Enclave Sub/Urbanism: The Spatial Configuration of Metro Manila’s Centers of Exclusion and their Surrounding Fabric Leandro Nicholas Rañoa Poco 0002821 Presentation Outline: 1. Research Context and Methodology 2. Space Syntax Introduction 3. Metro Manila’s Colonial / Historic Spatial Configuration 4. Metro Manila’s Present Day Spatial Configuration 5. Simulation / Experimentation 6. Summary/Recap by Anton Zelenov, from Wikimedia Commons. accessed 12 August 2019, source: < https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manila_Aerial.jpg> Source: https://www.carguide.ph/2013/02/edsa-rehab-project- gets-green-light.html accessed 2 February 2019 Source:<https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/3838 Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/190698-duterte-manila-dead-city- 20/burnham-s-century-old-ideas-can-still-be-used-to-improve- decentralization-Philippines> By Noel Celis/AFP/Getty Images. from: Irish Times. accessed 20 August 2019 manila-architect/story/> Source: < https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/asia-pacific/residents-of-manila- s-happyland-slum-put-faith-in-duterte-1.2707230> By Michael Varcas/Philippine Star. from: Philippine Star. accessed 12 August 2019 Source:<https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/03/07/17944 Source: <https://www.rappler.com/nation/236046- 50/palace-part-mrt-maintenance-money-went-political- duterte-metro-manila-traffic-solution-sona-2019> machinery> Source:<https://www.rappler.com/nation/236095- ano-wants-open-gated-subdivisions-during-rush- hours> By: Institute for Economics and Peace. Accessed: 21 June 2019, Source: <https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GPI-2019-Briefingweb-2.pdf> Research Questions: 1. What are the underlying historic patterns of spatial configuration and social exclusion that lead to Metro Manila’s current enclave urbanism? 2. What impact did the Burnham Plan have on the historical and present-day centralities of Manila’s spatial network? 3. How does Metro Manila’s current form of commercial and residential enclave sub/urbanism affect its spatial configuration? 4. What are the effects of opening the gates of selected residential enclaves on the spatial accessibility of their adjacent commercial enclaves? Layered Literature Review and Methodology: Global Discourse: Enclaves and Social Correspondence: Luymes, 1997; Mohammed et al., 2015; Hapsariniaty et al., 2013; Durkheim, 1893; Hillier & Hanson, 1984) Social Reproduction: Hillier, 2001; Oramas-Dorta, 2012; Hillier, 1999 Suburbanisation: Bourne, 1996; Forsyth, 2012; Vaughan et al, 2009; Edge Cities and Big Box Developments: Garreau, 1992; Sultana, 2011; Gruen & Smith, 1960; Gruen, 1964; Induced Road Demand: WSP, 2018 Globalisation and Privatisation: Sassen, 1990; Urry, 2016; Durham-Jones & Williamson, 2008; Theodore et al., 2011; Corpus, 2000; Smith, 2002 Philippine Discourse: Spanish Period: Armengol, 1958; Doeppers, 1972; Quirino, 1971; Shioda et al, 2012; Goma, 2012; and Jimenez Verdejo et al, 2015 American Period: Duque, 2009; Morley, 2014; Vernon, 2014; Kirsch, 2017; Morley, 2018 Post War: Pante, 2017; Pante, 2018; Connel, 1999; Garrido, 2013 Historical Consolidation: Ocampo, 1992; Murphy & Hogan, 2012 Current Themes: Shatkin, 2004; Recio, 2013, Garrido, 2013; Garrido, 2019; Shatkin, 2007; Michel, 2010; Roderos, 2013; Kleibert, 2014; Kleibert and Kippers, 2016; Ortega, 2016; Ortega, 2018; and Kleibert, 2018 Space Syntax Discourse and Methodology: Hanson, 1989; Karimi, 2012; Hillier et al., 1993; Hillier, 1996; Hillier, 1999; Hillier & Vaughan, 2007; Turner, 2000; Turner, 2001; Turner, 2005; Dalton, 2001; Turner, 2007; Charalambous, N. & Mavridou, M., 2012; Hillier et al., 2012; Yang, 2015 What is Space Syntax? Methods pioneered by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson of UCL in the 1980s Used to uncover the spatial causes of social decay and disorder of England’s Social Housing Estates What is Space Syntax? It is Spatially-applied Streets and spaces Network and Graph Theory are represented as nodes in a network graph for analysis What is Space Syntax? It is Spatially-applied Network and Graph Theory Applied Graph/Network Theory Centralities. From: Jure Leskovec, Stanford CS224W: Social and Information Network Analysis, accessed 11 August 2019. Source: <http://cs224w.stanford.edu https://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224w/handouts/15-centrality.pdf> Network Science Terminology | Space Syntax Terminology | Practical Use High Closeness Centrality High Spatial Integration Capacity to generate activity High Betweenness Centrality Route Choice Capacity to generate traffic High Clustering Coefficient Co-Location Density of activities Sample Social Network Analysis of a Facebook Network, www.fmsasg.com/socialnetworkanalysis/facebook, accessed 2 October 2019 Suppliers What is Space Syntax? Workplace School Family Contractors and Spatial Logic influences Village Social Networking Logic Friends Key Concepts: Natural Movement Morphological transformation of historical cetnres in Tianjin, Y. Shen, K. Karimi, Q. Xia, 2013 People and Vehicles naturally move through the most accessible portions of the spatial network. Key Concepts: Movement Economies The Spatial Culture of Mass Consumption: An Analytical Spatial Study of the Fast Food Chain Stores and Commercial Retail Network in London, Genevieve Shaun Lin, UCL, 2017 Because of Natural Movement, Businesses, Transactions and Exchange naturally occur along accessible pathways Key Concepts: Foreground vs. Background Networks Because of Natural Movement and Movement Economies, 2 types of networks naturally occur: 1. Active Foreground Network (Generative / Urban) – WARM GRADIENT / Reds to Yellows 2. Passive Background Network (Conservative / Residential or Suburban) – COOL GRADIENT / Greens to Blues Key Concepts: Order vs. Structure “Axial analysis of six historic cities in Iran (c. 1800). The measure of global integration creates a very revealing picture of an urban grid which has no trace of geometric order.” - but of an underlying structure from: Karimi, K. (2012). A reflection on’Order and Structure in Urban Design’. The Journal of Space Syntax, 3(1), p. 43. Imposed Order is about localized conformance/uniformity Inherent Structure is the underlying global flow and legibility of space Metro Manila’s Core within Circumferential Road 5 Private enclaves: Voids in Manila’s Urban Fabric Ortigas-Pioneer- Greenhills Enclave Cluster Makati – BGC Enclave Cluster Intramuros (within the walls) is Spanish Manila, European Fortress Town in the Tropics Oil painting on the inside of a wooden chest, circa 1640-50. Art Museum Jose Luis Bello, Puebla. Mexico., accessed: 1 August 2019. source: <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Manila_old_painting.jpg> Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas Filipinas. Madrid 1851. accessed: 1 August 2019. source: <https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/manila_1851.jpg> 1898 Manila and its surrounding suburbs / Plano de Manila y sus Arrabales 1898 (showing reducciones mission areas outside Intramuros) from: Perry Castaneda Library Map Collection. accessed 20 February 2019 Source: <https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/philippines.html> Entrance gate toward Seville Cathedral, during the Feast of Corpus Christi, every 30th of May. Accessed 7 May 2019. Source: <https://notjustatourist.com/the-ultimate-guide-cor- pus-christi-seville/?c=063a94a77840> Seville, Reducciones Spain Church Plazas Quiapo, Social Manila Reproduction Quiapo Church/Plaza, one of the original Reducciones sites during the Spanish period. Showing the feast day of the Black Nazarene every 9th of January from: Getty Images. Accessed 7 May 2019. Source: <https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/ asia/philippines-from- coconuts-to-christianity-let-the-celebrations-begin-8919077.htmljohntewell/5281876897> Locally Integrated Mission Churches Intramuros: Ordered Centre vs Binondo: Structural Centre and Trading District Calle de Escolta, Binondo, Manila. 4 July 1899 (Manila’s premiere shopping address, a year after Spanish- American turnover) Accessed 3 February 2019. Source: <https://i.pinimg.com/originals/25/a3/bc/25a3bcddcc800a4f2293912e0b45cef1.jpg> Calle Escolta: (named after Royal Escorts) Binondo’s Premiere Shopping Address, and Manila’s 1st Secured Shopping Mall Encomienda System (aka Repartimiento and Hacienda) The Spanish divided control of land and labour rights amongst their preferred colonial elite. USA’s Benevolent Assimilation Hospitals Asylums and Parks and Playfields and Daniel Burnham’s 1905 Parks / Institutions City Beautiful Plan for Manila America’s Benevolent Assimilation, Accessed 3 February 2019. Source: <http://dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/19th%20Cent ury.htm> Railway Station Pasig River Parks and Playfields Railway Government Station Post Center Office Museums Supreme Parks and Playfields Court Intramuros Shore World-renowned, American Architect-Planner Drive Daniel H. Burnham, on the terrace of his Evanston, IL home. early 1900s from: Graf, John, Chicago’s Casino Parks Arcadia Publishing, 2000. Accessed 3 Governor’s February 2019. Manila Residence and source:<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Burnh New Port Hotel New am#/media/File:Daniel_Burnham.jpg> Luneta Social Clubs Park Manila Cemetery Burnham’s Radial Grid to emanate from Parks & Playfields a unifying Government Centre Accessed 3 February 2019. from https://burnhampi.wordpress.com/2010/06/06/the-plan-manila Sampaloc & Santa Cruz North Integration Core Parks, Playfields & Institutions Social Reproduction of American Democracy Binondo & Intramuros Proposed New Port District Burnham’s