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On Regions and Their Actors: an Analysis of the Role of Actors And Promoters: Prof. dr. ir. Joost Dessein (UGent, ILVO) Prof. dr. Elke Rogge (ILVO, UGent) Members of the jury : Prof. dr. ir. Dirk Reheul (UGent, Chairman) Prof. dr. ir. Stefaan De Smet (UGent, Secretary) Prof. dr. ir. Hubert Gulinck (KULeuven) Prof. dr. ir. Ludwig Lauwers (UGent, ILVO) Dr. ir. Dirk Roep (Wageningen University) Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck (UGent) Prof. dr. Michael Woods (Aberystwyth University) Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe On regions and their actors. An analysis of the role of actors and policy in region-specific rural development processes in Flanders Lies Messely Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation of the title: Over regio’s en hun actoren. Een analyse van de rol van actoren en beleid in processen van gebiedsspecifieke plattelandsontwikkeling in Vlaanderen Please refer to this work as follows: Messely, L. (2014) On regions and their actors. An analysis of the role of actors and policy in region-specific rural development processes in Flanders. PhD- thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. ISBN 978-90-5989-699-4 The author and the promoter give the authorization to consult and copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduced any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “Surround yourself with the dreamers and the doers, the believers and the thinkers, but most of all surround yourself with those who see the greatness within you , even when you don’t see it yourself.” (Edmund Lee) Dit doctoraat was enkel mogelijk dankzij de steun en aanmoediging die ik kreeg van een aantal dromers, doeners, gelovers en denkers rond mij, die ik hier graag wil bedanken. Ten eerste wil ik mijn promotoren Joost en Elke bedanken. Ik denk dat niet veel mensen kunnen zeggen dat ze zo’n fijn team van begeleiders hebben gehad als ik. Het was bijzonder leerrijk en plezant om samen met jullie aan dit doctoraat te werken. Jullie hebben altijd in mij geloofd, mij gestimuleerd en bijgestuurd waar nodig en ik heb ongelooflijk veel van jullie geleerd! Joost, bedankt voor je vertrouwen en je steun. Je leerde me zelfstandig te werken en kritisch te denken, maar zeker ook mezelf en mijn onderzoek te relativeren. Elke, je kwam er pas iets later bij en zorgde voor een ongelooflijk goeie dynamiek in ons driekoppig team. Van tips over welke theorie of methodiek ik best zou gebruiken en opmerkingen over schrijfstijl, tot raad over baby’s en modeadvies, steeds kan ik altijd voor alles bij jou terecht, dikke merci! I would like to thank all the members of the examination board for challenging me, for learning me to look at my research from another perspective and for helping me to improve the manuscript. Een bijzonder woord van dank ook voor Ludwig Lauwers. Al na een paar maanden op het ILVO begon je tegen mij over een 4-jaren-traject, iets waarvan ik toen dacht dat ik dat nooit zou kunnen doen. Maar jij hebt mij al die jaren blijven motiveren en je hebt me altijd de tijd, ruimte en het vertrouwen gegeven om dit doctoraat tot een goed einde te kunnen brengen. Graag wil ik ook alle mensen bedanken met wie ik heb samengewerkt aan de verschillende onderzoeksprojecten. Een speciale dankjewel aan Evy en Nick voor de fijne samenwerking op het MUSICAL-project. Daarnaast ook bedankt aan alle mensen die hebben deelgenomen aan dit onderzoek via interviews of focusgroepen. Bedankt aan alle collega’s en ex-collega’s van Landbouw & Maatschappij voor de fijne en constructieve werksfeer. Jullie zorgen ervoor dat ik elke dag opnieuw graag kom werken! Jeroen, een dikke merci voor je hulp om mijn ideeën te visualiseren en voor de mooie figuren en kaft! Ook Fanny, bedankt voor de i kaartjes die je voor mij hebt gemaakt. Ik heb ook een aantal fijne collega’s met wie ik het bureau deelde en die mij motiveerden en/of afleidden, afhankelijk van wat op dat moment het meest nodig was. Lies, Fleur en Maarten, bedankt (ook voor jullie geduld)! Michiel en Eva, bedankt voor jullie input in mijn begeleidingscommissies. Ook Eva en Anna wil ik graag nog bedanken, voor de fijne inhoudelijke en niet-inhoudelijke discussies die we van tijd tot tijd voeren. Mijn vrienden, dankjewel voor jullie steun en aanmoediging en voor alle leuke dingen die we samen hebben beleefd. Karen, mijn mede-dreamer en complice, al zoveel jaren en in zoveel dingen, dankjewel voor alles! Een dikke merci ook aan alle Jackies. Wat begon als een grapje onder collega’s, is uitgegroeid tot een leuke vriendengroep, waarvan ik hoop dat we nog lang samen zullen lachen, knutselen en genieten van elkaars gekke gezelschap. Ik zou nooit tot dit punt geraakt zijn zonder mijn ouders. Moeke en vake, ik weet niet waar ik moet beginnen om jullie te bedanken! Jullie hebben mij zoveel geleerd, dat ik goed heb kunnen gebruiken bij het maken van dit doctoraat. Tijdens de laatste, drukke weken stonden jullie altijd klaar om mij te helpen, aan te moedigen en om Daantje op te vangen als dat nodig was. Ook tante Zjeanne en peter Kiko, nonkel Maarten en tante Sophie, dikke merci! Niet alleen hebben jullie in de laatste weken bijgesprongen waar nodig, samen met vake en moeke geven jullie, mij, Tom en Daan een warm en gezellig thuis. Finalement, Tom, merci pour tout le support et l’amour que je trouve toujours chez toi. Tu es le pilier de notre couple et tu m’as toujours aidé à relativiser et à rester calme. Je suis très fière de tout ce qu’on a déjà atteint ensemble, et j’attends avec impatience la suite de notre route, ensemble avec Eden ! ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... i List of figures .........................................................................................................................................vii List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ ix List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 – Problem setting, objectives and research questions ......................... 1 1.1 Global change processes affecting rural areas ..................................................... 3 1.2 Place-based rural development in Flanders: region-specific rural development ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.2.1 Place-based rural development ...................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Region as operational interface between administrative levels ..... 8 1.2.3 Region as a social construct, constructed by actors and processes ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 The role of actors in region-specific rural development .............................. 11 1.4 Objectives and research questions ......................................................................... 13 1.5 Outline of the dissertation .......................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2 – Regions and the new rural paradigm: an exploration of concepts ................................................................................................................................................. 19 2.1 From modernization to the new rural paradigm: policy reaction to the global change processes ............................................................................................. 22 2.1.1 The new rural paradigm................................................................................... 25 2.2 The concept of the region in literature ................................................................. 28 2.2.1 An introduction to the concepts of space and region in geographical thinking ........................................................................................ 29 2.2.2 Renaissance of the concept ‘region’ ............................................................ 31 2.2.3 Conceptualizing the region ............................................................................. 33 2.2.4 Institutionalization of regions ....................................................................... 37 2.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 38 iii Chapter 3 – Exploring region-specific rural development in Flanders .......... 41 3.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.1 Qualitative, semi-structured interviews ................................................... 44 3.1.2 Focus groups .......................................................................................................... 48 3.1.3 Policy documents................................................................................................. 49 3.1.4 Data-analysis ......................................................................................................... 49 3.1.5 Reflections on the research ............................................................................ 50 3.2 Introducing the case
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