106–7 chang (lesser magistrate), 552–5 Chang-i ssu (Ofﬁce of Palace Chang Chi , 641 Ceremonial), 418, 419 Chang Chi , 400 ch’ang ch’i (regular ch’i), 405 Chang Chih-ts’ung , 407n Ch’ang Ch’ing , 107–8 Chang Chung-ching , 252, Ch’ang-an , 259, 555 253–4 Ch’ang-Chao ho-chih Chang Heavenly Master, 416, 424, (Combined gazetteer of Ch’ang-shu and 429–36 Chao-wen counties), 696, 698 Chang Hsien-chung , 27 Ch’ang-chou , 85, 669 Chang Hsing-yao , 332–3, 352, Ch’ang-lo , 51 370 Ch’ang-lu , 51 Chang Hung-chang $, 91 Ch’ang-pai shan (Long White Chang Hung-jen (, 428 Mountain), 161 Chang Jen-cheng ', 431 Ch’ang-sha , 66 Chang Jo-ch’i , 23 Ch’ang-shu , 696, 698 Chang Lu , 399 Chao Chih-huan , 48–51 Chang Lu-(or¨ Li-)hsiang , 464, Chao Hung-hsieh , 44, 465, 490–2 48 Chang P’eng-ko , 343 Chao Hsueh-min¨ , 399 Chang Po-hsing , 46, 598 Chao imperial family of the Sung Chang San-feng $, 454 dynasty, 4–5 Chang San-feng ch’uan-chi¨ $ Chao Kao-i chi (Collected (Collected works of Chang San-feng), 455 writings of Chao Nan-hsing), 641 Chang Shih-ch’eng , 699 Chao T’o , 197 Chang T’ai-yen , 641 Chao Yu-shih¨ , 521 Chang Tao-ling (Chang, chao-fu Chiang-nan patriarch of Taoism), 429, 432 (paciﬁcator of Chiang-nan), 608 Chang t’ien-shih (the Chang Chao-wen , 696 Heavenly Master), 416, 424, 429–36. ch’ao ko pen (hand-copied See also t’ien-shih edition), 645

784 glossary–index

ch’ao-chin (audience before the Cheng Chih-lung , 265 emperor), 136 Cheng Chung , 546 Ch’ao-chou , 85 Cheng Hsuan¨ , 261 Ch’ao-hsien t’ung-shih (Ch’ing Cheng regime on Taiwan, 40, 269, interpreters for Korean language), 332 180 cheng-ch’ao (New Year’s Day) K. charitable estates, 677 chongjoˇ , 147 Charmot, Nicholas, 348 cheng-hsin (rectifying the heart), Chekiang province, 343, 660, 467 667, 669, 676tab, 685–6, 690, 691 cheng-hsueh¨ (correct learning), 499, chen (market town), 649 644 chen wei t’ien-hsia chu # (I am Cheng-i , 416–17 the ruler of all under Heaven), 5–6, Cheng-jen Academy, 471 617 cheng-pien (reproduced in full), Chen-chi (Record of relief efforts), 68 609 Chen-ch’i t’ang shu-mu (Book cheng-shih (standard history), 574 list of Chen-ch’i Hall), 641 cheng-shuo $ (the ﬁrst day of the new chen-jen (true man), 430 year and ﬁrst day of each month), chen-tung (market town managers), 389 678 cheng-t’ung (correct transmission), Chen-wu (Perfect Warrior), see 472 Hsuan-t’ien¨ shang-ti Ch’eng brothers, 547–8, 561 Ch’en Chi-ju , 629 Ch’eng I , 232, 520, 568 Ch’en Chung-yuan¨ , 442 Ch’eng–Chu learning , Ch’en Ch’ueh¨ (Ch’ien-ch’u ), Ch’en-Ch’ueh’s¨ criticism of, 464; 461–8, 469–70 imperial sponsorship, 513; in Korea, Ch’en Hao , 232 167, 194; in Tokugawa Japan, 254, Ch’en Hsi-sheng , 610 256, 260, 263; in Vietnam, 218;Yen Ch’en Hsien-chang , 491 Yuan’s¨ criticism of, 499. See also Chu Ch’en Hung-ming , 39n Hsi Ch’en Hung-mou , 63–5 ch’eng-hsuan¨ pu-cheng shih Ch’en Kung-yin , 629, 637 (provincial administration Ch’en Mao , 358–9 commissioner), 17–18 Ch’en Ta-shou , 693 ch’eng-huang (city god), 415, 435 Ch’en T’ing-ching , 586, 587 ch’eng-huang miao (city god Ch’en T’uan , 535 temples), 421, 422 Ch’en Tzu , 637 Ch’eng-te , 319, 349, 350 Ch’en Wen-shu , 455–6 Ch’eng-t’ien , 18 Ch’en Yuan-lung¨ , 45 Ch’eng-tu , 367–8, 442 cheng (textual evidence), 591 chi (incipient stage; seminal force), Cheng An-te-lo , 330 517–20 Cheng Ch’en , 260 chi (memorial rites), 351 Cheng Ch’eng-kung , 40, 269, Chi Tseng-yun¨ , 52 332 Chi Yun¨ !, 188

glossary–index 785

Chi-an , 516 Chiang-nan t’ung-chih Chi-chi-p’u , 108 (Comprehensive gazetteer of Chiang-nan), Chi-ch’ing , 73 624 Chi-ho yuan-pen¨ (Elements of Chiang-ning #, 33 geometry), 192–3 Chiang-yin , 624 chi-hsi (far West), 387 chiao (a grand communal ritual), 421, chi-k’ao (cumulative examinations), 422 516 Chiao Lu , 630 chi-ku yu-wen (study antiquity chiao-chu (cultural–religious to aid our culture), 620 authority), 616 Chi-kung , 451 Chiao-yao hsulun¨ (An Chi-yin kang-mu (To beneﬁt introduction of doctrinal essentials), yin: A comprehensive guide), 404 370 ch’i (particles, the stuff of which chieh (precepts), 438 everything in heaven-and-earth is chieh-ch’i (fortnightly periods), constituted), 405, 483–6, 487, 376–7 489–90, 518–21 chieh-fu (chaste women), 653 ch’i (physical artifacts; particular chieh-tu shih (military things), 516–17 commissioner, in T’ang), 16 Ch’i-feng-o , 75tab chien hsuan¨ tsai wai chih ch’ueh¨ Chia Han-fu &, 697 (posts for which selection was Chia K’uei , 546 made outside the capital), 57 Chia-ching era (1522–66), Chien-chou Jurchens , enshrinements during, 548; policy on 112–17, 118, 147–50, 636. See also name tablets and steles, 352, 625–6 Jurchens Chia-ch’ing (r. 1796–1820) Chien-chou tso wei emperor, anti-Christian stance, (Chien-chou Left Guard), 149 367–8, 370; and naming of Vietnam, Chien-chou wei (Chien-chou 197; policy on local project Guard), 112–14, 149 management, 668–9 Chien-ning #, 301 Chia-ch’ing era (1796–1820), chien-sheng (lower examination 366–8 degree, and degree holder), 21 Chia-hsing , 693 chien-ting (appraisal), 695 chia-tzu (ﬁrst in the sequence of Chien-wen reign (1398–1402), sixty counting terms), 333 583 Chiang Ch’en-ying ,, 584 Ch’ien Ch’eng-chih , 624 Chiang Yu-p’u¨ . , 449 Ch’ien Ch’ien-i , 623–5, 629, Chiang Yung , 392–4 698 Chiang, three brothers [immortals], Ch’ien Su-yueh¨ , 642 435 Ch’ien Ta-hsin , 392–4, 396 chiang-hsueh¨ (discourses on Ch’ien Wei-ch’eng , 692 learning), 462, 483, 496 Ch’ien-ch’ing Gate , 302 Chiang-nan , 20, 33, 608, 639, ch’ien-ch’iu (birthday for the heir 651, 660, 678 apparent) K. ch’onch’uˇ , 147

786 glossary–index

Ch’ien-lung emperor, attitude chih-ch’ing (perfect expression of towards Christianity, 362–4; sentiment), 481 campaign against Dzunghars by, chih-chou (department magistrate), 132–3, 134; central control over 664 public works, 660–4; and Confucian chih-fu (prefect), 664 ideas, 615–16, 644–6; core goals, chih-hui shih (commander), 114 644–6; enshrinement policy, 687, chih-li (ultimate patterns; 689; and Lin Shuang-wen rebellion, perfected order), 524, 562–3 107–8, 110; on loyalty and imperial chih-li (directly administered power, 616–18, 646–7; motives for administrative units, as independent literary inquisitions, 615–18; departments or sub-prefectures), 55 recognizing and rewarding local elite Chih-pu-tsu-chai ts’ung-shu contributions, 655–9, 674, 680;and (Collectanea from the Hall of knowing self-censorship, 635; sixtieth jubilee, one’s deficiencies), 260, 261, 640–1 324; and taxation reform in Taiwan, chih-shan (highest good), 465 94; and tribute ceremonials, 320–4; chih-tao (ways of governing), 546, trust in Manchu officials by, 70–2 551, 565 Ch’ien-lung era (1736–95), chih-t’ung (tradition of good activist governors, 63–8; appointment governance), 597 of Manchus as governors, 70–2; Chihli province, 20, 33, 44, 370, centralization of power, 68, 76; 505, 624, 666, 676tab, 677, 691 control over local public works, Ch’ih Shao !, 543 660–4; defeat by Tay-son forces, Ch’ih-chou fu-chih (Gazetteer of 225; influence of Ho-shen, 72–3; Ch’ih-chou prefecture), 695 literary inquisitions, 607, 609, 612, chin # (the present), 528 615–18, 634, 639, 640; reaction to chin " [unit of weight, approx. 1.3 lbs], the Yung-chen order, 59–62; 179 regulating and rewarding local Chin dynasty (1115–1234), 116, contributions, 656–9; system of salary 625 fines, 74–5 Chin dynasty (1616–35)[Man. chih (knowing), 460, 464, 488 amaga aisin gurrun], 111 chih (material), 519, 520–1, Chin chung-hsing shu (On the 524 Chin restoration), 543 chih (purpose), 562 Chin Fu , 41, 42–3, 44 chih (gazetteer), 6. See also gazetteers Chin Nung , 608n chih (to stop, rest), 613 Chin Pao , 623–5, 629 chih chih (extending knowledge), Chin ssu lu (Reflections on things at 493, 568–9 hand), 598 chih liang chih (extending one’s chin ying hsing (embassy for innate knowledge of the good), 463, presenting falcons) K. chin’ungˇ haeng, 465, 466, 494 160 chih tao (knowing a way), 546 Chin-chou , 626 chih ts’e (material investigations), chin-ho (presenting 518, 569 congratulations), 272

glossary–index 787

Chin-hua , 625–6 scholarship, 258, 260; Chin-kai hsin-teng (Lamp for reinterpretation of Confucian texts, the heart from Chin-kai Mountain), 438 254–63; role of teachers, 242, 244–6; Chin-kai, Mount , 448, 453 and sinophobia, 247–9; teaching Chin-k’uei yao-lueh¨ ! (Essentials methods, 246, 247; and upward of the golden casket), 252, 253–4 mobility, 241–6, 252;useofkanbun, chin-kung (presenting tribute), 272 251–4. See also Ashikaga Academy chin-shih (presented scholar, Chinese medical treatises, 252–4 metropolitan graduate):; named Chinese rites controversy, 336–7, 338, instances, 48, 60, 63, 64, 70, 345, 340–1, 344, 347–50, 359–60, 365, 357, 397, 404, 475, 515, 530, 554, 368. 574–7, 578, 580, 587, 627, 635, ching (classics, scriptures), 394, 448 641–4, 658, 693, 694 ching (respect), 495 chin-wen # (“modern” style of script), Ching T’ien (Honor Heaven), 338 261 Ching i k’ao (Examination of ch’in " (diligence), 49 interpretations of the classics), 602 Ch’in dynasty (221–206 bce), 3, 7, Ching River , 615 552 ching shu (scholarship on the Ch’in Ch’eng-en , 615 classics), 546 ch’in min (having a kin feeling for ching ts’ui (pure essences), 564 the commoners), 510 ching-ming (Pure Brightness), 447 Ch’in-t’ien chien (Bureau of ching-mo (meridians and channels), Astronomy), 154 404 Ch’in-t’ien chien tsou-chun yin-tsao ching-piao (memorial arch), 671–2 Shih-hsien li-jih " Ching-t’ai reign (1450–1456), (Shih-hsien calendar published 583 by the Bureau of Astronomy with imperial Ching-te-chen , 289 authorization), 382–3 ching-t’ien 0 (well-ﬁeld), 663 ch’in-ting (by imperial order), 600 ch’ing (sentiments; emotions), 458, Ch’in-ting hsueh-cheng¨ ch’uan-shu¨ 481, 562 (Imperially authorized ch’ing (honesty), 49 compendium of records of education Ch’ing dynasty (1644–1911), as commissioners), 695 categorically distinctive, 9–10;asan Ch’in-ting Ming shih integrated domain, 6–15; (Imperially ordered Ming history), 588 interpretations of, 154; and Mongol Chinatown (J. Tokan¯ ), 235 imperial legacy, 125; proclamation of, Chinese origins of Western learning 152 (hsi-hsueh¨ chung-yuan¨ ), 192–3, Ch’ing code (Ta-Ch’ing lu-li¨ ), 140, 230, 388–91, 392 249, 302, 315 Chinese classical learning (Tokugawa Ch’ing jen (men of Ch’ing), 459 Japan), 240–9; interest in “ancient Ch’ing shih (History of the Ch’ing), learning,” 254; and medical 34 knowledge, 242, 243, 251–4; Ch’ing shih (Ch’ing troops), 628 reception in China of Japanese Ch’ing-chiang , 66

788 glossary–index

ch’ing-kui (rules for Taoist clergy), Chou Hsueh-chien¨ , 364, 544 422 Chou Huang , 364 Ch’ing-tai wen-tzu-yu¨ tang Chou i , see Book of change (Archives of literary inquisition cases Chou i che chung (Balanced in the Ch’ing period) 609–10 annotations on the Book of change), 599 Ch’ing-wei ling-pao ' [a category Chou i wai chuan (An outsider of Taoist priests], 416, 423, 429 commentary on the Book of change), 561 Ch’ing-yuan¨ mountain, 516 Chou I-ning #, 635 Chinggis Khan, 5, 117, 118–19, 125 Chou li (Chou rituals), 124 Chinggisid legitimacy, 117, 122, Chou Shun-ch’ang , 692 125 Chou Tun-i , 470, 547–8 Chingunjav¨ Rebellion, 132–3 Chou-pi (The gnomon of Chou), 389 Chishiwu , 45 Chou-shan (Chusan), 280 chiu ch’ing % (Nine Chief Ministers), ch’ou-hui (expurgated), 609 687 ch’ou-jen (astronomers and Chiu chou chih wai wei chih fan kuo % mathematicians), 391 (“What is outside the Ch’ou-jen chuan (Biographies of nine divisions are called outer astronomers and mathematicians), 391, countries”), 124 392 chiu pen (old books), 551 Chu Ch’ang-tso , 29 chiu tsang % (nine visceral systems), Chu Chen-heng 3, 253 410 Chu Chih-chun¨ , 637 Ch’iu Ch’ang-ch’un ) , 437 Chu family, in Hopei, 498 Ch’iu Ch’u-chi ) , a.k.a Ch’iu Chu Fang-tan #, 612 Ch’ang-ch’un, 437 Chu Feng-ying , 658 ch’iung li (fathoming coherence), Chu Hsi , Chang Lu-hsiang¨ on, 464, 489, 493, 494, 495, 496, 500, 490–2;Ch’enCh’ueh¨ on, 464–8;on 503–4, 518, 558–69, 570 coherence (li), 386, 393, 396, 464;on Cho Ch’ang-ling " , 610 coherence–matter relationship, Cho-shui River River, 108 483–6, 596–7, 615; on human Ch’oe Myong-gilˇ , 152 nature, 487–90; influence in Japan, Ch’oe Sok-chˇ ongˇ , 191 236, 238, 249, 253, 254, 260; choku¯ # (J. phrases and sentences), influence in Korea, 167; Ku Yen-wu 242 on, 534–8; Li Kuang-ti on, 596–9;Li chonggwanˇ (official envoys), 174 Kung on, 508–9; Li Yung on, 495–7; chonin¯ (J. merchants, townspeople), Lu Shih-i on, 492–4; on moral 341 awareness, 487–90, 491–3; official Choroo Mongols, 132 endorsement of, 497, 511, 592–9;on Chosonˇ dynasty (1392–1910), status of numbers (shu), 386, 535; Sun 10–11, 146. See also Korea Ch’i-feng on, 473–4; Yen Yuan on, chou (sub-prefecture), 7–8 498–505 Chou , last ruler of the Shang dynasty, Chu I-kuei rebellion, 86–8, 549 104–5 Chou era (1045–256 bce), 2 Chu I-tsun (, 581–2, 602

glossary–index 789

Chu imperial family of the Ming Chuang-mu (Strong and dynasty, 4–5, 554, 559 Respectful), see Kuan Yu¨ Chu Kuo-chen , 608–9 Chuang-tzu (The Chuang-tzu), 497, Chu Kuo-chih , 34 543 Chu Shun-shui , 238–9 chuang-yuan¨ (top-ranked degree Chu tzu ch’uan¨ shu holder in each metropolitan (Comprehensive compendium of Master examination), 630 Chu’s sayings and writings), 597 Chueh-lo¨ branch of the imperial Chu Yuan¨ , 462 lineage, 71 Chu Yuan-chang¨ (Ming Chueh-lo¨ lang-kan , 618 emperor, r. 1368–98), 17 Chugoku¯ ben (J. “Disputations on chu-ch’ih (temple manager), 446 the Central Realm”), 237–8 chu-ching (primacy of showing Chugoku¯ ronshu¯ (J. “Collected respect), 466 arguments about the Central chu-ju (the “various Confucians”), Realm”), 237–8 483, 537 Chun Hae-jong , 153 chu-tsai (directing power), 486 Chun-chi-ch’u¨ , see Grand Council Ch’u¨ Shih-ssu !, 330 Chun-chi¨ ta-ch’en , see grand Ch’u¨ Ta-chun¨ , 613, 623–5, councilor 629 Chun-chi¨ chang-ching , see Ch’u tz’u (Songs of Ch’u), 525 Grand Council clerk chu-jen¨ (provincial degree, and chun-tzu¨ (noble man, honored men, degree holders), 472, 559, 663 gentlemen), 500, 537, 589 chu-ju¨ (obstinate Confucians), Ch’un-ch’iu (Spring and autumn 537 annals), 502–3, 537 chua (lord), 202 Ch’un-shu chih-yao (Selections chuan-hang (exclusive guild), 283 on the essentials of rulership,J.Gunsho chuan-yen (specialized modes of chiyo¯), 261 speaking), 523–4 Ch’un-yang kung (Palace of chuan¨ (chapters, slim volumes), 183 Purified Yang), 452, 453 chuan-chu¨ (contributions), 653 chung (Chinese; central), 393 chuan-na¨ (direct purchase of chung (loyalty to one’s dynasty), offices), 653 617–18 ch’uan hsi lu (records of Chung Hsing , 629 traditions about practices), 503 chung i (loyalty and righteousness), Ch’uan-chen¨ , 416–17, 436–43 578, 617 Ch’uan-chou¨ , 85, 103, 105 Chung-i (Loyal and Righteous), see ch’uan-hui¨ (completely destroy), Kuan Yu¨ 609 chung kuo (the central country), Chuang Ta-t’ien , 107–8 387, 468, 548, 560, 568 Chuang T’ing-lung , 608–9, chung tao (The Middle Way), 612 612, 614, 635 chung t’u (middle land), 389 Chuang Yu-kung , 662 chung’in (lower-ranked [Korean] Chuang tzu , 497, 537, 539 officials), 174–6, 184, 189–91, 195–6

790 glossary–index

Chung-kuo (Middle Kingdom) K. 547–8; in Tokugawa Japan, 254–63; Chungguk, 147 in Vietnam, 218–19, 231, 232. Chung-ni (Confucius), 473, 547 See also Analects; Ch’eng-Chu learning; Chung-yin , 620 Chu Hsi; Lu Hsiang-shan; Sung Chung-yung , see Doctrine of the mean learning; Wang Yang-ming ch’ung (thoroughfare), 57 Confucians (ju ), 463, 468, 471, Ch’ung-chen era (1628–44), 493–4, 495, 500, 510, 595 608–9 Confucius (, on “broad learning”, Ch’ung-chen emperor, 168, 329, 528n, 557, 567; Catholics on ritual 375, 378 veneration of, 344, 348; on learning Ch’ung-chen li-shu (Calendrical and practicing, 460, 501, 502–3, treatises of the Ch’ung-chen reign), 568–9;onmusic,557;and 382–3 transmission of classical texts, 547;on Ch’ung-hsiu An-hui t’ung chih “unity threading”, 536. See also (Revised comprehensive gazetteer of Analects; Great Learning Anhwei), 35 Confucius Sinarum philosophus, 346 Ch’ung-te era (1637–43), 138, congou (kung-fu ) tea, 289 159 Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, see Chunggang River [Ch. Propaganda Chung-chiang], 178 conquest elites, 9–10 circuit intendant (tao-t’ai ), 55 Consoo (kung-so ) Fund, or “guild city god, see ch’eng-huang hall” fund, 310 civil service, see governors of provinces; consular relations, see diplomatic and Grand Council; Li-fan-yuan¨ ; consular relations provincial administration Copernicus, Nicolaus, 394–5, 522 Classic on being filial (Hsiao ching & ), copper, as coinage and cash, 217, 224, 259–61 298, 545; mining of, 221; trade in, clergy, see Jesuits; missionaries; Roman 214–15, 234–6, 277 Caholic Church; tao-shih;Taoism corvee´ labor, 84, 91, 216, 423 cohong (kung-hang , publicly Council of Ministers (Tib. bka-shags), controlled merchant firms), 307 131 coins and currency, 217, 221, 224 “country trade”, 293, 295, 310, 311–12, commerce, see trade 327 commoners, 652–3, 681. See also county (hsien ), 56, 552, 649 chin-min, heimin, juˇsen Couplet, Philippe, 342, 346 companies (niru,Ch.tso-ling ) Court of Colonial Affairs, see Li-fan yuan¨ [Manchu and Mongol military units], Court of Imperial Sacrifices (T’ai-ch’ang 118 ssu), 418 Confucianism, 1680s debate on, 592–9; Court of Judicial Review (Ta-li ssu), Buddhist and Taoist accretions, 139 455–6, 499; and Ch’ien-lung Cruz, Gaspar da, 201 emperor, 615–16, 644–6; Crystal rosary, 125 compatibility with Christian cults, 205, 213, 218, 421, 422, 444–7, principles, 332–3; in Sung era, 449–50, 452–3

glossary–index 791

Cult of the Holy Mothers, 218 Directorate of Education (Kuo-tzu chien cultural practice (wen ), 557 ), 694 disaster relief, 669 Daghur Mongols, 134 discourses on learning (chiang hsueh¨ Dai Mei ritsurei yakugi " ), 462, 483, 496 (J. Translation of the Great Ming code), “dispatching heavenly taxes”, 445 249–50 doctors, lack of certiﬁcation and Dai Nam (Great South), 197 regulation, 398–9; medical learning, Dai Viet, Chinese immigrants, 212; 400–1; patient–physician relations, debasement of currency, 221, 224;as 407–11; practitioner hierarchy, divided realm, 201–2, 204–5; early 401–3 history, 198–201; Nguyen regime, Doctrine of the mean (Chung-yung ), 210–19, 222–5; Nguyen–Trinh 501, 504, 538 rivalry, 200–10; religion, 218–19; Dolon Nor Convention, 128 role of literati, 221–2; socioeconomic Dominicans, 300, 332, 334, 336–7, strains, 219, 226; Tay-son revolt, 340–1, 364 224–6; trade and commerce, 207–8, Dong-Kinh (Tonkin, Ch. 209, 211, 214–15, 217; tributary Tung-ching), 197 status, 10–11, 217; Trinh regime, Dong-Kinh scholars, 200, 205, 229, 215, 217–22. See also Dong-Khin; 230, 232 Thuan-Quang Dorbet¨ (Dorbed)¨ Mongols, 132 Daigaku wakumon (J. Questions Dorgon (To-erh-kun), 26, on the Great learning), 236 27–47, 329–30 daimyo (regional ruler, J. daimyo¯ ), drought, see famine relief 249 drugs, see opium Dalai Lama, 117, 125, 126–7, 130 Duke of Chou (Chou kung ), 499, Dang Ngoai (The Outer Realm), 206 502 Dang Trong (The Inner Realm), 206 Dutch East India Company, 267–73, Danish East India Company, 284 284, 291–3, 311 Dao Noi (Inner Religion), 218 Dutch learning, 240 Dartsedo, 46 dynastic histories, Ch’ing dynasty, 34; Dawachi (r. 1753–5), 132–3 Ming dynasty, 172, 574, 579–89, Dayan Khan (r. 1480?–1517?), 117 635–7; Sung dynasty, 595 Dazai Shundai , 246, 247, dynasty, as concept, 1–2 256, 259–61 Dzunghar Mongols, 117, 118, 124, De bello Tartarico in Sinis historia, 126–7, 130–4. See also Galdan 346 Dge-lugs-pa sect, 117 earth god (t’u-ti kung), 435 dike maintenance, 52–4, 56, 65, 66, earthquakes, 334, 381 660, 667 East India Company (British), 275, 290, dinh (military garrison), 212, 213 291–3, 294, 296, 303, 309, 312, 315 diplomatic and consular relations, East India Company (Danish), 284 316–18, 349. See also tribute East India Company (Dutch), see Dutch embassies East India Company

792 glossary–index

East India Company (Swedish), 284 European learning, see calendars and Eastern Peak deity, 415 calendrical learning; Western learning Edict of Toleration, 343, 358 evidential learning (k’ao ching hsueh),¨ Edo , 239, 245–6 applied to calendrical matters, 385, education commissioners, 632, 685, 390, 391–7; applied to classical texts, 686, 693–4, 695 258, 262, 532–3, 591; defined, efu (Man. imperial son-in-law), 140–1 513–14; Fang I-chih on, 516; Japan, Eight Banner system, 119–20 258; in Korea, 194; and use of history eight-bundle trade, 179–80 as evidence, 553, 556; Vietnam, eight-legged essays (pa-ku wen), 540 examinations, 222 elites, conquest elites, 9–10; elite and non-elite Taoists, 425–9; examination fa (methods, [Taoist] exorcistic elites, 9–10. See also local elites ritual), 383–4, 429–30 embassies, see tribute embassies fa-kuan (ritual official), 419, 431 empire, as concept, 2–6 fa-p’ai (Taoist clergy lineage), 416 enshrinement of local worthies, 683–91; fa-shih (ritual master, vernacular Ch’ien-lung reign, 687, 689; priest), 429–30 K’ang-hsi reign, 685–6; Ming period, Fabre-Bonjour, Guillaume, 354–5 683; nineteenth century, 689–91; Fairbank, John K., 153–4 numbers and regional distribution, famines and famine relief, 68, 651, 652, 688–91; Yung-cheng reign, 653, 657, 659, 662–3, 668, 677, 686–7 677n English East India Company, see East fan (outer or foreign territories), India Company (British) 123–4 Enryakuji Temple -, 235–6 fan (troublesome), 57 envoys, Jesuits as, 349, 350. See also Fan Shao-tso , 357–8 diplomatic and consular relations; Fan Wen-ch’eng , 26 tribute embassies fan-t’un (aborigine military Erdeni-yin Tobˇci (Man. Precious summary), colony), 99 125 Fang Chung-t’ung , 522 Erh-ch’en chuan (Biographies of Fang I-chih , biographical and twice-serving ministers), 646–7 overview, 478, 489, 515–29, 572;on Erh-hsien an (Abbey of the Two broad learning, 526–8;on Immortals), 449 evidenced-based knowledge, 516–27; Erke Khonggor Eje, 122 influence, 528–9; on things (wu), Esen Khan (r. 1438–54), 11, 117 516–24; on words (yen), 523–7 L’estat présent de la Chine en figures, Fang Kuang-ch’eng , 67–8 346–7 Fang Pao , 46 Eternal Mother, 456 fang-wu (local products), 154 ethnicity, anti-Manchu sentiment, 169, fang-yin (local pronunciation), 646; censorship of references to, 606, 544 612, 614, 627, 641, 646 “fathoming the coherence” (ch’iung li), eunuchs, 231, 329, 419, 475, 615, 464, 495, 496 692–3, 694 Fei Ch’un , 667

glossary–index 793

fei-i (eradicating physicians), 409 Fu-an , 300, 351, 364 female alchemy (nu-tan¨ "), 455–6 fu-chi (spirit-writing), 451–5 fen (resentment, indignation), 569 Fu-de , 61 Fen River, 52 Fu-heng , 69, 694 Fen shu (A book to be burned), 646 Fu-k’ang-an , 108, 626 fen-t’an (branch altars), 453 Fu-k’o chung-sheng (Guidelines Feng Ch’uan¨ , 574 of gynecology), 404 Feng Fang , 259–61 fu-luan (spirit-writing), 451–5 feng-chien (enfeofment, feudal), 614 Fu-p’eng , 67 Feng-shan county , 82, 83, 86–8, Fu-shun , 150 92, 104–5, 107–8 Fu-sung , 73, 75tab Feng-t’ien , 676tab Fujiwara Seika , 241 Feng-yang , 20–1 Fukien province, 18, 668, 676tab feudal, see feng-chien fief, see feng-chien Galdan, 118, 124, 125, 126–8, 130 figurism, 355 Galdantsering (r. 1727–45), 132 filial behavior (hsiao), 249, 352, 574, Gali , 46 631 Galilei, Galileo, 375 fines (of officials), 74–5 Gama, Luis da, 337 fire, 520 garrison commanders (tsung ping), fire god temples (huo-shen miao), 421, 19–21, 625–6 422 garrisons, Manchuria, 112–15; fiscal resources, decline in, 651–2 provincial, 31–2, 39;Taiwan,79–80, Five Classics (Wu ching ), 232 109; Vietnam, 206–7, 212, 213 Five Dynasties (907–60), 259, 261 Gaubil, Antoine, 362 Five Elements (Fire, Water, Metal, gazetteers (chih), censorship of local Wood, Earth) (wu hsing ), 520 gazetteers, 623–5, 691–9; chih as Fiyanggu,¯ 130 genre, 6; inclusion of tributary states Flint, James, 305–6 in, 11, 111; Ta Ch’ing i-tung chih, 6, Fo-shan (Fou-shan) , 677 590–1 Fontaney, Jean de, 342 George iii, 322–3 Foochow (Fu-chou), 20–1 Gerbillon, Jean-François, 342, 353–4 Foucquet, Jean-François, 355 Ghorlos Mongols, 120 Four Books (Ssu shu ), 232, 260, ghosts, 421, 422, 524 346, 464, 497, 503, 506, 513, 560, Gia-Dinh, 197–8, 212–13, 222–3, 592 227–32 France, see French Jesuit mission Gia-long (r. 1802–19), 197–8, 226–7. Franciscans, 314, 332, 334, 336–7, See also Gia-long era (1802–19); 340–1, 344–5, 365 Nguyen Anh French Jesuit mission, 342, 345, 346–7 Gia-long code, 230 fu (prefecture), 7–8, 649 Gia-long era (1802–19), adoption of fu (poetic exposition), 577 Ch’ing styles and forms, 229–30, Fu Chin-ch’uan¨ , 454–5 232–3; adoption of reign name, Fu Shan , 575–6 197–8; and Confucianism, 232;

794 glossary–index

Gia-long era (cont.) Great Hall of Light (Ta-kuang-ming tien), creation, 197, 226–7; disjunction 419 with past, 226–7; ethnic groups Great learning (Ta-hsueh¨ ), 254, under, 227–8; fiscal conditions, 230; 259–61, 464, 470, 510, 568–9, and literati, 227, 228, 229–30, 613 232–3; role of Minh Huong, 226–9, Great Wall , 354–5 231; uprisings and revolts against, Green Standard soldiers, 80, 107, 134 231–2 Grimaldi, Claudio Filippo, 340 Go-Hoj¯ o¯ % family, 257–9 gucu (Man. Jurchen gold exports, 293 companions-in-arms), 115 Golovkin, Russian ambassador, 325 guilds, see merchant guilds Gouvea, Alexandre de, 317 gunpowder, 78, 184, 274 governor-general (tsung-tu ), 18, Guüshi¨ Khan (r. 1636–56), 130–4 19n, 19–21, 29, 36 governors of provinces (hsun-fu¨ ), Ha-Tien, 223 accusations of malfeasance against, hai nei (within the seas), 7 45–7; as activists, 51–4, 63–8; Hai-ch’ang , 469 appointment of Grand Council clerks Hai-ch’eng , 614, 621, 647 as, 68–70; appointment of local Hai-ch’eng city, 266–7, 275 officials by, 54–8; appointment of Hai-hsi Jurchens, 112–17 Manchus as, 70–2; appointments by Hai-nan island, 676tab Yung-cheng emperor, 47–58; early Hai-ning # (d. 1790), 70 appointments and locations, 19–25; Hai-ning # city, 462 fines paid by, 74–5; growing power of, Hakata , 236 18, 42; location,; roles of, 16; stages of Hakka " (Ch. K’o-chia), 88, 92, development, Ch’ing period, 18–19 104–5, 434–5 Goyer, Pieter de, 268 Hallerstein, August, 191 Gozandera - (J. Five Mountains Hami, 132, 134–5 temples), 236 Han dynasty (206 bce–220), 4–5 granary system, 66–7, 668, 670 Han Chinese in Taiwan, expanding Grand Canal (Yun¨ ho ), 41, 42, settlement, 95–105; inter-community 660 conflict, 102–5, 109; Lin Shuang-wen grand co-ordinator (hsun-fu¨ ), in rebellion, 105–8; relations with Ming era, 17–18 plains aborigines, 95–105 Grand Council (Chun-chi-ch’u¨ ), Han jen chih tao (ways of Han 19, 63, 68–70, 364 people), 8 Grand Council clerks (Chun-chi¨ Han learning (Han hsueh¨ ), 262 chang-ching ), 68–70, 76 Han Nhan (civilized people, Ch. Han-jen grand councilors (Chun-chi¨ ta-ch’en ), 227–8 ), 19, 62 Han River (Korea), 146 Grand Secretariat (Nei-ko ), 36, 52, Han Shih-ch’i , 35 68 Han shu (Han History), 552 grand secretary (ta-hsueh-shih¨ ), Han T’an , 349 302, 574, 586, 590, 592, 597, 656 Han Yu¨ , 548

glossary–index 795

Han-chun¨ bannermen, 9–10, Ho Yu-ch’eng¨ , 626 19–21, 26, 27, 33, 34–5, 39–40, 41, Ho-lan (Holland), 268. See also 48, 51, 574 Dutch East India Company Han-chung , 39 ho-ping (river troops), 54 Han-k’o $, 608 Ho-shen , 72–3, 106, 296, 309, Han-san kung (Palace 313 Encompassing the Three), 453 Ho-tung ho-tao tsung-tu Hangchow (Hang-chou), 343, (governor-general for the Yellow 352, 427–8, 431–2, 435, 456 River and Grand Canal), 61 Hankow %, 456, 650 Hoeryongˇ #, 178 Hanlin Academy, 60, 515, 574, Hoi-An (Faifo), 205, 207–8, 211, 222, 577, 581, 587, 592–4 224, 231 Hanoi, see Thang-Long Holland (Ho-lan), 268. See also Dutch hao hsueh¨ (fond of learning), East India Company 541 Holy See, and Chinese rites controversy, Hao Yu-lin¨ " , 92, 93, 98, 99 337, 340, 344, 347, 359–60, 365; Hayashi Gaho¯ , 255 establishes ecclesiastical hierarchy for Hayashi Nobuatsu , 236–7 China, 344; Jesuits as K’ang-hsi-C Hayashi Razan , 236–7, envoys to, 349, 350; papal legations 241 from, 285. 2, 349–50, 359–60. See heart, see hsin; originating heart also Jesuits; missionaries; popes; Heaven (T’ien ), 2, 494 Propaganda; Roman Catholic Church Heaven and Earth Society (T’ien-ti hui Honan province, 20, 676tab, 691, ), 106–7, 109 697 Heian period (794–1185), 257–9 Honan t’ung-chih (Gazetteer of Heilungkiang, see Amur River Honan province), 697 heimin (J. commoners), 237 honcho¯ (J. our ruling dynasty), 237 Heng-ch’un , 108 hong (hang ) merchant firms, 288, Heng-wen , 72–3 290, 292, 296, 306–7, 308–10, 313, Heng-yang , 559 327. See also chuan-hang Hetu Ala, 150 Hong Kong , 457 Hickey, William, 308 Hong Tae-yong , 188–9, 191, Hiei, Mount , 235–6 192–3 Histoire générale de la Chine, 362–4 Hong-duc era (1470–97), 200, 201, Hmong (Miao), 202 204, 216 Ho Ch’ang-ling , 701 Hongtayiji [Mon. title of supreme Oirat Ho Cho , 643 leader], 132–3 Ho Chun-hsi¨ , 190–1 Hoorn, Pieter van, 270 Ho Fa-sheng , 543 Hopei province, 370, 505 Ho Kuo-tsung , 397 hoppo, maritime customs Ho Quy Ly (r. 1400–6), 199, 202 superintendent, 274 “Ho t’u” (“Array from the Yellow hordes (Kaz. juz¨ ), 130 River”), 535, 603 Horikawa River, 241–2 HoWonˇ , 190 horse markets, 114

796 glossary–index

Hou Fang-yu¨ , 630 Hsiang-ning #, 51 hou-hsuan¨ jen-yuan¨ (officials Hsiang-shan , 301–2 awaiting appointment), 682 Hsiao ching & (Classic on being filial,J. Hou-t’ung River &, 166 Koky¯ o¯), 259–61 Howqua , heads of merchant family Hsiao ching Cheng chu & (Cheng’s named Wu !, 288 commentary for the Classic on being filial, hsi (the West, Western), 383 J. Kokyo¯ Seichu¯), 261 hsi (bind, connect, attach or suspend, Hsiao ching yen-i & (Extended according to context), 504 meanings of the Classic on being filial), hsi or hsi hsing (practice, or to 574 do things), 499, 502, 503, 505, 507, Hsiao-shan , 693 509, 514 Hsiao-shan shih ch’u kao “Hsi tz’u chuan” (“Commentary (First collection of Hsiao-shan poetry), on the attached verbalizations”; the 638 “Great commentary” of the Book of hsiao-tzu & (filial sons), 653 change), 517 Hsieh Chi-shih , 613 hsi-fa (Western methods), 378 Hsieh Liang-tso , 567 hsi-hsuan¨ (selected in the west), Hsieh Ling-yun¨ , 555 40 hsieh shuo # (deviant theories), 537 hsi-hsueh¨ chung-yuan¨ (Chinese hsien (county), 7–8, 552, 649 origins of Western learning), 192–3, Hsien-feng reign (1851–61), 388 689 hsi-jen (Westerners), 387 hsien-hsien tz’u (shrine for former Hsi-leng hsien yung (Odes to the worthies), 683 immortals of West Cooling), 455 Hsien-t’ien tao (The Prior Way Hsi-ning #, 361 to Heaven), 455–7 Hsi-tsang , 676tab hsin (heart, mind), and calendrical Hsi-yang hsin-fa li-shu learning, 385;Ch’enCh’ueh¨ on, 462; (Calendrical treatises in accordance with Fang I-chih on, 516–17, 518, 520–1, the new Western methods), 382–3 523; Huang Tsung-hsi on, 485–6, hsia (bring down), 405 489–90; and human nature, 484;and Hsia dynasty, 544 illness prevention, 410;KuYen-wu Hsia-i , 619 on, 538, 541; late Ming emphasis on, Hsia-men , see Amoy 458, 470, 472–4, 595; as locus of hsiang (figure), 504, 535 memory, 612; Wang Fu-chih on, 566; hsiang (township), 231, 552 Wang Yang-ming on, 458, 460–1, Hsiang Hsiu , 543 473–4, 487, 493, 534, 562, 595. See Hsiang Yu¨ , 567 also innate knowing of moral good; hsiang-hsien (local worthies), 684n originating heart; Sun Ch’i-feng hsiang-hsien tz’u (shrine for local hsin (renewal), 496 worthies), 683 hsin ch’uan (transmission of mind), hsiang-hsien tz’u chih chih 538 (system for establishment of shrines hsin hsueh¨ (learning based on one’s for local worthies), 684n heart), 490, 538, 582, 594

glossary–index 797

Hsin T’ang shu (New T’ang hsu-ling¨ (immaterial intelligence), history), 551 486 hsin-fa (new methods), 378, 379, hsu-ming¨ (abstract term), 508 381, 382–3 hsu-pan¨ (attendant ofﬁcials), 180 Hsin-fa li-shu (Calendrical hsu-tzu¨ (abstract word), 509 treatises in accordance with the new hsuan¨ (dark, mysterious), 535 methods), 382–3 hsuan¨ chi yuheng¨ (topic for Hsin-kuang , 630 1679 examination), 577 hsin-p’ai (trading credentials, J. Hsuan-fu¨ , 18, 21, 24 shinpai), 234 Hsuan-miao¨ kuan (Hsuan-miao¨ hsin-t’i (the mind-in-itself), Monastery), 439, 445 601 Hsuan-t’ien¨ shang-ti hsing (acting; actions), 464 (Supreme Emperor of the Dark hsing (human nature), 467, 473, 485, Heaven), 417 487–8, 652–9 Hsuan-tsung¨ , or Emperor Ming hsing chung-shu sheng (branch (r. 713–755), 544 secretariat, in Yuan),¨ 17–18 hsueh¨ (learn, learning), 460, 467, hsing erh shang (the realm “above 475, 496, 501–3, 569 forms”), 563 Hsueh¨ Chi , 615 Hsing li ta-ch’uan¨ Hsueh¨ Hsuan¨ , 404, 491 (Compendium of teachings on human “Hsueh¨ she lu” (“Record of nature and coherence), 599 learning archery”), 508 Hsing-pu , see Ministry of hsueh-an¨ (source book), 470 Justice Hsun¨ Tzu , 548 Hsiung Hsueh-p’eng¨ , 692 hsun-an¨ yu-shih¨ (regional hsu¨ (empty; emptiness), 535 inspector), 32, 46, 684 hsuch’i¨ (vacuous particles), 522 hsun-fu¨ (in Ming era, grand HsuCh’ao¨ , 45 co-ordinator, 17–18, 21, 31–2, 36. Hsu¨ Chen-chun¨ (The Perfected See also governors of provinces Lord Hsu),¨ 417, 447 Hu An-kuo , 232 HsuChi¨ , 621 Hu Chu-jen¨ ', 491 Hsu¨ Ch’ien-hsueh¨ , 587, Hu Wei , 591, 603 589–91 Hu-chou , 453 HsuHs¨ un¨ , 447 Hu-kuang province, in Ming era, HsuHs¨ un¨ , 417, 447 18 Hsu¨ Kuang-ch’i , 375, 377 Hu-pu , see Ministry of Revenue Hsu¨ Shen (Shu-chung ), hua (civilized, Chinese), 616 546 Hua i kuan (“Han versus Hsu¨ Ta-ch’un , 407, 409 barbarian”), 646 Hsu¨ Tsuan-tseng (Basil), Hua-an-shan , 478 345–6 Hua-Hsia [an ancient term for the HsuY¨ uan-wen¨ , 574–7, 582, inner states], 124 585 Hua-shan (Shensi), 52 Hsu,¨ Candida, 345–6 Hua-yin , 52

798 glossary–index

Huai-nan tzu , 525 Hue, 214, 229 Huai-yang , 18 hui kuo tzu hsin (“repenting Huang Ch’ing chih-kung t’u transgressions, renew oneself”), 495 (Arrays showing the tributary functions to Hui-chou , 85 our imperial Ch’ing), 163 hui-hui (Muslim), 388 Huang Ch’ing ching-chieh Hui-t’ung kuan (College of (Explanations of the classics from the Interpreters), 180, 188 Ch’ing), 638 hui-ya (collective Huang K’an , 255, 258 recommendation), 36 Huang Shih-chien 4 , 107 Hunan province, 559, 669, Huang shu (Book about yellow), 560 676tab, 700 Huang T’ai-chi, see Hung Taiji Hundred Yueh,¨ see Bach Viet Huang Tsung-hsi , avoids Hung Ch’eng-ch’ou , 608 scholars’ recruitment examination, Hung Taiji (r. 1627–43; Mon. 575, 577; biographical overview, Sechen Khan, Man. Sure Han), 111, 332–3, 469–90, 572, 590, 640;and 117, 118–19, 125, 146, 151–3, 156 Book of documents, 604; censorship of, Hung Yeh , 641 648; on coherence–matter Hung-chih $ reign (1488–1505), relationship, 483–6;ascompilerof 684n Ming texts, 480–2; criticism of Sun Hung-kuang $ era (1644–5), 608–9 Ch’i-feng by, 474; on human hung-p’iao , see Red manifesto nature–moral action relationship, Hung-wen yuan¨ (Office for the 487–90; involvement in Ming Advancement of Literature), 330, restoration, 476–8;onMing 331–2 Confucian learning, 481–90;on Hung-yang chiao $ (Vast Yang moral knowing, 487–90; as protector Teaching), 456 of Liu’s legacy, 469–90; publication of huo (fire), 520 Ming ju hsueh¨ an, 600–1;roleinMing huo-chu¨ tao-shih [monks who history project, 585; support for were married and lived at home], Wang Yang-ming’s teaching, 594–5; 423, 430 views on rule and political power, huo-shen miao (fire god temples), 478–80 421, 422 Huang T’u-an , 26 Hupei province, 663–4, 670, Huang yuch’¨ uan¨ lan t’u 676tab (Comprehensive maps of the imperial hwawon (painters), 174 realm), 162, 354–5 Hyojong & (r. 1649–59), 165–7 Huang Yuan-y¨ u¨ , 406–7 Huang-ch’ao ching-shih wen-pien i (other), 640 (Writings on ordering the world i (intention, moral intention), 471, in our dynasty), 64 488, 562 Huang-chu-p’u , 477 i (J. i, barbarian, outsider, huang-ti (emperor), 2–3, 4, 5, 7 non-Chinese), 237, 616 Huang-ti nei-ching (Yellow i (epidemics), 406 Emperor’s inner canon), 252–4 i (corvee),´ 406. See also corvee´ labor

glossary–index 799

Ianruigo (J. Words classified Ikai Keisho , 249 for medical cases), 245 ilgwan (astronomers), 174 I ching , see Book of change Ili, 134, 367, 369 i hsi-yang hsin-fa imperial family, employment in (according to new Western methods), government, 552–5 379, 381, 382–3 Imperial Household Department Ihsueh¨ hsiang shu (Figures and (Nei-wu fu #), 51, 418, 419 numbers in studies on the Change), 478 imperial residents, see amban ikosh¯ o¯ gaku (J. medical inculturation, as a missionary strategy, philology), 253–4 336–7, 340–1, 349, 360 i kuan (unity threading [through India, see Bengal the teachings of Confucius]), 536 Injo ' (r. 1595–1649), 146, 151, ili (unitary coherence), 536 152–3, 170–2 Ipeni (Basic meanings of the Book innate knowing of moral good, 461, of change), 599 463, 466, 487, 493, 495, 512, 529, Ishih (A history of physicians), 539, 541, 560, 593–4, 595. See also 251–2 chih liang chih I t’u ming pien (Clarification of inner alchemy, see nei-tan the arrays in the Book of change), 603 Inner Asia, Ch’ing expansion and i-an (case history), 403 tutelage, 117–30, 142–3; submission I-chou (Chihli), 51 of Khalkhas and Oirats, 124–30. See i-fu (righteous men), 653 also Mongolia; Sinkiang; Tibet i-hsu¨ $ (honorific award of rank and Inner Mongol leagues (meng ), 128–30 title), 671–2. See also rank and title Inner Mongolia , leagues and rewards banners in, 119–23. See also Mongolia i-hua (medical discourses), 403 inquisitions, see literary inquisitions i-li (meanings and principles), 51 intercalary months, 376–7 i-lun (medical discussions), 403 interpreters, 175–6, 179–83, 184, 185 i-min (non-collaborator), Intorcetta, Prospero, 343–4 individual cases, 461, 462, 472, 478, ItoJinsai¯ ', 241–2, 248, 511, 528, 578, 628;asterm,459–60 251–2, 254 i-min (righteous commoners), 653 ItoT¯ ogai¯ , 241–2, 254 i-ti (barbarians), 606 i-ting chih li (certain, regular Jade Emperor, 435, 445, 452 pattern), 566 Jalayit Mongols, 120 i-tsui-yin (money payments in Jao Modo, 130 righteous recognition of guilt), 74 Japan , adoption of Ming–Ch’ing i-t’ung (integrated domain), 6 law, 249–51; assessments of Manchu I-t’ung chih (Gazetteer of the conquest, 236–9; Chinese classical integrated domain), 542 learning, 240–9; and Chosonˇ Korea, i-wen chih (comprehensive 239; classical scholars, 237;and bibliographical chapters), 582 European astronomy, 339; medical igakkan (J. official medical learning and practice, 251–4; school), 242 relations with Ming dynasty, 234;

800 glossary–index

Japan , adoption (cont.) joji (J. “connectives”), 242 sinophobia and Japanese nativism, Josutu League, 120 238, 247–9; superiority to Ch’ing Jou-yuan¨ ssu (Bureau for Cherishing China, 239–40; trade, 234–5; Those Who Come from Distant tributary status, 11, 235–6. See also Places), 137 Chinese classical learning in ju (Confucians; classical scholars), Tokugawa Japan 463, 468, 471, 493–4, 495, 500, Jartoux, Pierre, 354–5 510, 595 Jarut Mongols, 120 ju lin (Confucians, as a group; jasagh [Mon. local hereditary rulers], biographies of Confucians), 595, 122–3, 124, 128–30 602 Jasaghtu Khan, 125–7 ju-i (Confucian physician), je (fever), 405 401 je-ping (heat-factor disorders), Ju-tsang (Confucian collection), 253–4 620 Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu [title of Juan Yuan¨ , 188, 258, 391, 396, Buddhist authority among Khalka], 638, 644 127–8, 140 Jung Ying , 631 Jehol, see Ch’eng-te Jurchens , and Chosonˇ collection); jen lun (relationships between classes among, 112–17; Nurhaci’s humans), 508 polity, 116–17, 147, 149–51;trade Jerim League, 120 permits, 114, 142–3. See also Later Jesuits, at Ch’ing court, 187, 342, Chin dynasty 362–3; and conversion of the jurisprudence, 249. See also legal codes emperor, 331, 355, 374–9;and juˇsen (Man. commoners, Jurchen people), European scientiﬁc knowledge, 187, 116 189–91, 279; French Jesuit mission, jusha (J. classical scholars, 342, 345, 346–7; as K’ang-hsi envoys Confucians), 237 to Pope, 349, 350; Macao and, 267, Juu Uda League, 120 271, 272, 274, 335–6;andmap making, 354–5; mapping ka (J. civilized), 237 assignments, 354–5; role in calendar Ka i hentai (J. Reversal of reform, 335, 338–9, 374–9, 382;and civilized and barbarian), 237 suppression of Society of Jesus, 366; Kado , 151 Yang Kuang-hsien’s attack on, Kaesongˇ , 180 380–2, 383–4. See also Chinese rites k’ai-lieh (ranked list), 37–8 controversy; Schall von Bell, Johann Kaifeng , 26 Adam; Verbiest, Ferdinand Kaitokudo¯ , 250 Jih chih lu (Record of knowledge Kalgan (Chang-chia-k’ou %), gained day by day), 533, 535, 538, 122 541, 545–7, 549, 550, 551–2, Kalmyks (Qalmaqs), 125–6 556–8, 601, 602, 638 kalpa, 452 jitsuji (J. concrete, substantial Kamakura period graphs), 242 (1185–1333), 236, 245, 254

glossary–index 801

Kan River, 528 574, 579–89; early administrative Kan-yu¨ county , 631 reforms, 19–25, 29–35; k’an-ho $ (tally trade, J. kango¯), enshrinements during, 685–6; literary 234–5 inquisitions, 607, 608–9, 612, 614; kanbun (J. Han writing), 240, 242, model governors, 43–4; ofﬁcially 243, 244, 245–6, 250 sponsored scholarship, 573–9; kangaku (J. Han learning, post-rebellion administration, 40–5; “sinology”), 245, 253 procedure for appointing governors, Kang Hong-nip $, 150 36–8; relations with Korea, 162–4; kang-ch’ang (Confucian moral role of regents, 29–35, 37; special values), 607 examination for scholars, 573, 576–9; Kang-chien hui tsuan (A succession dispute, 44, 360, 612, 613; compilation on the outline and lessons of Wu San-kuei rebellion, 38–40, 573, history), 642 619 Kang-chien i chih lu (An easy K’ang-hsi tzu tien (K’ang-hsi introduction to the outline and lessons of canon of characters), 599–600 history), 628 K’ang-hsi yung-nien li-fa Kang-shan , 87 (Perpetual calendrical methods of the K’ang Sheng I-lang , K’ang-hsi era), 338–9 434–5 Kanghwa , 152–3 K’ang-hsi emperor (r. kanpo¯ (J. Han prescriptions or 1662–1722), administrative style, 47; medicine), 239–40, 242, 251–2 attitude towards Christianity, 334–6, Kansei era (1789–1801), 262 338, 343–4, 345, 358, 359–60; Kansu province, 20, 31–2, 56, campaign against Dzunghars, 132–4; 134–5, 624, 627, 676tab, 677 Chinese rites controversy and, 348, Kao Shih-shih , 400 349–50; expeditions against Galdan, Kao Tou-kuang %, 26 128, 130; intellectual interests, 12, Kao-chin , 621 353–4, 355–6, 386–9, 592–4; kao-kung (ritual master), 429–30. interest in Manchu homeland by, fa-shih 161–2; post-rebellion administration, K’ao ling yao (“On the divine 40–5; relations with Verbiest, celestial luminaries”), 521 338–41, 386–9; rewarding local k’ao-cheng (evidential studies), 385, elites, 659; sponsorship of Ming 556, 589, 591 history, 574–7; sponsorship of k’ao cheng hsueh¨ / ,ork’ao chu¨ scholarly projects, 573, 574–7, 587, hsueh¨ (evidential or evidenced 597, 599–600; summons scholars to learning), 513–14, 516. See also recruitment examination, 573, 577; evidential learning support for Chu His’s teaching, 497, k’ao-chi chiang-hsu¨ $ (evaluation 511, 592–9; Three Feudatories of achievements and encouragement rebellion and, 38–40; treatment of and appointment), 675 Korea by, 162–3 Karachin Mongols, 120 K’ang-hsi era (1662–1722), karun (Man. military post), 142 compilation of Ming dynasty history, Kashgharia, 134–5

802 glossary–index

kashi honya (J. lending Kiyohara family, 254 libraries), 245 ko (investigate), 496 Katsuda Tomosato , 250 ko wu (investigating things; for Kazakhs, 130, 135–7 Chu Hsi, investigating or going out K’e Ch’in , 406–7 to experience things; for Wang Ke-Cho, 209, 218 Yang-ming, rectifying or keeping Keng Chi-mao , 267 external phenomena from impinging), Keng Ching-chung , 43–4 464, 467, 473, 501, 568–9 Keng-ch’en ch’un ou yin ko-wu ch’iung-li (the (Accidental chants in the spring of 1640), investigation of things so as to fathom 642 the Principle), 385 Kepler, Johannes, 375, 394–5 k’o-i (liturgy), 429–30 Kerulen River, 130 Kobdo, 142 Kesigten Mongols, 120 Kobun kokyo¯ Koshi¯ den & ( Keyser, Jacob de, 268 (J. K’ung’s commentary to the ancient Khalkha Jirum [legal code for Khalkha script version of the Classic on being Mongols], 140 filial), 259 Khalkha Mongols, 120, 125–6, 128–30, kobunji gaku (J. learning 132–3, 140 based on ancient texts), 256 khan [title, Ch. han], 5 Koch¯ o¯ ishi (J. History of khanates, 126, 134 physicians in our era), 251–2 Khiakhta, 142 kochu¯ (J. ancient commentaries), Khoqand, 134–5 256 Khorchin Mongols, 120 Kokoku¯ meii den (J. Khoshut Mongols, 117, 131, 132 Biographies of famous physicians of our Khoyd Mongols, 132–3 august country), 251–2 Khubilai, 5 Koffler, Andreas, 330 Khutukhtu, see Jebtsundamba Khutukhtu kogaku (J. ancient learning), 254 Kiangsi province, 20, 39–40, 447, Kogido¯ (J. Way of ancient 621, 626, 647, 661, 664, 667, meanings [Academy]), 241–2 676tab, 677, 690, 691, 696tab Kogler,¨ Ignatius, 191 Kiangsu province, 33, 46, 664, koiho¯ (J. ancient medical 676tab, 690, 691, 696tab prescriptions), 251–2, 253 Kibi no Makibi , 257–9 Kojiki den (J. Commentary on Kim Ch’ang-opˇ , 169–70, the Record of ancient matters), 247, 248 187 Kokonor (Tsinghai), 111–12, 130 Kim Cha-jomˇ , 166 Kokonor Mongols, 125–6 Kim Chi-nam , 175 kokutai (J. sacred polity), 238 Kim Chong-hˇ uiˇ , 258 kongyong unˇ (silver for official Kim Kyong-munˇ , 186 use), 179 Kimon school, 237–8 Korea, anti-Ch’ing sentiment, 165–7, Kimura Kenkado , 260 169, 177, 190; border demarcation, Kinh, 227 161–2; calendars and calendrical Kırgh¨ ız,¨ 118, 134–5 learning, 176, 184–6, 190–1;

glossary–index 803

Ch’eng–Chu learning in, 167, 194; texts, 550–8; on words and historical Chin invasion, 151–3; Chosti’s phonetics, 532, 543–5, 546–7 divided loyalty, 164–73; evidential Ku Ying-t’ai , 635 learning in, 194; exchange of Ku-chin t’u-shu chi-ch’eng # embassies, 157–8, 159, 160, 164;as (Synthesis of past and present arrays and heir to Middle Kingdom, 167–70, writings), 425 191; Japanese invasion of, 148;and Ku-chin wei-shu k’ao # Jurchens, 146, 148–52, 153;and (Examination of ancient and modern K’ang-hsi emperor, 162–3; books with spurious attributions), 640–1 legitimacy of Chosing in, 194; Ku-liang commentary tradition on exchange of embassies, 64.3, 167–70, the Spring and autumn annals, 546 191; Northern Campaign, 165–7; ku-pen (ancient text), 466 Northern learning, 193–5; Ku-shu yin-lou , 454 rectiﬁcation of false records, 170–2; Ku-shu yin-lou tsang-shu trade, 177–84; as tributary state, (Books held at the Ku-shu yin-lou), 454 10–11, 146, 151–60, 164; Western ku-wen (ancient script, J. kobun), learning in, 189–93 259 Koryoˇ dynasty (918–1392), 171 ku-wen (ancient-style prose), 589, koseiha (J. advocates of latter-day 603 [medicine]), 252 kuan (ofﬁcial, governmental, not kowtow (k’o-t’ou ), 146, 153, private), 692 319–21, 324, 325 Kuan county , 442 Koxinga, see Cheng Ch’eng-kung Kuan Fu , 567 ku (antecedent condition; cause), Kuan Yu¨ , 617 496, 527 kuan-t’ang ! (regular state funds), ku (the past), 551 651 Ku Hsien-ch’eng , 472 Kuan-ti , 451 Ku Shao-fei , 530, 530n k’uan . (lenient), 47 Ku Yen-wu , avoids scholars’ Kuang-Chao-Lo circuit recruitment examination, 575;and (Kwangtung), 65 broad learning, 496–7, 545, 556–8; Kuang-ch’eng i-chih (The censorship of, 629, 648; as critic of Kuang-ch’eng ritual system), 442 Chu Hsi, 534–8; as critic of Wang k’uang (wild), 458 Yang-ming, 538–41; on cultural Kui-hsi , 430 heritage, 556–8; on effort-based Kumazawa Banzan , 236, 241 knowledge, 541; on governance and kun’gwan (military attendant), 174 imperial rule, 552–5; on historical K’un-shan , 427–8, 531, 534, geography, 542–3; life, 529–34, 572, 685–6 583; on moral failings, 551;on K’un-yuch’¨ uan-t’u¨ (Complete negative and disordering events, 537, map of the terrestrial globe), 338–9 539, 540; publication of Jih chih lu, kundoku (J. guides to reading), 601, 602, 638;roleinMinghistory 242, 246, 247 project, 584–5; treatment of classical Kund¨ ulen¨ Khan, 118 texts, 542–50; treatment of history Kung Ting-tzu /, 629

804 glossary–index

kung-chu¨ (public bureaus), 679 Kyujanggak (Korean royal Kung-pu , see Ministry of Works library), 183 kung-kuo-ko (ledgers of merit and demerit), 492 Lady Hughes case, 315–16 kung-sheng (tribute students) Lama Office (La-ma yin-wu ch’u¨ [students recommended for the #"), 424–5 Imperial Academy], 621 Lan Ting-yuan¨ , 88–90, 92–3, Kung-yang commentary tradition 96–7, 98 on the Spring and autumn annals, 546 Lang Shih-ning #, see Castiglione, K’ung An-kuo (, 261, 546, 549 Giuseppe K’ung Shang-jen ((, 611, 636 Lao-tzu (The Lao-tzu, Tao-te-ching), K’ung Yu-te (, 23 497, 537, 539, 564 K’ung Yu-hs¨ un¨ (, 279 Later Chin dynasty, founded 1616, k’ung-ko (lacuna, blank space), 625 111, 116, 150–3 kunten (J. punctuation marks), law, see legal codes 249–50 Lazarists, 366 kuo (kingdom, state, dynasty), 2 Lhazang Khan (r. 1703–17), 130, 131 Kuo ch’u jen chuan (Biographies Le dynasty (1428–; restored of men early in our dynasty), 639 1592–1788), 200–1, 203, 204, Kuo Chin-ch’eng , 506–7 209–10, 221, 225, 231 Kuo Hsiang , 543 Le Comte, Louis, 347, 348 Kuo Hsiu , 42–3, 44 Le Duy Luong, 231 Kuo Shih-ch’u¨ , 656–9 Le Duy Mat, 221 Kuo Shih-hsun¨ %, 75tab Le Hien Tong (r. 1498–1504), 200–1 Kuo Wen-liang , 632 Le Loi (r. 1428–33), 199 Kuo Yen-po ), 628 Le Quy Don, 221–2 ,(0ِ Le Than Tong (r. 1619–43, 1649–62 kuo-chia ching-fei yu ch’ang (“State revenues are limited”), 665 209 kuo-feng (government Le Thanh Tong (r. 1460–97), 200–1, canonization), 435 215, 226 Kuo-t’ai , 73 Le Van Duyet, 230, 231 Kwanghae (r. 1608–23), 150 Le Van Khoi, 231 Kwangsi province, 18, 20–1 Le-erh-chin & , 627 Kwangtung province, 18, 20–1, Leagues of Mongol banners, 119–23 676tab Leanqua, 282 Kwansanggam (Royal Bureau of Learning of the Way (Tao hsueh ), Astronomy), 185 513, 595 Kweichow province, 18, 20–1, legal codes, Ch’ing code, 140, 230, 249, 676tab 302, 315; Japan, 249; Ming code, Kyongwonˇ , 178 249–50; Mongolia, 138–40;and kyoji (J. “insubstantial” graphs), treatment of Europeans, 314–16 242 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 347 Kyoto , 237, 241–2, 245–6, Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, 347 248 Lhazang Khan (r.1703–17), 130–4

glossary–index 805

li (coherence; principles; Principle; Li Te-mao [Yi Tong-mu],ˇ 648 pattern; orderliness), and calendrical Li Tsu-po , 333, 334 learning, 383–4, 385, 393, 396, 513; Li T’ung #, 536 as causal entity, 508–9, 520–1, 534, Li Tzu-ch’eng , 26, 329, 330, 537, 566; Chu Hsi’s emphasis on, 531 458, 473, 493, 508–9, 514, 534, Li Wei , 49 615; Wang Fu-chih’s revaluation, Li Wei-chun¨ , 48–51 560–9; fathoming coherence, 464, Li Yin-tu , 578 493, 495, 496; and human nature Li Yu¨ , 629 (hsing), 467, 487–8; learning based Li Yuan¨ , 658–9 on, 458, 464, 466; Li Kung’s critique, Li Yung , 495–7, 576, 577 508–9; and numerical relationships li-fa (calendar methods), 387 (shu), 385, 393, 535; relation between Li-fan yuan¨ [board for particles (ch’i) and, 483–6, 518 governing outer territories], legal li (distance, about 1/3 of a mile), powers, 138–40; main bureaus, 136, 332, 477, 521, 533, 552 137; in Mongolia, 123–4, 135–43; li writing form, 546 overview 8–9; in Sinkiang, 134–5;in li (ritual), 557 Tibet, 131 Li chi , see Book of rites Li-fan yuan¨ tse-li Li Ch’eng-tung , 30 (Regulations of the Li-fan yuan¨ ), 138–9 Li Chih , 539, 567, 629, 645, 648 li-hsing (the calendar mission) K. Li Chih-tsao , 375 yokhaengˇ , 157 Li Chih-ying , 75tab Li-hsing ssu (Bureau of Li Fu , 613 Punishments), 137 Li Hsi-yueh¨ , 454 li-i (ritual and righteousness), 163, Li hsiang k’ao ch’eng (Thorough 171 investigations of astronomical phenomena), Li-k’o shih-shu (Summaries of 191 routine memorials related to the Office of li hsueh¨ (tradition of learning based Scrutiny for Personnel), 653, 672 on coherence), 464, 534, 538 Li-k’o shih-shu (Summaries of Li hsueh¨ tsung chuan routine memorials related to the Office of (Transmission by the masters of learning Scrutiny for Rites), 653, 672, 673–5, involving coherence), 472, 474, 593 689 Li imperial family of the T’ang Li-k’o t’i-pen (Routine dynasty, 4–5 memorials of the Office of Scrutiny for Li Jih-hua , 629 Personnel), 635, 672 Li Jui , 391 Li-pu , see Ministry of Personnel Li Kuang-ti , 591–2, 596–9 Li-pu , see Ministry of Rites Li Kung , 369, 505–11 Li-tsung (r. 1225–64), 547–8 Li Lien , 251–2 liang [a unit of weight, about 37.5 Li Shih-chen , 525 grams; a unit of value of silver, called Li Shih-yao ", 72–3, 620 a tael], 160–1. Li Ssu , 7, 9, 12–14 liang (innate good), 493 Li Ta-pen , 631 Liang Chang-chu¨ , 701

806 glossary–index

Liang ch’ao ts’ung-hsin lu " literati, Korean, anti-Ch’ing sentiments, (Trustworthy records of two reigns), 169, 177, 190; and Chinese literati, 170 187; as envoys, 187; and Northern liang chih (innate knowledge of learning, 189, 193–5; travel writings, moral good), 461, 463, 495, 512, 186–7; and Western learning, 529, 541, 560, 595 189–93; yangban literati, 174–7, 191, liang neng (innate ability), 564 196 Liang T’ing-nan , 323–4 literati, Vietnamese, 221–2 Liang-chiang , 664 Liu Chao-kuo , 330, 331–2 Liang-Kuang (Kwangtung and Liu Hsi-hai , 642 Kwangsi provinces), 19–21 Liu Hsin , 546 Liaotung , 18, 151 Liu Hua-yang , 451 licentiate (chien-sheng), 21 liu i (six disciplines; Six Classics), lieutenant governors (pu-cheng shih), 16, 499. See also six disciplines 23–4, 31–2, 37–8, 42, 45 Liu I-ming , 450 Ligdan Khan, 112–15, 116, 117, 118 Liu imperial family of the two Han Lin Shuang-wen , 105–8 dynasties, 4–5 Lin Tse-hsu¨ , 701 Liu K’un , 569 Lin Wu-li , 91 Liu Te-kung [Yu Deuk-gong], Lin-chi sect, 213 627 Lin-hsiang , 631 Liu Tsung-chou , 460–1, 466, lineages (Taoist), 416, 426–8 468, 469–77, 482, 483, 490 ling 5 (magistrate), 552–5 Liu T’ung-hsun¨ , 72–3 ling (intelligence), 486 Liu tzu chieh-yao, (Essentials of Ling-nan , 65, 73 Master Liu), 471–2 Ling-shu (“Divine pivot”), 252–4 Liu Wan-su !, 253 literary inquisitions (wen-tzu-yi), 606, Liu Wen-te , 341 607, 609, 612, 615–18, 634, 639, Liu Wu-yuan¨ , 30 640; impact on book publishing, Liu yuyen-i¨ (Ampliﬁcations of 638–41; impact on intellectuals and the Six Admonitions,J.Rikuyu engi), the public, 609–11, 633, 634, 642–3, 249–50 647; number of cases, 607; Liu-tu chien-wen lu (Seen prosecutions and punishments, and heard in Nanking), 643 630–4; seizing of suspect books, liu-yin (six excesses), 404 620–3, 634, 642, 647–8. See also “Lo shu” (“Writing from the Lo censorship River”), 535, 603 literati (shih ), Chinese, attitudes to Lo Shih-lin , 392–4 Christianity, 352–3; elite status, Lo Wen-tsao , also known as 9–10; individually initiated scholarly Gregory Lopez, 365–6 projects, 600–5; nineteenth-century Lo Yu¨ , 392–4 political activism, 700–1; scholar Lo-fu Mountain , 454–5 physicians, 399–400; scholarly lo-shan hao-shih (Delighting projects by high ofﬁcials, 589–600. in charity and enjoying giving), 654 See also non-collaborators Lobzang Tayiji (r. 1652–67), 126

glossary–index 807

local elites: contributions to public Lu Wen-chao *, 260 realm, expansion in nineteenth Lu-an , 695 century, 664–71, 673fig, 672–7, 679; Lu-hsuan¨ ssu (Bureau for fiscal crisis as stimulus, 665–8;for Rewards for Meritorious Service), 136 contributions to military costs, 682; Lu-kang , 106–8 honorific plaques, 672; local officials’ Luliy¨ uan¨ yuan¨ (Origins of reactions to, 669; memorial arches, pitchpipes and the calendar), 192–3, 390 671–2, 674fig, 673–5, 679;inMing Lu¨ Liu-liang , 613, 629, 639 period, 652–3; provincial Lu¨ Tung-pin , 417, 445, 452–3, distribution, 676tab; rank and title 499 awards, 671–2, 673, 675, 675fig, Lu-shan¨ [category of Taoist], 679; recognition and rewards, 433–5 appointments to office, 680; rewards Lu-tsu¨ ch’uan-shu¨ (The complete for local managers, 681–2; works of Patriarch Lu¨), 453 systematizing the reward process, Lu-tsu¨ miao (The temple of 652–9, 679–82; treatment of Patriarch Lu),¨ 452 commoners, 681; types of Luan-yang lu (Record of contributions, 672 Luan-yang), 627 local gazetteers, 691–9 Lun yu¨ , see Analects local products (fang-wu), 154 Lun-yui-shu¨ (Subcommentary Long White Mountain, see Ch’ang-pai for the meaning of the Analects,J.Rongo shan giso), 255, 257 lord (V. chua), 202 lung + (amused), 567 Lou Chin-yuan¨ , 419 Lung K’o-to , 612, 613 Louis xiv (r. 1643–1715), 342, 346 Lung-hu shan (Dragon-Tiger Louis xv (r. 1715–74), 362 Mountain), 417, 430 lower Yangtze region, 63, 531, 651, Lung-men , 416, 437–8, 440 690–1. See also Grand Canal Lung-men hsin-fa (Heart loyalists, see Ming resistance to Ch’ing method of the Lung-men lineage), 438 conquest Lung-wu era (1645–6), 608–9 loyalty (chung ) to the state, 43–4, 45, Ly Than Tong (r. 1128–37), 209 617–18 lu (records), 541 Ma Ch’ao-chu , 632 Lu [an ancient state], 168 Ma Jung , 546 Lu Hsiang-shan (Chiu-yuan¨ % ma shih (horse market), 114 ), 472, 491, 538, 548 Ma Tuan-lin , 542 Lu Hsun¨ , 631 Ma-lan , 625 Lu Lung-ch’i !, 639 Mac clan, 200–4, 216 Lu P’ing-hu wen-chi Mac Dang Dung (r. 1528–41), 200–1 (Collected writings of Lu Lung-ch’i), 639 Macao , 266–7, 271–3, 278, 296, Lu, Prince , 477 301–2, 314, 316, 335–6 Lu Sheng-nan , 613 Macartney, George Lord, 318–23, 325–6 Lu Shih-hua , 640 Magalhaes,˜ Antonio de, 360 Lu Shih-i , 492–4, 499 Magalhaes,˜ Gabriel de, 334, 346

808 glossary–index

magistrates, 81–2 353–4; medical philology, 253–4; Mahak¯ ala¯ temple, 125 medical writing, 403–4; in Tokugawa Mahayana Buddhism , 204, 209, Japan, 242, 244, 251–4. See also 213, 218 doctors Maigrot, Charles, 344, 347–50 Mei Chueh-ch’eng¨ , 390, 397 Mailla, Joseph de Moyriac de, 362–4 Mei Wen-ting , 192–3, 384–6, Malacca, 277 392–4, 396, 397, 592 Man-pao , 96 Mei-hua kuan (Plum Blossom Manchu bannermen, 370, 472 Temple), 448, 453 Manchu Christians, 369–70 mei-mei "" (dim or hazy), 525 Manchu language, 338–9 Meiji period (1868–1912), 238 Manchu officials, 70–2 Mekong delta, 213, 223 Manchuria, Chin dynasty’s Mémoires concernant l’histoire, les sciences, les achievements, 111–17; economy and arts, les mœurs, les usage, etc. des Chinois; society, 112–17; Ming intervention Par les missionaires de Pékin, 363 in, 112–17;Taoismin,439. See also memorial arches, 654, 655, 671–2, Jurchens, Nurhaci 674fig, 673–5, 679 Manchus, appointment as governors, memorial rites, 351 31–2, 70–2; intermarriage with memorials (petitions and imperial Mongols, 135, 140–1; Jurchen correspondence), seeking rewards for society, 112–17; and Mongol imperial local elites, 653, 658; secret palace legacy, 125; pacification of Southern memorials, 50; urging local public Mongols by, 118–23 works, 661 Mandate of Heaven, 372 Mencius, 547 Manila, 210–11, 276–7 Mencius (Meng tzu %), 537, 539, 547 Mao Ch’ang , 546 meng (Inner Mongol leagues), 128–30 Mao Ch’i-ling , 510 Meng-ku lu-li¨ (Mongol statutes Mao Ch’ung-cho , 608 and regulations), 138–9 Mao I-lu , 692 Meng-ku lu-shu¨ (Mongol Mao Wen-lung , 151, 152 statutes), 122–3 Mao-lien , 112–14 Meng-kupach’i (Mongol Maominggan, 120 Eight Banners), 119–20 map-making, 354–5 merchant guilds, 274, 443, 452 maritime customs superintendent mercury (quicksilver), 138–9, 140, (hoppo), 274, 275, 279–80, 284, 304 317 market-town managers, 678 Metello de Sousa e Menezes, Alexandre, marriage between Manchus and 285–6, 361 Mongols, 135, 140–1 Mezzabarba, Carlo Ambrogio, 359–60, Martino Martini, 337 365 mathematics, 391, 397 Mi-yun¨ + , 18, 20–1 medicine, Chinese medical treatises, Miao people (Hmong), 202 252–4; debates and disputes, China, Miao chiang (Miao frontier areas), 404–7; debates and disputes, Japan, 56 251–2, 253; K’ang-hsi emperor and, Middle Kingdom, see Chung-kuo

glossary–index 809

mien (face), 389 Ming ju hsueh¨ an (Source book of migration, to Southeast Asia, 227, 276, Ming Confucians’ learning), 470, 474, 277, 312–13;toTaiwan,79, 84–6, 481–90, 594 92–3, 95;toVietnam,212 ming li (clear understanding of military garrisons, Manchuria, 112–15; coherence), 509 provincial, 39;Taiwan,80, 109; Ming officials serving in the Ch’ing Vietnam, 206–7, 212 government, 26–7, 156, 646–7 min (commoners), see commoners Ming princes in the south, 559 Min I-te , 454, 553 Ming resistance to Ch’ing conquest, in Min O-yuan¨ , 623 southern China, 38, 210, 238–9, 372, Min River, 51 380, 477–8, 531, 559, 573, 575, min-chuan¨ min-pan (funded 578;inTaiwan,214–15, 380. See also and managed by non-officials), Southern Ming 665 Ming shih (Ming history), 380, 595, Minagawa Kien , 245–6 694 mind, see hsin Ming shih an (Dossiers on Ming ming (name; term, nomenclature), history), 480 525, 549 Ming shih chi-lueh¨ (Summaries ming (cock’s crow), 559 of Ming history), 635 Ming dynasty (1368–1644), calendar Ming shih chi-shih pen-mo reform, 373–8; Choson’sˇ loyalty to, (Detailed account of recorded events in 164–70, 173, 191; and Christianity, Ming history), 635 330; enshrinement system, 683; Ming shih kang-mu (Outline of intellectual endeavors, late Ming, Ming history), 628 458; intervention in Manchuria, Ming shih kao (Draft Ming 112–15; invasion of Vietnam, 199; history), 172, 587 maritime trade, 266; military Ming T’ai-tsu (r. 1368–98), campaigns, 202;asMing ch’ao, 636; 249–50, 595 official history of, 574, 579–89, Ming wen an (Dossiers on Ming 635–7; provincial administration, prose), 481 17–18, 29–30, 36–8; rewards for Ming-ch’ao chi-shih pen-mo pu-pien “righteous commoners,” 652–3; (Supplements to the Taoism, 416–17, 437; tribute system, detailed accounts of recorded events of the 266 Ming dynasty), 636 Ming chien i-chih lu (An Ming-hsing , 75tab easily understood record of the Ming as ming-huan tz’u 1 (shrine for mirror), 635 eminent officials), 683 Ming code (Ta Ming lu¨), Ming-i tai-fang lu , (Records 249–50 awaiting a new dawning), 478–80 ming i (clarifying the moral Ming-shan , 70 intentions), 489 ming-te (“lighting one’s inner Ming i-min lu (Records of moral force”), 510 non-collaborators from the Ming), ming-tzu (invented term, or name), 607 520–1

810 glossary–index

Mingju , 42–3, 44 Mongolia , administration (Li-fan Minh Huong (Chinese who settled in yuan¨ ), 8–9, 123–4, 135–43; banner Vietnam and married locally, Ch. system, 119–23; Ch’ing expansion ming-hsiang or ), 212 into (summary), 118–23; Ch’ing Minh Vuong (Enlightened Prince, Ch. “tutelage,” 119; civil war among ming wang ), 214 Khalkhas, 126; destruction of Minh-mang (r. 1820–40), 227, Dzunghar khanate, 130–4; 231 establishment of Manchu rule, 111; minister (shang-shu ;Man.aliha expeditions against Galdan, 128, amban), lead ofﬁcial in ministries and 130; legal codes, 138–40; principle of Li-fan- yuan, 62, 136 Chinggisid legitimacy, 117, 122, Ministry of Justice (Hsing-pu ), 125;roleofjasagh, 122–3, 124–30; 139, 368 submission of the Khalkhas, 128–30; Ministry of Personnel (Li-pu ), 659, tributary relationship with Ch’ing, 671–2, 680, 681, 682 112–17, 124, 132 Ministry of Revenue (Hu-pu ), 21, Mongols , Chakhar, 122–3; 23, 36, 651–2, 659 Dzunghar, 131, 132–4; early Ministry of Rites (Li-pu ), 164, Manchu–Mongol relations, 118; 172, 334, 357–8, 671–2, 673–5, intermarriage with Manchus, 135, 686, 687, 688 140–1; Khalkhas, 125–6, 128–30, Ministry of Works (Kung-pu ), 659, 132–3, 140; as “nations”, 120n; 666 Oirat, 124, 125–6, 132–3, 134 missionaries, adaptation to Chinese Morales, Juan Bautista de, 336 culture, 12, 341; banishment, 334, morals, see innate knowing of moral good 336–7; ethnocentrism towards, 351; Motoori Norinaga , 239–40, growth in numbers, 344–5; Nanking 243, 244, 247, 248 Decree, 350; padroado system, 340–1, Mount Hiei , 235–6 344; publications on China, 346. See Mourao,˜ Joao,˜ 361 also Jesuits; Roman Catholic Church mourning, 66 Missions etranger´ es` de Paris, 344, 345, mu (regional commissioner, in Han 348 era), 16 Mito school , 238 Mu , see Smogulecki, Nicolas mo-yuan¨ (internal membrane), Mu family, 40 405 Mu-k’e-teng , 175 moji (J. written characters), 242 mujilen bahabuku¯ (Man. supervisor in Mok clan (V. Mak, Ch. Mo ), 213, Li-fan yuan¨ ), 136 223, 227, 228 Mukden (Sheng-ching ), 125, 439, money, see coins and currency 626. See also Shen-yang “money for nourishing incorruptibility” Muro Kyus¯ o¯ , 249, 250 (yang-lien ) system, 63, 667, 673 Muromachi period (1336–1573), Mongke¨ Temur¨ (r. 1405–33), 114 245, 253, 254 Mongol bannermen, 119–23, 129 music, censorship of, 625; Confucius on, Mongol Eight Banners (Meng-kupach’i), 557; and court rituals, 418; Li Kung’s 119–20 treatise on, 510; as one of the six

glossary–index 811

disciplines, 499, 502, 507;Taoist Nei-san-yuan¨ (Three Inner 418; Western music and the Courts), 36 K’ang-hsi emperor, 340 nei-tan " (inner alchemy), 437, Muslim (hui-hui), 388 437n, 449, 450, 451, 455–6 Muslim titles, 134 nei-ti (inner provinces), 7–8 Muslim law, 135 Nei-wu fu # (Imperial Household Muslims, 134–5, 365, 388 Department), 418, 419 My-Tho, 212 Nemoto Sonshi , 255 Nerchinsk Treaty, 128, 342–3 Nagasaki , 235, 276–7 Netherlands, 268. See also Dutch East Nagoya , 261 India Company Nagoya Gen’i , 241 New Year Greetings (cheng-ch’ao), 147 Naiman Mongols, 120 New Year (Tet), 225 Nakai Chikuzan 0, 251, 255–7 Ngo Thi Si, 221–2 Nakai Riken 0, 250 Nguyen Anh, 197, 223, 225, 226–7, Nakai Toju¯ , 241 228–9. See also Gia-long Nam-giao sacriﬁce, Ch. Nan-chiao $, Nguyen Hoang, 202, 204, 205 200 Nguyen Hue, 320 Namhan san , 146, 152–3 Nguyen Phuc Chu (r. 1691–1725), 214 nan " (difﬁcult), 57 Nguyen Phuc Khoat (r. 1738–65), 214, Nan Viet (Ch. Nan Yueh¨ ), 197 223 Nan Yang (Southern Sea), 210–11, Nguyen regime, see Dai Viet 212, 277 Nguyen Van Thanh, 230 Nan-ch’ang , 332 nien (conscious thinking), 488 Nan-hai , 283 Nien Keng-yao , 48, 612, 613 Nan-kan , 18 nien-kung (annual tribute) K. Nan-shan chi (Nan-shan yon’gongˇ , 157 collection), 608–9 Nihon koku (country of Japan), Nan-yang , 439 235–6 Nan-yang (southern ocean, Nine Chief Ministers (chiu ch’ing), 687 Southeast Asia), 277 Ning Wan-wo !, 574 Nanking , 20, 345, 367, 531, Ning-yuan¨ # , 134 608 Ningguta #, 162 Nanking Decree, 350, 356 Ninghsia # province, 18, 21, 24, 134 Naobi no mitama (J. “Rectifying Ningpo #, 304–5 spirit”), 247, 248 Noailles, Louis, 348 Napier, John, 375 non-collaborators, leading scholars as, Nara period (710–94), 257–9 332–3; names of, 459–60, 462, 472, Nasonˇ chongbˇ olˇ (Military 478, 511, 528, 559, 578, 581–2, 628 Campaign to Nason),ˇ 166 North Church (Pei t’ang ), 345 Navarrete, Domingo, 337 Northern Campaign (pukpolˇ ), 165–7 Needham, Joseph, 376 Northern learning (pukhak), 189, 193–5 nei-hsiu (inner moral cultivation) Northern Sung dynasty K. naesu, 167 (960–1127), 252, 472, 547–8

812 glossary–index

“nourishing incorruptibility” (yang-lien Ostend Company, 282, 284 ) system, 63, 667, 673 Ota¯ Kinjo¯ , 247 Nouveaux mémoires sur l’état présent de la Ou-yang Hsiu , 548 Chine, 347, 348 Outer Mongolia, 124, 129map, 140. Nouvelle relation de la Chine, 346 See also Khalkha Mongols Novissima Sinica, 347 outer territories (Ch. wai-fan , Novus atlas Sinensis, 346 Man. tulergi golo), 6–9, 13, 118, 124 Nu-erh-kan #", 112–14 overseas Chinese, 198–210, 213, 227, Numata , 259 235, 264–5, 276, 277, 299, 300–7, Nurhaci (Nu-erh-ha-ch’ih r. 312–13 1616–26), 111, 116–17, 118–19, 147, 149–51 Pa kua chiao (Eight Trigrams nu-i¨ (female physician), 403 Teachings), 456 nu-tan¨ " (female alchemy), 455–6 Pa-chou , 357–9 pa-ku wen (eight-legged essays), O-erh-t’ai , 49, 50, 68, 70, 92 540 O-jung-an , 70 Pa-shan , 608 O-pao , 70 Paats, Vincent, 275 Oboi , 29–35, 272, 334. See also Pacheco de Sampaio, Francisco de Assis, regents 302 Ochirtu Khan, 126–7 padroado, 340–1, 344 Office of Palace Ceremonial (Chang-i Paektu san , 161 ssu), 418, 419, 424 Pai-yun¨ kuan (White Cloud Ogyu¯ Hokkei , 249–50, 258 Temple), 448, 457 Ogyu¯ Sorai , 241, 244, 246, painters and painting, 302, 363, 625 247, 248, 250, 251–2, 255–7 Pak Che-ga , 188, 194–5 Oirat Mongols, 124, 125–6, 132–3, 134 Pak Chi-won , 188, 193 Okada Shinsen , 261 Pak Se-dang , 176 Omida -, 92–3 palace memorials, 50 Ongniut Mongols, 120 p’alp’o (eight bundles), 179–80 Onin¯ War .'6, 237 Pan Ku , 551 Ono no Takamura , 257–9 “P’an Keng” , 549 opera, 415, 625 P’an Lei , 545, 578, 582–3, 601, opium imports, 295–8, 367 602 Opium War, 682 Panchen Lama, 126–7 ordination (Taoist), 416–17, 430, 433, pang-ting # (convoy soldiers), 670 437, 437n panjongˇ ' (restoring righteousness) ordination certificates (tu-tieh), 21, 422, [Ch. fan-cheng], 151 426, 434–5 P’ang T’ien-shou , 330 Ordos, 120 p’ang-cheng & (collaborating originating heart (pen hsin), 463, 466, evidence), 516 467, 468, 471, 487, 493, 494, 513, pao (bundle) [unit of trade], 160–1 529, 563, 601 Pao Shih-ch’en , 700 Osaka #, 248 Pao T’ing-po , 260, 640

glossary–index 813

pao-chia (mutual security, p’iao (certiﬁcate), 350, 358–9 community defense system), 65, 422 Piccolomini, Francesco, 330 pao-chuan¨ (precious volume [of picul (tan , weight of about Taoist texts]), 448, 456 140 pounds), 288n Pao-ho tien , 324 Pien chi (A debate on memorial Pao-ting , 18 rituals), 351 papal legations, 285, 349–50, 359–60 Pien-chi (Records of the recent Parennin, Dominique, 353–4, 362 changes), 608 Pedrini, Theodoric, 356 Pien-men , 181–2 Peking , 18 P’ien-yuan¨ , 181–2 pen hsin (originating heart; Pin-k’o ssu " (Bureau for originating mind), 463, 466, 467, Reception of Guests), 136–7 468, 471, 487, 493, 494, 513, 529, Pin t’ui lu (Records after the guests 563, 601 retire), 521 pen hsin chih liang (the ping t’ien-hsia (bring together all goodness of one’s originating heart), under Heaven), 3, 7 468 p’ing (critiques), 500 pen t’i (fundamental permanence), p’ing-chieh-ch’i (averaged 489 fortnightly period), 376–7 Pen ts’ao kang-mu (Complete pirates and piracy, 226 materia medica), 525 Pitt, Thomas, 276 P’eng Chia-p’ing , 619–20 Pitt, William, 311 P’eng P’eng , 43–4 plaques, 625–6, 672 P’eng Sun-i , 636 Plaskowitz, Gotthard, 285 P’eng-lai , 21–3 po (earl), 436 pepper, 208, 295 Po Nagar, 205 Pereira, Tomas, 272–3 po hsueh¨ , see broad learning Pereira de Faria, Bento, 272–3, 340 po hsueh¨ hung ju (men with Pescadores Islands , 77, 79, broad learning and outstanding 82, 87, 88 scholarship), 533 petitions, see memorials (petitions and po hsueh¨ hung ju examination (1679), imperial correspondence) 533, 545, 576–9, 603 Phan Huy Chu, 229 po wen (broad mastery of the Phan Thanh Gian, 228 cultural heritage), 546, 556–8 philology, 194, 240, 253–4, 262 p’o (granny), 402–3 Phnom Penh, 210–11 Poankeequa (P’an Ch’i-kuan ), Pho-Hien 218 288, 1, 292, 305, 307, 308 Phu-Xuan (Hue), 214 popes, Benedict XIII, 360; Clement XI, Phu-Yen (Cap Varella), 206 356, 359–60; Innocent X, 337; Pi Yuan¨ , 623 Innocent XII, 345; Innocent XIII, pi-shih % (avoiding the contemporary 360;PiusXI,365–6 world), 611 porcelain exports, 289–91 p’i (wearisome), 57 Portrait historique de l’empereur de la Chine, P’i-tao , 151 346–7

814 glossary–index

Portugal, 266–7, 271–3, 285–6, 302, finance commissioner), 16, 31–2. 317 See also lieutenant governors postal stations, 141–2 pu-i (unranked literatus, without prefects (chih-fu ), 664 higher degree), 578, 582 prefecture (fu ), 7–8, 649 Pu-te-i (I could not do otherwise), Premare,´ Joseph Henri de, 334 355 Pu-te-i pien (Icouldnotdo Prince of Kuei , 30, 330 otherwise, refuted), 334 Prince of Lu , 477–8 P’u-chiang , 685–6 principle, see li (coherence, principles, pukhak (Northern learning), Principle, patterns, orderliness) 189 Propaganda (Congregatio de Propaganda pukpolˇ (Northern Campaign), Fide), 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 360, 165–7 366 purchase of office (chuan-na¨ ), 656–9 Provana, Antonio, 350 Pusan , 179 provinces (sheng ), under Yuan¨ pyolp’oˇ (extra-bundle) trade, 180 dynasty, 17 Pyong’anˇ , 180 provincial administration, Ch’ien-lung pyonmuˇ ! (rectify false records), era, 59–62; evaluation of officials, 170–2 49–51; K’ang-hsi era, 27–47;map, 22map; Ming period, 17–18; qadi¯ (Ar. local judge), 170–2 overseeing of outer territories, 8–9; Queen of Heaven, 205 province–prefecture–county Queen of Heaven Temple, 427–8 hierarchy, 7–8; reaction to the Quemoy (Chin-men), 261 Yung-cheng order, 59–62; Shun-chih queues, 27, 169 era, 19–27; summary, 17n, 18–19, quicksilver, 317 76;Yuan¨ dynasty, 17; Yung-cheng Quy-Nhon, 206 era, 59. See also governors of provinces (hsun-fu¨ ) rank and title (i-hsu¨) rewards, 671–2, provincial administration commissioners 673, 675, 675fig, 679 (ch’eng-hsuan¨ pu-cheng shih 7 Rashipungsug, 125 ), 17–18. See also pu-cheng shih rebellions and revolts, Chien-ning, 301; provincial education commissioners Chingunjav,¨ 132–3; Chu I-kuei (t’i-tu hsueh-cheng¨ ), 632, rebellion, 86–8, 92, 104–5;Lin 685, 686, 693–4, 695 Shuan-wen rebellion, 105–8; Muslim provincial governors, see governors of uprising (1781), 365; Ta-chia-hsi provinces revolt, 91–3, 104–5; Three provincial judges (an-ch’a shih ); Feudatories rebellion, 38–40, 167; also known as provincial surveillance White Lotus rebellion, 651;Wu commissioner), 31, 35 Fu-sheng revolt, 104–5; Wu San-kuei Prussia, 317 rebellion, 573, 619 public bureaus, 679 recluse (shan-jen), 645 pu-cheng shih (lieutenant Red Banner, 574 governor; in Ming era, provincial “Red manifesto” (hung-p’iao ), 356

glossary–index 815

Red River , 225 362–4, 365, 366, 367–8, 381. See also Red River delta, 198–210, 215, Jesuits; papal legations 218–19, 226, 230 Royal Bureau of Astronomy Red-seal ships (J. shuinsen ), (Kwansanggam), 185 208 Royal Translation Bureau (Sayogwonˇ ), regents, 29–35, 37, 64, 380 175 regional inspectors (hsun-an¨ ), 30, Russia, advance into Ch’ing territory, 32, 46, 684 166; diplomatic relations with Ch’ing regional military commission regime, 155, 275, 342–3; Galdan’s (tu-chih-hui ssu ), 29 relations with, 126–7; Treaty of Regis,´ Jean-Baptiste, 354–5 Nerchinsk, 128, 342–3; tributary Republican period status, 11, 155, 270, 275, 325 (1912–49), 413, 414, 423 Ryukyu (J. Ryuky¯ u)¯ Islands, revenues, see fiscal resources 164, 239, 250, 275 revolts, see rebellions and revolts Rho, Giacomo (Lo Ya-ku), 375 Sa-tsai , 621 Ricci, Matteo (Li Ma-tou), 191, “Sacred edict” (Sheng yu¨ ), 250–1, 334, 336, 348, 349, 353–4 344 rice production, Taiwan, 101–2 sacrifice to Heaven, 216 Ripa, Matteo, 371 Sagang Sechen, 125 rites and rituals, Analects on, 557, 567; sai-hui (ritual–theatrical festival), Chinese rites controversy, 336–7, 420 338, 340–1, 344, 347–50, 359–60, Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), 212, 223, 365, 368, 397; compilation of texts 231 on, 589; of imperial court, 160, saints, see canonization 418–20; Taoist, 420, 421, 422, sajagwan 2 (transcribers), 174 429–36, 443–7. See also Book of rites; Sakubun ritsu (J. Rules for Ministry of Rites writing), 245 Rites Controversy, see rites and rituals Saldanha, Manoel de, 272, 335–6 ritsuryo¯ no gaku (J. salt administration, 51, 73, 661, 701 jurisprudence), 249 saltpeter, 175, 184 ritual, see rites and rituals San fan (Three Feudatories), ritual official (fa-kuan), 419, 431 38–40, 167 rivers and irrigation, 52–4, 64, 66, 68, San Kuan (the Three Officials), 357, 666, 667, 668. See also dike 445 maintenance; water conservancy san-chieh (the three major junctures projects of ritual importance) (K. samjolˇ ), 157 Rodrigues, Simao,˜ 351 san-chieh nien-kung hsing Roman Catholic Church, Chinese clergy (embassy for the three junctures of and catechists, 341, 365–6, 370–1; ritual importance and the yearly Chinese converts, 332, 345–6, 366–8, tribute) (K. samjolˇ yon’gongˇ haeng), 369–70;inMingera,330; padroado 157, 160 system, 340–1, 344; repression of, san-kang (the three cardinal 279, 299, 300–7, 314, 343, 357–9, virtues), 616

816 glossary–index

San-pao , 621, 622 seng-tao (category of Taoist and san-shih (three types of activity), Buddhist clerics), 422 502 Sengge, 125–6 San-ssu (Three Offices), 29–30 Sengoku era (1482–1558), 252 san-wu (three types of affairs), 502. Senseiden (Hall of Earlier See also six disciplines (liu i); six types Sages), 236–7 of moral power; six types of moral shan t’ang (benevolence halls), 677 relationships Shanhaikuan , 139 San-yu¨ t’ang wen-chi Shan-hou shih ts’un ' (Poems (Collected writings from San-yuHall¨ ), remaining after the effacement), 637 639 shan-jen (recluse), 645 Sanz, Pedro, 364 shan-shu (morality book), 451 Sarhu, 150 Shan-yin , 461, 462 Sato¯ Issai , 250 Shang dynasty (to 1046 bce), 544, Sato¯ Naokata , 237–8 549 Satsuma , 239, 250 Shang Chih-hsin , 266–7 Sayogwonˇ (Royal Translation Shang K’o-hsi $, 266–7 Bureau), 175 Shang shu (Venerated writings), see Sayin Noyan Khan, 129 Book of documents Schall von Bell, Johann Adam Shang shu ku wen shu cheng (T’ang Jo-wang), 191, 329–33, 348, (Evidence for a commentary on the 375, 378–9, 380–2, 383 ancient style sections of the Book of scholarly projects, emperors’ sponsorship documents), 603 of, 573, 574–7, 587, 597, 616;high Shang-an , 75tab officials’ initiatives in, 589–600; shang-han * (cold-damage disorder), independent projects, 600–5 404, 405 Sechen Khan [also known as Setsen or Shang-han lun * (Treatise on Chechen Khan], 125, 126, 128, cold-damage disorders), 252–4, 404–7 129 Shang-han tsa-ping lun * Secret Accounts Bureau, 75tab (Treatise on cold-damage and security merchants, 283, 303–4, miscellaneous disorders), 252 305 shang-shu (Man. aliha amban, lead Seijukan , 242 official in ministries and Li-fan yuan¨ , seito (J. western land), 254 62, 136 Sejong (r. 1418–50), 185 Shang-ti (Lord on high), 336, 344, self-censorship, prevalence of, 634;by 349, 352 publishers, 638–41; by readers and Shang-yuan¨ , 670 book collectors, 641–4 Shanghai , 345–6, 427–8, 431–2, self-cultivation, 449, 450–1, 452–3 454, 456 Semedo, Alvaro´ de, 408 Shansi province, 676tab, 677 Seminario de Nossa Senhora do Amparo, Shantung province, 676tab, 691 301–2 Shao Yung & , 535, 569 Seng-lu ssu (Central Buddhist Shao-hsing . 461, 471, 490, 696 Registry), 424–5 she (to pardon), 628

glossary–index 817

she-shang (village tax farmers), 83 Shensi province, 18, 134, 627, shen (numinous; non-material 676tab, 677, 691 phenomena; spirit), 518, 519, 562 Shichikei Moshi¯ kobun¯ % (J. shen (vigilance), 49 Examined texts for seven classics including Shen I-ping , 455 the Mencius), 258 Shen Kuo-yuan¨ , 170 Shichikei Moshi¯ kobun¯ hoi % Shen Li , 684 (J. Additions to the Examined texts Shen-nung (the Divine for the seven classics including the Husbandman), 410 Mencius), 258 Shen-nung pen-ts’ao ching shih (events), 516–17 (The Divine Husbandman’s materia shih (literatus, literati), 479, 600 medica), 410 shih (substantive phenomenal realm), Shen-tsung (r. 1068–85), 548 562 shen-tu (taking care in solitude), shih (understanding), 568–9 463, 466 shih (history), 635 shen-tung (degree-holding shih (unit of measurement, approx. manager), 678 100 liters), 162–3 Shen-yang , 125, 158–62, 166, Shih , General, 436 180, 182, 439, 608 Shih chi (Records of the historian), Shen-yueh¨ kuan (Temple of 551 Spirit Music), 418 shih chih (substantive appointment sheng (province), 6–13 to ofﬁce), 680 sheng ch’i (produce anger), 562 Shih ching , see Book of odes sheng shih (create problems), 44 shih ching (stone inscription Sheng yu¨ (“Sacred edict”), 250–1, classic), 466 344 Shih Jun-chang , 527 Sheng yu¨ kuang hsun¨ (Ampliﬁed Shih Lang , 43–4, 77–9 instructions for the Sacred edict), 250 Shih Shih-lun , 43–4 Sheng-ch’ao hsun-chieh¨ chu ch’en chuan Shih Tao-yuan¨ , 428, 440 (Records of martyrs for Shih Wen-cho , 53 the previous dynasty), 646–7 Shih-ch’uan shan , 559 sheng-chieh (birthday of the shih-fang ts’ung-lin (group of emperor) K. songjˇ olˇ , 147 major public monasteries), 441 Sheng-ching , 180. See also Shih-hsien li (Following the decree Mukden, Shen-yang of Heaven calendar), 176, 184–6, Sheng-ching t’ung-chih 190–1 (Comprehensive gazetteer of Sheng-ching), shih-hsueh¨ (learning that is 161 practiced), 507 sheng-fan (“uncivilized” or “raw” shih-huo chih (essays on aborigines), 83 economic affairs), 583 sheng-hsueh¨ (learning from the shih-kung (vernacular priest) sages), 593 429–30. See also fa-shih, tuan-kung sheng-yuan¨ (licentiate, lower degree shih-lang " (Man. anshan-i amban, status), 249–50, 619 vice minister in Li-fan yuan¨ ), 136

818 glossary–index

Shih-lin , 71 shun-sun (obedient descendants), shih-lu (veritable records), 475, 653 581, 583, 586 Shun-t’ien , 18 Shih-lu (Veritable records), 672 Shuo wen chieh tzu Shih-san ching chu-shu chiao-k’an chi (Explanations and explications of written $ (Collations of the texts words), 546–7 and commentaries of the thirteen classics), Siam, 275, 300 258 Sibe Mongols, 134 shih-shih ch’iu-shih # (search for Silinghol League, 120 truth in material things), 392 silk exports, 291–3, 298, 307 shih-wu (spirit-medium), 428 silver bullion reserves, 651–2 Shimotsuke , 255–6 silver imports, 294, 297 Shina (Ch. Chih-na ), 254 Sinicae historiae decas prima, 346 shinchu¯ (J. new commentaries), Sinjonˇ chach’o pang (Newly 256 transmitted recipe for saltpeter), 184 Shinto¯ , 237–8, 247 Sinkiang province [lit. “new shogun ( shogun¯ ), 249–50 frontier”], Ch’ing conquest of, 132–4; shrines, 443, 447, 547–8. See also civilian administration, 134–5 enshrinement of local worthies sinophilism and sinophobia in Japan, shu (numbers, numerical 247–9 relationships, manipulating Sinqua, 297 numbers), 385, 386, 493–4, 535 six disciplines (ritual and musical shu (being empathetic), 536 performance, archery and carriage shu (writing; documents), 551 driving, writing words and Shu (Documents), see Book of documents manipulating numbers), 499, 502, shu kuo (attached states), 6–13 507 shu wu $ (multitude of affairs and six types of moral power (knowledge, things), 508–9 benevolence, sagacity, duty, loyalty shu-fan (“civilized” aborigines), 83 and harmony), 502 shu-yuan¨ (academy), 386, 504 six types of moral relationships (being a Shubun¯ roku (J. Record of son, a friend, a neighbor, a married practicing classical literacy), 245 in-law, a government ofﬁcer, and a Shun [ancient sage king], 237–8 compassionate contributor to those in “Shun tien” section of the Book of need), 502 documents, 577 slaves (Man. aha, booi aha, booi niyalma), Shun-chih emperor, endorses new 115–16 calendar, 379, 382–3; and Jesuits, Smogulecki, Nicolas, 522 267, 272, 330, 331–2 smuggling, 172, 184, 287, 312, Shun-chih era (1644–61), 367 appointment of provincial governors so (posts), 112–15 during, 19–21, 25–7; literary Soˇ Ho-su , 192–3 inquisitions during, 607, 608; so-i (that by which), 406 location of provincial governors so-i-jan (that by which it is so), under, 18, 20–5 396, 509, 520, 564

glossary–index 819

so-tang-jan (that by which it Ssu wen lu (Records of thinking ought to be so), 485 and inquiry), 560 Soares, Jose,´ 191 Ssu-chih t’ang wen-chi Society of Jesus, suppression of, 12, 366. (Collected writings from the Hall of four See also Jesuits types of knowing), 66–7 sohakˇ (Western learning), 189–93 Ssu-k’u ch’uan-shu¨ (Complete Sohyon,ˇ Prince , 158–62 collection of the four treasuries), soinˇ (Westerners, a faction in compilation of, 258, 580–1, 620–1; Korea), 167 effect on scholarship of, 609, 644–5; Solon Mongols, 134 and literary inquisition, 607, 618, solstice, see winter solstice 620–1, 627, 634, 640–1, 647 Son of Heaven (T’ien-tzu ), 154, Ssu-ma Ch’ien , 551 155, 266, 320, 325 Ssu-ma Kuang , 542, 551 Song Si-yolˇ , 167–9 ssu-tien ! (official sacrifices mandated Songgotu, 576 by statute), 421, 422 Sonjoˇ (r. 1567–1608), 148 ssu-tzu (private), 692 Soochow (Su-chou), 34, 427–8, state activism, under Chia-ch’ing and 431–2, 456, 662, 666, 668, 677, Tao-kung emperors, 664–71; defined, 678, 685–6, 690, 699 650–1; impact on local elites’npublic South China Sea, 214–15, 217 involvement, 660–4; under South Church (Nan t’ang ), 330, Yung-cheng and Ch’ien-lung 331–2, 338 emperors, 650–1 Southeast Asia, 205, 222–5, 295, 299, Staunton, George Leonard, 318 300–7, 312–13 steles, 625–6 southern metropolitan area, in Ming era, Su Shih , 476 33, 35 su ju (vulgar Confucian scholars), Southern Ming , 166, 167, 238–9, 601, 602 330, 559, 573, 575, 608–9 Su-wen (“Basic questions”), 252–4 Southern River Conservancy, see Yellow suan (calculating), 493–4 River succession struggles, 44, 360, 612, 613 Southern Sung dynasty (1127–79), sugar, 89, 101–2, 211, 293 508, 547–8, 593, 625 Sugita Genpaku &, 252 Spanish embassy, 317 Suharaya Shinbe¯ , 246, spirit-money, 445 247 spirit-writing, 451–5 Sui $ dynasty (581–618), 259 Spring and autumn annals (Ch’un-ch’iu Sui-an ', 692 ), 537, 546, 560, 567 sui-pi % (annual payments) [K. Spring and Autumn period sep’ye], 151, 157 (722–481 bce), 546 sui-shih (length of a tropical year), ssu (thinking; ratiocination), 568 392 ssu ku (“thinking about Sukchong (r. 1674–1720), 171, antiquity”), 499 191 Ssu pien lu (Records of my thoughts Sukeji , 44 and analyses), 492 Suksaha , 29

820 glossary–index

sulfur, 78, 83, 184 Ta Ch’ing lu-li¨ , 420. See also sumu (Mon. local area controlled by a Ch’ing code jasagh), 118 Ta hsueh¨ , see Great learning Sun Ch’i-feng (, 472–4, 482, Ta hsueh¨ pien (Critiques of the 498, 580, 593 Great learning), 464 Sun Chia-kan !, 618 ta i (larger meanings), 535 Sunahai, 370–1 Ta Ming hui-tien (Statutes of Sung dynasty (960–1279), 4–5, 553, the Ming), 171, 653 595 Ta Ming i-t’ung (the Sung learning, Ch’ing critics of, integrated domain of the Great 498–505, 508–11; Ch’ing era Ming), 191 re-examination of, 490–4; Ta Ming lu¨ (Ming code), enshrinement of Sung masters, 249–50 547–8; inﬂuence in Japan of, 236, Ta-chia River , 80 249; Japanese critics of, 253, 256; Ta-chia-hsi , 91–3, 104–5 and medical practice, 253. See also Ta-chia-tung , 91 Ch’eng–Chu learning; Chu Hsi; Lu ta-hsueh-shih¨ , see grand secretary Hsiang-shan Ta-i chueh-mi¨ lu (Record of Sung Ch’i , 553 great righteousness in resolving confusion), Sung Ch’uan¨ , 26 609, 613, 638 Sung shih (History of the Sung), 595 Ta-kuang-ming tien (Great Sung–Yuan¨ period [10th–14th c.], Hall of Light), 419 397, 400, 414 Ta-li ssu (Court of Judicial Sunggari River , 112–17 Review), 139 Sungkiang (Sung-chiang), 662, Ta-li-i ', 105–8 666, 668 ta-ping (imperial soldiers), 628 Sunu , 361, 369 Ta-shan , 214 supreme commander (tsung-tu ), in Ta-tun , 106–8 Ming era, 17–18 Ta-t’ung , 18, 24, 637 Suqua, 282–3 Ta-t’ung li , 186 surveillance commissioner (an-ch’a shih ta-yeh (Great enterprise, dynastic ), 31 conquest), 628 Swedish East India Company, 284 Taebo tan (Altar for the Great Szechwan province, 18, 18n, Repayment), 169 20–1, 46, 454–5, 676tab, 679 Tai people, 199 Tai Chen , 395–6 Ta Ch’ing hui-tien (Collected Tai Ming-shih (H. Nan-shan statutes of the Great Ch’ing), 659 ), 67, 609, 612, 614 Ta Ch’ing hui-tien shih-li T’ai-ch’ang emperor (r. 1620), 533 (Precedents and regulations of the collected T’ai-ch’ang era (1620), 170 statutes of the Great Ch’ing), 285 T’ai-ch’ang ssu - (Court of Ta Ch’ing i-t’ung chih Imperial Sacriﬁces), 418 (Gazetteer of the Great Ch’ing integrated T’ai-chi (Supreme Ultimate), 344, domain), 6–13, 163, 603, 694, 697 520–1

glossary–index 821

T’ai-chi-ch’uan¨ ! [a martial art], T’ang dynasty (618–907), 4–5 443 T’ang (J. Kara), 235–6 T’ai-Ch’ing kung (Palace of the T’ang Pin , 579–80, 581, 593–4, Great Ch’ing), 439 685–6 T’ai-ho tien , 321 T’ang-hsi , 685–6 t’ai-hsi (Far West), 388 tao (ways; cosmic forces), 508, 561, t’ai-hsueh-shih¨ , see grand 562, 564–6 secretary Tao (the Way), 564, 565 T’ai-hu (Lake T’ai), 590 Tao hsueh¨ (Learning of the Way; T’ai-i chin-hua tsung-chih ! learning of the Way), 513, 595 (The secret of the golden flower) 452–3 tao i feng t’ung (unification of T’ai-p’ing county, 630 all customs with the Way), 646 T’ai-ts’ang , 640 tao li (dynamic coherence), 600 T’ai-tsung , see Hung Taiji tao t’ung (transmission of the Way), T’ai-yuan¨ , 26, 332, 575–6, 578, 499, 596 581 tao tzu (the word tao), 566 Taichung , 91, 106–7 Tao-chiao (Taoism), 412 Tainan , 80, 81–2, 88, 107 Tao-feng (Taoist canonization), 435 Taiping rebels, 454 Tao-kuan (Taoist temples and Taiping Rebellion (1850–64), 700 monasteries), 412, 439 Taiwan , civil administration, Tao-kuang era (1820–50), book 80–2; communal conflict among Han censorship during, 642; settlers, 102–5, 109; establishment of enshrinements during, 690; Ch’ing rule, 77–82; garrison forces, recognizing and rewarding local elite 80; growth of Han settlement, 89, contributions, 673fig, 672–5, 681; 95–105, 276–7; land policies, 95–9; support for local elite involvement in pro-colonization debates, 88–90, public projects, 664–71 92–3; rebellions and revolts, 86–8, Tao-lu ssu (Central Taoist 91–3; restrictions on immigration to, Registry), 424 79, 84–6, 92–3, 95; rice and sugar Tao-men shih-kui (Ten rules for exports, 101–2; taxation of the Taoist), 416 aborigines, 82–4, 94 tao-shih (Taoist priest, cleric or Takase Kiboku , 249–50 clergy), 412, 429–30, 441 Taki family, 241–2 tao-shih-t’ang (Taoist priest’s hall talent (ts’ai ), as criterion for Ch’ing for altar), 430 officials, 49–51 Tao-shu shih-erh chung talismans, 432–3 (Twelve works on the Tao), 450 tally trade (J. kango¯ $), 234–5 tao-t’ai (circuit intendant), 32 Tan-shui " , 83, 90, 91, 97, 100, 107 Tao-tsang (Taoist canon), 412 t’an (altar), 430 Tao-tsang chi-yao (Essentials of T’an Yuan-ch’un¨ , 629 the Taoist canon), 449 T’an Yun-hsien¨ ! , 403 Tao-tsang hsu-pien¨ tang-jan (the event as it ought to (Continuation of the Taoist canon), 454 be), 396 T’ao Chu (1779–1839), 667, 701

822 glossary–index

T’ao hua shan " (Peach blossom fan), Teng Chih-ch’eng , 637 636 Teng Hui , 610 Taoist 610 Tet (New Year) offensive, 225 Taoism , 412; books and Thailand, see Siam publications, 448–50; canonization Thang-Long, 216, 229 ritual, Cheng-i clergy, 416–17; Thanh Nhan (Ch’ing people, Ch. Ch’ing emperors and, 418–19; ch’ing-jen ), 212 Chuan-chen¨ clergy, 416–17, 423, Thanh-Nghe, 199–202, 204–6, 207, 436–43; as contested concept, 412; 209, 227 elite and non-elite Taoists, 419, Thien Mu (Heavenly Mother), 205 425–9; lay practices and practitioners, ThienMuTemple,205, 213, 229 447; local cults and rituals, 421, 422, Thien-Y-A-Na, 205 443–7;inMingera,416–17; Three Feudatories (San fan ), ordination, 416–17, 430, 433–5, 38–40, 167 437, 437n; role at Ch’ing court, Three Inner Courts (Nei san yuan¨ 417–20; self-cultivation, 437, 437n, ), 36 449, 450–1, 452–3; spirit-writing, Three Offices (san ssu ), 29–30 451–5; state policies towards, 417, Three Teachings (V. Tam Giao,Ch. 420–5, 435–6; “Taoist decline” San-chiao ), 232 thesis, 413, 414; women clergy, 441. Thuan-Quang, 200, 205, 210–11, 216, See also ordination certificates 219, 230 Taoists , see Taoism ti pao ) (capital reports), 585 Taoist canon (Tao-tsang ), 412, 416, Ti t’ien k’ao (Investigation of the 448 terms Lord and Heaven), 370 Tarim Basin, 111–12, 134–5 Ti yu ti tung ye 8 (“‘Earth taxes, monetized economy and, 556; roaming’ is the earth moving”), non-payment of, 33, 63;onTaiwan 521 aborigines, 82–4, 94. See also fiscal t’i (realization), 474 system t’i-hsueh¨ yu-shih¨ (education Tay-son revolt, 224–6 intendant censor, 684 te (virtue), 562–3 T’i-jen ' hall, 577 Te-hua , 289 t’i-tu hsueh-cheng¨ (provincial Te-p’ei , 369 education commissioner), 632, 685, t’e-chien (special appointment), 686, 693–4, 695 70n t’i-yao (evaluation), 640 tea trade, 160–1, 264–5, 276–7, 284, tiao-shih / (mourning the times), 286–9, 297, 305, 309, 312 611 temple manager (chu-ch’ih), 446 t’iao-li (pattern or arrangement), temple of eminent statesmen, 61 508, 562–3 Temple of Spirit Music (Shen-yueh¨ kuan), Tibet, 118, 130–1 418 Tibetan Buddhism, 125 Ten Great Campaigns (Ch. shih ch’uan¨ “Tieh lien hua” # (Butterflies ), 108, 223 lingering over flowers), 608 Tendai , 235–6 t’ien (heaven; sky), 2–3

glossary–index 823

T’ien (Heaven; name of deity), 2–3, t’ien-ti wan wu (the myriad 336, 344, 349, 473, 494 things in the realm of T’ien jen p’ing hsi ts’e (Son of heaven-and-earth), 529–34 Heavens pacification of the west), 631 t’ien-tzu (son of Heaven; ruler; T’ien ti hui 0 (Increase Younger emperor), 2, 154, 155, 479 Brothers Society), 106 t’ien-wen (astronomy), 387. See also T’ien Wen-ching , 5, 60–1, astronomy; calendars and calendrical 613 learning T’ien-ch’i era (1621–7), 170 Tientsin , 18, 23, 26, 305–6, 427–8 T’ien-chu (Lord of Heaven), 336, Tin, 295 338 ting-chieh-ch’i (fixed fortnightly T’ien-chu chiao ju-chiao t’ung-i k’ao periods), 376–7 (Similarities and t’ing (hamlet), 552 differences between Christianity and Titsingh, Isaac, 324 Confucianism), 370 Tochigi prefecture, 255 T’ien-chu shih-i (True meaning toh¯ o¯ (J. eastern place), 254 of the Lord of Heaven), 353–4 toi¯ (J. “eastern barbarian”), 248 T’ien-hou kung (T’ien-hou Tokugawa era (1600–1868), 11, Temple), 427–8 234–6. See also Japan t’ien-hsia (all under heaven; empire; Tokugawa Ieyasu , 257–9 civilized world), 2–3, 4, 5–6, 7, 10 Tokugawa Yoshimine, see Yoshimune T’ien-hsueh¨ ch’uan kai (A Tong-Son, 206 survey on the propagation of the learning Tongguk (Eastern State), 168 from Heaven), 333 Tonkin , see Dong-Kinh T’ien-hsueh¨ pen-i (Essential Tou Ying ), 567 meaning of the teaching of Heaven), Tou-liu-men %, 106–8 349 Tou-mu % (Mother of the Dipper), T’ien-hsien p’ai (Lineage of the 445 Celestial Immortals), 449 t’ou-nao (brain), 470 T’ien-i ko (T’ien-i Tower), 642 Tournon, Charles-Thomas Maillard de, t’ien-li (heavenly principle; 349–50 heavenly coherence), 167, 470, 473 Toyotomi Hideyoshi , 148, t’ien-ming (fate), 473 149, 236, 238–9, 257–9 t’ien-shih (heavenly master), 430. trade, book imports, 183–4, 240; See also Chang t’ien-shih “country trade,” 293, 295, 310, T’ien-shih tao (Church of the 311–12, 327; end of tribute-trade Heavenly Master), 424 linkage, 273–4; extortion by officials, T’ien-shun era (1457–64), 149 309, 313; foreigners’ grievances, T’ien-t’an (Altar of Heaven), 418 303–4, 305–6, 312–13, 314–16, T’ien-t’an yu-ko¨ (Heavenly 317; gold exports, 293;growthof Master ordination procedures), 428, European trade, 280–5; Japanese, 433–5 207–8, 234–5, 265; Korea, 177–84; T’ien-ti hui (Heaven and Earth maritime customs superintendents, Society), 106–7, 109 274, 275, 279–80, 284, 304;

824 glossary–index

trade, book imports (cont.) tribute embassies, Britain, 275; Ch’ing maritime trade guilds and to Annan, 164; Ch’ing to Choson,ˇ monopolies, 282–3, 305, 307, 309; 164; Ch’ing to Ryukyu Islands, 164; Ming with Jurchens, 114; between Dutch East India Company, 267, 268, Oirats and Russians, 126; opium 270–1, 273, 275; Japan, 235–6; imports, 295–8; porcelain exports, Korea, 147, 157–61, 164, 171, 289–91; private Chinese, 207–8, 211, 178–80, 185;toMingcourt,147, 235; restrictions and regulations on, 266;MingtoChoson,ˇ 147; papal 299, 300–7, 312–13;roleof legations, 285; Portugal, 266–7, embassies in, 178–80, 267, 268, 271–3, 285–6, 302;Russia,270, 270–1, 273, 275, 325–6; 325;Siam,300. See also diplomatic security-merchant system, 283, and consular relations 303–4, 305; silk exports, 291–3, 307; tribute system, as ceremonial silver imports, 294, 297;with institution, 285, 325–6; as “Chinese Southeast Asia, 222–5, 277, 295, world order,” 153–6; Ming, 146–9, 299, 300–7, 312–13;Taiwan,101–2; 266 taxes and maritime customs, 273–4, Trieu Da, see Chao T’o 275, 279–80, 283–4; tea exports, Trinh Can (r. 1682–1709), 217 286–9; Vietnamese, 207–8, 209, Trinh Cuong (r. 1709–29), 219 211–12, 214–15, 217; woolen Trinh Doanh (r. 1740–67), 221 imports, 294 Trinh Giang (r. 1729–40), 219 Tran-Ninh (Plain of Jars), 221 Trinh Hoai Duc, 228 Treatise on cold-damage disorders, see Trinh Kiem (r. 1539–69), 201 Shang-han lun Trinh regime, see Dai Viet Treatise on warm-factor epidemic disorders, Trinh Tac (r. 1657–82), 215, see Wen-i lun 217–22 Treaty of Nerchinsk, 128 Trinh Trang (r. 1623–57), 215, tributary relations with Ch’ing court, 217–22 Annan, 275; Dai Viet, 217; Trinh Tung, 202 Dzunghars, 132; European states, Truong Phuc Loan, 224 11–12; Japan, 11, 235–6; Jurchens, Truong Son Mountains, 199 112–17; Khalkhas and Oirats, tsa ch’i (heterogeneous ch’i), 124–30; Korea, 146, 151–64; 405 Mongol jasaghs, Tibetans, and tsai-li (principles of maintaining Turkestanis, 136–7; Ryukyu Islands, social order), 524 275;Siam,275 Ts’ai Ch’en , 232 tributary relations with Chein-chou Ts’ai Chia-shu , 631 Jurchens, 148–52 Ts’ai T’ing , 613 tributary relations with Ming court, Ts’ai Yu-jung¨ 3, 41, 42 Jurchens, 114; Korea, 146–7, Ts’ai Yuan-ting , 569 152 ts’an-tsan ta-ch’en ( (resident tributary relations with Tokugawa ofﬁcials in Sinkiang), 134–5 Japan, Korea, and Ryukyu Islands, Ts’ang shu (A book to conceal), 567, 239 646

glossary–index 825

Ts’ao family, usurpers of Han tsung-tu (supreme commander, in imperial rule and founders of Wei Ming era), 18 dynasty, 66–7 tu (worm), 604 Ts’ao-tung sect, 213–14 tu chih-hui shih (military Ts’ao-yun¨ ch’uan-shu¨ (Complete commissioner), 16, 114 account of grain transport), 66–7 tu-chih-hui ssu (regional Tsar of Russia, 128 military commission), 29 tse (regularities), 519 Tu Chun-ying¨ (, 87–8 Tseng Ching , 612, 613, 639 Tu Fu ( , 553 Tseng Tzu , 536 Tu li t’ung k’ao (Comprehensive Tseng T’ien-chu hsin-t’ang chi examinations of readings on rituals), 589 (“In honor of the new Catholic Tu Lin ( , 546 Church”), 330, 331–2 Tu Yu (, 549 Tsewang Rabdan (r. 1697–1727), 128, Tu-shu-t’ang hsi-cheng sui-pi 130, 131, 132 (Jottings of a western journey from Tsinan (Chi-nan), 26, 345 the Hall for Reading), 613–14 Tsinghai province, 111–12, 130 tu-t’ung (commander), 134–5 Tsinghua University tu-tieh (ordination certiﬁcate), 422 [Ch’ing-hua Ta-hsueh],¨ 641 t’u (array, sometimes called diagram), Tso chuan (Tso’s commentary), 546, 535, 603 549, 567 T’u Kuo-pao , 30 tsou-fang-i (itinerant healers), t’u-ssu (local hereditary chief or 398 ofﬁcer), 40, 201 tsu yung tiao " (a tripartite tax t’u-ti kung (local earth god), system, V. to-dung-dieu), 220 435 tsu-p’u (clan genealogies), 623 Tuan Ch’ang-hsu¨ , 619 tsu-shih (“patriarch” of local cult), tuan-kung (vernacular priest), 447 429–30. See also vernacular priests Ts’ui Chi , 64 Tuan-wu chieh ) (Dragon Boat tsui-yao ch’ueh¨ (very important festival), 432–3 posts), 57 Tumen River , 161–2 Tsun Chu yao chih Tumet¨ Mongols (Tumed),¨ 120 (“Fundamental points for venerating Tung Chung-shu , 232 Chu Hsi”), 596 Tung Kao , 645 “Ts’un hsueh¨ pien” (“Treatise on tung-chih (winter solstice) K. tongji, living learning”), 506 157 ts’un-mu (to receive notice), 609 Tung-lin faction, 472, 475, 476, tsung-chih (master purpose), 483, 490, 500, 559, 615 569, 593 Tung-lin Academy (Tung-lin shu-yuan¨ tsung-p’ai (lineage of Taoist clergy), ), 468, 472 416 tung-shih (manager), 651, 652, tsung-ping (garrison commander), 681–2 625–6 Tung-yang (eastern ocean, name tsung-tu , see governor-general for countries to the east), 277

826 glossary–index

Tung-yueh¨ miao (Temple to the tzu-jan (what is spontaneously so; God of the Eastern Peak), 443 so of itself), 519, 520, 561 Tung-yueh¨ ta-ti (deity of the Tzu-kuan (Comprehensive dictionary), Eastern Peak), 415 614 t’ung chi (comprehending seminal Tzu-kung , disciple of Confucius, forces), 518 547 T’ung chien kang-mu (Summary Tz’u-hsi t’ai-hou # Dowager of the Comprehensive mirror for aid in Empress Tz’u-hsi, 418 government), 362–4 t’ung ju (“comprehensive Uesugi Norizane & 4, 257–9 Confucian scholar”), 545, 601, 602 uigwanˇ (clothes and hats), 168, t’ung ku chin # (comprehend past 170, 194 and present), 527 Uijuˇ , 180 t’ung shan hui (society for doing uiwonˇ (medical doctors), 174 good together), 492 Uj¨ umchin,¨ 120 T’ung ya (Comprehensive refinement), Ulan Budung, 128 516, 524–7 Ulanjab League, 120 T’ung-ch’eng , 67, 515 Uliasutai, 129, 142 T’ung-chien lun (Discussion on the unofficial histories (yeh-shih), 619, 623, comprehensive mirror), 613 630n T’ung-chien Ming chi (Record of Urat, 120 the Ming in the comprehensive mirror Urumchi, 134–5 style), 628 T’ung-chih reign (1861–75), 689 van Braam Houckgeest, Andre´ Everard, T’ung-chou (Chihli), 18n, 319 323–4 t’ung-hsuan¨ chiao-shih Varo, Francisco, 351 (religious teacher who comprehends veneration rites, see ancestral tablets; the mysterious), 331 Chinese rites controversy T’ung Yang-chia $ , 267 Verbiest, Ferdinand (Nan Huai-jen Turfan, 132, 134–5 '), 333, 338, 348, 354–5, 370, Turkestan, 118, 126–7, 132, 134, 382, 386, 592 136–7 veritable records (shih-lu), 475, 581, Turkic titles, 134 583, 586 Tusiyet¨ u¨ Khan, 126–9, 140 vernacular literature, 412 tutelage over “outer territories,” 142–3 vernacular priests, 428, 429–30, 434 Tuva, 132 vice minister (shih-lang ";Ma. tzu (written words), 527, 549 ashan-i amban), in Li-fan yuan,¨ 136 Tzu chih t’ung chien Vietnam (Ch. Yueh-nan),¨ (Comprehensive mirror for aid in Buddhism, 213–14; creation as state, government), 542, 551 197, 226–7; naming of, 197; Tzu-hsia , disciple of Confucius, pre-Ch’ing period, 198–210; reign 541 title, 197–8; tributary status, 10–11. Tzu hsiao chi & (Toward being See also Dai Viet; Gia-long era filial), 631 Vincentians, see Lazarists

glossary–index 827

Visdelou, Claude de, 342 emphasis on things (wu), 563, 569;on Vu Truong Toan, 228 importance of particles (ch’i), 560–6, vuong (Ch. wang , king), 222–5 569; on learning and understanding, 567–9; writings by, 560–2 wa ch’u¨ tzu yang * (lacunae, Wang Hsi , 352–3 blank spaces), 629 Wang Hsi-ch’an [also Wadoku yory¯ o¯ (J. Essentials of Hsi-shan], 388 Japanese readings of Chinese), 246, 247 Wang Hsien-hsu¨ , 662 Waegwan , 179 Wang Hui-tsu , 644 wai fan (Man. tulergi golo), 6–9, 13. Wang Hung-hsu¨ , 587 See also outer territories Wang K’eng-t’ang , 404 wai-kan (externally contracted Wang Mang , 554 [diseases]), 405 Wang Pi 1, 535 Wan Ch’i-yuan¨ , 341 Wang Shih-chen , 642 Wan Ssu-t’ung , 511, 585–7, Wang Shih-chun¨ , 60–2 640 Wang Shih-hsiung , 406–7 Wan-an , 528 Wang Shih-sun , 641 Wan-li emperor (r. 1573–1619), Wang Shu-ho , 407 533 Wang Su , 549 Wan-li era (1573–1619), 202, 549 Wang Ta-fan , 632 Wan-nien p’ei-t’ien-ts’e Wang T’ing-hsiang , 483 (Essays on the eternal Son of Heaven), 631 Wang Wan , 580–1 Wan-shou kung , 447 Wang Wei , 555 Wan-wu chen-yuan¨ (True origin Wang Yang-ming , Chang of all things), 353–4 Lu-hsiang¨ on, 491;Ch’enChueh¨ on, Wan-yen ! [name of a Manchu 464; Huang Tsung-hsi on, 480, 482, clan], 449–50 485–6, 487–90, 491, 594–5;on wang (prince, king) V. vuong, 201, innate knowing of moral good, 463, 223 466, 473–4, 487, 490, 493, 503–4, Wang , adoptive mother of Ku 511, 560, 593–4, 595;KuYen-wu Yen-wu, 531 on, 538–41; and Kumazawa Banzan, Wang An-shih , 539, 548 236; Li Kuang on, 509–10; Li Yung Wang Ch’ang-yueh¨ , 438, on, 495, 496; Liu Tsung-chou’s 439 reinterpretation, 460–1, 511;onrole Wang Che , 437 of practice, 503n; Sun Ch’i-feng on, Wang Chen , 86 472–4;YenYuan¨ on, 503–4 Wang Chi , 253 Wang Yen , 539 Wang Ch’i-shu , 258 Wang Ying-kuei , 635 Wang Ching-ch’i , 613–14 Wang Yuan¨ , 369 Wang Chun¨ *, 92 Wang-chiang , 695 Wang Chung , 645 wang-shih (the sovereign’s troops), Wang Fu-chih , biographical 628 overview, 558–70, 572; on causality, wasan (Japanese mathematics), 563–6; as critic of Chu Hsi, 560–9; 242

828 glossary–index

water conservancy projects, 662, 663–4, Winter solstice, 157, 521 667, 668, 678 Wolun , 45 Way, 499, 597. See also Tao women, female alchemy, 455–6; female wei [a pre-classical copula verb], 613 healers and physicians, 402–3;and wei (guards), 112–14 ﬁlial obligation, 249;asTaoistclergy, Wei Chung-hsien , 475, 692–3 441 Wei I-chieh &, 641–4 woolen imports, 294 Wei River , 615 wu (ritual healer), 410 “Wei tzu” ' (“Prince of Wei”), Wu county, 667, 684. See also 549 Soochow Wei Wen-k’uei , 377 Wu , king of the Chou dynasty, Wei Yuan¨ , 701 550 wen (culture), 556–8, 600 wu hsin chih li (the coherence wen (written words, writings, in my heart), 510 literature), 458 wu ju (we Confucians), 500 wen (warm), 406 wu li (my coherence), 509, 524 wen (pestilence), 406 wu li (coherence or patterns of Wen hsien t’ung k’ao things), 524 (Comprehensive examination of important Wu li hsiao chih (Notes on the writings), 542 patterns of things), 516–23, 524, 528, wen jen (men of culture), 579 569 Wen-an , 357 Wu Ch’ien , 260 Wen-ch’ang ti-chun¨ , 451 Wu Chih-wang , 404 wen-i (febrile epidemics), 405, Wu Fu-sheng , 91–3, 104–5 406 Wu Li , 341, 365–6 Wen-i lun (Treatise on Wu Ming-hsuan¨ , 380, 382 warm-factor epidemic disorders), Wu Ming-tao , 643 405–7 Wu San-kuei , 20–1, 28, 38–40, wen-miao (Confucian temple), 684n 43–4, 329–30, 559, 573, 619 wen-ping (warm-factor disorders), Wu Shou-yang !, 451 404, 406 Wu T’ang , 406–7 Wen-tsung ko tsa-chi (Miscellaneous notes Wu Wei-yeh , 555, 611 from the Wen-tsung Hall), 645 Wu Ying-chi , 643 wen-tzu-yu¨ (literary inquisition), Wu Yu-hsing , 405–7 606. See also literary inquisitions Wu Yuan¨ , 75tab Weng Fang-kang , 627 Wu Yueh¨ so-chien shu hua lu Western learning (hsi hsueh¨ ), 12–14, (Record of books and paintings seen 189–93, 527. See also sohakˇ in Wu and Yueh¨ ), 640 “Western methods” (hsin-fa), 378, 379, Wu-ch’ang , 332, 453 381, 382–3 wu-ch’ang (the ﬁve constant Western ocean countries, 322, 507 virtues), 616 Whampoa (Huang-p’u ), 279, 303, Wu-ch’e (the star known today as 306–7, 308, 313 Capella in Aurige, near Gemini), 504 White Lotus rebellion, 651 Wu-che $, 112–14

glossary–index 829

Wu-i , 286–9 Yeh Fang-ai , 574–7, 582, 584, Wu-Liu !, 451 586, 587, 589 wu-lun (five human relations), 389 Yeh Kuei , 406–7 wu-tang (our group), 507 yeh-jen (wild people, barbarian, Wu-tang shan (Wu-tang savage) K. yain, 112–17, 146 Mountain), 439, 443, 446 yeh-shih (unofficial histories), 623, wu-tzu li (wordless coherence), 630n 474 Yeke Juu League, 120 Wu-yuan¨ county , 632 Yellow Emperor, 52 Yellow River , 52–4 Yakusha (J. Translation Society), Yellow Sea , 23 246, 247 yen (words), 523–7 Yalu River , 161–2 Yen Jo-ch’u¨ (or -chu)¨ , 510, yam (Mon., Yuan¨ imperial post system), 590–1, 603–4, 640 141 Yen Mo , 351, 370 Yamaga Soko¯ , 237, 241 Yen Yuan¨ , disciple of Confucius, Yamamoto Hokuzan , 245 369, 547 Yamanoi Konron 0, 255, Yen Yuan¨ , 498–505, 514 257–9 yen-chang (malarial and miasmic), Yamazaki Ansai , 237–8, 56 241–2 Yen-ch’eng , 628 yamen (officials’ compound), 54, Yen-sui , 18, 20, 21, 24 88, 91, 660 Yi Hu-gang , 190 Yang Chao-lin , 685–6 Yi I-myongˇ , 187 Yang Hsi-fu , 65–7 Yi Ka-hwan , 192–3 Yang Hsiung , 548 Yi Ki-ji , 187, 191 Yang Kuang-hsien , 335, 345, Yi Song-gyeˇ (r. 1392–8), 171 380–2, 383–4, 388, 393 Yi Tok-muˇ , 188 Yang K’uei , 75tab Yi Ui-hyˇ onˇ 5, 183 Yang Wen-ch’ien , 60, 283 yin (pronunciation), 543 yang-lien yin (money for Yin , 549 nourishing incorruptibility), 63, 667, Yin hsueh¨ wu shu (Five writings 673 on phonetics), 532, 543–5 yang-sheng (cultivation of the Yin-chen $ (fourth son of K’ang-hsi), body), 437 282. See also Yung-cheng emperor yangban ([Korean] hereditary Yin-chi-shan , 64 elites), 175, 191, 196 Yin-jeng % (second son of Yangchow (Yang-chou), 661, 700 K’ang-hsi), 282 Yangtze River , 20. See also lower Yin-ssu & (eighth son of K’ang-hsi), Yangtze region 612, 613 Yao Chi-heng , 640 Yin-t’ang ' (ninth son of K’ang-hsi), yao-ch’ien (medical divination 361, 612, 613 slips), 452 yin-yang , 404, 509, 519, 561, yao-ch’ueh¨ (important post), 57 563, 564

830 glossary–index

yokkwanˇ (interpreters), 174. See Yueh¨ Sheng-lung $, 46 also interpreters Yun Hyu , 171 yon’gongˇ (annual tribute), 157, 160–1 Yun¨ Chung-sheng $, 471–2 Yoshimasu Tod¯ o¯ , 251–2 Yun-yang¨ , 18, 21 Yoshimune (r. 1716–45), 249–50, Yung-cheng emperor (r. 1723–35), 258 appointment and evaluation of Yu I , 406–7 governors, 47–58; attitude to Yu¨ court, 468 Christianity, 360–2; enshrinement YuCh’ang¨ , 253, 406–7 policy, 686–7; reaction to his legacy, Yu¨ Ch’eng-lung 2, 43–4 59–62; regulating and rewarding Yu¨ Huang , 445. See also Jade local elites, 653–5, 659; reputation Emperor and legacy, 59, 61–3;Taiwantribal Yu¨ Kuo-chu 2, 42–3, 44 land decree, 97; and Taoist ritual, Yu¨ Yang-chih 2 , 46 418–19; and T’ien Wen-ching, 51–4; Yu¨ Yung-ho + , 83 use of palace memorials, 50 YuY¨ ueh¨ , 409–11 Yung-cheng era (1723–35), yu-lu¨ (records of speech), 541 anti-missionary policies, 279; literary Yu-p’i¨ li-tai t’ung-chien chi-lan inquisitions, 607, 612–14; provincial (Imperially approved selections administration, 47–58 from mirrors for aiding government over Yung-cheng chu-p’i yu-chih¨ several dynasties), 617, 646–7 (Imperial rescripts in red from the Yu-yao¨ , 471, 475, 476 Yung-cheng reign), 51 Yu-ying¨ t’ang ch’uan¨ shan wen ) Yung-li era (1646–62), 560, ” (Descriptions and advice on 608–9 philanthropy for foundling hospitals), Yung-lo emperor (r. 1403–24), 345 112–14, 599 Yuan¨ dynasty (1271–1368), 5 Yung-yen lu (Record of useful Yuan¨ Ch’ung-huan , 151 sayings), 640 Yuan¨ Huang , 492, 630 Yunnan province, 18, 20–1, 40, Yuan-ming¨ yuan¨ (Garden of 41, 332, 346, 676tab Perfect Brightness) (Old Summer Palace), 319, 363, 431 Zen Buddhism (, 236–7, 254. See also Yuan¨ shih (History of the Yuan¨ ), Ch’an Buddhism 585 zinc alloy, 285