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Pre-Colonial Stó:Lō-Coast Salish Community Organization: an Archaeological Study

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Pre-Colonial Stó:Lō-Coast Salish Community Organization: an Archaeological Study PRE-COLONIAL STÓ:LŌ-COAST SALISH COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY by DAVID M. SCHAEPE B.A., New York University, 1989 M.A., Simon Fraser University, 1998 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (ANTHROPOLOGY) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February 2009 © David M. Schaepe, 2009 ABSTRACT This study integrates settlement and community archaeology in investigating pre- colonial Stó:lō-Coast Salish community organization between 2,550-100 years before present (cal B.P.). Archaeological housepits provide a basic unit of analysis and proxy for households through which community organization manifests in relationships of form and arrangement among housepit settlements in the lower Fraser River Watershed of southwestern British Columbia. This study focuses on spatial and temporal data from 11 housepit settlements (114 housepits) in the upriver portion of the broader study area (mainland Gulf of Georgia Region). These settlements were mapped and tested as part of the Fraser Valley Archaeology Project (2003-2006). The findings of this study suggest a trajectory of continuity and change in community organization among the Stó:lō-Coast Salish over the 2,500 years preceding European colonization. Shifts between heterarchical and hierarchical forms of social organization, and corporate to network modes of relations represent societal transformations that become expressed by about 550 cal B.P. Transformations of social structure and community organization are manifest as increasing variation in housepit sizes and settlement patterns, and the development of central arrangements in both intra- and inter-settlement patterns. In the Late Period (ca. 550-100 cal. B.P.), the largest and most complex settlements in the region, including the largest housepits, develop on islands and at central places or hubs in the region’s communication system along the Fraser River. These complex sets of household relations within and between settlements represent an expansive form of community organization. Tracing this progression provides insight into the process of change among Stó:lō pithouse communities. ii Societal change develops as a shift expressed first at a broad-based collective level between settlements, and then at a more discreet individual level between households. This process speaks to the development of communities formed within a complex political-economic system widely practiced throughout the region. This pattern survived the smallpox epidemic of the late 18th century and was maintained by the Stó:lō up to the Colonial Era. Administration of British assimilation policies (e.g., Indian Legislation) instituted after 1858 effectively disrupted but failed to completely replace deeply rooted expressions of Stó:lō community that developed during preceding millennia. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... ix GLOSSARY OF HALQ’EMÉYLEM TERMS......................................................................xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................................xviii DEDICATION............................................................................................................................. xx CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Community.......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Community and Settlement Archaeology ........................................................................... 5 1.3 Housepits: A Proxy to Political-Economic Relations and Community Formation............. 6 1.4 Relations between Ethnography, Archaeology, and Stó:lō-Coast Salish Community Organization........................................................................................................................ 9 1.4.1 Archaeology and the use of Ethnographic Interpretations and Models .................. 9 1.5 Defining Terms and Developing Questions about the Effects of the Colonial Period ..... 12 1.6 Ethnographic, Archaeological, and Ethnohistorical Discussions of Households, Villages, and Socio-Political Organization among Northwest Coast and Central Coast Salish Peoples .............................................................................................................................. 14 1.7 Defining the Study Area - the Mainland Gulf of Georgia Region.................................... 28 1.8 Defining the Terms Stó:lō and Coast Salish ..................................................................... 33 1.9 Chapter Outline and Descriptions ..................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER II - LINKING COMMUNITY AND SETTLEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY ....... 39 2.1 The Socio-Political Taphonomy of Community: Defining Agents of Formation and Change............................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.1 Knowledge and Economy ..................................................................................... 40 2.1.2 Time and Strategy ................................................................................................. 42 2.1.3 Power and Habitus ................................................................................................ 44 2.1.4 Tradition and Competition .................................................................................... 51 2.1.5 Interrelationships and Transformation .................................................................. 54 2.2 Integrating Community and Settlement Archaeology....................................................... 58 2.3 Examining Current Relations between Community and Settlement Archaeology........... 61 2.4 Stratification and Corporate-Network Relations: A Framework for Investigating the Evolution of Housepit Communities................................................................................. 66 iv CHAPTER III - DATA COLLECTION: MAPPING AND TESTING HOUSEPIT SETTLEMENTS............................................................................................................. 71 3.1 Housepit Form and Indigenous Identity in the Fraser Valley ........................................... 76 3.2 Archaeological Data on Housepits in the Mainland Gulf of Georgia Region .................. 77 3.3 Settlement Data................................................................................................................. 80 3.4 Feature Data...................................................................................................................... 82 3.5 Housepit Form - Size and Shape....................................................................................... 83 3.5.1 Step 1 - preparing feature-level maps ................................................................... 84 3.5.2 Step 2a - defining feature outline / perimeter........................................................ 84 3.5.3 Step 2b - defining feature dimensions................................................................... 96 3.5.4 Step 3 - gathering accurate measurements ............................................................ 97 3.6 Measuring Age................................................................................................................ 100 3.6.1 Test Excavations: Soil Probes, Auger Tests, and Shovel Tests .......................... 101 CHAPTER IV - HOUSEPIT SETTLEMENT DISTRIBUTION......................................... 106 4.1 Mapping Settlement Location and Transportation Systems ........................................... 108 4.2 Mapping Transportation Networks and Housepit Settlement Locations ........................ 111 4.3 Analyzing Primary Water Travel Route Distances.........................................................114 4.4 Analyzing Secondary Water Route Travel Distances.....................................................124 4.5 Analysis of Terrestrial Route Travel Distances .............................................................. 127 4.6 Defining ‘Hubs’ of Interaction along the Fraser River and its Tributaries ..................... 130 4.7 Discussion of Communication Networks and Settlement Patterning ............................. 134 CHAPTER V - FRAMING TIME: A CHRONOLOGY OF UPRIVER HOUSEPIT FEATURES ................................................................................................................... 138 5.1 Establishing a Chronology of Housepit Features............................................................138 5.2 Defining the Chronology of Settlement Occupations ..................................................... 150 5.3 Chronologies of Rebuilding and Disturbances Affecting Housepit Form...................... 154 CHAPTER VI - ANALYSIS LEVEL I: INVESTIGATING HOUSEPIT AND HOUSEHOLD VARIATION......................................................................................
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