Evolution of Hominin Forelimbs in the Context of Bipedalism

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Evolution of Hominin Forelimbs in the Context of Bipedalism Evolution of Hominin Forelimbs in the Context of Bipedalism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Yegian, Andrew Kevork. 2019. Evolution of Hominin Forelimbs in the Context of Bipedalism. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013061 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use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`6$&$%#a3* XU* <'51$*V3U.*b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c#*(0&$)*#'",*&='&*"&*&'9$#*'*-"11';$*&(*%'"#$*'*@="1,B*'),*"&*&%>1F* &'9$#*'*-"11';$*&(*%'"#$*'*/=3!3*&=$#"#3*[$1(7*'%$*&=')9#*&(*#(6$*(0*&=$*6')F*?$(?1$*7=(*=$1?$,* %'"#$*6$*&=%(>;=(>&*6F*&"6$*'&*N'%-'%,3* * Q"%#&B*&=$*$)&"%$*N2[*@(66>)"&F*?%(-",$,*'*=(6$*0(%*6$B*'),*7"11*'17'F#*&%>1F*0$$1*1"9$* 6F*'@',$6"@*=(6$3*<(*'11*&=$*;%',>'&$*#&>,$)&#B*?(#&,(@#B*>),$%;%',>'&$#B*?%(0$##(%#B* ',6")"#&%'&(%#B*'),*(&=$%#*7=(*6'9$*&=$*N2[*@(66>)"&F*#>@=*0$%&"1$*")&$11$@&>'1*;%(>),.*F(>* '%$*&=$*-"11';$*&='&*%'"#$,*6$*'),*I*(7$*6F*@'%$$%*&(*F(>%*)>%&>%");3* * I*&=')9*&=$*N2[*',6")"#&%'&(%#B*?'#&*'),*?%$#$)&B*")*?'%&"@>1'%.*^$;*4F)@=B*^$;*d'%-"B* 4$)"'*P()#&')&")(>B*^()"@'*e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
Recommended publications
  • Homo Erectus Infancy and Childhood the Turning Point in the Evolution of Behavioral Development in Hominids
    10 Homo erectus Infancy and Childhood The Turning Point in the Evolution of Behavioral Development in Hominids Sue Taylor Parker In man, attachment is mediated by several different sorts of behaviour of which the most obvious are crying and calling, babbling and smiling, clinging, non-nutritional sucking, and locomotion as used in approach, following and seeking. —John Bowlby, Attachment The evolution of hominid behavioral ontogeny can be recon - structed using two lines of evidence: first, comparative neontological data on the behavior and development of living hominoid species (humans and the great apes), and second, comparative paleontolog- ical and archaeological evidence associated with fossil hominids. (Although behavior rarely fossilizes, it can leave significant traces.) 1 In this chapter I focus on paleontological and neontological evi - dence relevant to modeling the evolution of the following hominid adaptations: (1) bipedal locomotion and stance; (2) tool use and tool making; (3) subsistence patterns; (4) growth and development and other life history patterns; (5) childbirth; (6) childhood and child care; and (7) cognition and cognitive development. In each case I present a cladistic model for the origins of the characters in question. 2 Specifically, I review pertinent data on the following widely recog - nized hominid genera and species: Australopithecus species (A. afarensis , A. africanus , and A. robustus [Paranthropus robustus]) , early Homo species (Australopithecus gahri , Homo habilis , and Homo rudolfensis) , and Middle Pleistocene Homo species (Homo erectus , Homo ergaster , and others), which I am calling erectines . Copyrighted Material www.sarpress.org 279 S UE TAYLOR PARKER Table 10.1 Estimated Body Weights and Geological Ages of Fossil Hominids _______________________________________________________________________ Species Geologic Age Male Weight Female Weight (MYA) (kg) (kg) _______________________________________________________________________ A.
    [Show full text]
  • Neither Chimpanzee Nor Human, Ardipithecus Reveals the Surprising Ancestry of Both Tim D
    SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE SPECIAL FEATURE: Neither chimpanzee nor human, Ardipithecus reveals the surprising ancestry of both Tim D. Whitea,1, C. Owen Lovejoyb, Berhane Asfawc, Joshua P. Carlsona, and Gen Suwad,1 aDepartment of Integrative Biology, Human Evolution Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; bDepartment of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242–0001; cRift Valley Research Service, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and dThe University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Edited by Neil H. Shubin, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved September 10, 2014 (received for review April 25, 2014) Australopithecus fossils were regularly interpreted during the late 20th century in a framework that used living African apes, especially chimpanzees, as proxies for the immediate ancestors of the human clade. Such projection is now largely nullified by the discovery of Ardipithecus. In the context of accumulating evidence from genetics, developmental biology, anatomy, ecology, biogeography, and geology, Ardipithecus alters perspectives on how our earliest hominid ancestors—and our closest living relatives—evolved. human evolution | Australopithecus | hominid | Ethiopia “...the stock whence two or more species have chimpanzees, can serve as adequate repre- (5). Indeed, a widely used textbook still pro- sprung, need in no respect be intermediate sentations of the ancestral past. claims that, “Overall, Au. afarensis seems very between those species.” much like a missing link between the living Background T. H. Huxley, 1860 (1) Africanapesandlaterhomininsinitsdental, ’ Darwin s human evolution scenario attemp- cranial, and skeletal morphology” (6). Charles Darwin famously suggested that ted to explain hominid tool use, bipedality, Australopithecus can no longer be legiti- Africa was humanity’s most probable birth enlarged brains, and reduced canine teeth (2).
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanics of Bipedalism: an Exploration of Skeletal Morphology and Force Plate Anaylsis Erin Forse May 04, 2007 a Senior Thesis
    MECHANICS OF BIPEDALISM: AN EXPLORATION OF SKELETAL MORPHOLOGY AND FORCE PLATE ANAYLSIS ERIN FORSE MAY 04, 2007 A SENIOR THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN- LA CROSSE Abstract There are several theories on how humans learned to walk, and while these all address the adaptations needed for walking, none adequately describes how our early ancestors developed the mechanism to walk. Our earliest recognizable relatives, the australopithecines, have several variations on a theme: walking upright. There are varied changes as australopithecines approach the genus Homo. These changes occurred in the spine, legs, pelvis, and feet, and changes are also in the cranium, arms and hands, but these are features that may have occurred simultaneously with bipedalism. Several analyses of Australopithecus afarensis, specifically specimen A.L. 288-1 ("Lucy"), have shown that the skeletal changes are intermediate between apes and humans. Force plate analyses are used to determine if the gait pattern of humans resembles that of apes, and if it is a likely development pattern. The results of both these analyses will give insight into how modern humans developed bipedalism. Introduction Bipedalism is classified as movement of the post-cranial body in a vertical position, with the lower limbs shifting as an inverted pendulum, progressing forward. Simply, it is upright walking. Several theories have addressed why bipedalism evolved in hominids, with some unlikely ideas taking hold throughout the history of the issue. Other theories are more likely, but all lack the same characteristic: answering how bipedalism developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and the Evolvability of Human Limbs
    Development and the evolvability of human limbs Nathan M. Younga,1, Günter P. Wagnerb, and Benedikt Hallgrímssonc aDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110; bDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06405; and cDepartment of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N4N1 Edited* by David Pilbeam, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved December 29, 2009 (received for review October 14, 2009) The long legs and short arms of humans are distinctive for a fore- and hindlimb modules was reduced, leading to a higher primate, the result of selection acting in opposite directions on degree of variational independence of limb size and shape. Our each limb at different points in our evolutionary history. This model predicts that selection for independent function of the mosaic pattern challenges our understanding of the relationship limbs should lead to alterations to limb covariational structure. of development and evolvability because limbs are serially homol- Specifically, humans and apes would be predicted to exhibit ogous and genetic correlations should act as a significant con- decreased phenotypic correlations between fore- and hindlimb straint on their independent evolution. Here we test a compared to quadrupeds. If decreases in integration between developmental model of limb covariation in anthropoid primates fore- and hindlimb are a product of selection for more inde- and demonstrate that both humans and apes exhibit significantly pendent function of limbs, then the timing of any change in reduced integration between limbs when compared to quadrupe- integration has implications for the reconstruction of ancestral dal monkeys.
    [Show full text]
  • Coexistence of Confamilial, Folivorous Indriids, Propithecus Diadema And
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2017 Coexistence of Confamilial, Folivorous Indriids, Propithecus diadema and Indri indri, at Betampona Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar Lana Kerker Oliver Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Oliver, Lana Kerker, "Coexistence of Confamilial, Folivorous Indriids, Propithecus diadema and Indri indri, at Betampona Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar" (2017). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1134. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1134 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee Crickette Sanz, Chair Kari Allen Benjamin Z. Freed Jane Phillips-Conroy David Strait Mrinalini Watsa Coexistence of Confamilial, Folivorous Indriids, Propithecus diadema and Indri indri, at Betampona Strict
    [Show full text]
  • Verhaegen M. the Aquatic Ape Evolves
    HUMAN EVOLUTION Vol. 28 n.3-4 (237-266) - 2013 Verhaegen M. The Aquatic Ape Evolves: Common Miscon- Study Center for Anthropology, ceptions and Unproven Assumptions About Mechelbaan 338, 2580 Putte, the So-Called Aquatic Ape Hypothesis Belgium E-mail: [email protected] While some paleo-anthropologists remain skeptical, data from diverse biological and anthropological disciplines leave little doubt that human ancestors were at some point in our past semi- aquatic: wading, swimming and/or diving in shallow waters in search of waterside or aquatic foods. However, the exact sce- nario — how, where and when these semi-aquatic adaptations happened, how profound they were, and how they fit into the KEY WORDS: human evolution, hominid fossil record — is still disputed, even among anthro- Littoral theory, Aquarboreal pologists who assume some semi-aquatic adaptations. theory, aquatic ape, AAT, Here, I argue that the most intense phase(s) of semi-aquatic Archaic Homo, Homo erectus, adaptation in human ancestry occurred when populations be- Neanderthal, bipedalism, speech longing to the genus Homo adapted to slow and shallow littoral origins, Alister Hardy, Elaine diving for sessile foods such as shellfish during part(s) of the Morgan, comparative biology, Pleistocene epoch (Ice Ages), possibly along African or South- pachyosteosclerosis. Asian coasts. Introduction The term aquatic ape gives an incorrect impression of our semi-aquatic ancestors. Better terms are in my opinion the coastal dispersal model (Munro, 2010) or the littoral theory of human evolution, but although littoral seems to be a more appropriate biologi- cal term here than aquatic, throughout this paper I will use the well-known and common- ly used term AAH as shorthand for all sorts of waterside and semi-aquatic hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Bipedal Hominins
    INTRODUCTION Although captive chimpanzees, bonobos and other great apes have acquired some of the features of There is fairly general agreement that language is a language, including the use of symbols to denote uniquely human accomplishment. Although other objects or actions, they have not displayed species communicate in diverse ways, human anything like recursive syntax, or indeed any language has properties that stand out as special. degree of generativity beyond the occasional 4 The most obvious of these is generativity -the ability combining of symbols in pairs. To quote Pinker, to construct a potentially infinite variety of they simply don’t “get it.” This suggests that the sentences, conveying an infinite variety of common ancestor of humans and chimpanzee was meanings. Animal communication is by contrast almost certainly bereft of anything we might stereotyped and restricted to particular situations, consider to be true language. Human language and typically conveys emotional rather than must therefore have evolved its distinctive propositional information. The generativity of characteristics over the past 6 million years. Some language was noted by Descartes as one of the have claimed that this occurred in a single step, characteristics separating humans from other and recently -perhaps as recently as 170,000 years species, and has also been emphasized more ago, coincident with the emergence of our own recently by Chomsky, as in the following often- species. This is sometimes referred to as the “big quoted passage: bang” theory of language evolution. For example, Bickerton5 asserted that “… true language, via the “The unboundedness of human speech, as an emergence of syntax, was a catastrophic event, expression of limitless thought, is an entirely occurring within the first few generations of Homo different matter (from animal communication), sapiens sapiens (p.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of the Wrist and Ankle Morphology of Hominoids and Lorisids, with Implications for the Evolution of Hominoid Locomotion
    Durham E-Theses A comparative analysis of the wrist and ankle morphology of hominoids and lorisids, with implications for the evolution of hominoid locomotion Read, Catriona S. How to cite: Read, Catriona S. (2001) A comparative analysis of the wrist and ankle morphology of hominoids and lorisids, with implications for the evolution of hominoid locomotion, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3775/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 A Comparative Analysis of the Wrist and Ankle Morphology of Hominoids and Lorisids, with Implications for the Evolution of Hominoid Locomotion A Dissertation presented by Catriona S. Read to The Graduate School For the degree of Master of Science m Biological Anthropology Department of Anthropology University of Durham September 2001 The co11yright of this thesis rests with the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Did Man Become Bipedal?
    Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences Short Communication Open Access Why did man become bipedal? Abstract Volume 6 Issue 1 - 2021 Bipedalism in primates exists only in humans. A systematic approach was applied to Sergey Peruanskiy explain the formation of the human way of life, i.e., systems of social relations. A necessary Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Science Reviewer condition for this formation was the transition of the dominance system to the point of of the Bulletin of the Russian Philosophical Society, Russia bifurcation. This became possible due to the fact that some hominids (hominins) have mastered the skill of armed struggle with each other, which is absent in other primates. This Correspondence: Sergey Peruanskiy, Doctor of Physical and skill required freeing your hands to use the weapons of struggle. Mathematical Sciences, Science Reviewer of the Bulletin of the Russian Philosophical Society, 8-2-534 Ak. Koroleva Str. Moscow, Keywords: bipedalism, system approach, domination, armed struggle, human lifestyle 129515 Russian Federation, Email Received: December 25, 2020 | Published: September 03, 2021 Introduction hominid behavior are built, and the method is a systematic approach to studying the evolution of these models. According to the data of The problem of the origin of bipedalism occupies a special position in primatology in bands of anthropoids, the system of relationships is anthropology. According to D. Gebo, “the origin of human bipedalism dominated by: “Whether in looking for a hominid model, one selects 1 is one of the most persistent mysteries of paleoanthropology”. Russian the genetically close chimp or ecologically close baboon, one does scientist L.
    [Show full text]
  • Student Worksheet: Hall of Human Origins Virtual Tour
    Hall of Human Origins GRADES 9–12 Student Worksheet: Hall of Human Origins Virtual Tour 1. Locate the three skeletons at the entrance to the hall (Page 5). On the far left is a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), in the center is a modern human (Homo sapiens), and on the far right is an extinct species called Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis). The human and the Neanderthal share many features related to bipedalism (walking on two legs). a. Compare the human and the chimpanzee. What similarities do you see? What differences do you see? Similarities: Differences: b. Compare the human and the Neanderthal. What similarities do you see? What differences do you see? Similarities: Differences: 1 Hall of Human Origins GRADES 9–12 Student Worksheet: Hall of Human Origins Virtual Tour 2. Based on your observations, which species do you think is more closely related to modern humans (Homo sapiens)? Explain your answer. 3. Observe the Family Tree (Page 6) . You should see several skulls organized from oldest (bottom) to most recent (top). This type of tree allows scientists to demonstrate evolutionary relationships among species. Displayed here are several species of early humans (also called hominins). On the top right is the skull of a modern human (Homo sapiens). As you look from the oldest species (bottom) to the most recent species (top) what changes do you notice in the shape of the skull? 4. Observe the diorama of Australopithecus afarensis. (Page 7) You should see a male and a female walking arm in arm. This is a hominin species that existed between 4 million and 3 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Fleagle and Lieberman 2015F.Pdf
    15 Major Transformations in the Evolution of Primate Locomotion John G. Fleagle* and Daniel E. Lieberman† Introduction Compared to other mammalian orders, Primates use an extraordinary diversity of locomotor behaviors, which are made possible by a complementary diversity of musculoskeletal adaptations. Primate locomotor repertoires include various kinds of suspension, bipedalism, leaping, and quadrupedalism using multiple pronograde and orthograde postures and employing numerous gaits such as walking, trotting, galloping, and brachiation. In addition to using different locomotor modes, pri- mates regularly climb, leap, run, swing, and more in extremely diverse ways. As one might expect, the expansion of the field of primatology in the 1960s stimulated efforts to make sense of this diversity by classifying the locomotor behavior of living primates and identifying major evolutionary trends in primate locomotion. The most notable and enduring of these efforts were by the British physician and comparative anatomist John Napier (e.g., Napier 1963, 1967b; Napier and Napier 1967; Napier and Walker 1967). Napier’s seminal 1967 paper, “Evolutionary Aspects of Primate Locomotion,” drew on the work of earlier comparative anatomists such as LeGros Clark, Wood Jones, Straus, and Washburn. By synthesizing the anatomy and behavior of extant primates with the primate fossil record, Napier argued that * Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University † Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 257 You are reading copyrighted material published by University of Chicago Press. Unauthorized posting, copying, or distributing of this work except as permitted under U.S. copyright law is illegal and injures the author and publisher. fig. 15.1 Trends in the evolution of primate locomotion.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontogeny of Postcranial Morphology and Locomotor Behavior in Propithecus Verreauxi Coquereli and Lemur Catta Stephanie Ann Wolf James Madison University
    James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 2011 Ontogeny of postcranial morphology and locomotor behavior in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli and Lemur catta Stephanie Ann Wolf James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Wolf, Stephanie Ann, "Ontogeny of postcranial morphology and locomotor behavior in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli and Lemur catta" (2011). Masters Theses. 371. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/371 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ontogeny of postcranial morphology and locomotor behavior in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli and Lemur catta Stephanie Ann Wolf A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Biology May 2011 This thesis is dedicated with sincere gratitude to my mother, Debra Wolf. ii Acknowledgements Numerous people have committed time and energy allowing for the completion of this thesis. Foremost among them is my graduate advisor Dr. Roshna Wunderlich. I would like to thank her for her patience, advice, and dedication to this project, and the valuable hours she spent working with me. I additionally want to thank her for agreeing to take me on as a graduate student, despite already having another graduate student and many undergraduates in her lab to advise.
    [Show full text]