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Irrigation Challenges and Irrigation Development in the State of Andhra Pradesh

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Irrigation Challenges and Irrigation Development in the State of Andhra Pradesh irrigation Challenges And Irrigation Development in the State of Andhra Pradesh Dr I Satyanarayana Raju, M.Tech.MBA.,M.Phil.B.L,FIE,PhD; Former Chief Engineer & Presently Member,Technical Advisory Council, WRD-AP & Senior Project Manager, Centre for Sustainable Development Goals, APHRDI-Bapatla-522101, Guntur DT.AP Water • Resource is a thing resorted to for support, economic wealth. • Water is natural resource, one of five life sustaining elements of nature (Panchbhutas). • It’s not only for life sustenance but also for civilization, culture, to prosper economy. • Water is renewable and can be exploited to needs of society. Water • Water needed for drinking, irrigation, agriculture, industry, environment, power, sanitation, recreation, navigation… • 3/4th earth surface covered with water, not abundant, mostly sea saline water unfit to use. • Of natural fresh water of 2.53percent, 1%available,rest locked up in glaciers and snow cover. Water Resources Management • It is a science that includes to define water requirement, study of resource availability, conceive and build storage dams duly investigating, designing and construction. • Also distribution of water from source for drinking, irrigation, industries, electricity, environment, recreation, navigation……. • Increasing population and per capita consumption leads to water stress, water scarce. Water stress and crisis • India 7th position in world with renewable water of 2085km.Cum but in 133th due to population ,per capita availability. • When per capita drops down to 1700 cum then fall in water stress and further to 1000cum leads to water scarce. • This may happen when estimated population reaches 1.64 billions and more by 2050. • Hence need for water management, conservation, optimal utilization in India. Water Usage Usage % Agriculture Industries& Domestic others World 69 23 8 Europe 33 54 13 Africa 88 5 7 India 80 12 6 Water Usage • Thus main usage of water across the world is for agriculture other way called for Irrigation. • India accounts for 80% for irrigated agriculture. • Irrigation sources will be also sources for drinking water,sanitation,industries,electricity, environment. • Hence irrigation water management is main water resource management Irrigation Water Management (WRM) • Irrigation is systematic and demand based supply of water through net work of canal system from source to field. • Minor irrigation - 2000Ha. • Medium irrigation-10000Ha. • Major Irrigation - above 10000Ha. • Catchment/river basin: boundary from which rain fall run off lead to a project contributing storage. Irrigation Related Terms • Wet crops-paddy, sugar cane(require more’W’ • ID crops(dry crops)-groundnut, pulses, chilies , maize, jowar, sunflower,corn..(require less’W’ • Water requirement for crops measured by Duty means one cubic feet per sec water irrigating area.ex-100, 60….. • Also depth of Water supplied for total crop period.ex:1100-1300mm for wet,500-700-ID. • Reservoir storage be in Mcft. or Mcum. • Dams capacity will be in Thousand Mcft.(TMC) or Mcum. Irrigation • The ayacut under project depends on storage. • For every 1TMC storage we can propose 10000Ac • I Hectare conversion is roughly 2.50 Ac. • Also irrigation with out storage will also be done by construction of check dam or barrage a/c steams and rivers diverting live river run off. • Also water used in irrigation by lifting from streams if land at higher elevation. • Also ground water used by Bore wells for irrigation and drinking. India’s Water Water is finite. India’s land resource is 2.45 % of that of World’s India has only 4 % of the world’s water resource but supporting 17 % of the World’s population. 76 % of the total precipitation occurs in just 4 months, some times even 50 % of the precipitation occurs in just 15 days and <100 hrs. Of the 4000 BCM annual precipitation, 3000 BCM occurs during monsoon months(4). Average annual flow is 1953 BCM but 1122 BCM is utilizable. 14 India’S Position in world scenario • Land Resources ----------- 2.45% • Renewable Water Resources - 4% • Population ----------------- 17% 15 Water Availability Total Precipitation 4000 BCM Total water availability 1869 BCM Total utilizable water resources 1123 BCM Surface water Ground Water 690 BCM 433 BCM Current utilization Current utilization 450 BCM ( 65% ) 243 BCM (58%) 16 Per Capita Water Availability 6000 5177 5000 4000 3000 2209 1820 2000 1545 1341 1140 1000 0 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051 2061 17 WATER STRESS As per existing water resources per capita availability of water varies from 300 to 13754 (Cum) National annual average per capita availability in 2001 is 1829 Cum By 2021 this national average is expected to reach 1557 Cum ( Water Stress) By 2050 it may further reduce to 1168 Cum 18 Present Storage Capacity in Dams of India (BCM) No. of Large Dams in Country = 4857 253.4 250.0 200.0 109.7 150.0 50.9 100.0 15.6 50.0 0.0 19 WATER DEMAND About 80 % of the developed water for agriculture 56% of the food grain production through irrigated agriculture With increase in water use efficiency and competing demands for other sectors the demand pattern is likely to change over years 20 List Of Challenges Water Availability Per Capita Availability – 1545 Cum (2011) against stress condition being 1700 Cum Irrigation Development 113 Mha potential created against ultimate potential of 140 Mha 88 Mha potential utilised against 113 Mha created potential Storage Creation Creation of 253 BCM Storage against desired potential of 450 BCM Hydropower Development Installed capacity of 36000 MW against potential of 148700 MW Efficiency in Irrigation Surface Water – presently at about 40% against possibility of 60% Ground Water – presently at about 70% against possibility of 75% Flood Management Ensuring protection to 18.8 Mha against Flood Prone Area of 40.0 Mha 21 The Earth, Water and Air are not a gift from Parents but a loan from our Children. Let us repay Water use priority : • 1.Drinking water • 2.Irrigation water • 3.Hydro power • 4.Ecology • 5. Agro-industries and non-agricultural industries. • 6. Navigation and other uses . Virtual Water • Concept emerged in 1990 by Prof J.A. Allan. • Water embedded in commodities. • “Goods and services require water ;the water used to produce agricultural and industrial products is called virtual water of the product”. Virtual Water of some products 1 CUP of Coffee 140lts 1 litre of Milk 1000 lts 1 Kg of Wheat 1100 lts 1 Kg of Rice 3000 lts 1 Kg of Sugar 3200 lts 1 Kg of Chicken 6000 lts 1 Kg of Beef 16000 lts. STATUS OF IRRIGATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH Total Geographical area 395.13 Lakh Ac Total Culturable area 199.04 Lakh Ac Total Irrigated area 101.22 Lakh Ac Balance Culturable 97.80 Lakh Ac area New Ayacut to be created 28.44 Lakh Ac with ongoing projects 27 Water Resources Department Government of Andhra Pradesh River Basins Vamsadhara Godavari basin Krishna basin Pennar Catchemnt Areas & Utilisation of River Basins C Area Allocated Utilisation for Irrigation Name of the (1000 Water in TMC Basin Sq Km) (TMC) Existing Ongoning 1 2 3 4 5 Krishna 24.43 532.04 532.04 150.50 Godavari 17.72 860.00 300.00 400.00 Pennar 48.29 98.65 128.94 58.12 Vamsadhara 1.90 52.50 28.60 8.69 Others 58.19 289.90 296.70 15.73 Total 150.52 1833.09 1286.28 633.04 VISION The vision of the Government is to make the state Drought Proof within five years and is aimed to eradicate poverty and reducing economic inequalities by better water conservation Water conservation mission is one of the seven missions constituted for invigorating the growth engines with the main objective being poverty alleviation. 29 Current Status Of Andhra Pradesh Geological Formations : Out of the 160204 Sq. Kms. of AP State, about 20% area is covered by soft alluvium formations and remaining is covered with hard rocks. Water Resources : Roughly 6 percent of the land area in the AP is occupied by water bodies The state is divided into 40 river basins AP is a riverine state with 40 major, medium and minor rivers of which 12 of them are inter-state rivers. The total surface water availability at 75 percent dependability for all river basins is 1991 TMC (including flood waters) Major contributors of surface water – Godavari(860 TMC), Krishna(532 TMC+150.5 TMC(Flood/surplus water)), Pennar (97.6 TMC) 30 Current Status of AP Rainfall The normal annual rainfall is 966.2 mm Ground Water The Ground Water Potential is 1161 TMC Current Utilization of Ground water-525.6 TMC(45% of 1161 TMC) Scope for further utilization of Ground Water in AP is just 10%(i.e., 123.6 TMC) (balance available in command areas of major projects and uncultivable areas) There are 736 Ground Water Basins in AP, of which 56 basins fall under “Over Exploited”, 14 basins fall under “Critical” and 52 basins fall under “Semi- Critical” and 614 basins fall under “safe” category. Water Utilization Close to 96 percent of the available surface water, i.e., 992.85 TMC for irrigation purpose, 3 percent for domestic consumption and 1 percent for industrial purposes 31 Current Status of AP Infrastructure & Institutions for Water Storage and Supply Water Resources Department Total Storage capacity created in AP- 1239.4 TMC Utilization through these projects is 717.35 TMC The total irrigation potential created in AP – 40.95 Lakh Ha Actual area under irrigation is only 27.51 Lakh Ha ( a gap of nearly 33%) Public Health and Municipal Engineering Dept. 88% of the urban population is covered with piped water supply system Current total capacity of sewerage treatment facilities across the State is only 288 MLD, which has the ability to treat only 28% of the total sewage generated in the urban areas.
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