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Durham E-Theses Power, Ideology and `country politics': Episodes from Derbyshire, c.1660-1760 RIORDAN, JAMES How to cite: RIORDAN, JAMES (2018) Power, Ideology and `country politics': Episodes from Derbyshire, c.1660-1760, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12638/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Power, Ideology and ‘country politics’: Episodes from Derbyshire, c.1660-1760 James Riordan A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Durham University Spring 2018 Abstract By engaging with Western Marxism and recent developments in social history, this thesis will explore the popular social and political responses to capitalist development and state formation in early modern England. We will analyse the role that country Tory oppositional politics played in local society, its relationship to national politics and to local economic change. This will be done through a series of case studies and episodes from Derbyshire, 1660-1760. Attention will be paid to the politics of the labouring poor, such as the tenants of Robert Hayward and the Rossell family, the Peak lead miners, opponents of the Derwent navigation and plebeian Tories in Derby. Yet the primary focus of the thesis will be on the ‘middling sort of people’ like the local gentry families, tradesmen, parish officials, shopkeepers and smallholders. Rather than studying bourgeois, polite society and London coffee house culture, we will prioritise the social relations of the middling sort of people in one county community. Special attention will be paid to their political responses to socio- economic change, and their opposition to the Whig oligarchy after 1722. Opposition to Robert Walpole and wider economic change acted as a catalyst for variegated social alignments to be formed. They were often cross-class in nature and constitutionalist in scope. These alignments will be explored throughout the thesis, using concepts from Antonio Gramsci as well as the class analysis of E. P. Thompson. Statement of Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the author’s prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Contents Introduction p. 1 Chapter 1: Custom or the Consumer Revolution? The Gells of Hopton and their neighbours 1660-1720 p. 61 Chapter 2: Economic development and its adversaries in Derbyshire and environs, c. 1695-1722 p. 96 Chapter 3: Toryism as oppositional politics in Derby, c. 1710-1750 p. 135 Chapter 4: Titus Wheatcroft and Country Toryism as Lived Experience p. 185 Chapter 5: The Burgesses and Freemen of Derby and the custom of common c.1590-1790 p. 224 Conclusion p. 266 Bibliography: p. 285 List of Abbreviations BL British Library CJ Journal of the House of Commons CSPD Calendar of the State Papers Domestic DAJ Derbyshire Archaeological Journal DLSA Derby Local Studies Library DRO Derbyshire Record Office HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission LJ Journal of the House of Lords ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography PA Parliamentary Archives, Westminster, London SP State Papers, The National Archives, Kew, London TNA The National Archives, Kew, London Maps and Tables Map 1. Emmanuel Bowen’s ‘An accurate map of the county of Derby, divided into its hundreds and drawn from the best authorities’, 1758. p. 3 Map 2. Detail of Bowen’s 1758 map of the county. p. 7 Table 1. Estimated Population of the key towns of Derbyshire, 1563-1801. p. 9 Power, Ideology and ‘country politics’: Episodes from Derbyshire, c.1660-1760. The county of Derbyshire is situated in the English East Midlands, one hundred miles north of London. During the early modern period, the county was divided into hundreds for administrative purposes: High Peak, Scarsdale, Wirksworth, Appletree, Morleston and Litchurch and Repton and Gresley. These hundreds are clearly labelled on the map in Figure 1.1 Four rivers flowed through the county: the Trent, the Dove, the Derwent and the Soar. The county town was Derby, situated in Morleston and Litchurch hundred in the south of the county. The other market towns in Derbyshire were all in the north of the county. Chesterfield was in Scarsdale hundred, Ashbourne in Appletree hundred and Bakewell in High Peak hundred. High Peak hundred in the north-west of the county was dominated by mountainous terrain with windswept, gritstone moorland, given over to the grazing of sheep. Limestone hills surrounded the settlements of Bakewell, Tideswell and Chapel-in-the-Frith. Scarsdale hundred to the north-east of the county was hilly in parts with wet, peaty moorland to the south of Chesterfield. Chesterfield was an important market town. In the map in Figure 1, we can see the roads radiating out of the town, north into Sheffield and east into Mansfield in Nottinghamshire. Lead, stones, and lime would be shipped out of Scarsdale hundred on these roads by packhorses in the earlier part of our period, with coal, iron and corn being carried back from Nottinghamshire. Nottingham was twenty-five miles from Chesterfield and fifteen miles east from Derby. Wirksworth hundred was on the southern fringes of the Derbyshire lead field. Lead mining as well as smelting were important industries in the area. The pasturing of sheep was important too. Wirksworth hundred was a classical industrial- 1 The 1758 map of Derbyshire and other historical maps of the county can be found at: http://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/Derby#bbox=-1.5568570000000363,52.861037000000024,- 1.3830782009654285,52.96813519999999&q=&date_from=0&date_to=9999&scale_from=&scale_to=. Accessed on 21/3/2018. 1 pastoral region. Alongside lead and limestone, the county also had numerous seams of coal, particularly around Bolsover in Scarsdale hundred. The Leicestershire and South Derbyshire Coalfield cut across the south of the county at Measham in Repton and Gresley hundred. Coal mining also took place in Shipley, Sawley and West Hallam in Morleston and Litchurch hundred. Derbyshire also had rich deposits of clay and marl, particularly around the parishes of Radbourne, Findern and Church Broughton, all in Appletree hundred. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, much of the county was given over to common land. This was most evident in High Peak hundred and in Repton and Gresley hundred. The incremental process of enclosure would see much of this land divided up by drystone walls in the north of the county and hedges in the south. Much common land in High Peak and Scarsdale was turned over to pasture for sheep. In the south of the county enclosed land was often arable, though there was much low-land pasture between Ashbourne and Derby. The dominance of arable land in Morleston and Litchurch and Repton and Gresley was linked to the proximity of the county town. Derby had a substantial malt trade and land to the east of the town and the Trent valley produced crops such as barley, rye and corn which was traded and transported out of Derby. As we shall see in the second chapter of the thesis, much conflict was generated over plans to make the Derwent navigable to the Trent, plans that were predicated upon making transportation of goods much easier. The need to develop water transport was due to the inferior quality of the roads in the county. Between November and April, the roads were impassable to wheeled vehicles, with intrepid travellers having to resort to horseback. In 1698, Celia Fiennes noted that it took her six hours to travel nine miles between Bakewell and Buxton, and that she needed a guide.2 The north of the county was heavily industrialised, 2 Emily Wingfield Griffiths, Through England on a Side Saddle in the Time of William and Mary, being the Diary of Celia Fiennes (London, 1888), p. 87. 2 Map 1. Emmanuel Bowen’s ‘An accurate map of the county of Derby, divided into its hundreds and drawn from the best authorities’, 1758 3 but transportation still depended upon packhorses loaded with heavy goods like lead and limestone. These packhorses crawled along a vast network of bridleways and lanes. This was necessary as the mountainous terrain made the use of wheeled vehicles all but impossible.3 The quality of the roads was slightly better in the south of the county, and from the eighteenth century there was a substantial growth in the use of land carriages.4 In May 1734, Thomas and Henry Partridge had a wagon leaving the White Hart Inn in Derby, going to the White Horse Inn in central London. In April 1735, Thomas Smith and John Needham started a weekly stagecoach service from the George Inn, Derby to the Bell Inn in Holborn. It would take three days to make the journey. To gauge what such a journey would have been like, we can study a journey that Charles Coke made by carriage from Derby to London in May 1691.5 Coke had been staying with relatives at Radbourne Hall in Appletree hundred.
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