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Nutrients and Plankton Biomass in the Rift Lake Sources of the White Nile

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Nutrients and Plankton Biomass in the Rift Lake Sources of the White Nile NUTRIENTS AND PLANKTON BIOMASS IN THE RIFT LAKE SOURCESOF THE WEITE NILE: LAKFJ AI-BERT AND EDWARD JOHN T. LEHMAN Deryrtnent oj Biology, Univercityof Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 4E109 USA ARNI H, LITT Depa nent oltuoloqy, Univenity ofwashington Seattle,WA 98195 USA ROSEMUCIDDE F ishe r ies Researc h I nstitute P.O. Ror 343, Ji'tja, USanda DONNAA, LEHMAN Depannent o! Riolosy, Univerciryol Michisan AnnArbor,MI 48109 USA l. Abstract The rift lakcs Albcn and Edward, ss well as Lake Ccorge, USanda,were samplcdat nea$horeand offshoresir€s during March 1995 with attenrionto water column chemistry,plankton biomass, and produclion ntes. Biomassof phytoplankronexceeds that of zooplanktonin borh rifr lakes,and rhe predictivereladonship betwcen lighr artenuationand particular€chlorophyll is consistentwirh thar of Late Victoria. Cyclopoidcopepods dominar€ Albert and Edwardicalanoids are rare (<l mr) and Cladocemreprescnt less than ten percent of zooplankronbiomass. Alrhough previously reporledto be pr€sentin olherfak€s in rheNile sysr.m,Themodiaptonus galebi \as not confirmedin l,ale Alben beforethis study. Adult malesand ovigerous females of lhe spccieswere coll€ctcd in lnke Alb€n and immatuc femalcswer€ sampledin Lake Edward. MesocyclopsoB lrrnur w.s coll€ctedftom kke Albert, which is a new rccord for this speciesftom EastAfrican Rift Vall€y lakes. Presentwarer lemperatures of Lake Alben sre elevated by about 0.5 .C compared vith historicsl records, a circumstancewhich palallels changesrecorded for kke Victoria. Bolh Alb€rr and Edwardhave lower levels ofTotalP and nitrarethan historical accounts have reported. In shallowLake George,heterocysr-forming cyanobacbria ard c€n(ricdiaioms wer€ rareconparcd wilh historicalrecords, a recenrcondirion rhat may be the resuhof m€ral contaminatiot,especially by copperfrom mining acrivities in theRuwenzoris. l5l LI Lzhna (.d,), Ewinw^tal Chats. ana R6poN. i. E6t Ahica LnLt, l5t-172, @ 1998Klwd Acod.hk Prblishe.s. P.int d in E N.h.tsM- 2. Inhodu€tion Lake Alben is i kn'? surfacearea, I The WestemRift of East Africa, nonh of the Virunga volcanoes,contains two ancient rnain inflow at tE lakes that attsactedscientiflc attentionsince theh discoveryby Ewopeansmore than a atrd \rhich river is centuy ago. Underlain by sedimenisof gl€at antiquity, Lakes Albert and Edward slopesof the Ru'*r togetherwith Lake Victoria constitutethe major lake sourcesof the White Nile and Dortiemmostend, I contribute to the dch limnology of centsalEast Afiica. These lakes have not been Lake Edward i! subject to comparativeexamination of limnological propertiesfor over two decades' reachesits mariml despite changesin land use, fisheries exploitation, population gro\t'lh, and regional eradually to rhe U climate. In order to identify modem conditions,we undertooklimnological sanpling Ruwenzoris,fiom t andproc€ss rate expedmentsat theselakes in 1995 Someinflow o€cur deepand hypereurl 300E 3roE studiedduring rhc BiologicalPrograrn of environmenhlc( fron mining operatr 3. Methods Lake Alb€rt wass: Ugandain thenont ro the mourhof rh. rED2,I8 m andED In situprofitcs € Endeco,rySl6000 C werecalibrared ce ;alibraredagainsr s ln siru temperarure r.mp€ralurecoeffici ,lI PAR) wasncas gnples werecollc. .t coll€ction. SRt 'Ed'ods (Hach).Fil rll and *€re shapg 9O4t aceronci piSr tO.op'grn€nt. Bodl tt'or. Chlorid., r \lt.linity was rrE: :rljrum warenEaJu rqE rrasurcd by I trtrulatc P 'J.rc m r ih. sumof rh. l*( Iisf. r, tilcs Alb.rt, Edwtrd, dd G.o!ge, wirh sanpling silesindicaM. Zaoplankon *s, iO sm apenurc. 0l 158 .Lake Albert is a chuacFdstic half grabenhkc oi rnaximun deprh58 nr, dnd 530{) km'surfacc.vea,lying at surfaccelevation ol 615 In (FiS. l). The lake receilcs1r\ main inflow at rlre south fronl the Scmliki Riv$. Nhich desccndstrom Lake Ed$1rd. xnd $hich ri\er is borh augmenredand diluted bJ triburffy streamsftunr rhe no hc|1r stotesol rlrcRu$cnzoris (Viner 1975). Thc vrcrorir Nilc entersLake Alberr ,rs northernnrostend. !rhere il Joinsrhe nonh$ard oultlow ol lheAlben Nite. Lnkc Ld\r.d is a smaller(2125 kmrl and dccpcr012 m) rjhedbasin. Thc lakc J.'. reachcsits nrrxinrunr deprh \rithin 5 krn ol rfic wcsrcrn (Congo) shore. and stoFs gradurllyro the Ugandr shore. The lalic rccerlcsdrrjnr8e ffom rhc sourhwcslcrr) Ruwcnzoris,llonr the Rwrnda highlands, rnd tiollrrhe Virunga votcanocs to lhc i)ultr. Sonreinllos occursrhruugh the KazirSn Chrnnel tioln.r shallow(2 nt but (,flicx ! dcep rnd hypcreurrophicnorthcrstern basin. t-akc Ccorre Lake Ceorgehad bccn w. studicddLrrurS thc 1960sas fa of I RoyalSocict) romponenr of rhc Inlcrnrrionrl BroloricrlProgrrnnr)c (Burgis et al. l97l). Subscqucntlyrhc lrke hasbcconrc rn d$ oicnrironmcrlaleonccrn hecause ol hcaly m.(xl conr niinrtionby coptcr andcol\xlr konrnrininr ol)crlrlons in lheRu$cnzoris (t)cnn\' cr lt 1995). 3. Nlrlhods I-rkc Albcn wrs s nrtlcd ncarsho.c(5 nr) rn(l 0Jtilxnc(AI-l q0 n, tidn BL irhi, lJ8lrdr in rhcnorlhclnclr hall ol lhelrke. l.rle lldwl|rltwlrs sanrplc(l'renrstrorc clt)se lo llc nroulhol lho K /iDgaChrnn.l ([DI,.1 nr) rs wcll ls rr rwo o{t!ho,ek)(rti(ns {lil)2. l8 Ir rnd EDl, 25 nr). In srlLrtr(ni[s ol lcnrpcraturc,ox]gen, pH, nd eon(lucnviryw.rc obrtunedwith rn [ndrco/YsI an)00C ID cquippedwirh inlernrl dlh toggcr Oxygenxnd pH ctcclr)des Ncrecrhhrrtcd creh dal oi uscand in sirutroli[s ol di\v)tlcd oxyScn$erc turrhcl .rlibfurcdig.rinsl surtucc $rrcr nrcrsurcnrc'rtshy Wr kt.r rirr i.n. Condueli\irif\]l In srlu r'nrJicfutur.s$crc cr)n\crl.d lr) sfccill( .ondurlllncerr 25 .c by usrngr 'C r 't r.mt.rxrurccrtr lllcicnr ol :.:l? (Trllinr rnd rltins l,)ar5). th.t$$rrer irrJi,ur.. tUIj IrAR)wrs nrcrsufcd\!ith r I-icor eosircci,rre!led (turDtuDr scn\or. Discrcrc $l|lcr \rri\rles$crc collccrcdhl VrD Dorn houlc. ij )rttcs tllltrcd,)nshorc wilhin.l h "cre i,1 !ollccrion. SItl' rnd SltS; lvcrc nrcxsurc(ti rledi.tel) by spcctroph(norelfic nrclhods(H ch). Irilrclslin chlofophyllurr(l prulicutrlc ctrenrislly wcre d.icd o!er rjti.il sel rnd wcrc shittcLl ro A n Arbo. thf nrtlsis. Chlorr)drylt tilrers werc ground in 90'l acclurci tignrcr( \'rs mcasurcd hy cxlftrclcd ttL(tresccnce,corrcctcd tr)r phcopi!rrcnt. Borh unliltcrcdr,'rrr. sarDplesrnd lilrr[. w.re :rlsoshipped lo Anf ,\rbor. Chlorid!,oilrirc, nirr.llc, and sullrlc $!|c nrcrsur.db) ion chromlrogritthy. .\lkrlinitt wrs nr.r\urcd by Crrn rirrarion. Sodiurn.forrssium. ma-!nesiurrr, rn,l rllcrunrscre nrcrNUrcdb) 1lamearomic absorprion spccrroscopy. tron andnrangrncsc trcre orcasurcdb! gnphi(e furnicearomic ibsorprion Iorxl dissotrcdp (Dp) rnd psniculalc P $crc nr.r\urcd afrer persulfateoxid ion rnd Torrl P (TP) was calcullrcd rs lhe sum ol lhc two Zooflanklorwcre sxmplcd wilh lour.eplicarc vcrricrl hruls by netsof borh100 rd 60 [m apcnLlrl:,0.5m mouthopcning, and 5:l asJ'.crrlrio (ResearchNcls, tlrc.). 159 Zooplanhon dry massby taxon '*as estimat€dby drrwing individuals as edcountered abiotic turbidiry in I ftom platrkton collections, rinsidg them in deiooizei water, atrd theo drying them to Ceorge(2.54 mr) fi, const8ntmass ar 60 "C. Massdeterminadon was by elecEobalarce(Caho 29). backgound atenuari Kinetics of phoslhate uplake were measu€d for nca$ho.e and offshore plahkton water,independ€nl o assemblages.Inke waler aliquotsreceiv€d additions ranging from 0 to 2 UM NarHPOr and conc€nhaiionchanges w€re measuredover ca. 2 h al ambienttemp€ratur€ (c6. 25 oC) in subduedlight. Maximum rates of uptake and half-saturationconstant! werc determinedby nonlinear rcgrcssion(SYSTAT 5.03). PAFiPerc€r ) 01 110 Ftt tl MO t99 Iirlr. 2. Photosyrthcticlly etivc iEldiu@ 4.1.2.laLe Albed v.6u5 &pth $ FEa|Ig! of surfe B!din8r. for Measuremenbfor tll ri*d Alb6l. Edsld, ud Gco'g.. 1995. 'C warmerrhroughoul any other of his longil di€l basisto a dcpthol 4. Resultj spe€iic conduclancc nrtate than measurcd 4,I. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Hislorical valucs comparisor wirh 4.1.1.UBht Att nuation o0t a(enuationcocmcical Vcrtical ar@nualionof light varies among lakcs, sDdbctw€en nearshorc 8nd offshore valuescite-d by Lakc Edward (Fig. 2). With thc crc€ption of Lalc Cco.gc, the raDgeof dtcnuation Taliat 1961. Our estimarc coefhcicnts was similar lo observationsftom offshore llkc Victoria (Irhman cl al- fl 0.36II|'. As wc noGC 1998). The nearchorestation ED I wasn€ar the mouth of th€ Krzinga Ch6hncl,Iinking chlorophyll ftom tigh( Edward with irs upstrearnhypcrcutophic extension,Lake Ceorge. Light attcnuation levelsin Marchl96t was primadly a function of paniculate chlorophyll concc[t ation (Fig. 3) 6uch that a r 1995. If ir is uuc conunon linear model appli$ to the th!€€ large basinsAlbert, Edwrd, and Victoria. d lariation in algat ahr Lighr attenuationcould lhus bc usedto Fedict algal biomassfor l.lEs€lakes whcn direct Albenhave dcclin d. measurcmentsare lacking. Light atl€nuationin kkc C.orge is considerably8.ca!er thanpredicted by thc modcl lhat fits lhe derpcr la*es. this appers to rcsult ftom high 160 rbiotic turbidiry in Lrke George. The fesidual dcli;ltion of lighr arenuarion in Lake ') G.orgc (l5.1 nr fron rhe linear model predicrionis sinrilar rn mrgnitude to the high backgroundatlcnuarion value of 2.55m' thatGanf (19?,1)reporred for Lake Geofge Nrtcr. indepcndenrof irs chlorophyllcontenl. E o.035lchrFo28,2-oo+ 5 0102030405060 m0 Clrlrf-3 /lgr. J Vrni!rlrlrcnurlion{,fI'AR v {^chLLrot'hyllntr Irk.\ Alhcn. Ed*r . (nlr|:(.. rrll ntr\lcrr Vi.({ir MLnl.m v'.!r1r drir fror, l{ M0grLldc lL(hn r cr rl t9981 iUcNu.cnrcnlsfur Lrkc Albcflal lhc oifshoreslNliorr AI-l rcycala hk. th i! aboul0.5 ( $ nrcrlhloughoul (f-rg .1)than measurcd b) lrlling duringMarch ltl6l, or durin! -lhclrkcrsNcll xn\ othcrolhis l(ngitudinll lake suncl\('lrlling l96l) rixedonx Jrclbr\is lo l dcplhoirboul l5 nr. In othcrresf'ccrs.lhc lrkc is nntredilutc in tcrms,)l \Fcillc eon(juchnccund concenrrarion\ol nlrjor ions,lnd loscr ir phosphle lnd nnrde rhtll)nlcrsurcd d.crdcs ago b) Tnllingrnd orhcrs( lrblc l).
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