Enclave Sub/Urbanism: The Spatial Configuration of Metro Manila’s Centers of Exclusion and their Surrounding Fabric Leandro Nicholas Rañoa Poco 0002821 Presentation Outline:
1. Research Context and Methodology 2. Space Syntax Introduction 3. Metro Manila’s Colonial / Historic Spatial Configuration 4. Metro Manila’s Present Day Spatial Configuration 5. Simulation / Experimentation 6. Summary/Recap by Anton Zelenov, from Wikimedia Commons. accessed 12 August 2019, source: < https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manila_Aerial.jpg>
Source: https://www.carguide.ph/2013/02/edsa-rehab-project- gets-green-light.html accessed 2 February 2019 Source:
By Michael Varcas/Philippine Star. from: Philippine Star. accessed 12 August 2019 Source:
By: Institute for Economics and Peace. Accessed: 21 June 2019, Source:
1. What are the underlying historic patterns of spatial configuration and social exclusion that lead to Metro Manila’s current enclave urbanism? 2. What impact did the Burnham Plan have on the historical and present-day centralities of Manila’s spatial network? 3. How does Metro Manila’s current form of commercial and residential enclave sub/urbanism affect its spatial configuration? 4. What are the effects of opening the gates of selected residential enclaves on the spatial accessibility of their adjacent commercial enclaves? Layered Literature Review and Methodology: Global Discourse: Enclaves and Social Correspondence: Luymes, 1997; Mohammed et al., 2015; Hapsariniaty et al., 2013; Durkheim, 1893; Hillier & Hanson, 1984) Social Reproduction: Hillier, 2001; Oramas-Dorta, 2012; Hillier, 1999 Suburbanisation: Bourne, 1996; Forsyth, 2012; Vaughan et al, 2009; Edge Cities and Big Box Developments: Garreau, 1992; Sultana, 2011; Gruen & Smith, 1960; Gruen, 1964; Induced Road Demand: WSP, 2018 Globalisation and Privatisation: Sassen, 1990; Urry, 2016; Durham-Jones & Williamson, 2008; Theodore et al., 2011; Corpus, 2000; Smith, 2002
Philippine Discourse: Spanish Period: Armengol, 1958; Doeppers, 1972; Quirino, 1971; Shioda et al, 2012; Goma, 2012; and Jimenez Verdejo et al, 2015 American Period: Duque, 2009; Morley, 2014; Vernon, 2014; Kirsch, 2017; Morley, 2018 Post War: Pante, 2017; Pante, 2018; Connel, 1999; Garrido, 2013 Historical Consolidation: Ocampo, 1992; Murphy & Hogan, 2012 Current Themes: Shatkin, 2004; Recio, 2013, Garrido, 2013; Garrido, 2019; Shatkin, 2007; Michel, 2010; Roderos, 2013; Kleibert, 2014; Kleibert and Kippers, 2016; Ortega, 2016; Ortega, 2018; and Kleibert, 2018
Space Syntax Discourse and Methodology: Hanson, 1989; Karimi, 2012; Hillier et al., 1993; Hillier, 1996; Hillier, 1999; Hillier & Vaughan, 2007; Turner, 2000; Turner, 2001; Turner, 2005; Dalton, 2001; Turner, 2007; Charalambous, N. & Mavridou, M., 2012; Hillier et al., 2012; Yang, 2015 What is Space Syntax? Methods pioneered by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson of UCL in the 1980s
Used to uncover the spatial causes of social decay and disorder of England’s Social Housing Estates What is Space Syntax?
It is Spatially-applied Streets and spaces Network and Graph Theory are represented as nodes in a network graph for analysis What is Space Syntax?
It is Spatially-applied Network and Graph Theory
Applied Graph/Network Theory Centralities. From: Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS224W: Social and Information Network Analysis, accessed 11 August 2019. Source:
Network Science Terminology | Space Syntax Terminology | Practical Use High Closeness Centrality High Spatial Integration Capacity to generate activity High Betweenness Centrality Route Choice Capacity to generate traffic High Clustering Coefficient Co-Location Density of activities Sample Social Network Analysis of a Facebook Network, www.fmsasg.com/socialnetworkanalysis/facebook, accessed 2 October 2019
Suppliers What is Space Syntax?
Workplace School
Family Contractors and Spatial Logic influences Village Social Networking Logic Friends Key Concepts: Natural Movement Morphological transformation of historical cetnres in Tianjin, Y. Shen, K. Karimi, Q. Xia, 2013
People and Vehicles naturally move through the most accessible portions of the spatial network. Key Concepts: Movement Economies The Spatial Culture of Mass Consumption: An Analytical Spatial Study of the Fast Food Chain Stores and Commercial Retail Network in London, Genevieve Shaun Lin, UCL, 2017
Because of Natural Movement, Businesses, Transactions and Exchange naturally occur along accessible pathways Key Concepts: Foreground vs. Background Networks
Because of Natural Movement and Movement Economies, 2 types of networks naturally occur:
1. Active Foreground Network (Generative / Urban) – WARM GRADIENT / Reds to Yellows
2. Passive Background Network (Conservative / Residential or Suburban) – COOL GRADIENT / Greens to Blues Key Concepts: Order vs. Structure
“Axial analysis of six historic cities in Iran (c. 1800). The measure of global integration creates a very revealing picture of an urban grid which has no trace of geometric order.” - but of an underlying structure from: Karimi, K. (2012). A reflection on’Order and Structure in Urban Design’. The Journal of Space Syntax, 3(1), p. 43. Imposed Order is about localized conformance/uniformity Inherent Structure is the underlying global flow and legibility of space Metro Manila’s Core within Circumferential Road 5 Private enclaves: Voids in Manila’s Urban Fabric
Ortigas-Pioneer- Greenhills Enclave Cluster
Makati – BGC Enclave Cluster Intramuros (within the walls) is Spanish Manila, European Fortress Town in the Tropics
Oil painting on the inside of a wooden chest, circa 1640-50. Art Museum Jose Luis Bello, Puebla. Mexico., accessed: 1 August 2019. source:
Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas Filipinas. Madrid 1851. accessed: 1 August 2019. source:
1898 Manila and its surrounding suburbs / Plano de Manila y sus Arrabales 1898 (showing reducciones mission areas outside Intramuros) from: Perry Castaneda Library Map Collection. accessed 20 February 2019 Source:
Seville, Reducciones Spain Church Plazas
Quiapo, Social Manila Reproduction
Quiapo Church/Plaza, one of the original Reducciones sites during the Spanish period. Showing the feast day of the Black Nazarene every 9th of January from: Getty Images. Accessed 7 May 2019. Source:
Calle de Escolta, Binondo, Manila. 4 July 1899 (Manila’s premiere shopping address, a year after Spanish- American turnover) Accessed 3 February 2019. Source:
The Spanish divided control of land and labour rights amongst their preferred colonial elite. USA’s Benevolent Assimilation
Hospitals Asylums and Parks and Playfields and Daniel Burnham’s 1905 Parks / Institutions City Beautiful Plan for Manila
America’s Benevolent Assimilation, Accessed 3 February 2019. Source:
Railway Station
Pasig River
Parks and Playfields Railway Government Station Post Center Office Museums Supreme Parks and Playfields Court
Intramuros Shore World-renowned, American Architect-Planner Drive Daniel H. Burnham, on the terrace of his Evanston, IL home. early 1900s from: Graf, John, Chicago’s Casino Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000. Accessed 3 Governor’s February 2019. Manila Residence and source:
Parks, Playfields & Institutions Social Reproduction of American Democracy Binondo & Intramuros
Proposed New Port District
Burnham’s Grid pushes Proposed integration away from Washington DC, National Mall, looking Rizal Park from Quirino Grandstand, New Government toward the Lincoln Memorial, during Martin during the inauguration of President Centre Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech 28 Corazon C. Aquino, elected to replace Intramuros, Binondo August 1963. dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Accessed 3 Accessed 3 February 2019. February 2019. and the new Civic Core from:
Burnham’s Parks and Open Spaces on Manila’s edges overlap with these privatised estates, which are outside of Manila’s planning control. Parks & Playfields Industrial Zoning along Pasig 1945 Manila: the adapted Burnham Plan River compounds North-South leads to decentralisation and fragmentation network fragmentation
Integration 2500 starts fracturing away from Binondo
Manila 1945 - composited from North and South artillery and air ordnance maps of US Army / US Army Air Force from: Perry Castaneda Library Map Collection. accessed 20 February 2019. Source:
Estero de Paco (Paco Creek) Burnham’s Southern Integration Core becomes Manila’s new
Harrison Park enclave: America’s Bayfront District. Manila’s premiere
1945 Point of Interest Averages 1.35000 address in that period.
1.25000
1.15000
1.05000
0.95000
0.85000
0.75000
0.65000 NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn
1945 Systemwide Average 1945 Extramuros Average 1945 Intramuros Average 1945 American Grid Average NAIN Value Value Centrality) NAIN (Integration/Closeness Range of Movement in meters (m) World War 2’s destruction triggers the rapid suburban development of Manila’s adjacent haciendas. New districts are subdivided without central planning control.
Intramuros leveled by the US during recapture from Japan at the end of World War 2. accessed 5 February 2019. from https://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/actvssurgconvol2/ chapter13figure341.jpg 1967 Metro Manila: The rise of C4/EDSA and continued North-South fragmentation
EDSA-Balintawak Quezon City North to provinces (New Capital)
EDSA-Quezon Avenue
EDSA-Araneta Avenida Rizal
EDSA- Binondo Camp Aguinaldo Integration 2500 & Camp Crame fracturing into two halves
Bayfront Ermita EDSA-Pioneer
EDSA-Makati
Makati EDSA-Magallanes Metropolitan Manila 1967 – Land-use and Road Networks overlaid on South to provinces (Edge City) Topography. North and south halves of Metro Manila. Published by: Board of Technical Surveys and Maps, Republic of the Philippines from: British Library Map Room. accessed 23 July 2019. Land for the new Capital, Quezon City is acquired by law from the Tuason Hacienda
Quezon Memorial Shrine by Federico Illustre. accessed 6 August 2019. from: < http://malacanang.g ov.ph/76249-visit- the-quezon- memorial-shrine- and-museum- online/ >
Quezon Elliptical Circle, 1960s accessed 6 August 2019. from: < https://retroscope.ph/1000/01/01/quezon-memorial- circle/ >
Proposed Plan for the Capital City (Quezon City) – by Harry Frost et al. accessed 21 July 2019. from: < https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/71703-revisiting-quezon-city-master-plans> Quezon City’s Government Blocks become segregated enclaves EDSA gives rise to Privatised Edge Cities, developed from the
Araneta Centre, Cubao, Quezon City, privatised encomienda/hacienda estates showing the Araneta Coliseum, site of Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier “Thrilla in Nielson Airport, Makati, Manila, Philippines, 27 Sept. 1937. War Manila,” 1 October 1975. by Evaristo F. Department, Army Air Forces, US National Archives accessed 12 Nievera, Sunday Times Magazine: August 2019. from: < “Quezon City Boom Town,” 29 September https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/42293772602> 1963. accessed 12 August 2019. from: < https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/4 2293772602>
Araneta Centre
Greenhills Shopping Centre, late 1970s. accessed 12 August 2019. from:
Ayala’s Ayala’s Makati Makati Edge City Greenhills
Ortigas Centre, Meralco Building, late 1970s. accessed 12 August 2019. from: < Ortigas Centre https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/841469511 602519794/?lp=true>
Ayala Triangle, 2019. Annotated Satellite Photo by Google Maps. accessed 12 August 2019. from:
Outsourcing / Offshoring (call centres and common services) drives conversion of edge cities (Makati, Ortigas, etc.) into 24-7 Mixed-Use CBDs.
Privatisation of reclaimed areas and former Government Property/Armed Forces Bases creates new vertical enclaves. Metro Manila’s CBDs (red line graph) are spatially EDSA and Circumferential Road network configured for vehicles, and not for pedestrians when already above designed capacity compared to 2019 average values (in white)
NAIN Mixed-Use Enclaves/CBDs vs 2019 System Average 1.10000
1.05000
1.00000
0.95000
by Almec Corporation. accessed 2 February 2019 Source:
0.90000
Mixed-Use But are much more CBDs/Enclaves are less 0.85000
NAIN Value (Integration/Closeness Centrality) (Integration/Closeness ValueNAIN integrated for integrated for Vehicles/global Pedestrians/locals… circulation…
0.80000 NAIN0400 NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn 2019 System Average 2019 Mixed-Use CBD Enclave Averages
Range of Movement in meters (m) Consumption (Catering/F&B and Retail/Services) Points-of-Interest (POIs) clustering occurs in Metro Manila’s commercial enclaves.
With the Biggest/Hottest Clusters in its most dominant Private CBDs Consumption POIs outside commercial enclaves moderately correlate with natural movement (in red) in accordance to Hillier’s movement economies (1996)
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Correlations for Retail/Service and Catering/F&B POIs outside the enclaves with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values. This shows statistically significant, weak to moderate positive correlations with both local/pedestrian and global/vehicular NAIN values for these POIs representing urban consumption. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM. whilst Consumption POIs inside the commercial enclaves have low accessibility values (in blue) “Unnatural Movement”
A look at Manila’s building footprint areas provides a clue… with Manila’s commercial enclaves having larger building footprints (in yellow) Consumption POIs inside commercial enclaves instead moderately correlate with building footprint areas (in yellow)
Correlations for Retail/Service and Catering/F&B POIs inside the enclaves with their corresponding location’s Building Footprint area. This shows statistically significant, weak to moderate positive correlations with the size of the Building Footprints containing these POIs representing urban consumption. Building Footprint values analysed using QGIS, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
By RioHondo. from: Wikipedia. accessed 12 August By Romeo Gacad/AFP from: Rappler File Photos. accessed By Mark Heinrich Go from: BluPrint Magazine. accessed 12 2019.Source:
POIs within large airconditioned shopping malls, BPO offices with large floorplates, buildings with large parking podiums and basements, and parking garages Exclusive Villages: Typology of Gates; Fortifying against crime and disorder
Permanently-Closed Gate Typical Permanently-Closed Gate (Bel-Air-Makati Avenue Gate) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View
Potential Pass-through Typical Walled-Off, Potential Pass-through (Wack Wack Subdivision-Ortigas Avenue) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View
Resident-Only Gate (1x2 Lanes) Typical Resident-only Access Gate (Dasmarinas Village-McKinley Gate) with 1 lane each way (with boom gates) accessed 12 August 2019, source: Google Street View < https://www.google.com/maps/@14.5484727,121.0326157 > Exclusive Villages: Internally segregated from exterior network (in red)
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Correlations for Average NACH values of Internal Network within Exclusive Gated Villages (access through public gates only). This shows statistically significant, moderate negative correlations vs. systemwide NACH values. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Correlations for Average NAIN values of Internal Network within Exclusive Gated Villages (access through public gates only). This shows statistically significant, weak negative correlations vs. systemwide NAIN values. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM. Exclusive Villages: Internally segregated from exterior network
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Correlations for exclusive gated village public entrance and resident-only entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values. This shows statistically significant, moderate positive correlations with global/vehicular NACH values. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Range of Movement in meters (m)
Correlations for exclusive gated village public entrance and resident-only entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values. This shows statistically significant, weak positive correlations with global/vehicular NAIN values. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM. But their access gates are accessible and configured for vehicles (in blue) Opening-up the exclusive villages to public traffic increases road capacity around the CBDs, and raises global integration values (NAIN Rn averaged in orange).
This congests and chokes the adjacent commercial districts (in white) which don’t have added road capacity.
Open villages become destinations themselves, thus inducing more vehicular demand. Opening Gates worsens the vehicular configuration of CBDs and Villages (in red) Range of Movement in meters (m)
Correlations for Mixed-Use Enclave/CBD Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, strong positive correlations for these locations across local to global ranges of movement. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Correlations for Mixed-Use Enclave/CBD Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, moderate to strong positive correlations for these locations across local to global ranges of movement. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Correlations for Exclusive Village Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NACH Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, moderate positive correlations for these locations across local to global ranges of movement. NACH values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM.
Correlations for Exclusive Village Entrance POIs with their corresponding location’s NAIN Values for all-open gates. This shows statistically significant, weak positive correlations for these locations with global ranges of movement. NAIN values analysed using Depthmap X by depthmap X development team, UCL, and processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25, by IBM. Greenhills cluster
Proposed Alternative:
Exclusive villages gates opened up to pedestrians
Valle Verde Key villages with smaller areas light Cluster Bel-Air cluster up with higher average pedestrian integration values (NAIN 1200) Potential for “Yellow-Field” Redevelopment of single-family residential areas
Another redevelopment mode beside:
Greenfield (from virgin land), Brownfield (post-industrial land), Greyfield (suburban parking lots and infrastructure) Greenhills & Bel-Air: Potential Yellow-field Districts?
Redevelopment through pedestrianisation, densification and diversification of uses Valle Verde Belt: “Yellow-Strip” Redevelopment?
Loosening residential land-use restrictions to allow for community retail and services along locally integrated areas. Dasmariñas Village: Urbanising the Enclave Local Integration + Large Building Footprints = Potential for Densified Enclave? Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
1. What are the underlying historic patterns of spatial configuration and social exclusion that lead to Metro Manila’s current enclave urbanism?
Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas Filipinas. Madrid 1851. accessed: 1 August 2019. source:
National Mall Spanish Intramuros, Estero de Paco (Paco Creek) America’s Bayfront District, Harrison Park Quezon City’s Government Compounds, & Manila’s Suburban Private Edge Cities. Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
2. What impact did the Burnham Plan have on the historical and present-day centralities of Manila’s spatial network?
Burnham’s Plan is romanticised and idealised but it actually initiates Manila’s decentralisation.
It is unable to regulate the privatised encomienda and hacienda lands outside of Manila. NAIN Mixed-Use Enclaves/CBDs vs 2019 System Average 1.10000
1.05000 Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
1.00000
0.95000 3. How does Metro Manila’s current form of commercial and residential 0.90000 enclave sub/urbanism affect its spatial configuration?
0.85000
0.80000 NAIN0400 NAIN0600 NAIN0800 NAIN1000 NAIN1200 NAIN1500 NAIN2000 NAIN2500 NAIN3000 NAIN3500 NAIN4000 NAIN4500 NAIN5000 NAIN Rn 2019 System Average 2019 Mixed-Use CBD Enclave Averages Manila’s enclaves are configured for cars.
Consumption within enclaves is internalised within large Building Footprints.
Architecturally and Infrastructurally-enclosed Enclaves have “unnatural movement.” Their ability to attract movement needs to be understood, given the segregation of enclaves
How do we reconfigure enclaves for pedestrians? Summary of Findings and Possible Future Research:
4. What are the effects of opening the gates of selected residential enclaves on the spatial accessibility of their adjacent commercial enclaves?
Opening Manila’s Exclusive Villages worsens congestion around Manila’s CBDs.
There may be a relationship between induced vehicular demand and spatial integration.
Space syntax could be used to unveil potentials for “Yellow-field” redevelopment in car-centric residential suburbs. Salamat Po! Thank You!