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The Development of Border Crossing Management in Thailand Pimupsorn Boriboonrat a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment the R

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The Development of Border Crossing Management in Thailand Pimupsorn Boriboonrat a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment the R THE DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER CROSSING MANAGEMENT IN THAILAND PIMUPSORN BORIBOONRAT A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (CRIMINOLOGY, JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIETY) FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 2012 COPYRIGHT OF MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not successfully completed without the kindness of advisor’s team. First and foremost to my major advisor, Assoc.Prof.Srisombat Chokprajakchat.Ph.D, who gave good advice and be guidance of this thesis since start until successful. My co-advisor, Assoc.Prof Damrongsak Junthothai, Ph.D., Punchada Sirivanabood, Ph.D., Pongchit Chitapong, Ph.D., and Qualified expert of the security policy, Sanya Niumpradit, Ph.D., who is a good guidance for research design and collective information. They gave appreciate suggestion, checked and corrected the fault of this thesis. and Assoc.Prof.Thanyalak Rujipak, Ph.D. for all of comment and good suggestion. I would like to special thank for all of agencies staff not only at the central agencies but also at The Entry-Exit point in Aranyaprathet district; Sa Kao Province and Sadao district ; Songkhla Province in the border area for their helpful in providing facilities and materials for my thesis. Finally, My graduation would not be acheived without best wish from my parents who help me for everything and always gives me greatest love, willpower and financial support until this study completion. And the last gratefully special thanks to my relation and my friends for their help and encouragement. Pimupsorn Boriboonrat Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / iv THE DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER CROSSING MANAGEMENT IN THAILAND PIMUPSORN BORIBOONRAT 5036889 SHCJ/D Ph.D. (CRIMINOLOGY, JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIETY) THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE : SRISOMBAT CHOKPRAJAKCHAD, Ph.D., DAMRONGSAK JANTHOTHAI, Ph.D., PUNCHADA SIRIVUNNABOOD, Ph.D., PONGCHIT CHITAPONG, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to study border crossing management problems in the International Point of Entry, in the land border areas, arising from the conflict between security and economic policies. Regionalism strives to ensure the common goal of open, but controlled and secure borders, with the potential to block the flow of unwanted migrants such as illegal workers, illegal drugs, terrorism, and transnational crime, but is still inefficient. Furthermore, the research aims to study the appropriate approach for the development of a border crossing management system in Thailand. The research method is based on the use of theoretical conceptual frameworks, namely Linkage Theory and Collaborative Border Management (CBM), for the analysis of suitable approaches in Thailand. The research was conducted in terms of qualitative data. This required in-depth interviews with the important authorities involved in border management. The data was collected from the security agencies in the central administration involved in the land entry-exist points of two border areas; Aranyaprathet in Sa Kaew Province and Sadao in Songkhla Province, and the data were analyzed and presented in descriptive form. The results of this research found that the main obstacles to the development of border crossing management in Thailand consists of seven points; 1) Severity of crimes at the border crossings , 2) Policy issues, 3) Corporate management issues, 4) Law issues that are redundant, 5) The lack of cross-border management resources, 6) Development problems with the database and information technology, and 7) The development of infrastructure in border areas. Recommendations from this research are that Thailand should manage border crossing areas by collaborative border management with the re-organization of all relevant authorities, collaboration of laws to the same standards to reduce redundancy, collaboration of management resources , development of communications and a database shared by the involved agencies, collaboration of infrastructure across the borders, and joint development between neighboring countries in border areas. KEY WORDS: BORDER CROSSING MANAGEMENT/ TRANSNATIONAL CRIME/ COLLABORATIVE MANAGEMENT/ ASEAN. 232 pages Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / v การพฒนาระบบการจั ดการขั ามชายแดนของประเทศไทย้ THE DEVELOPMENT OF BORDER CROSSING MANAGEMENT IN THAILAND พิมพอ์ ปสรั บริบูรณ์รัตน์ 5036889 JHCJ/D ปร.ด. (อาชญาวิทยา การบริหารงานยตุ ิธรรมและสังคม) คณะกรรมการที่ปรึกษาวทยานิ ิพนธ์ : ศรีสมบตั ิ โชคประจกษั ช์ ดั , Ph.D., ดารงศํ กดั ์ิ จนโททั ยั , Ph.D., พรรณชฎา ศิริวรรณบุศย ์ , Ph.D., พงศช์ ิต ชิตพงศ ์ , Ph.D. บทคดยั อ่ การวจิ ยครั ้ังน้ี มีวตถั ุประสงคเพ์ ื่อศึกษาลกษะปั ัญหาอุปสรรคต่อการจดการขั ามชายแดนในพ้ ้ืนที่จุด ผ่านแดนทางบกของประเทศไทย อนเกั ิดจากความขดแยั งระหว้ ่างนโยบายดาน้ “ความมนคง่ั ” กบั “เศรษฐกิจ” และเพื่อศึกษาแนวทางที่เหมาะสมของการพฒนาระบบการจั ดการขั ามชายแดนทางบกของประเทศไทย้ โดยใช้ กรอบแนวคิดทฤษฎีในการวิเคราะห์ไดแก้ ่ Linkage Theory และกรอบแนวคิด Collaborative Border Management (CBM) เป็นกรอบในการวิเคราะห์แนวทางที่เหมาะสมของประเทศไทย การวิจยนั ้ีเป็นการวิจยในเชั ิง คุณภาพ โดยกาหนดใหํ ม้ ีการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึก จากผใหู้ ข้ อม้ ูลที่สาคํ ญั ในกลุ่มเจาหน้ าท้ ี่ที่เกี่ยวของก้ บการบรั ิหาร จดการชายแดนั โดยการคดเลั ือกผูให้ ้ขอม้ ูลแบบมีวตถั ุประสงค์ จากหน่วยงานดานความม้ นคงของหน่ั ่วยงาน ราชการไทยในส่วนกลาง และเปรียบเทียบความแตกต่างกบหนั ่วยผปฏู้ ิบตั ิในระดบพั ้ืนที่จานวนํ 2 แห่ง ไดแก้ ่ พ้ืนที่จุดผ่านแดน อ.อรัญประเทศ จ.สระแกว้ และ พ้ืนที่จุดผ่านแดน อ.สะเดา จ.สงขลา และนาขํ อม้ ูลที่ไดมา้ วเคราะหิ ์ร่วมกบขั อม้ ูลเอกสาร และนาเสนอรายงานในรํ ูปแบบพรรณนา ผลการศึกษาพบวาป่ ัญหาอุปสรรคสาคํ ญของการพั ฒนาระบบการจั ดการขั ามชายแดนทางบกของ้ ไดประกอบด้ วย้ 7 ประเดนได็ แก้ ่ ระดบความรั ุนแรงของปัญหาอาชญากรรมบริเวณจุดผานแดนถาวร่ ปัญหาเชิง นโยบาย ปัญหาดานกระบวนการจ้ ดการองคั กร์ ปัญหาดานระเบ้ ียบกฎหมายที่ซ้าซํ ้อน (Regulation Framework) ปัญหาการขาดทรัพยากรในการจดการขั ามชายแดน้ ปัญหาการพฒนาระบบฐานขั อม้ ูลและเทคโนโลยสารสนเทศี ระหว่างกนั ปัญหาการพฒนาโครงสรั ้างพ้ืนฐานในพ้ืนที่ด่านชายแดน ขอเสนอแนะส้ ําหรับงานวิจยนั ้ี พบว่า หวใจสั าคํ ญของการควบคั ุมชายแดนอยทู่ ี่ขอม้ ูลและการใชประโยชน้ ์จากระบบอิเลกทรอน็ ิกส์ต่างๆ ประเทศไทย ควรพฒนาระบบการจั ดการขั ามชายแดนทางบกแบบบ้ ูรณาการโดยการร้ือปรับองคกรการจ์ ดการขั ามชายแดนของ้ ประเทศไทย การบูรณาการระเบียบกฎหมายให้เป็นมาตรฐานเดียวกนเพั ื่อลดปัญหาการซ้าซํ ้อน การบูรณาการ ทรัพยากรการจดการระหวั างก่ นั การพฒนาระบบการสั ื่อสารและการเชื่อมโยงฐานขอม้ ูลร่วมกนโดยมอบหมายั ให้หน่วยงานเดียวเป็นผูจ้ ดทั าํ การบูรณาการดานโครงสร้ ้างพ้ืนฐานระหว่างกนพั ้ืนที่ชายแดน โดยการพฒนาั ร่วมกนระหวั างประเทศเพ่ ื่อนบานในพ้ ้ืนที่ชายแดน 232 หนา้ vi CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iv ABSTRACT (THAI) v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The importance of the problem 4 1.3 The research questions 8 1.4 Objectives 9 1.5 Outcomes 9 1.6 Operational Definition 9 CHAPTER II LITERATURES 12 2.1 Political implications. (Linkage Theory) 12 2.2 The concept of cross-border management system. 16 2.3 The concept of a border crossing management model 23 integration (Collaborative Management-CBM Border). 2.4 Review of the literature development management across the 46 frontier of the European Union and the United States. 2.5 Review literature of management across the border of Thailand 59 2.6 Concepts and research relevant to management of cross-border 79 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 89 3.1 Methodology 89 3.2 Collecting Data 90 3.3 Scope of the study 91 3.4 Research tool 91 vii CONTENTS (cont.) Page 3.5 Interview guidelines 96 3.6 Data Processing and analysis. 100 3.7 Reliability and Validity 101 3.8 Ethics in Human Research. 102 CHAPTER IV RESEARCH RESULT 103 4.1 The obstacles toward to the border crossing Management in 103 international point of entry in the border area of Thailand 4.2 The appropriate guidelines for system development of the 170 border crossing management in Thailand CHAPTER V SUMMARY DISCUSSION AND SUGGESTION 191 5.1 Summary 191 5.2 Discussion 209 5.3 Research Suggestion 216 REFERENCES 219 APPENDIX 226 BIOGRAPHY 232 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.1 The status of Thailand’s border crossing management. 3 2.1 Networking Typology 29 2.2 Comparison of public management framework 33 2.3 The budget of the US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) for 40 security in the border area between the years 2005 to 2011 (Unit: million USD). 2.4 Comparison of DHS and the Pew estimated number of illegal 56 immigrants during the years 1997-2009 (millions). 2.5 Compares the performance of the Agreement on Cross-border traffic 71 between Thailand and neighboring countries. 3.1 Shows the area that has been selected. 93 3.2 Units and the total area to interview 25 people. 94 4.1 Compare results to arrest illegal imports into the country. Quarter 115 3/2554. 4.2 The opinion of the Office of the National Security Council that is the 121 obstacle tofacilitate the cross-border. 4.3 Comparison of tasks associated with managing the international point 154 of port entry in the border of Thailand. 4.4 The type of cross border document. 161 5.1 Suggestion of efficiency development on border crossing 214 management. ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Statistical comparison of cross-border travel around the world 1 during the years 1960-2000 1.2 The proportion of illegal foreigners who illegally entered the city in 6 2552 (January to December 2552) 2.1 The elements of management across the frontier of Thai country. 18 2.2 Elements of cross-frontier-CIQS management. (Custom, 19 Immigration, Quarantine, Security). 2.3 Format management across
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