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Genetic Variation in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus

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Genetic Variation in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus Tuberosus HORTSCIENCE 40(6):1675–1678. 2005. Materials and Methods Three single plant replications of 190 clones Genetic Variation in Jerusalem were grown at the University of Georgia Hor- ticulture Farm near Watkinsville (33° 57' N) Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) during the summer of 1999. Individual tubers or tuber pieces of 30 g were planted on March Flowering Date and Duration 24. The plants were grown in a Cecil sandy clay loam and fertilized with 1,121 kg·ha–1of Stanley J. Kays1 and F. Kultur 10–6.5–8.3, one half applied before planting. Department of Horticulture, Plant Sciences Building, The University of Georgia, Within row and between row spacings (0.5 × Athens, GA 30602-7273 5 m) were selected to minimize plant to plant competition and to facilitate fungicide appli- Additional index words. plant breeding, inulin, bulking agent, fructose cations (mancozeb at 2.24 kg·ha–1). The dates of anthesis of the fi rst fl ower and senescence Abstract. Increased interest in the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) stems of the last fl ower per plant were recorded at from the high level of inulin, a straight chain fructan, found in the tubers that has a weekly intervals from planting until frost. Very number of current and potential industrial applications. Defi ciencies in existing cultivars little variation in fl owering was found among have underscored the need for a pragmatic breeding program. Since synchronization of replicates for individual clones. Data on fl ow- fl owering has a pronounced infl uence on genetic crosses that can be made, we assessed ering date were also collected in southeastern the fl owering date and duration of 190 clones with selected clones similarly monitored for Missouri (35° 3' N; planted 1 Mar.) in 1998 two additional growing seasons. Substantial genetic variation in the date and the duration and in Watkinsville in 1997 (planted 29 Apr.) of fl owering were found with the onset of fl owering ranging from 69 to 174 days after but on fewer clones and at wider recording planting (DAP). Flowering duration ranged from 21 to 126 days. The onset of fl owering intervals. These data are not included, though was substantially affected by planting date and to a lesser extent by location. The results comparisons among selected clones were made suggest that at lower latitudes fl owering date for some clones can be manipulated by for each year. planting date; at higher latitudes, growth under controlled conditions may be required The clones tested (Table 1) were from to synchronize fl owering of some clones. the following sources: a private collection in Farmington, Maine; the U.S. Department of Inulin, a β-(2-1) linked straight chain fruc- The Jerusalem artichoke, native to North Agriculture Plant Introduction Station, Ames, tan, is found in low levels in a wide cross-sec- America, represents an excellent source of Iowa; Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, tion of food crops and in high concentrations inulin. The crop is not, however, without Morden, Manitoba; The Royal Veterinary & in Jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus certain defi ciencies (e.g., tuber size and shape, Agricultural University, Taastrup, Denmark; tuberosus). About 8 to 12 g·d–1 of inulin from stolon length, certain leaf and root diseases) Lehr- und Versuchsanatalt für Integrierten a wide variety of sources is consumed in West- which can only be resolved through the de- Pfl anzenbau, Güterfelde, Germany; Federal ern diets (Fuch, 1996). Inulin has four major velopment of new cultivars. Synchronization Centre for Breeding Research on Cultivated attributes that have stimulated considerable of fl owering between male and female parents Plants, Braunschweig, Germany; and com- research in Europe (Fuchs, 1993). in a plant breeding program is, therefore, mercial sources. The name assigned to each 1) Inulin is a dietary fi ber, the consumption of an essential requisite. Both fl owering and clone was as received. In some instances, which confers a number of health advantages [i.e., tuberization are modulated by photoperiod clones with the same name but from different lowers blood cholesterol level; promotes Bifi do and it is interesting to note that some of sources were present. bacteria in the large intestine; reduces blood the early research on photoperiodism used sugar, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride the Jerusalem artichoke as a model (Garner Results and Discussion levels; and is benefi cial to certain heart diseases and Allard, 1923). Subsequently, there have (Farnsworth, 1993; Hirayama and Hidaka, 1993; been a diverse array of basic and applied The results demonstrate a tremendous range Sakun, et al., 1996; Varlamova et al., 1996)]. photoperiodic studies on the crop (Allard and in fl owering response within the Jerusalem 2) Inulin is little digested by humans and as a Garner, 1940; Czajlachian, 1937; Hackbarth, artichoke genepool. Anthesis of the fi rst clone consequence, has potential utility as a bulking 1937; Hamner and Long, 1939; Nitsch, 1965; to fl ower (NC10-85) occurred on 24 May, only agent in low calorie formulated foods. Schiebe and Müller, 1955; Tincker, 1925; van 62 d after planting (DAP). When plotted as a 3) Longer chain length inulin (average dp ~25) de Sande Bakhuyzen and Wittenrood, 1950, frequency distribution (Fig. 1), most clones can be used for fat replacement in foods. 1951; Wagner, 1932). began fl owering between 1 June (69 DAP) and 4) Inulin can be hydrolyzed to produce a high The critical day length for a cross-section 15 July (114 DAP). After 15 Aug. (145 DAP), purity fructose syrup which can be used in of Jerusalem artichoke clones is between 13 the number of clones fl owering declined mark- soft drinks and a wide range of other products. and 13.5 h (Allard and Garner, 1940; Hamner edly. The last clones to fl ower, began fl owering Because of these attributes, production of inulin and Long, 1939; Zhou et al., 1984). Short day on 13 Sept., 174 d after planting. in Europe has increased in a exponential manner clones exposed to photoperiods of ≥14 h stay The relationship among individual clones in where it is used primarily to produce fructose syr- vegetative. Data on the minimum length of the number of DAP until the onset and comple- ups and as a low-calorie, high-fi ber food additive exposure to inductive conditions varies, though tion of fl owering is presented in Fig. 2. The (Fuchs, 1996). Inulin is, likewise, a component a relatively short duration (16 to 17 d) (Hamner data illustrate clones in which crosses could of a growing number of foods produced and/or and Long, 1939; Zhou et al., 1984) appears to be be attempted (i.e., both clones in fl ower at the marketed in the United States. more likely than longer periods that have been same time) and the time interval over which proposed (Schiebe and Müller, 1955). Both this could occur. In addition, the approximate Received for publication 12 Nov. 2004. Accepted for short day and day neutral clones for fl owering time intervals at 33°57' N latitude for crosses publication 1 May 2005. The authors would like to have been reported (Hackbarth, 1937). between specifi c clones are presented. Clone thank Will Bonsall, Mary Brothers, Ferdinaud Kiehn, Due to the importance of the timing and 1 (NC10-85) had the longest time interval Susanne Klug-Andersen, Josef Zubr, B. Honermeier, duration of fl owering in a breeding program, (126 d) during which fl owers were available, and Lothar Frese for their contribution of clones and these traits were determined for a large cross- while clone 182 (‘Cross Bloomless’) had the Gerald Williams, Brad Williams, Robert Walkup, and section of Jerusalem artichoke clones. In shortest (21 d). Clone 1, with its exceptionally Betty Schroeder for their technical assistance. addition, the developmental sequence and 1To whom reprints should be addressed at: Department long period of fl owering, could potentially be of Horticulture, The University of Georgia, Athens, timing of individual fl owers of selected clones crossed with each of the other clones in the GA 30602-7273; e-mail [email protected]. are presented. study. In contrast, clone 75 and clones >172 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 40(6) OCTOBER 2005 1675 77856-Breed.indd856-Breed.indd 11675675 33/17/06/17/06 88:31:42:31:42 AAMM could not be crossed without artifi cially ma- Carter and Kays, 1984). Consequently, it was in Fig. 3. Most clones were in fl ower between nipulating the fl owering date in some manner. not possible to determine the fl owering dura- 70 and 100 d. The range, however, was from While all clones began fl owering before the tion for several of the clones listed in Table 1, 21 to 174 d, indicating substantial genetic end of the study, some clones were lost before however, the timing of the onset of fl owering variation for the trait. completion of fl owering due to the incidence can be determined from a clones numerical Some variation in fl owering response was of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. during the latter position relative to adjacent clones in Fig. 2. found among several clones listed as the same part of the growing season. The incidence of S. Table 1 lists the clones in the order of fl ower- cultivar. For example, clones 19, 39, and 83 rolfsii in Georgia is common and the organism ing date (earliest fi rst) and secondarily by the which were identifi ed as ‘Fuseau’, differed in appears to represent the primary impediment duration of fl owering (shortest fi rst). the timing of the onset of fl owering by 28 d and to culture of the Jerusalem artichoke in the A frequency distribution for the duration of the completion of fl owering by 14 d.
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