DOCSLIB.ORG

Melon Aphids Pink/ White Yellow Lavender Bronze Coral Red Leanne S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Melon Aphids Pink/ White Yellow Lavender Bronze Coral Red Leanne S Fall Mum Cultlvars Best for Containers. Melon Aphids Pink/ White Yellow lavender Bronze Coral Red Leanne S. Pundt Encore Anna Adorn Bandit Grenadine Bravo Extension Educator Frolic Cream Debonair Dark Serenade Buckeye Greenhouse 1PMCoordinator Hekla Frolic Emily Grenadine Minngopher Illusion Donna Lynn Dark Red Re Linda Fortune Megan Triumph markable Nicx>le Goldmine Naomi Denise Tolima Holly Small Ginger Jessica Wonder Grace ast season, many growers Legend Stardom Minnautumn LIhad difficulty managing Sunny Stargazer Mirage "black flies" on their chrysanthemums and other crops. Upon Morning Sundoro Remark closer inspection, growers found the melon or cotton aphid, Target Symphony able West Point Robin Aphisgossypii to be the culprit. Yellow Sandy The melon aphid has a wide host range including chrysan Illusion Sarah themums, Easter lilies, cineraria and begonias. Vegetables Yellow Shelley Triumph Tanaga such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers and melons as well as Triumph herbaceous perennials including hollyhock, european colum Viking bine, dahlia, poppy, beebalm, gooseneck loosestrife, pen- stemon and forget-me-not and others may become infested. Fall Mum Cultlvars Best for Baskets. Different biotypes of the melon aphid may occur that will Pink/ vary in their host preference and degree of insecticide resis White Yellow Lavender Bronze Coral Red tance. In Japan, researchers have found melon aphids col Encore Allure Debonair Dark Grenadine Bravo lected from chrysanthemum which showed a higher level of Frolic Anna Emily Grenadine Red Re Hekla Donna Lynn Dark markable resistance than melon aphids collected from potato and egg Illusion Goldmine Megan Triumph plant. In this study, insecticide resistance was not always cor Linda Jessica Stardom Denise related with the frequency of insecticide application. Tolima Sunny Stargazer Grace The melon aphid is small(less than 1/16 of an inch in Morning Sundoro Remark Yellow able length) with distinctive white patches on it's abdomen. Color Illusion Sandy is variable, from yellow and green to purplish-grey and black Yellow Sarah even within the same aphid colony. Another distinctive fea Triumph Shelley ture is the melon Tanaga aphid's cornicles or Triumph "tailpipes" which are at the rear of the abdomen and tend to be darker than it's body. The green peach aphid, Myzuspersi- cae, may be seen on chrysanthemums, too, Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter 10 11 but the green peach aphid is a larger aphid with less color Scheduling Mums in Baskets variation and is approximately 1/14 of an inch long. Green Mums can be grown in Belden or moss-lined baskets. An peach aphids tend to be light green to pinkishred. They 8" Belden basket requires eightcuttings; 10" Beldens require have only dark tipped "cornicles" which are not darker than 10 cuttings. A 10" moss basket requires 13 cuttings. the rest of their body. Cuttings are planted during the last week in June or the Plant Damage first week inJuly. Cuttings are pinched once, approximately two weeks after transplant. Growth can be controlled with B- Direct feeding damage results in wilting and leaf distor Nine, appliedat a rate of 2,500-3,750 ppm starting two weeks tion.The presenceof honeydew, sooty mold and shed aphid after pinching and continuing as needed until budsreach pea skins reduces the crop's aesthetic appearance. size. Thisschedulewillproducea flowering basket in late Life Cycle ofthe Melon Aphid September. In the Northeast, melon aphids will overwinter outdoors For earlier baskets, plant cuttingsduring the first week of as eggs. Some possible overwintering hosts include sedum, June and take a pinch no laterthanJuly 1. Forlarger baskets, catalpa and Rose of Sharon. Several generations may occur stickcuttings in mid-May, pinch once on aboutJune 5 and during a growing season. take a second pinch in early to mid-July. Females can produce young when they are only five days Varieties old Eachfemalecan produce from 20 to 140young during Not all mum cultivars are equally suitedforall cropping her lifetime. In the spring and fall, winged adults with dark strategies. Use the following tables to select the most reliable red or black eyes and dark antennae may invade green cultivars for each application. houses. Management FallMum Cultlvars Best for FastCropping. Weed control is a vitalfirst step. Winged aphids will fre Pink/ quently migrate from colonized weeds to crops within and White Yellow Lavender Bronze Coral Red near greenhouses. Ballerina Allure Camelot Dark Grenadine Bravo Encore Anna Debonair Grenadine Buckeye Frolic Cream Emily Dark Red Re Table 1. Someweed hosts ofthe melon aphld(fotind In New Hekla Frolic Lancer Triumph markable York State) from W. Tlngey, Cornell University. Illusion Donna Lynn Denise Linda Fortune Megan Ginger Latin Name Common Name Nicole Goldmine Naomi Grace Amarantbus deflexus Amaranth Tolima Holly Stardom Mirage Ambrosia sp Ragweed White Jessica Stargazer Remark Antbemis cotula Stinking Chamomile Stardom Legend Sundoro able Antbemts tinctoria Yellow Chamomile Sunny Symphony Robin Asclepias syrlaca Milkweed Morning Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's Purse Tinkerbell Sandy Target Cbenopodlum album Lamb's Quarters Sarah Yellow Shelley Ertgeron canadensis Horseweed Illusion Galium aparine Goosegrass Tanaga Yellow Galium clrcaezana Wild Licorice Triumph Triumph Vikinx lmpattens balsamlna Balsam Portulaca oleracea Purslane Senedo aureus Groundsel Valeriana officinalis Heliotrope Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter 12 Scheduling with Florel Yellow sticky cards can be placed near vents and doors Florel is a plant growth regulator. Applications of Florel and outside greenhouses to catch the winged adults, but cause flower buds to abort and stimulate lateral branching. melon aphids are less likely to form winged adults than green Therefore, Florel can be used in place ofa pinch to stimulate peach aphids. break development and to delay flowering. For example, Close monitoring, especially before flowering, is needed to with a regular two-pinch crop, a grower may stick cuttings on detect melon aphid colonies. Melon aphids may be less likely about June 1, pinch on June 22 and apply a second pinch in to move upwards toward the tender young growth than mid-July for a mid-season flowering date. Using Florel instead green peach aphids on certain crops such as chrysanthemum. of a pinch, a grower would stick cuttings on the same date, On mums, they are more evenly distributed along the plant apply Florel on aboutJune 22 and apply a second applica stem and stay on the lower leaves. In general, infestations tion of Florelon July 6 to reach the same mid-season flower will be more localized in "hot spots" when fewer winged ing date. adults are present Growers may also look for honeydew, Mums normally require six to seven weeks to flower fol small white shed aphid skins and the presence of ants guard lowing a pinch. With Florel,an additional three to five days ing the aphids to detect an infestation. may be necessary. To produce mums that flower in mid- to late August, pinch no later than July 4 or apply Florel no later Treatment Options than July 1. For late-flowering mums, pinch no later than July BiologicalControl 20 or Florel no later than July 15. Apbidiletesapbidimyza, a predatory midge, is commer Fast Cropping Fall Mums cially available and may be released as pupae near "hot The fast crop is designed to save time and labor. Rooted spots" of melon aphid activity. cuttings are planted in mid- to late July on a tight spacing ChemicalManagement (i.e. one cutting per pot with pots on 10" to 14" centers). Table 2: Insecticides Registered for Aphid Control, listed by Plants are not pinched, and no plant growth regulators are Chemical class. From New England Recommends. applied. Plants are fertilized and watered immediately and Chemical Class Insecticides then on a regular basis to push the crop along. Salable mums Organophosphate Acephate, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, are produced in nine to 10 weeks. Malathion, Naled, Sulfotepp Carbamate Methiocarb, Oxamyl Late Plantings with Multiple Cuttings Botanical Azadirachtin, Pyrethrum, Pyrethrum and Rotenone Another fast crop technique involves planting two cuttings Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Endosulfan per pot during the first week in July. Plants are given a single Pyrethrokl Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin, d-phenothrin, pinch, seven to 14 days after planting and finish off the size Fenpropathin, of a regular two-pinch, single cutting crop. Floweringtime is Insect Growth Regulator Kinoprene the same for a regularcrop that is last pinched in mid-tolate Other Horticultural OH, Insecticidal Soap Nicotine July. The production scheme requires twice the number of cuttings but involves about one-third the pinching of a regu In one study, good results were reported with two applica lar crop. The late planting date eliminates the work load in tions of Orthene and insecticidal soap, or Mavrik and soap. May andJune and reduces the incidence of premature bud Growers have also mentioned good results with nicotine ding that occurs during cool nights in earlyJune. (black Flag). Thorough coverage is vital due to the melon aphid's tendency to stay on the lower leaves. Growers can spot treat when localized outbreaks occur. Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter 8 13 References The last pinch should normally occur in early to late July. Hoffmann, M. and J. Sanderson. 1993- Melon Aphid. Cor Garden mums require six to seven weeks to flower following nell Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet 750.50 the last pinch. Therefore, plants pinched no later thanJuly 4 will flower in mid- to late August. Pinching up to July 20 or McLeod, M. 1991. Controlling Melon Aphid in Green houses. Long Island HorticultureNewsJune 1991. later (i.e. July 30) will delay flowering until mid- or late Sep tember. Pattella, M. 1990. IPM for Aphids. GreenhouseManager. July 1990.141-143. Premature budding Vehrs, S.L.C., G.P. Walker, and M.P. Parrella. 1992. Com Flowering in garden mums is not totally controlled by day- parison of Population Growth Rate and Within-Plant Distribu length.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 28. GALIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 105. 1753
    Fl. China 19: 104–141. 2011. 28. GALIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 105. 1753. 拉拉藤属 la la teng shu Chen Tao (陈涛); Friedrich Ehrendorfer Subshrubs to perennial or annual herbs. Stems often weak and clambering, often notably prickly or “sticky” (i.e., retrorsely aculeolate, “velcro-like”). Raphides present. Leaves opposite, mostly with leaflike stipules in whorls of 4, 6, or more, usually sessile or occasionally petiolate, without domatia, abaxial epidermis sometimes punctate- to striate-glandular, mostly with 1 main nerve, occasionally triplinerved or palmately veined; stipules interpetiolar and usually leaflike, sometimes reduced. Inflorescences mostly terminal and axillary (sometimes only axillary), thyrsoid to paniculiform or subcapitate, cymes several to many flowered or in- frequently reduced to 1 flower, pedunculate to sessile, bracteate or bracts reduced especially on higher order axes [or bracts some- times leaflike and involucral], bracteoles at pedicels lacking. Flowers mostly bisexual and monomorphic, hermaphroditic, sometimes unisexual, andromonoecious, occasionally polygamo-dioecious or dioecious, pedicellate to sessile, usually quite small. Calyx with limb nearly always reduced to absent; hypanthium portion fused with ovary. Corolla white, yellow, yellow-green, green, more rarely pink, red, dark red, or purple, rotate to occasionally campanulate or broadly funnelform; tube sometimes so reduced as to give appearance of free petals, glabrous inside; lobes (3 or)4(or occasionally 5), valvate in bud. Stamens (3 or)4(or occasionally 5), inserted on corolla tube near base, exserted; filaments developed to ± reduced; anthers dorsifixed. Inferior ovary 2-celled, ± didymous, ovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, smooth, papillose, tuberculate, or with hooked or rarely straight trichomes, 1 erect and axile ovule in each cell; stigmas 2-lobed, exserted.
    [Show full text]
  • Catchweed Bedstraw
    CatChweed Bedstraw Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Catchweed bedstraw, Galium aparine, LIFE CYCLE (Fig. 1), an annual weed belonging to Bedstraw is a winter or summer annual the Madder (Rubiaceae) family, can be in California with peak germination found throughout most of the world. in mid- to late December and second- The species name “aparine” comes ary germination in February or March from a Latin word meaning “to seize,” when soil is still cool and moist. Seed- which is very appropriate consider- lings (Fig. 4) can emerge even if they ing the clinging nature of this weed. are buried up to 3 inches deep in loose Catchweed bedstraw is known by soil. However, the seed will not sprout many names around the world includ- on the soil surface, as exposure to light Figure 1. Catchweed bedstraw. ing cleavers, bedstraw, stickywilly, inhibits germination. and “velcro plant.” Bedstraw is native to North America and can be found Bedstraw has a slender taproot and throughout California, particularly sprawling stems, and can tolerate in moist, shady areas. Bedstraw often freezing temperatures while in the veg- is an early colonizer of waste places, etative growth stage. This fast growing roadsides, and other disturbed sites; weed can flower in as little as eight however, it also can be a major weed weeks after germination; the flowers of crops such as cereals, hay, rapeseed, are self-pollinated and usually set seed and sugarbeet as well as home land- in late spring to mid-summer months. scapes and vegetable gardens. Two-lobed, spherical or slightly kidney- shaped fruit separate into two nutlets Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Determining the Emergence Timing, Morphological Characteristics, and Species Composition of Galium Populations in Western Canada
    Determining the emergence timing, morphological characteristics, and species composition of Galium populations in western Canada A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science In the Department of Plant Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Andrea C. De Roo © Copyright Andrea C. De Roo, 2016. All rights reserved. Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purpose may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying, publication, or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Request for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis, in whole or part, should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Plant Sciences 51 Campus Drive University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (S7N 5A8) i Abstract Three species of Galium are commonly believed to thrive in western Canada; Galium aparine L., Galium spurium L.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plant List
    UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve Plants Below is the most recently updated plant list for UCSC Fort Ord Natural Reserve. * non-native taxon ? presence in question Listed Species Information: CNPS Listed - as designated by the California Rare Plant Ranks (formerly known as CNPS Lists). More information at http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php Cal IPC Listed - an inventory that categorizes exotic and invasive plants as High, Moderate, or Limited, reflecting the level of each species' negative ecological impact in California. More information at http://www.cal-ipc.org More information about Federal and State threatened and endangered species listings can be found at https://www.fws.gov/endangered/ (US) and http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ t_e_spp/ (CA). FAMILY NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME LISTED Ferns AZOLLACEAE - Mosquito Fern American water fern, mosquito fern, Family Azolla filiculoides ? Mosquito fern, Pacific mosquitofern DENNSTAEDTIACEAE - Bracken Hairy brackenfern, Western bracken Family Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens fern DRYOPTERIDACEAE - Shield or California wood fern, Coastal wood wood fern family Dryopteris arguta fern, Shield fern Common horsetail rush, Common horsetail, field horsetail, Field EQUISETACEAE - Horsetail Family Equisetum arvense horsetail Equisetum telmateia ssp. braunii Giant horse tail, Giant horsetail Pentagramma triangularis ssp. PTERIDACEAE - Brake Family triangularis Gold back fern Gymnosperms CUPRESSACEAE - Cypress Family Hesperocyparis macrocarpa Monterey cypress CNPS - 1B.2, Cal IPC
    [Show full text]
  • (Galium Aparine L.) and False Cleavers
    Molecular discrimination of Catchweed Bedstraw (Galium aparine L.) and False Cleavers (Galium spurium L.) in Western Canada Andrea De Roo, Peter Eckstein, Aaron Beattie and Chris Willenborg University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Galium spp. ▪ Three in Western Canada • Galium boreale L. • Galium aparine L. • Galium spurium L. ▪ Differences in habitat preferences ▪ Known differences in chromosome count in Galium aparine and Galium spurium Galium aparine vs. Galium spurium Importance to Weed Science ▪ Need for improved techniques ▪ Predict the movement of herbicide resistance ▪ Competitive characteristics ▪ Environmental restraints The Problem for Producers ▪ Presence of cleavers on the Prairies is increasing ▪ Difficult to determine species visually and cytogentically ▪ Solution: Look into DNA to tell them apart Project Objectives ▪ Identify variation within the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region in the cleavers genome that could be used to differentiate species ▪ Determine the speciation of various cleavers populations across western Canada What is the ITS Region? 18S 5.8S 26S ITS1 ITS2 Large Subunit RNA ITS1 → 18S 5.8S 26S ITS1 ITS2 ITS4 ▪ 5.8S gene is highly conserved ▪ ITS1 and ITS2 can readily evolve Methodology ▪ Cleaver DNA extracted from leaf material • Standard CTAB method ▪ ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region isolated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ▪ Clone to isolate single copies ▪ Sequencing • Standard Sanger sequencing Developing Consensus Sequences ▪ 10 plant samples per population • Isolated and sequenced 3 copies of the target region • Total of 30 sequences for a consensus sequence ▪ Why? a) PCR coping introduces mistakes b) Sequencing introduces mistakes ▪ Robust sequences Variation at the ITS2 Variation in the 5.8S Gene Spurium – A Aparine – G Conclusions ▪ ITS region can successfully differentiate Galium spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Galium (Bedstraw)
    VC VR N I Galium Very Common Very Rare Native Introduced Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum) N Flowers small, yellow Plant does not have and spirally whorled recurved prickles. around the stem. Cleavers (Galium aparine) N VC Flowers small, white Plant with recurved and in clusters of 3-10. prickles which help with climbing and support. Leaves lanceolate and in The prickles on Galiums whorls of 6-8 around give them the ability to the stem. stick/cling onto objects. Northern Bedstraw (Galium boreale) N Flowers small, white Fruits of the plant with and in multiple clusters. recurved prickles. Leaves lanceolate with 3 veins and rough edges in whorls of 4-8 around the stem. Woodruff (Galium odoratum) N Flowers small, white Fruits of the plant with and in loose clusters. recurved prickles. Plant is scented. Leaves oblong- Associated with lanceolate in whorls of 8 woodland and damp around the stem. shaded areas. Marsh Bedstraw (Galium palustre) N VC Flowers small, white Plant with recurved and in loose clusters. prickles. Associated with wet ground, marshes, wet Leaves oblong- grasslands and even lanceolate in whorls of ditches. 4-6. Heath Bedstraw (Galium saxatile) N VC Leaves with forward Flowers small, white facing prickles. and in clusters. Leaves oblong- Mat-forming species lanceolate in whorls of Associated with dry 6-8. grasslands Limestone Bedstraw (Galium sterneri) N VR Flowers small, creamy Leaves have recurved white in clusters. prickles on the margins. Leaves linear in whorls Associated with of 6-8. limestone habitat. Hedge Bedstraw (Galium mollugo) I VR Flowers small, white and Small hairs on leaf in long loose clusters.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Arable Weeds in Germany Support the Biodiversity of Arthropods and Birds
    Bachelorthesis Title: Common arable weeds in Germany support the biodiversity of arthropods and birds Submitted by: Naomi Sarah Bosch Submission date: 21.8.2020 Date of birth: 19.11.1997 Place of birth: Lauf a.d. Pegnitz Agrar- und Faculty of agricultural and Umweltwissenschaftliche Fakultät environmental sciences Studiengang Agrarwissenschaften Degree course Agricultural sciences Professur Phytomedizin Division Phytomedicine Betreuer / Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Bärbel Gerowitt Dr. Han Zhang The earth's vegetation is part of a web of life in which there are intimate and essential relations between plants and the earth, between plants and other plants, between plants and animals. Sometimes we have no choice but to disturb these relationships, but we should do so thoughtfully, with full awareness that we do may have consequences remote in time and place. - Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962) 2 Abstract Where have all the flowers gone? The intensification of agriculture, with its more efficient weed control methods, has led to significant changes in agroecosystems. Since 1950, the biodiversity of arable weeds in crops has sunk by more than 70%. At the same time, arthropods and birds have been in steep decline across all taxa in Germany and beyond. The global biodiversity loss is occurring at an alarming rate, but what is the role of arable weeds in supporting biodiversity? And how can the knowledge of the ecological value of arable weeds be integrated into practical farming? In this thesis, the 51 arable weed species and 3 weed genera that are most common in Germany were reviewed for their provision of food and shelter for the fauna.
    [Show full text]
  • Dehydration Process Influences the Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant And
    Industrial Crops & Products 120 (2018) 97–103 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Crops & Products journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indcrop Dehydration process influences the phenolic profile, antioxidant and T antimicrobial properties of Galium aparine L. ⁎ Sylwia Senioa, Carla Pereiraa, Josiana Vaza, Marina Sokovicb, Lillian Barrosa, , ⁎ Isabel C.F.R. Ferreiraa, a Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253, Bragança, Portugal b University of Belgrade, Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Galium aparine L. is a very disseminated plant in temperate zones, commonly known as clivers or bedstraw, Galium aparine L. belonging to the Rubiaceae family and it is traditionally used for its medicinal applications. In this study, G. Dehydration process aparine hydromethanolic extracts and infusions were prepared from air-dried and freeze-dried samples in order Phenolic compounds to assess their phenolic profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties. All the studied extracts Bioactive properties revealed a similar phenolic profile, but the hydromethanolic extract obtained from the freeze-dried sample presented the highest concentration of phenolic compounds, followed by the respective infusion and the air- dried sample hydromethanolic extract. The major compound detected in the extracts was 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (from 145 to 163 mg/g extract). Regarding the bioactivity, in general, the extracts presenting higher phenolic concentrations also revealed enhanced bioactive properties. The EC50 values obtained in the antioxidant activity assays ranged from 13.5 to 884 μg/mL, with the freeze-dried sample hydromethanolic extract presenting the highest activity (13.5–555 μg/mL).
    [Show full text]
  • Rubiaceae): Evolution of Major Clades, Development of Leaf-Like Whorls, and Biogeography
    TAXON 59 (3) • June 2010: 755–771 Soza & Olmstead • Molecular systematics of Rubieae Molecular systematics of tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of major clades, development of leaf-like whorls, and biogeography Valerie L. Soza & Richard G. Olmstead Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Valerie L. Soza, [email protected] Abstract Rubieae are centered in temperate regions and characterized by whorls of leaf-like structures on their stems. Previous studies that primarily included Old World taxa identified seven major clades with no resolution between and within clades. In this study, a molecular phylogeny of the tribe, based on three chloroplast regions (rpoB-trnC, trnC-psbM, trnL-trnF-ndhJ) from 126 Old and New World taxa, is estimated using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Seven major clades are strongly supported within the tribe, confirming previous studies. Relationships within and between these seven major clades are also strongly supported. In addition, the position of Callipeltis, a previously unsampled genus, is identified. The resulting phylogeny is used to examine geographic distribution patterns and evolution of leaf-like whorls in the tribe. An Old World origin of the tribe is inferred from parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstructions. At least eight subsequent dispersal events into North America occurred from Old World ancestors. From one of these dispersal events, a radiation into North America, followed by subsequent diversification in South America, occurred. Parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstructions infer the ancestral whorl morphology of the tribe as composed of six organs. Whorls composed of four organs are derived from whorls with six or more organs.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptional Changes in the Aphid Species Myzus Cerasi Under Different Host and Environmental Conditions
    Insect Molecular Biology (2020) doi: 10.1111/imb.12631 Transcriptional changes in the aphid species Myzus cerasi under different host and environmental conditions P. Thorpe*,** C. M. Escudero-Martinez*†, different environments may pose a major hurdle and S. Eves-van den Akker‡ and J. I. B. Bos*† leads to extensive gene expression changes. *Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Keywords: aphid host adaptation, laboratory environ- † Dundee, UK; Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life ment, RNAseq, detoxification. Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK; and ‡Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Introduction Cambridge, UK Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that belong to the order Hemiptera. Insects within this order feature distinctive Abstract mouthparts, or stylets, that are used to pierce plant tissues Aphids feature complex life cycles, which in the case of and obtain nutrients from the plant phloem. One striking fea- many agriculturally important species involve primary ture of the complex life cycle of about 10% of aphid species and secondary host plant species. Whilst host alternation is the seasonal host switching between unrelated primary between primary and secondary host can occur in the (winter) and secondary (summer) host plants, also called field depending on host availability and the environment, host alternation or heteroecy (Mordvilko, 1928; Williams aphid populations maintained as laboratory stocks gen- and Dixon, 2007). Host alternating aphids predominantly erally are kept under conditions that allow asexual repro- use woody plants as their primary hosts, on which (over- duction by parthenogenesis on secondary hosts. We wintering) eggs are laid, from which the first generation Myzus cerasi used (black cherry aphid) to assess aphid of aphids, or fundatrices, emerge in spring.
    [Show full text]
  • SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE National Plant Monitoring Scheme SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
    National Plant Monitoring Scheme SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE National Plant Monitoring Scheme SPECIES IDENTIFICATION GUIDE Contents White / Cream ................................ 2 Grasses ...................................... 130 Yellow ..........................................33 Rushes ....................................... 138 Red .............................................63 Sedges ....................................... 140 Pink ............................................66 Shrubs / Trees .............................. 148 Blue / Purple .................................83 Wood-rushes ................................ 154 Green / Brown ............................. 106 Indexes Aquatics ..................................... 118 Common name ............................. 155 Clubmosses ................................. 124 Scientific name ............................. 160 Ferns / Horsetails .......................... 125 Appendix .................................... 165 Key Traffic light system WF symbol R A G Species with the symbol G are For those recording at the generally easier to identify; Wildflower Level only. species with the symbol A may be harder to identify and additional information is provided, particularly on illustrations, to support you. Those with the symbol R may be confused with other species. In this instance distinguishing features are provided. Introduction This guide has been produced to help you identify the plants we would like you to record for the National Plant Monitoring Scheme. There is an index at
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Galium Verum Aqueous Extract on Growth, Motility and Gene Expression in Drug-Sensitive and -Resistant Laryngeal Carcinoma Cell Lines
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 44: 745-760, 2014 Effect of Galium verum aqueous extract on growth, motility and gene expression in drug-sensitive and -resistant laryngeal carcinoma cell lines MARIANNE SCHMIDT1, CLAUS-JUERGEN SCHOLZ2, GEORGIANA-LUMINITA GAVRIL3, CLEMENS OTTO1, CHRISTINE POLEDNIK1, JEANETTE ROLLER1 and RUDOLF HAGEN1 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg; 2Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research - Microarray Core Unit, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany; 3NIRDBS/‘Stejarul’ Biological Research Centre, 610004 Piatra Neamţ, Neamţ, Romania Received October 1, 2013; Accepted November 13, 2013 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2220 Abstract. Galium verum, also known as Lady's Bedstraw, is Introduction a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Rubiaceae, native to Europe and Asia and used in traditional medicine as an According to an analysis in 2009 of over 3,000 cases of primary anticancer medicine. It is used as a decoction in most tradi- head and neck tumours in Germany 2009, the outcome has not tional recipes, applied externally as well as internally. We improved significantly from 1995 to 2006, despite changed produced a Galium verum decoction and applied it in vitro treatment strategies. Especially the 5-year overall survival to chemosensitive (Hep-2 and HLaC79) and chemoresistant, rate for carcinomas of hypopharyngeal origin is very low P-glycoprotein-overexpressing (Hep2-Tax, HLaC79-Tax) with 27.2% (1). Moreover, in advanced laryngeal and hypo- laryngeal carcinoma cell lines. It could be demonstrated pharyngeal cancer the functional and cosmetic deformations that Galium aqueous extract is cytotoxic for all cell lines. A produced by surgery can be very disabling for the patients.
    [Show full text]