The Journal of Zoology Studies 2016; 3(4): 109-133

The Journal of Zoology Studies

ISSN 2348-5914 A catalogue for endemic birds of Ethiopia

JOZS 2016; 3(4): 109-133

JOZS © 2016 Author: Weldemariam Tesfahunegny Received: 19-07-2016 Accepted: 20-08-2016 Abstract

In modern sense birds can be used to provide early warning of environmental problems. Tout of Weldemariam Tesfahunegny Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, the total 926 checklists, 24 endemic bird of Ethiopia explores the current status and distribution Animal Biodiversity Directorate, with a brief description and information on habitat, distribution, habits and breeding. P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa, Furthermore, threats and IUCN category are covered. Moreover, a complete list of all known Ethiopia localities is added for each species. Ornithologists and conservation biologists need to develop plans using an interdisciplinary approach on the quality, beautiful landscapes and iconic species to ensure conservation activities address the diversity of biological and socio-economic issues

that face on 3E birds of Ethiopia. In reality, conservation issues are complex and highly context-

specific and this catalogue helps conservationist to impasses on endemic birds of Ethiopia. Research has shown that species richness in overall biodiversity as vital for the health and

functioning of ecosystems, which provide services such as crop pollination; flood prevention,

carbon storage, fisheries, tourism, increased soil, air and water quality upon which Ethiopia economy depends.

Keywords: Aves, Endangered, Endemics, Ethiopia, Iconic species, IUCN

1. Introduction

Ethiopia is the largest landlocked country in Africa with an area of 1.13 million km² of which 1.12 million km² are land that is located in the northeast of Africa between 030 40’ and 150 N latitude and 330 and 480 E longitude. Ethiopia is one of the top 25 biodiversity-rich countries in the world, and hosts two of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely; the Eastern Afromontane and the horn of Africa hotspots EBI [6]. The altitudinal difference with the highest

peak at Ras Dashen (4620 m above sea level) and the minimum 126 m below sea level in the

Afar depression is the main reason that makes Ethiopia as one of the very few countries that is rich in biodiversity. Ethiopia is a country where major habitat block is contained within political boundaries with high degree of endemicity quality of its beautiful landscapes and iconic species in both fauna and flora. Often called the roof of Africa, this fasinatic country (471775 sq mi/1221897 sq km) has two vast areas of mountain and plateau split by the rift valley and a great vartiety of vegetation and endemic wildlife EBI [6].

There are over 10,000 various species of birds (class Aves), grouped to 29 Orders and 181 [4] families currently inhabits the earth, across the world BLI out of which, a staggering 1,313 Corresponding Author: (13%) are threatened under extinction. As the recent data by the IUCN states, around 197 Weldemariam Tesfahunegny species are considered critically endangered, and 389 are listed as endangered. The rest are Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, categorized under vulnerable BLI [3]. However, in Africa 2355 species, 245 globally threatened Animal Biodiversity Directorate, with extinction. P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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The wildlife biodiversity of Ethiopia supporting more than 2970 species of animals and 7,000 of higher plant species with 12% endemics, among the fauna 320 are mammals with 36 endemics, 926 birds with 24 endemics, 1,249 arthropods with 11 endemics, 200 fish with 40 endemics, 202 reptiles with 17 endemics and 73 amphibians with 30 endemics EBI [6]; Weldemariam [9]. Birds of Ethiopia (926), 24 species are endemic. Today birds are the most successful of all terrestrial vertebrates. Ethiopia has 320 (36) known endemic species of mammals, 926 (23) birds, 240 (15) reptiles, 320 (36) amphibians and 150 (6) fish species. In Africa it ranks the fourth, surpassed by Madagascar, Zaire, Cameroon and South Africa WCMC [10], [11]; EBI [6]; [9] Weldemariam . Fig 1: Wattled ibis (Bostrychia carunculata) Birds’ classification presents thumbnail sketches of the 34 orders (29 living, 5 fossil) and 185 bfamilies (150 The tendency to nest in colonies in cliffs rather than living, 35 fossil) in to which scientists currently group alone in trees jointly with the territorial occupation by the some 9,600 known species (8,700 living, 900 female indicates that this species may be much more fossil) of birds in the world. The economic benefits of like Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita than Bostrychia, biodiversity are significant as well. Economists despite its physical appearance and different jizz. estimate that humans derive trillions of dollars’ worth Therefore, this species could be a link between of ecosystem services from viable populations of plant Bostrychia, as typified by Hadada, and Geronticus and animal species, clean water and air, productive Vivero Pol [8]. soils, functioning wetlands, and recreational opportunities. Globally, overexploitation is one of the 3.2 Voice: Have a Loud, raucous "haa-haa-haa-haa" main threats driving birds towards extinction globally call. BLI [3]. 3.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Nechisar 2. Endemic Species National Park, Mago NP, Awash NP, Abijata-Shalia An ‘Endemic Species’ is one that is only found in that NP, Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, region and nowhere else in the world. As such they are Yangudi Rassa NP, Kuni-Muktar, Debre Birham, Gosh of conservation concern because they are not Meda, Wondo Genet, Gefferssa Reservoir, Tefki widespread and may be confined to only one or two wetland, Lake Awasa, Choke Mountain, Sululta Plains, protected areas. Although more endemic species of Ankober, Langano, Mount Zuquala, Lake Ashenge, birds have been added to the country but until now a Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest. One noteworthy total of 24 endemic species of bird are registered place to see good flocks is the Slaughtering in Addis Weldemariam [9]. This list combines with the status of Ababa city. IUCN and distribution of the species for serious conservation concern IUCN and UNEP-WCMC 3.4 Habitat: They may occur all over Ethiopian [7]. The Catalogue of the endemic birds species in highlands at altitudes ranging from 1500 m to the Ethiopia is a monumental work published in this time. highest moorlands at 4100 m. It prefers meadows and Its aim was not only to document in our Museum bird highland river courses. It is often found in rocky places collection, but to discuss all then-known "species" of and cliffs and olive tree (Olea africana) and juniper living birds for best conservation purpose. (Juniperus procera) mixed forests. It has also become well adapted to anthropic landscapes and conditions; 3. Wattled ibis (Bostrychia carunculata) during the rainy season it can be seen in the hotel Wing 325-380 mm lawns of downtown Addis Ababa. The wattled ibis is 3.1 Brief description: A dark ibis usually in flocks. In common to abundant Because of its loud, raucous flight, makes loud raucous "kowrr-kowrr-kowrr" calls, "haa-haa-haa-haa" call, the Wattled Ibis is easily audible over long distances. Shows a white patch on recognized even from some distance away. A flock of the upper surface of the wing and a throat wattle. These these ibises rising or flying overhead becomes two features, plus a large size and no white line on especially noisy and obvious. In flight a white patch cheek, distinguish this ibis from the close relative shows on the upper surface of the ibis' wing, and at Hadada Ibis B. hagedash. close range its tliroat wattle is visible. These two

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diagnostic features distinguish the Wattled Ibis from 4. Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera) the closely related Hadada Wing 325-376 mm Ibis (Bostrychiahagedavli), which also occurs in 4.1 Brief description: A medium-size, thick-necked Ethiopia. goose, with brownish ash mantle and short legs; also with pale blue wing-patch not particularly striking at 3.5 Breeding habits: Usually nests in small to large distance. In flight shows white underwing-coverts. colonies on rocky cliffs, over bushes hanging in the Sexes are alike, but female is slightly smaller. walls; although also reported to nest singly on top of trees or ledges of buildings. Few colonies known above 3,000 m; and those in trees found only at lower elevations (1,800-2,000 m) in Lake Awasa. In Bale Mountains, there are nesting colonies of 500 and more. The courtship and brooding behaviour has not yet been described. Nest is a platform of branches and sticks, lined with grass stems and strips of bark; sometimes located to east for maximum exposure to sun in early hours of day which are very cold at high altitudes. Seems to breed along a broad period: March-July and occasionally in December, during the dry season. Lays two-three rough shelled and dirty white eggs.

3.6 Threats: No reduction in numbers nor any obvious threat reported. Therefore, it is not considered to be of

conservation concern, since the population is rather large. Fig 2: Blue-winged goose (Cyanochen cyanoptera)

3.7 Status: Least Concer (IUCN 3.1). Stands and walks with the head almost resting on the back and the feathers fluffed out round it. Cannot be 3.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed confused with any other duck in its restricted range. include the protection of all over Ethiopian highlands Taxonomically treated as a sheld-goose with only very especially open habitat and forests. More information distant relatives in Peru and Bolivia, the Andean Goose is needed on this species' distribution, population status Chloephaga melanoptera, which frequents similar and natural history. Population monitoring is also streamside leys. One of the rarest and most localised of needed in view of the recent status. all geese (Vivero Pol, 2001) [8].

3.9 Distribution: The Wattled Ibis occurs throughout 4.2 Voice: A rapidly repeated soft, barely audible the Ethiopian plateau from about 1500 meters (5000 whistle, a "wnee-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu". feet) to the highest moorlands; it is most common The blue-winged goose is a quiet species, but both along highland river courses with rocky, cliff-like sexes may give a soft whistle; it does not honk or edges but is found also in open country and ill olive, cackle likes the true geese. juniper, podocarpus, hagenia, St. Johin'swort and giant heath forests and occasionally in eucalyptus stands. 4.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Important The ibis is gregarious, often flocking in groups of 50 to concentrations occur on the Sululta Plains area during 100; rarely is it found alone. Small flocks of ibis can the rains and post-rain period, with up to 350 birds often be seen in Addis Ababa, flying between the old seen in 1992. Gefersa Reservoir frequently holds year- Palace and Trinity Cathedral grounds and in the area round populations of up to 200 individuals, as well as surrounding the National Palace. The birds normally in Web Valley marshes. In Hosaina, a concentration of roost on cliff-edges; in the early morning, they fly and over 500 was recorded in 1994. Also in Ankober, call noisily while following the river courses to their Debre Birhan, Bale Mountains NP, Mount Zuquala, feeding areas, which are usually in open country. With Fincha & Chomen swamps, Akaki Wetlands, Sentara their long downward-curved beaks they probe the Plains, Wadla Delanta area, Jemmu Valley and several ground, searching for insects and other small mountains of Arsi Range (Chilalo, Kecha). invertebrates. 4.4 Habitat: The Blue-winged Goose inhabits plateau marshes, streams and damp grasslands from about 1800 meters (6000 feet) upward. Pairs or small parties

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of three to five of these geese are common and easily are useful marks for identifying the species. Another seen at high elevations in small stream valleys and in characteristic habit of the goose can be observed during pools and marshes in the moorlands where giant pair formation when the male struts around the female, lobelia, alchemilla and tussock grass predominate and his head bent over his back, and his bill pointed where they nest in March, April, June and September. skywards or even behind him, exposing his blue wing During the big rains of July, August and September patch and uttering a rapidly repeated soft, barely Blue-winged Geese flock in groups that may include audible whistle, a "wnee-whu-whu-whu-whu-whu- 50 to 100 or more individuals which at this time whu-whu". Parties of this goose, like other geese, probably undergo molt, losing the flight feathers. In the station sentinels at the periphery of the flock. An big rains the flocks also move to lower elevations of alarmed goose produces a soft "whew-whu-whu-wliu" the plateau: for example, in one day in August 165 and, when forced into flight, a rather nasal bark, a Individuals were counted at Gafersa Reservoir, some "penk, penk-penk", uttered at take-off but not in flight. 20 kilometers west of Addis Ababa. 5. Harwood's francolin (Francolinus harwoodi) 4.5 Breeding habits: Pairs remain constantly together, Wing 180-190 m and are probably territorial. Nest is exclusively constructed by female, lying four-nine cream-coloured eggs between March-June and September-December. In the wild, it breeds during the dry season. Incubation is undertaken by female only; but both parents seen defending young in captivity.

4.6 Threats: The reason for the species' limited range is clear, since it is a grazer on short grass and permanent grassland of this kind is found practically nowhere else in Africa. Not threatened by hunting as not eaten for religious reasons. The population is apparently stable, being estimated between 5,000- 15,000, and there has been no evidence of any changes in distribution or decline in numbers. It is almost

certainly now under pressure from the rapidly expanding human population and resulting degradation Fig 3: Harwood's francolin (Francolinus harwoodi) of grasslands and increased levels of disturbance. Agricultural intensification and droughts are also 5.1 Brief description: First discovered in 1898. Has a possible threats. Important breeding areas in Bale distinctive U-shaped pattern on the black-and-white Mountains national park are protected. breast feathers. The female, not described until 1978, is very similar to male. Forms a super species with F. 4.7 Status: This species is evaluated as bicalcaratus, F. clappertoni and F. icterorhynchus. vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). It is threatened by habitat loss. Within its range may be confused with Erckel's Formerly classified as a Near Threatened species on Francolin F. erckelii which is much larger, has black the IUCN Red List, new research has shown it to be face and yellow legs, whereas Hardwood's has red rarer than it was believed. Consequently, it is up listed ones. Also with Clapperton's Francolin F. clappertoni to vulnerable status in 2008. which has similar call, occurs in the same area and shares the red eye-patch of Hardwood's; but 4.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed Clapperton's has pure white throat and much heavier [8] include the protection of all over Ethiopian open black underparts Vivero Pol ). Voice: Loud, raucous, habitat in highlands (plateau marshes, streams and crowing koree in early morning. Hints Best-known damp grasslands). More information is needed on this locality is bridge over Blue Nile in Jemma valley species distribution, population status and natural (Ethiopia). history of the species. Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. 5.2 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Extremely 2 restricted range, probably less than 10,000 km in the 4.9 Distribution: The goose has a peculiar habit, highlands of Ethiopia, in some gorges of Blue Nile, whether standing or walking, of resting its neck on its notably the Jemmu valley. Reported in Aheafeg, back. Indeed, this posture together with the Bichana, Kalo Ford, Muger river, Gibe Gorge and comparatively dull body color and bluish wing-patches Dembidollo.

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5.3 Habitat: Harwood's Francolin has been reported Zone, with an estimated maximum density of 92 birds from only three localities along about 160 kilometers per km2 at Jemma valley. It is not known if birds move of valleys and gorges within the upper Blue Nile between adjacent valleys but, if not, it is probable that system extending to the east and north of the Addis some subpopulations number more than 1,000 Ababa-Debre Marcos-Dejen Bridge; this francolin is a individuals (P. Robertson in litt. 1999). Surveys in very poorly known Ethiopian endemic birds. It was 1998 found it at a number of new sites within its first recorded for science in 1898 at Ahiyafej, then known range. It is now believed to occupy a range of again in 1927 at Bichana, and in 1930 at Kalo Ford 200,000 km2 within the Abbay Basin, and is most along the banks of the Blue Nile "below Zemie". No abundant in the high and middle courses of the river. other record of this species has been published Interviews with local people suggest that the species although recent reports suggest that it is more widely has declined. distributed than previously thought. 6. Rouget's rail (Ralbus rougetii) 5.4 Breeding habits: Nest and eggs undescribed, with Wing 125-135 mm a recorded 3 clutch-size, and possible breeding period between December and February.

5.5 Threats: Because of the large number of people who depend on the resources of its area, its habitat is severely threatened, modified and degraded throughout its range, what constitutes the main threat to its survival. These Typha habitats are continuously reduced to be transformed into crop fields, or to provide material for hatching, mats and fencing; or is simply cleared to reduce populations of crop pests, particularly Quelea and rodents. Hunting for food, since it seems to be considered as an excellent table bird, as well as having medicinal values; collection of

eggs, habitat destruction, disturbance at breeding and feeding sites can be considered as major causes of Fig 4: Rouget's rail (Ralbus rougetii) declining, with natural enemies and lack of awareness worsening the situation. Apart from this, the numbers 6.1 Brief description: A monotypic genus with a seem to be significant for such a restricted species. unique taxonomic position among the rails, reflected in its rather un-rail-like behaviour. May be easily 5.6 Status: This species evaluated as identified by the combination of unstreaked olive- vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). brown upperparts, cinnamon-rufous underparts and upward tail and striking moving white undertail 5.7 Conservation action: Additional actions needed coverts. All these feature distinguish the species from include the protection of the highlands of central all other African rails. Male and female are alike [8] Ethiopia around the Abbay (Blue Nile) river and its Vivero Pol . tributaries habitats from subsistence exploitation. More information is needed on this species' distribution, 6.2 Voice: The loud, ringing, repeated ‘wreee- population status, natural history. Population creeeuw’ call of the Rouget’s rail is most often heard in monitoring is also needed in view of recent declines. the morning and evening, and it also has a shrill, Taxonomic research is needed to elucidate the the piercing ‘dideet’ or ‘di-dii’ alarm call. It has two calls identities of members of this very poorly known which are useful in identification: one, a piercing alarm Ethiopian endemic francolin. note, a "dideet" or "a di-dii", and the other, a display call, "wreeeee-creeuw-wreeeee-creeliw". 5.8 Distribution: Francolinus harwoodi is restricted to the highlands of central Ethiopia around the Abbay 6.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Gefersa (Blue Nile) river and its tributaries. According to local reservoir, Awash river valley, Awi zone, Lake Tana, reports its range extends northwards into Southern Bale Mountains NP, Dessa'a Forest, Fincha & Chomen Wello and north-west into Eastern Gojam swamps, Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Sululta Plains, Lake Administrative Zones. Research in 1996 found it Ashenge, Guasa, Debre Birhan, Arsi region, Addis locally abundant in the Jemma and Jara valleys and the Ababa region and Sof Omar. adjacent valleys and river catchments of North Showa

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6.4 Habitat: The Rouget's Rail is common on the western and southeastern highlands, but its presence is notas obvious as that of some other endemics. Once one is able to recognize the bird's calls, one well appreciates how common this rail is.

6.5 Breeding habits: Monogamous, apparently with a permanent pair bond; and solitary nester. Permanent territoriality. Pairs are formed in March and they nest closely to other pairs. Nest is a pad or shallow cup of dead rushes or grass placed on wet ground among rushes or tussocks. Nests from April through October, laying up to 8 white, ivory eggs per clutch. The

incubation is undertaken by both parents, and immatures remain in the parental territory for a long Fig 5: Spot-breasted plover (Vanellus melanocephalus) period after breeding. 7.1 Brief description: A beautifully-marked, medium- 6.6 Threats: The great increase in grazing pressure in large plover with black crown and throat, small yellow marshlands and along streams have so depleted the wattles in front of eye, short yellow legs, and vegetative cover that much of the habitat has become distinctive spotted breast. Inhabits different habitats unsuitable, even though it can survive in overgrazed, from other Lapwings, but likely to overlap with Black- disturbed wet pastures. This has a negative effect over winged Lapwing V. melanopterus, with no wattles and its populations. Moreover, many grassland habitats are unspotted breast; and Spur-winged Lapwing V. being ploughed up for cereal growing. Not molested by spinosus, with white face and black underparts. Sexes are alike in plumage and probably also in size Vivero local people, whose religion beliefs encourage the [8] protection of birds, but traditional beliefs are declining. Pol . However, in 1996-97, still widespread and locally common in highland wetlands and even in Addis 7.2 Voice: When calling, it produces a "kree-kree-kre- Ababa. krep-kreep-kreep", a "kueeeep-kueep" and the cry "pewit-pewit". 6.7 Status: This species is evaluated as near threatened species on the IUCN Red List 2007. 7.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto Natural 6.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed Park, Choke Mountain, Guasa, Sululta Plains, include the protection of open habitat in highlands, Ankober, Debre Birhan, Gosh Meda, Arsi Plateau and montane grassland and moorland habitats from Jemmu Valley. subsistence exploitation. More information is needed on this species' distribution, population status and 7.4 Habitat: The Spot-breasted Plover is an endemic natural history. usually found above 3050 meters (10,000 feet) in marshy grasslands and moorlands with giant health, 6.9 Distribution: This Rail mainly lives at higher giant lobelia and alchemilla and tussock grass in both elevations of up to 4,100 meters (13,500 feet) where it the western and southeastern highlands. Widely inhabits small pockets of grass tussock and wet distributed and locally common, the plover usually is hollows with plenty of cover; it is a characteristic bird seen in pairs or in small parties or in the non-breeding of the moorlands of Ethiopia. Rouget’s rail inhabits season in small flocks of up to 30-40 individuals. Its marshy areas in montane grassland and moorland behavior has been compared with that of the where it is found in lush grass, reeds and bushes Lapwing (Vanellusvanellus) of Europe; it is a relatively besides pools and streams and in bogs, between 1,500 tame, noisy bird with a swerving flight; on the ground and 4,100 metres above sea level. It can also be found it makes short runs and sudden stops. It is on dry ground and in human-modified habitats such as distinguished from other plovers by having fleshy parks and gardens. wattles in front of the eyes and by the breast spotted with black. Hardly anything is known about this 7. Spot-breasted plover (Vanellus melanocephalus) plover. For example, the nest and eggs have only Wing 234-240 mm recently been described; the nest a shallow scrape within a patch of grass and moss in the giant lobelia moorlands with small lakes, contained four eggs that

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were brownish-blue to smoke-grey and heavily marked 8.1 Brief description: Uniform slaty sooty greyish with black. The plover is known to breed in April in colour, with a sharply defined white collar patch and the Bale Mountains and in August in Shoa Region. white on wings in flight. Crown and hind neck are Other aspects of its life history are unrecorded. darker grey in contrast to other body plumage. Folded Although locally common, it is one of the least studied wings have irregular dark spots. The male and female plovers in the world. are alike in appearance. Despite its abundance in the highlands and villages, where it is the dominant 7.5 Breeding habits: The first known nest was not pigeon, little else is known about its life history discovered until 1971, and was a shallow scrape in Baptista et al., [2]; Vivero Pol [8]. patch of grass and moss in a moorland pool at high altitude. Reported to breed in April (Bale Mountains 8.2 Voice: Has a soft coo-oo, but rarely heard in wild NP) and August in Shoa district. and probably largely silent.

7.6 Threats: Not threats recorded, but recently 8.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Addis reported to be evenly found at places where common Ababa region, Sululta Plains, Ankober, Debre Zeit, before, probably due to climatological changes. Lalibela, Shashemene, Gosh Meda, Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Choke Mountain, Entoto 7.7 Status: IUCN Red list concern species Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Debre Birhan, North Omo and Tissisat Falls. Flocks of 50-200 commonly 7.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed occurs in the centre of Addis Ababa. include the protection of marshy grasslands and moorlands with giant health, giant lobelia, and 8.4 Habitat: The White-collared Pigeon - alchemilla and tussock grass in both the western and unmistakable with its uniform greyish color, white southeastern open habitat in highlands from collar patch and in flight, white on the wings is the subsistence exploitation. More information is needed dominant pigeon on the plateau above 2,400 meters on this species' distribution, population status, natural (8,000 feet). It mainly inhabits rugged areas of the history. western and southeastern highlands, especially cliffs and escarpments, but it is also a common feature of 7.9 Distribution: Widely distributedin the Bale many plateau villages and towns where it lives in Mountains and Shoa region. association with churches and other large buildings. It also frequents bridges on the highways and roads of the 8. White-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques) plateau. A regular occurrence on the plateau in the Wing 212-234 mm morning is the movement of White-collared Pigeons 28–31 cm; male 292 g, female 262 g. General colour from their roosting sites on the cliffs to grain fields slate grey; primary coverts white, forming a patch on where they feed; occasionally a flock of several spread wing; secondary wing-coverts with some black hundred individuals may visit these fields. In the Bale chequering. Mountains the pigeons roost at the higher elevations of up to 3,800 (12,500 feet) in flocks and in meters the morning fly to lower elevations to feed. In the Semien Mountains they roost usually on the lower levels of the cliffs at about 2100 meters (7,000 feet) and every morning slowly spiral up to the tops of the cliffs at 3,200-4,400 meters (10,500-14,500 feet) before moving inland to feed. In late afternoon they either remain inland and roost in trees, or they return to the cliffs where they hurtle themselves over the edge and, passing within a few meters of the cliff-face, fly at very high speeds to their roosting sites hundreds of feet below.

8.5 Breeding habits: Solitary nester, monogamous. Nest is like most pigeons' nests, made largely of grass stalks and small sticks. Nest is sited mainly on sheltered ledges of buildings, also inside buildings and

dark natural rock crevices and caves. Nests throughout Fig 6: White-collared pigeon (Columba albitorques)

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the year on ledges, cliffs, bridges and houses. Lays two crown, cheeks and ear-coverts orange yellow. Found at creamy white eggs. the Masango area and Gila river in West Wellega. Clearly, further investigation and field work needs to 8.6 Threats: No threats identified. be done into this possible subspecies Vivero Pol [8].

8.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern; 9.2 Voice: They are most frequently spotted by not globally threatened. Restricted range, but within listening for their loud, squeaky calls and “unmusical this species is often abundant. shrill whistles.”

8.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed 9.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Arsi, include the protection of open habitat in highlands, Hararghe, Akobo-Baro plains, Wondo Genet, Addis- cliffs, escarpments, plateau villages and towns which Ababa region (Menagesha Forest, Wuchacha lives in association with churches and other large Mountain), Abijatta-Shala NP, Lake Langano, Adaba, buildings from subsistence disterbance. More Zegea Peninsula (Lake Tana), Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, information is needed on this species' distribution, Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest, Lake Awasa, Bale population status, natural history. Mountains NP and Addis Ababa city, in the old airport area and British Embassy compound. 8.9 Distribution: Highlands of Ethiopia. Despite this pigeon's abundance and its occurrence in large areas of 9.4 Habitat: The Yellow-fronted Parrot occurs in the plateau, including cities like Addis Ababa little else Ethiopia from approximately 600 to 3,350 meters is known about its life history. (2,000-1 1,000 feet) in the western and southeastern highlands, the Rift Valley and the western lowlands in 9. Yellow-fronted parrot (Poicephalus flavifrons) forests and woodlands varying from St. John's wort and Wing 160-188 mm hagenia to olive, podocarpus and juniper to fig and This bird has about 28 centimeters (11 in) long and is acacia. It is an uncommon but regular visitor on the mostly green with the upper parts being a darker green, Armed Force Hospital grounds near the old airport in the tail being olive-brown, and the legs a dark grey- Addis Ababa. One's attention is usually first attracted brown. to the presence of this species by its loud squeaky calls and unmusical shrill whistles. Typically, one then sees the greenish parrots with yellowish heads in a small flock of three to eight individuals, high up in a tree where they are probably feeding. Their food is thought to be fruit, including baobab if available, sorghum, maize and seeds. Although this parrot is frequent to locally common and widely distributed in the country, little is known of its habits: the time of nesting is not known: the nest and eggs are undescribed. In fact, this parrot is so poorly known that practically any information an observer discovers about it will be new to science.

9.5 Breeding habits: Nest is a hole, reported in Juniperus, with male and female alternatively feeding the chickens. Fig 7: Yellow-fronted parrot (Poicephalus flavifrons) 9.6 Threats: Not considered neither rare nor 9.1 Brief description: A bright green parrot with endangered, despite decrease in its range. Besides, it crown extensively yellow (olive in immature), eyes may be threatened by illegal trade for cage birds, but orange red, bill with blackish upper mandible and the Government of Ethiopia has highly restricted this greyish white lower one. Sexes are alike. Within its trade, if not banned. range, overlaps with Orange-bellied Parrot P. rufiventris in Rift Valley and southeast, and with 9.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least Meyer's Parrot P. meyeri in the north; distinguished concern (IUCN 3.1). from both by yellow on head. Besides the nominate race, P. flavifrons aurantiiceps is dubiously considered 9.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed as well, differing from the former in having forehead, include the protection of forest and woodlands, western

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and southeastern highlands, the Rift Valley and the Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Menagesha Forest, Mount western lowlands in forests and woodlands from Zuquala and Lake Awasa. subsistence exploitation. More information is needed on this species' distribution, population status, natural 10.4 Habitat: The Black-winged Lovebird is the history and the potential effects on its habits. common, small green parrot of the Ethiopian plateau. It Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent is widely distributed from about 1,500-3,200m. (5,000- status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of 10,500 feet) in the western and southeastern highlands nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species. and in the Rift Valley in forests and woodlands of hagenia, juniper, podocarpus, olive, acacia, candelabra 9.9 Distribution: The yellow-fronted parrot occurs in euphorbia, combretum and fig. It commonly visits the western and southeastern Ethiopian highlands, gardens, especially with seeding trees in Addis Ababa. western lowland forests and woodlands and in the Rift The lovebird flies in noisy flocks which number Valley from approximately 600 to 3,350 meters. usually five to ten individuals although as many as 50 to 80 individuals may be present. It flies swiftly and 10. Black-winged lovebird (Agapornis taranta) makes sharp turns at high speeds; it moves its wings in Wing 95-110 mm quick, short flaps, the black under the wings being The black-winged lovebird, with a length of about 16– obvious then. Both sexes have a large bright red bill; 16.5 cm (6.25–6.5 inches), is the largest of all the the male has a red forehead, the female and immature lovebirds. do not.

10.5 Breeding habits: Its behaviour has extensively been studied in captivity, but nothing under natural conditions. Probably always monogamous, nesting solitarily. The pair regularly stands as close together as possible. Courtship is rather complex, with male defending the nesting area. Territorial fights between birds of same sex common in captivity. Nests in a cavity in a tree trunk or limb lined with small pad of vegetable material and feathers. Also uses holes in walls, cliffs and perhaps weavers' nests. Nesting in cliffs may be an adaptation to the increasingly tree- impoverished landscape of Ethiopia. Lays five rounded, white eggs (in captivity three-eight), with laying dates between March and November, being not clear whether linked to rains.

Fig 8: Black-winged lovebird (Agapornis taranta) 10.6 Threats: Numbers are increasing, possibly benefiting from the reduction in pet trade along 10.1 Brief description: Green, with red face and bill, roadsides, due to better enforcement of local laws green rump and blackish remiges, and feet black. protecting the species. Nevertheless, this pet trade is Female lacks the red forehead. Red-headed Lovebird still seen in several places, mainly in the road between A. pullaria, which overlaps with Black-winged in Addis Ababa-Lake Langano. southwestern Ethiopia, differs in having a blue rump and totally green remiges, and it inhabits only grossy 10.7 Status: The black-winged lovebird is evaluated as [8] savannah Vivero Pol . least concern on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. 10.2 Voice: It has a shrill twittering call and, in flight, a sharp whistle. 10.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed include the protection of open habitat and forests, the 10.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Omo NP, western and southeastern highlands in the Rift Valley Abijatta-Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Simien forests and woodlands from subsistence exploitation. Mountains NP, Awash NP, Addis Ababa region, Kuni- More information is needed on this species' Muktar, Lalibela, Wondo Genet, Debre Libanos, Lake distribution, population status, natural history and the Tana, Entoto Natural Park, Koka Dam, Lake Ziway, potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest, Lake Langano, also needed in view of recent status. Research is

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needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of egg: dull white with a very slight bluish tinge. It breeds nest and eggs of this species. in September-October, and perhaps up to February, unlike T. leucotis. One newly built nest has recently 10.9 Distribution: At higher altitudes are larger, but been found between Bedre and Genale River, being not sub specifically recognized. much similar to Crow’s nest. Clutch-size is predicted as two, as in all other congeners. 11. Prince ruspoli's turaco (Turaco ruspolii) Wing 180-184 mm 11.6 Threats: Total population over 10,000 This frugivorous turaco measures around 40cm from individuals. Human activities represent the main threat beak to tail, and weighs approximately 200-290g. for the species, with egg collection, wood cutting and habitat alteration by growing man's presence in the area as major ones. Nevertheless, T. ruspolii is a common visitor near anthropized areas. Fires are another considerable threat for its habitat, being reported in March 1994.

11.7 Status: This turaco is considered to be an endangered species and is included in the "Red Book" of endangered animals of the world. However, recent sightings in juniper forests and especially in dry water courses which include figs, the rubiaceous tree, Adina, and undergrowth of acacia and Teclea shrubs, suggest that the species may be more common than thought and evaluated as vulerable.

11.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed Fig 9: Prince ruspoli's turaco (Turaco ruspolii) include the protection of the juniper forests and

woodlands with dense evergreen undergrowth from 11.1 Brief description: First described in 1896. subsistence exploitation. More information is needed Presents a fresh green cheek, a red bill and a narrow on this species' distribution, population status, natural crimson lined above by a wattled eyelid nicely lobed. history and the potential effects on its habits. Similar to White-cheeked Turaco T. leucotis but has Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent the forehead and front part of crest greenish-grey, status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of followed by a tuft of red feathers on the nape; besides [8] nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species. lacks white patch on side of the neck Vivero Pol .

11.9 Distribution: Its restricted range coupled with 11.2 Voice: Its call has been described as a low "chirr- infrequent sightings has given the Ruspoli's Turaco a clia" and short "te". reputation for being close to the brink of extinction.

However, recent evidence suggests that the species is 11.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Found only not as uncommon as once thought, though its in Borena zone, in a few scattered localities around distribution is very small. The Ruspoli inhabits many Arero, next to Neghelli and close to Wadera: Arero of the same areas as the White-cheeked Turaco (T. Forest, Genale River, and Mankubsa-Welenso Forest. 2 leucotis), but remains distinct by reason of habitat and Occurs in an area no larger than 8,000 km , still temporal segregation. Also present from 1250-1860m, reasonably unfragmented. Ruspoli's Turaco prefers acacia or conifer woodland

and is primarily frugivorous. The typical Ruspoli 11.4 Habitat: Prince Ruspoli's Turaco is known in the measures around 40cm from beak to tail, and weighs literature from two areas in southern Ethiopia in approximately 200-290g. CITES II: Endangered, but juniper forests with dense evergreen undergrowth: one more numerous than once thought and evaluated as is at Arero and the other 80 kilometers north of vulerable. Its range is restricted and subject to Neghelli: both localities are 1800 meters (6000 feet) in deforestation and degradation. elevation.

The Prince Ruspoli's Turaco or Touraco De Ruspoli is 11.5 Breeding habits: Not much has been reported on listed amongst the fifty rarest birds of the world and is breeding records or nesting activities. Just one note in native Sidamo and Bale provinces of Ethiopia, 1996 describing what was presumed to be a ruspoli's preferring subtropical or tropical dry forest habitats.

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This turaco is related to the white-cheeked turaco and 12.2 Voice: Its call notes are metallic and it produces inhabits much of the same area. Its restricted range, also a "gr-gr-grgrgr..." in rising tempo. coupled with infrequent sightings, has given the Ruspoli's Turaco a reputation for being close to the 12.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Awash NP, brink of extinction. However, recent evidence suggests Abijatta-Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Bahir Dar- that the species is not as uncommon as once thought, Lake Tana, Entoto Natural Park, Wondo Genet, though its distribution is very small. Lalibela, Jemmu River, Debre Libanos, Debre Zeit, Sof Omar, Mount Zuquala, Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, 12. Banded barbet (Lybiusun datus) Menagesha Forest, Bonga Forest and Lake Awassa. Wing 79-84 mm 12.4 Habitat: The little-known Banded Barbet is very widely distributed throughout Ethiopia between 300 and 2400 meters (1000-8000 feet). Although the numbers and abundance of this species have not been determined, it seems to vary from being uncommon in the North West and cast to locally common elsewhere in the country, living singly or in pairs in trees near water.

12.5 Breeding habit: It has been reported to nest in holes in branches or stump, with a few feathers lining bottom of cavity; mostly close to water. Some clues point as breeding period between March and July. The author recorded a nest in mid-April. Eggs undescribed.

12.6 Threats: No threats reported.

12.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern. Fig 10: Banded barbet (Lybiusun datus) 12.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed 12.1 Brief description: One of the least known include the protection of occupied forest and barbets. Easily separated from all other barbets in its woodland, thorn scrub, Acacia forest and fruiting trees range by black-and-white barred plumage. Sexes are near water courses trees near water from subsistence alike. Red patch on head recalls Red-fronted Barbet exploitation. More information is needed on this Tricholaema diademata, but latter has streaked species' distribution, population status, natural history upperparts and spotted white underparts, with no black and the potential effects on its habits. Population on throat. Four subspecies can be considered: a) L. monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. undatus leucogenys in southwestern and central Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the Ethiopia; like nominate race but yellower below and identities of nest and eggs of this species. rather narrower barring. This race is subject to partial albinism in moustachial area, chin and throat (usually 12.9 Distribution: Widely distributed in the north west black but often with white marks or patches from of Ethiopia. centre of throat to sides of neck). Also to melanism, with a wholly black specimen reported. b) L. undatus 13. Golden-backed woodpecker (Dendropicos undatus from northwestern to central Ethiopia, like abyssinicus) leucogenys but throat and hindneck to back black, Wing 89-99 mm supercilium white behind eye, belly barred only 13.1 Brief description: Has a red patch on hindcrown slightly and lacks white-marked throat of leucogenys. and nape, moustachial stripe, white throat; yellow to c) L. undatus salvadori in southeastern Ethiopia, like golden back with rump and uppertail-coverts red. undatus but base of black throat patch breaking into Underparts white with blackish brown streaks, broadest wedge-tips and white flecking at rear of supercilium on breast. The crown and nape of the female are ash and on side of neck. d) L. undatus thiogaster in brown, not bright red. The only confusing species in its northeastern Ethiopia, paler than others, underparts limited range with golden green back and bright red streaked rather than barred, with strong white flecking rump is Grey Woodpecker D. goertae. Abyssinian is on hindneck and wings duller and browner Vivero Pol smaller with streaked underparts and striped pattern on [8]. face.

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13.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.

13.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed include the protection of western and southeastern highlands of forests, woodlands and savannas from subsistence exploitation. More information is needed on this species' distribution, population status, natural history and the potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.

13.9 Distribution: It occurs in western and Fig 11: Golden-backed woodpecker (Dendropicos southeastern highlands in forests, woodlands and abyssinicus) savannas and seems to be more uncommon in the northern than in the southern parts of Ethiopia. Also reported similar to some races of Cardinal Woodpecker D. fuscescens, but the latter has distinct [8] 14. White-tailed swallow (Hirundo megaensis) and larger light spots on wing coverts Vivero Pol . Wing 100-105 mm

13.2 Voice: Has a characteristicrattling-whinnying call.

13.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Awash NP, Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Awi zone, Entoto Natural Park, Mount Zuquala, Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Mugo Highlands, Menagesha Forest, Tiro Boter-Becho Forest, Jemmu River, Debre Libanos and Wondo Genet.

13.4 Habitat: The Golden-backed Wood pecker is a very uncommon, not often seen endemic of the Ethiopian highlands from about 1,500 to 2,400 meters (5,000-8,000 feet), although it has been seen up to

approximately 3,200 meters (10,500 feet). It lives in western and southeastern highlands in forests, Fig 12: White-tailed swallow (Hirundo megaensis) woodlands and savannas and seems to be more uncommon in the northern than in the southern parts of 14.1 Brief description: First described in 1942. A the country. It has been reported to haunt especially small blue and white swallow with an almost wholly candelabra euphorbias, junipers and figs. The male white tail. The only other blue and white swallow in Golden-backed Woodpecker has a green unbarred back the area is Ethiopian Swallow H. aethiopica, which is and bright red crown, nape, rump and upper tall larger and longer-tailed, with white in tail confined to coverts. The crown and nape of the female are ash row of white spots, forehead chesnut, not pure white, brown, not bright red. and incomplete blue breast-band. The White-tailed has the greater part of the tail white, being very 13.5 Breeding habits: Reported breeding between conspicuous in flight. The female has shorter outermost February-May, and in November. One newly pecked tail feathers. It is related to the Pied-winged Swallow nest has been reported having one very small creamy H. leucosoma of western Africa and Pearl-breasted [8] egg, in the trunk of Cordia africana between Swallow H. dimidiata of southern Africa Vivero Pol . Shashamene and Dodola. 14.2 Voice: The white-tailed swallow has a high- 13.6 Threats: As most of the forest bird species, it is pitched ‘twittering’ call (3). being severely affected by the progressive clearance and ongoing depletion of forests and woodland patches 14.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Occupies 2 throughout the area. Its numbers have hence fallen in an area of roughly 10,000 km in open country between recent years. Mega and Yavello in Borena region. Frequent to

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common on 60-km stretch of road between both 14.9 Distribution: The white-tailed localities. As for the other endemic bird of the area, the swallow (Hirundomegaensis) is a species of bird in Ethiopian Bush-Crow, its restricted distribution has not the Hirundinidae family. It is endemic to Ethiopia. Its been so far well explained, since apparently suitable natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high- habitat occurs elsewhere. altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss. Range - The white-tailed swallow is endemic to 14.4 Habitat: The White-tailed Swallow was first Ethiopia and restricted to a range around the towns of introduced to science in 1942 when C. W. Bensoii Mega and Yabello in the south of the country. reported it in southern Ethiopia from Yabelo to Mega in short grass savana with small acacia thorn bush. This 15. Abyssinian long-claw (Macronyx flavicollis) endemic, related to the Pied-winged Wing 83-95 mm Swallow (Hirundoleucosom a) of western Africa and 15.1 Brief description: A small long-claw with yellow the Pearl-breasted Swallow (H. diniidiata) of southern throat, solid dark necklace, strongly patterned Africa, is common but restricted to an area of about upperparts and more white in outer portion of tail than 4850 square kilometers (3000 square miles) between any except Sharpe's Longclaw M. sharpei. 1200 and 1350 meters (4000-4500 feet). This restriction has baffled scientists because there is no obvious explanation, particularly no natural barriers or boundaries which mark off the area, for such a limited distribution. In recent years there have been reports of the swallow in the Addis Ababa area. Studies of this species in the future may show that its distribution is not as limited as thought.

14.5 Breeding habits: Recorded nesting in holes in tall chimney-stack termitaria, common within its range. Breeds in the main rainy season April-May, with nests being found in early May on rafters inside traditional houses in the Yavello area.

14.6 Threats: Although common within its range, remains putatively at risk from any development of its habitat. No population estimate has been made, but Fig 13: Abyssinian long-claw (Macronyx flavicollis) constant densities and slightly larger geographical

ranges have recently been reported, although clearance No other longclaw occurs within its range but, of bush and increase in grazing pressure were apparent. nevertheless, it is very similar both in appearance and A 2,537 km2 Yavello Sanctuary was "set up" for this behaviour to the Yellow-throated Long-claw M. species and the Ethiopian Bush-Crow in 1985, but has croceus of other parts of Africa. Separated from pipits never been gazetted and involves no active by longclaw shape, colour of underparts, voice and management. behaviour. Sexes are alike. Albinistic examples occur sometimes Vivero Pol [8]. 14.7 Status: This species is evaluated as

vulnerable (IUCN 3.1). 15.2 Voice: It makes "a clear trilling little song from a perch or on tile wine, and a piping call note". 14.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed

include the protection of short grass open savana with 15.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale small acacia thorn bush and subtropical or tropical Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto Natural high-altitude shrubland from subsistence exploitation. Park, Gefersa reservoir, Dilu Meda, Koffe Swamp, More information is needed on this species' Metu-Gore-Tepi Forest, Mugo Highlands, Sululta distribution, population status, natural history and the Plains, Tiro Boter-Becho Forest, Ankober, Debre potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is Birhan, Gosh Meda, Sof Omar and Addis Ababa area. also needed in view of recent status. Research is

needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of 15.4 Habitat: The Abyssinian Long-claw - very nest and eggs of this species. similar in both appearance and behavior to the Yellow- throated Long-claw (Macronyxcroceus) of other parts

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of Africa is a common grassland bird of the western and south eastern highlands except in the extreme north 16. White-winged cliff-chat (Myrmecocich where it does not occur. Like other long-claws, this lasemirufa) Ethiopian endemic inhabits grasslands and has Wing 106-122 mm plumage markings similar to those of meadowlarks of North and South America (passerine birds that are not related to long-claws). The Abyssinian Long-claw occurs largely between 1,200 and 3,050 meters (4,000- 10,000 feet) but occasionally reaches the grassland moorlands up to 4100 meters (13,500 feet); it is most common between 1,800 and 2,750 meters (6,000-9,000 feet).

15.5 Breeding habits: Breeds in January-February (dry season) and between June-August, during rains. Nest is a cup of dry grass, lined with plant fibres, rootlets and horsehair; either on the ground or up to 10 cm above it, in grass tuft. It has also once been found

nesting in crops. Lays two-four subelliptical to ovate, glossy, pale greenish white eggs. Fig 14: White-winged cliff-chat (Myrmecocich lasemirufa) 15.6 Threats: It was suggested that their numbers have been reduced through an increase in cultivated land and 16.1 Brief description: A striking bird of the a consequent increase in grazing pressure elsewhere. It highlands, male glossy black with orange belly and was once considered widespread but at all of the nine undertail coverts and white patch at base of primaries, sites at which recorded during a survey in 1996 it was shown conspicuously when wing folded as well as in described as uncommon. flight. Female brownish black, with fine orange-buff bars on underparts, orange undertail coverts, and same 15.7 Status: It is classified as Near Threatened on the white patch in wing as male. Mocking Cliff-Chat M. IUCN Red List cinnamomeiventris occurs in same habitat and altitudes, but males have white shoulders and no white 15.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed in primaries; and female has no white in wing at all include the protection of the open habitats, western and Vivero Pol [8]. southeastern Ethiopian highlands from subsistence exploitation. More information is needed on this 16.2 Voice: It has a "modulated flute-like song". species' distribution, population status, natural history and the potential effects on its habits. Population 16.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien Mountains NP, Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the Yavello NP, Addis Ababa region, Entoto Natural Park, identities of nest and eggs of this species. Mount Zuquala, Lake Tana, Lalibela, Debre Libanos, Jemma Valley gorges, Axum, Debre Birhan, Wondo 15.9 Distribution: Although the Abyssinian longclaw Genet, Adwa and Ankober. is a common grassland bird of the western and southeastern Ethiopian highlands, it is classified as 16.4 Habitat: The White-winged Cliff-Chat is a bird Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. It inhabits which is locally frequent too common in the highlands areas between 1,200 and 3,050m, occasionally of most of Ethiopia where it lives in gorges, on cliffs, reaching grass moorlands of up to 4,100m, but is most on scrubby mountain-sides and in open country among common between 1,800 and 2,750m. It is most rocks and grasslands. The Chat occurs usually above frequently spotted sitting on a rock, mound of dirt, 2000 meters (6500 feet) and rarely below 1500 meters small bush or fence either in a pair or alone. While (5000 feet). Its preferred habitat in the country varies. perched, the black “necklace” and saffron throat are For example, in Eritrea the White- winged Cliff-Chat quite visible. The Abyssinian longclaw call is a clear lives on rocks and in mountain gorges from 1800 to and thrilling song with a piping call note. They nest in 2400 meters (6000-8000 feet). In the south in Sidamo it February and June through August and are considered occurs slightly lower between 1500 and 1800 meters to be “tame and friendly” while breeding. The nest is (5000-6000 feet) in hilly downland rather than rocky built on the ground in a cup shape and lined with grass. country.

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17.1 Brief description: A rare and local species of the 16.5 Breeding habits: Nest is a compact construction arid western highlands, sometimes locally frequent. A of grass stems and moss, lined with hair and feathers, large wholly black chat, except for inner webs of sited in a rock crevice or hole in stone wall. Lays three primaries and innermost secondaries which are white glossy, white or greenish white eggs, covered with fine and very conspicuous in flight. The short tail is very pale rufous speckling. Nesting during the rains, characteristic. Larger than the White-fronted Black between June and August, although reported in Chat M. albifrons, the latter occurs at lower altitudes, is September as well. The species is sometimes more arboreal and male has white forehead. Sexes are associated with human habitation, nesting in holes in alike Vivero Pol [8]. stone walls. 17.2 Voice: Has basic song like a musical warbled 16.6 Threats: Since occurs around farms and thrush like refrain. uncultivated areas, there is no reason to suspect that its numbers or distribution have changed for the worse in 17.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Simien recent years. Mountains NP, Mugo Highlands, Ankober-Debre Sina escarpment, Debre Libanos, Lalibela, Muger Falls and 16.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern. Jemmu escarpment.

16.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed 17.4 Habitat: Ruppell's Chat is uncommon to locally include the protection of the highlands in gorges, on frequent in the western highlands of Shoa, Gojjam, cliffs, on scrubby mountain-sides, in open country Gonder, Wollo, Tigre and Eritrea regions. It has not among rocks and grasslands from subsistence been recorded in the southeastern highlands or in the exploitation. More information is needed on this southern portion of the western highlands. This chat, species' distribution, population status, natural history living singly, in paris or In small parties, inhabits edges and the potential effects on its habits. Population and sides of cliffs and gorges and associated bare rock monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. above 1800 meters (6000 feet); it shows a distinct Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the preference for high elevations of the plateau around identities of nest and eggs of this species. waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of precipitous 16.9 Distribution: The white-winged cliff chat ravines and cliffs. (Thamnolaeasemirufa) is a species of bird in the 17.5 Breeding habits: Nests in cracks in cliff-faces, Muscicapidae family. It is found in rocky wooded being reported in June and December. gorges, among boulders and in road cuttings within the Ethiopian Highlands. Length 19–21 cm. The male has 17.6 Threats: No threats recorded. a striking chestnut belly which the female lacks. Juvenile is spotted buff above and below. Both sexes 17.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern. show striking white secondary in flight. The white patches in the primaries are diagnostic of this species. 17.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed include the protection of the high elevations of the 17. Ruppell's chat (Myrmecocichla melaena) plateau around waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of Wing 85-94 mm precipitous ravines and cliffs from subsistence exploitation. More information is needed on this species' distribution, population status, natural history and the potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.

17.9 Distribution: The Ruppell's Chat is one of the poorest known of all Ethiopian endemics and uncommon to locally frequent in the western highlands of Shoa, Gojjam, Gonder, Wollo and Tigray regions. It has not been recorded in the southeastern highlands or in the southern portion of the western highlands. This Chat, living singly, in pairs or in small parties, inhabits

Fig 15: Ruppell's chat (Myrmecocichla melaena) edges and sides of cliffs and gorges and associated bare rock above 1800 meters (6000 feet); it shows a distinct

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preference for high elevations of the plateau around 18.4 Habitat: The Abyssinian Catbird - one of the waterfalls and wet rocks on the tops of precipitous finest, if not the finest singer of all the birds of Africa - ravines and cliffs. The Ruppell's Chat is a wholly black is frequent too common in the western and southern bird except for a white patch on the inner surface of the highlands between 1800 and 3500 meters (600-11,500 wing (inner webs of the primaries and innermost feet) in giant heath, St. John's wort, highland bamboo, secondaries) which contrasts sharply with the black juniper, podocarpus and olive forests. It lives singly, in when the bird flies. When sitting, the Chat has the habit pairs or in parties up to eight often in thickets and vines of flitting its tail high over its back. Its time of nesting that fringe these forests. It is found as far north as the has not been definitely recorded although in December Semien Mountains. The catbird is a resident garden a pair was once seen building a nest in a crack on a bird of plateau cities; for example, it is a regular cliff face in Eritrea. Details of the nest have not been inhabitant in Addis Ababa in gardens with large trees, recorded nor have the eggs. for instance, embassies, hotels and many private compounds.The Abyssinian cat bird, or juniper 18. Abyssinian catbird (Parophasma galinieri) babbler, (Parophasmagalinieri) is a species of bird in Wing 83-91 mm the Sylviidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Parophasma. It is endemic to Ethiopia. The catbird's natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

18.5 Breeding habits: Probably breeding from February to August. The nest is a small, thin, cup-like structure of plant stems placed loosely in a tangle of vines. The two eggs laid are pale flesh-coloured with a few dark chestnut spots.

18.6 Threats: No threats reported. Seems to be abundant where the habitat is not heavily damaged.

18.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least

concern (IUCN 3.1). Fig 16: Abyssinian catbird (Parophasma galinieri) 18.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed 18.1 Brief description: A taxonomically unique include the protection of the subtropical or tropical dry species, the only member of its genus with unknown forests from subsistence exploitation. More affinities. It is currently grouped with the babblers, and information is needed on this species' distribution, its shape, size and behaviour is intermediate between population status, natural history and the potential babblers and illadopsises, but used to be considered a effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also flycatcher. Its melodious song further confuses its needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to taxonomic status, as it is a cry far from the noisy elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and cackling of other babblers. General colour sooty grey, eggs of this species. with black spot in front of the eye, forehead dirty white, lower belly and undertail coverts chesnut. Sexes 18.9 Distribution: Perhaps the finest singer of all the are alike Vivero Pol [8]. birds in Africa, the Abyssinian catbird is common in the western and southern highlands between 1,800m to 18.2 Voice: Vigorously produces a long clear ringing 3,500m. It lives either alone, in pairs or in groups of up song/: the female answers with a churring or purring to eight individuals in dense thickets that surround note. forests. They are territorial, nesting from February to July. Their nests are made of plant stems constructed 18.3 Geographic distribution/Localities: Bale around vines, each containing two flesh coloured eggs Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Addis Ababa with dark brown spots. They feed on juniper berries. region, Awi zone, Entoto Natural Park, Mount During the rainy season, the male and female sing Zuquala, Mugo Highlands, Menagesha Forest, Sululta duets frequently. The male stretches out his neck while Plains, Hugumburda & Grat-Kahsu Forest. In Addis holding his wings out at the bend, producing a long, Ababa town is easily seen in the British Embassy clear, ringing sound while the female responds with a compound. purring note. It is believed that the Abyssinian catbird is in fact a babbler, whose closest relatives may be the

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bush blackcap also known as the bush babbler of 19.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed eastern South Africa. include the protection of the woodlands, thickets and forests in the western and southeastern highlands from 19. White-backed black tit (Parus leuconotus) subsistence exploitation. More information is needed Wing 71-81 mm on this species' distribution, population status, natural history and the potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species.

19.9 Distribution: The white-backed black tit (Parusleuconotus), also known as the white-backed tit, is a species of bird in the Paridae family. It is found in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Its natural habitat is boreal forests. Principally in highland Hagenia forests, also mixed podocarp-juniper-olive (Podocarpus).

20. Yellow-throated seed-eater (Serinus flavigula) Wing 64-70 mm Fig 17: White-backed black tit (Parus leuconotus)

19.1 Brief description: Adult male glossy blue black, including wings and tail, with mantle buffish white. Female is duller than male.

19.2 Voice: Calls include buzzing “bee-bzz-bzz”, dry “tchu-chu-chu” like that of a sparrow (Passer).

19.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Kuni Muktar, Addis Ababa region, Entoto Natural Park, Mount Zuquala, Bahir Dar-Lake Tana, Debre Libanos and Washa river.

19.4 Habitat: The White-backed Black Tit, wholly Fig 18: Yellow-throated seed-eater (Serinus flavigula) black with a whitish mantle, is found in woodlands,

thickets and forests in the western and southeastern 20.1 Brief description: It belongs to the difficult and highlands from 1800-3500 meters (6000-11,500 feet). varied group of yellow-rumped serins of Ethiopia and It is locally frequent to occasionally common except in it is the second taxonomically dubious species of this Eritrea, where it is uncommon. One usually notices book, since it barely appears as independent species, first its typical tit-like call, it is seen in small parties or Serinus xanthopygius. During the 19th century and the in pairs, in trees or bushes especially along small first half of 20th, it was alternatively considered as a stream valleys in the wooded areas high up on the subspecies or as a species as a such. Thus it was called plateau. Its habits have not been recorded. It may nest as S. atrogularis xanthopygius Ruppell, S. reichenowi in January; its nest and eggs are not described. It is Salvadori, S. atrogularis reichenowi Salvadori, and indeed little known. finally named with the scientific name of S.

xanthopygius Ruppell. No much recent information is 19.5 Breeding habits: Possibly in January. reported on the species in the most authoritative [8] references. For instance, Clement et al. merely 19.6 Threats: No obvious changes in its distribution or consider it as a subspecies of Yellow-rumped status due to habitat destruction have been reported. Seedeater Serinus atrogularis. And other authors

subordinate it to Reichenow's Serin S. reichenowi. A 19.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least small yellow-rumped serin, greyer than S. atrogularis, concern (IUCN 3.1). that generally lacks any streaks on underparts with chin

and throat off-white. S. reichenowi is browner, with a

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pale forehead and supercilium and brown spots on natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry breast Vivero Pol [8]. shrubland and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss. The voice of 20.2 Voice: The voice of the bird is a jumbled chirpy the bird is a jumbled chirpy song and its call is canary song and its call is canary like zeee-zsreee. like zeee-zsreee. The bird favors semi-desert areas with thick patches of scrub on rocky hill sides, scattered 20.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Only trees in savannah type areas. It also prefers highlands known from three century-old specimens, most recent rather than low lands. The yellow-throated seedeater dating from 1886, taken in one small area of 30 km2 at was formerly placed in the genus Serinus but the foot of the eastern escarpment near Ankober, Shoa phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear province, namely Kolla di Aigaber, Ambokarra and DNA sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic. Malca-Ghebdu. Rediscovered within this range in The genus was therefore split and a number of species March 1989, when at least seven birds were found in including the yellow-throated seedeater were moved to Aliyu Amba-Dulecha, in the Melka Jebdu River 1,390 the resurrected genus Crithagra. m. 21. Black-headed siskin (Serinus nigriceps) 20.4 Habitat: The Yellow-throated Seed-eater is Wing 74-80 mm known from a few isolated areas in acacia-grass savanna in southern and southeastern Ethiopia. It is a species of questionable taxonomic status since it may be a hybrid between the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater (S. atrogularis) and the White-bellied Canary (S. dorostritus). It has a grey back and is similar in size to the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater but has streaks on the back and a long tail like the White-bellied Canary. Further evidence for considering the Yellow-throated Seed-eater a hybrid is that it is known only from localities where both the Yellow-rumped Seed-eater and the White-bellied Canary would be expected to occur as well.

20.5 Breeding habits: One nest has been reported on Fig 19: lack-headed siskin (Serinus nigriceps) the rim of Fantalle crater in Awash NP on September 1999. It was a very tiny nest on the top of a small 21.1 Brief description: A distinctive and abundant Acacia, with two white eggs having blue spots. This is finch of the highlands of Ethiopia, first described in the first nesting record for the species. 1840. Sexes differ. Male has an all-black head and dull 20.6 Threats: None is known, except that the range is green upperparts, with bright yellow scapulars likely to be very restricted and, apparently, it is contrasting with dark wings in breeding plumage. uncommon within its known range. Females are similar but duller, the head dark grey and they lack bright yellow scapulars. At all ages black on 20.7 Status: This species is evaluated as the head easily separates it from Yellow-crowned endangered (IUCN 3.1). Canary S. canicollis, found in similar habitat; and male African Citril S. citrinelloides has black restricted to 20.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed face only Vivero Pol [8]. include the protection of the acacia-grass savanna in southern and southeastern from subsistence 21.2 Voice: Has very musical, constant metallic twitter exploitation. More information is needed on this interspersed randomly with chipped notes. species' distribution, population status, natural history and the potential effects on its habits. Population 21.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Bale monitoring is also needed in view of recent status. Mountains NP, Simien Mountains NP, Choke Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the Mountain, Entoto Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Mugo identities of nest and eggs of this species. Highlands, Dessa'a Forest, Sululta Plains, Ankober, Gefersa reservoir, Gosh Meda and Debre Birhan. 20.9 Distribution: The yellow-throated seedeater (Crithagraflavigula) is a species of finch in the 21.4 Habitat: The Black-headed Siskin is common to Fringillidae family. It is found only in Ethiopia. Its locally abundant in tile western and southeastern

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highlands from 1800-4100 meters (6000-13,500 feet). Almost always in flocks, this little-known finch inhabits moorlands with giant lobelia, alchemilla, tussock grass and giant heath, highland grasslands and the open areas of montane forests, especially St. John's wort and hagenia. Flocks are regularly seen alongside the road to Gefersa Reservoir west of Addis Ababa. The male Black-headed Siskin is the only yellow finch with a black head in the highlands of Ethiopia. The female is similar but her head and neck are dull olive green with some black present oil the top and sides of head, chin and throat.

21.5 Breeding habits: Breeds in the higher levels of the plateau at any month following heavy rains. Nest Fig 20: White-billed starling (Onychognathus reported in low shrubby growth less than one-metre- albirostris) high, but also seen in medium trees. The nest is a well- made deep cup-like structure fitted with moss, lichens, 22.1 Brief description: A glossy, blue-black starling, stems and small roots. The eggs, two-three, are bluish- with darker crown in male and greyish in female; edges white with few brown spots. of the wings chestnut, when stretched and in flight the chestnut gets broader and very distinct. Bill is longer,

21.6 Threats: Although still common and widespread slightly decurved and very white. Its squared tail and in highland areas, changes in farming practices have white bill distinguish this species from other red- possibly affected this species adversely. wing/chesnut-wing starlings Onychognathus spp Vivero Pol [8].

21.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern. 22.2 Voice: Its call is "loud and monotonous".

21.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed include the protection of the subtropical or tropical 22.3 Geographic Distribution/ Localities: Debre high-altitude grasslands from subsistence exploitation. Sina, Awash NP, Simien Mountains NP, Entoto More information is needed on this species' Natural Park, Lake Ashenge, Mount Zuquala, Addis distribution, population status, natural history and the Ababa region, Lalibela, Debre Libanos, Mekelle and potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is Jemmu valley. also needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of 22.4 Habitat: The White-billed Starling is frequent to nest and eggs of this species. locally abundant in the western and southeastern highlands, being most common in the north. Widely

21.9 Distribution: The black-headed siskin is a species distributed in the country, it usually lives in association of finch found only in subtropical or tropical high- with cliffs and gorges near waterfalls. It also inhabits altitude grasslands above 2,000 meters. Flocks of 50 to moorlands with giant lobelia, alchemilla, tussock grass 100 birds can be seen. Black-headed siskins nest in low and giant heath and highland grasslands: it rarely bushes or in hanging boughs in a well-made nest travels below 1800 meters (6000 feet). composed of roots and stems with a finer lining. They lay two to three eggs that are bluish white in colour 22.5 Breeding habits: It nests in June in Eritrea in with a few brown spots. They breed in May and June crannies high up on sheer cliffs, sometimes in and again in September and October. The black-headed association with White-collared Pigeon Columba siskin (Spinusnotata) is a species of finch in the albitorques. Seen throwing out White-collared Pigeon's Fringillidae family. eggs, so as to use its nest. Also reported nesting in buildings in Ankober, in October. Close to Lalibela, in Neacute Leab church they regularly nest in groups. 22. White-billed starling (Onychognathus albirostris) 22.6 Threats: No threats have been recorded. Wing 151-165 mm

22.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern.

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22.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed their range whose range overlaps. Two subspecies are include the protection of rocky habitats the western and distinguished, O. monacha monacha present from southeastern highlands lives in association with cliffs Eritrea as far south as Shoa. And O. monacha meneliki, and gorges from subsistence exploitation. More that differs from the nominate race in having a certain information is needed on this species' distribution, amount of black in the tail, and ranges from northern to population status, natural history and the potential south-western Ethiopia, not present in Eritrea. This effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also subspecies intergrades with the nominate race between needed in view of recent status. Research is needed to Lake Tana and Shoa area Vivero Pol [8]. elucidate the time of nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species. 23.3 Voice: It has three calls: a rich and loud "li", a harsh "skaa-skaa" and three or four liquid whistling 22.9 Distribution: This species has a very large range, notes slurred together/ Song “wocheelywo”, and hence does not approach the thresholds for “cheelowah”, kocheelo”, “wokachilly”. Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or 23.4 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Abijatta- fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or Shalia NP, Bale Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien population size and a small number of locations or Mountains NP (Harena Forest), Entoto Natural Park, severe fragmentation). The population trend appears to Fincha & Chomen swamps, Menagesha Forest, Lake be stable, and hence the species does not approach the Awasa, Wondo Genet, Debre Libanos and Gonder. thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three 23.5 Habitat: The distribution, numbers, time of generations). The population size has not been nesting and life history of the Black-headed Forest quantified, but it is not believed to approach the Oriole are not clearly understood because of the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size difficulty of distinguishing it from the Black-headed criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing Oriole (Orioluslarvatus). The two are separable by the decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three color of parts of wings feathers, features that are not generations, or with a specified population structure). easy to see in the field. In the field the two species are For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least partially separable by habitats, the haunts of each Concern. differing somewhat. The Black-headed Forest Oriole inhabits evergreen forest (olive, podocarpus) and 23. Black headed forest oriole (Oriolus monacha) juniper woods of the highlands; it is absent in lowland Wing 128-145 mm dry acacia thorn scrub country. The Black-headed Oriole lives in the lowland dry acacia thorn scrub country and the juniper woods of the highlands; it does not inhabit the highland evergreen forest. The Black- headed Forest Oriole occurs in the western and southeastern highlands, the Rift Valley and southern Ethiopia from about 1200-3200 meters (4000-10,500 feet). It is frequent in the north, common to abundant in the south. It breeds in August and possibly July. It has three calls: a rich and loud "li", a harsh "skaa-skaa" and three or four liquid whistling notes slurred together. The nest, eggs and other aspect of its life history have not been described.

23.6 Breeding habits: Breeds in February and July- Fig 21: Black headed forest oriole (Oriolus monacha) August. No records on nest nor eggs.

23.2 Brief description: Head and neck black, rest of 23.7 Threats: No threats reported, but since inhabits upperparts olivaceous golden yellow; wings black with mixed forests and woodlands it will definitely grey edges to flight feathers, coverts of inner primaries experience habitat reduction, due to the increasing edged with grey; broad white tips to primary coverts; depletion of forests in the country. rest of underparts golden yellow; dull red bill. Sexes are alike. The distinction with the other species of 23.8 Status: This species is evaluated as least Black-headed Oriole O. larvatus is not very marked, concern (IUCN 3.1). and field notes are unreliable in the northern areas of

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23.9 Conservation action: Additional actions needed 24.2 Voice: The only reported call of the bush-crow is include the protection of the forests throughout the a high pitched "chek". highlands, the lowland dry acacia thorn scrub country and the juniper woods of the highlands from 24.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Confined subsistence exploitation. More information is needed to 6,000 km2 around Yavello, Mega and Arero, in the on this species' distribution, population status, natural Borana zone. Could easily suffer from habitat history and the potential effects on its habits. alteration. No population estimate has been made, but Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent brief surveys in 1989 and 1990 suggested densities had status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of remained constant through the 1980s. Frequent in this nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species. restricted area, especially around Yavello.

23.10 Distribution: Damp highland forests, mostly 24.4 Habitat: Stresemann's Bush-Crow - reported to between 950 m and 2000 m, e.g. gallery woodland, science for the first time in 1938 - is a frequent to evergreen forests. It inhabits dry tropical forests, common bird in a restricted area of about 2400 square especially acacia and broad-leaved woodlands, and kilometers (1500 sq. miles) around Yabelo, Mega and dense shrubland areas, where it is more often heard Arero in southern Ethiopia. This species' distribution to than seen despite the brightness of its plumage. The the north and south is limited probably by elevation voice is a liquid-sounding warble, accompanied by and consequent change in habitat: in the north the land imitations and whistles. It forages in the canopy, be- comes higher and mountainous, in the south, lower feeding on small fruit as well as large insects. The and more open. The areas to the east and west of its young are fed mostly with caterpillars. present distribution are of similar elevation and include park-land acacia country of the type that it is found in; 24. Stresemann's bush-crow (Zavattariornis yet the bush-crow does not occur in either area. This stresemanni) phenomenon has fascinated scientists ever since the Wing 137-150 mm species was discovered.

24.5 Breeding habits: A gregarious species, moving in small flocks 10-30, but nesting in pairs not in colonies. Builds a globular nest in February-March, on Acacia trees; though has also been recorded in May-June, and hence birds may be double brooded. The structure is about 60 cm diameter with a top entrance through a tunnel and whose floor is lined with dung and dry grass. Clutch size is up to six. Normal for three birds to attend the nest, what may be interpreted as a cooperative breeding behaviour. Lays up to six eggs, smooth, glossy and cream coloured.

24.6 Threats: The threats affecting its survival are Fig 22: Stresemann's bush-crow (Zavattariornis destruction of bird's habitat, removal of trees from the stresemanni) area for charcoal making and firewood; increased agricultural activities, fires and urbanisation. 24.1 Brief description: The Bush-Crow looks Regarding the latter, Bush-Crows seem to well somewhat like a starling, its nest is starling-like, associate with human settlements. Although land use associates with starlings but several features as the changes have taken place in recent years, including curved bill and the cobalt-blue bare area around the local bush clearing and tree felling, the species seems eyes definitely assign it to the Corvidae family, to be doing well. The Yavello Sanctuary was set up in probably related to choughs. It is creamy, off-white in 1985 with the primary objective of conserving the the upper- and underparts, with a very broad black Bush-Crow and the White-tailed Swallow, which stripe crossing the wing (primaries, secondaries and occupies the same area. But this sanctuary involves so wing coverts). Black tail and bill. First reported to far no active management. The anomalous record of science in 1938. This species is quite remarkable both the species from near Lake Tana has not been for its habits (possibly a cooperative breeder) and for confirmed since. its uncertain affinities (probably a crow, possibly a starling), what has generated considerable debate 24.7 Status: This species is evaluated as endangered. [8] (Vivero Pol, 2001) .

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24.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed highlands where their ranges do not overlap. Differs include the protection of the open savanna covered from the latter in having a considerably longer, wedge- with mature acacia and Commiphora thornbushes from shaped tail, an even larger, more massive, swollen- subsistence exploitation. More information is needed arched bill and the large white nape patch on upper on this species' distribution, population status, natural nape, rather than lower nape as in White-necked. history and the potential effects on its habits. Range overlaps with Fan-tailed Raven and Pied Crow Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent but neither likely to be confused. Sexes are alike status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of Vivero Pol [8]. nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species. 25.2 Voice: Their typical call note, however, is a 24.9 Distribution: This species is endemic to central- throaty "phlurk-phlurk" which has been described also southern Ethiopia. It lives in a small area as harsh and guttural or as a croak, which sounds as if circumscribed by the towns of Yabelo, Mega, and the bird had "lost its voice" and was suffering from a Arero in Sidamo Province.Its total range covers about "sore throat". Its calls include a harsh nasal croak, a 2,400 square kilometers (930 sq mi).The Stresemann's low wheezy croak, a "raven-raven", and sometimes a bushcrow lives in flat savanna covered with mature "dink, dink, dink" sound. Like many corvids, the thick- acacia and Commiphora thornbushes. The bird prefers billed raven is capable of vocal mimicry; however, this open short-grass savannas with scattered stands of behavior is rare in the wild, and is normally recorded these mature thornbushes. The soil must be deep and only in captivity. rich to support the bushcrow. It is most numerous when these stands are next to agricultural fields. For many 25.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: Nechisar years it was unknown why the species could be NP, Awash NP, Bale Mountains NP, Mago NP, Simien completely absent from areas of suitable habitat near Mountains NP, Yabello sanctuary, Kuni Muktar, seemingly identical but inhabited land. However recent Abijatta-Shalia NP, Yangudi Ressa, Addis Ababa research has revealed that the bird appears to inhabit an region, Choke Mountains, Lake Awasa, Arba Minch, area with a very precise average temperature extreme, Shashemene, Gosh Meda, Lalibela, Wondo Genet, all of the seemingly suitable but uninhabited Ankober and Lake Langano. surrounding land actually has a slightly higher average temperature that appears to prevent the birds from 25.4 Habitat: The Thick-billed Raven, closely related successfully colonising. It is also not found near the to the White-necked Raven (Corvusalbicollis) of East scattered broadleaf woodland made up of Combretum and South Africa, is a bird which is common to and Terminalia. Its habitat is between 1,300 and 1,800 abundant from about 1200 to at least 4100 meters meters (4,300 and 5,900 ft) above sea level. (4000. 13,500 feet). It visits many habitats including alpine screes, Cliffs and gorges, giant lobelia-chemilla- 25. Thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris) tussock grass-glant heath moorlands, highland Wing 427-472 mm grasslands, giant lieath, St. John's wort, bamboo, juniper, podocarpus, olive and lowland subtropical humid forests. It is especially abundant at higher elevations where it is obvious and sometimes bold around camps, villages and cities including Addis Ababa.

25.5 Breeding habits: Solitary nester. During courtship, the male feeds the female. Nest is a large structure of branches, constructed on a cliff face or in a tree. Clutch size four. Eggs are turquoise, marked with pale and reddish brown, mainly to the large end. Laying period between December to February.

25.6 Threats: No threats identified. Relatively

common over its limited range. Fig 23: Thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris) 25.7 Status: This species is evaluated as least concern 25.1 Brief description: One of the largest of all species. corvids, closely-related to the White-necked Raven C.

ruficollis, but isolated from it in the Ethiopian

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25.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed close, fine and distinct small streaks on sides of breast; include the protection of the alpine screes, cliffs and white throat. This third species of Heteromirafra, gorges, giant lobelia-chemilla-tussock grass-glant though geographically between the two others, the heath moorlands, highland grasslands, giant lieath from South African Rudd's H. ruddi and Somali Archer's H. subsistence exploitation. More information is needed archeri Long-clawed Larks, is quite distinct Vivero Pol on this species' distribution, population status, natural [8]. history and the potential effects on its habits. Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent 26.2 Voice: Song is short: 3-5 melodious, clipped status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of whistles, given in high display-flight. Hints Runs very nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species. rapidly on ground to avoid danger. It calls with a series of melodic, clipped whistles, typically heard as it flies 25.9 Distribution: Its habitat includes mountains and high in the air. high plateau between elevations of 1500 to 3400 meters. This species has a very large range, and hence 26.3 Geographic distribution/ Localities: This lark does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under was seen 12 km southeast of Neghelli; and in 1998 the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 around 10 were observed on the Liben plains (IBA km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range 047). Therefore, it is commonly thought to have a size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a wider distribution around Neghelli and Filtu, and not small number of locations or severe fragmentation). previously detected due to its unobtrusive habits and The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the fact that previous searches have been adversely the species does not approach the thresholds for affected by a combination of drought conditions and Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% military activity. decline over ten years or three generations). The population size has not been quantified, but it is not 26.4 Habitat: This species is listed as Critically believed to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable Endangered because it has an extremely small range, it under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature is only confirmed to occur at a single location and its individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be range size is decreasing. Remaining habitat is rapidly >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a being degraded, and the number of mature individuals specified population structure). For these reasons the is decreasing (the total population is now believed to species is evaluated as Least Concern. number fewer than 250 mature individuals). A potentially skewed sex ratio may mean the effective 26. Liben Lark, formerly Sidamo Lark population size is even smaller, and there is a very real (Heteromirafra sidamoensis) possibility that the species will become Wing: 14 cm; Size Length: 16 – 17 cm; Weight 30 g 26.5 Breeding habits: The bird collected in May 1968 was in breeding plumage. Apart of this, its nest or habits are not known.

26.6 Threats: Both original localities were found in 1989 to be affected by man, one being under cultivation, the other being a military training area, and no birds were seen at that time. In 1994, the military camp no longer existed, the airstrip was disused and there was little sign of human activity. However, there are plans to develop part of the site as a new airport for Neghelli. The most immediate threat is from new settlements of Somali refugees; together with large Fig 24: Liben Lark, formerly Sidamo Lark numbers of cattle and goats. Like the other two larks in (Heteromirafra sidamoensis) the genus, the range of this species is likely to prove very much restricted. There is however plenty of 26.1 Brief description: Not described until 1975. A apparently suitable habitat around the type locality. small, short-billed, rather short tailed lark with robust, pale legs and long hind claw, finely-streaked brown 26.7 Status: Listed as Critically Endangered; is listed crown with pale median stripe, and richly-patterned as ‘Critically Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List of rufescent-brown back. Distinct whitish superciliary Threatened Species. stripe, prominent dark eye, and white underparts with

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26.8 Conservation action: Additional actions needed policy. The decline in avian species could be include the protection of open savanna, the plains of associated with a range of threatening practices halting Borena zone and lowlands of Ethiopia from the conservation of high biological value sites which subsistence exploitation. More information is needed supports Avifauna. Moreover, to our understanding on this species distribution, population status, natural conservation efforts of avifauna along the livelihood of history and the potential effects on its habits. the adjacent local community is poorly prioritized. Population monitoring is also needed in view of recent Therefore, participatory approach of avian status. Research is needed to elucidate the time of conservation is decisive. Besides, further intensive nesting, the identities of nest and eggs of this species. study of avian community over different season of the year could help to notice conservation action of 26.9 Distribution: The tiny Lark is only found in the Avifauna of the biosphere reserve. plains of southern Ethiopia, and it could become Africa’s first recorded bird extinction (with population: 28. References 90-256 individuals). Its population dropped by 40% 1. Avibase. Avibase – the world bird database. between 2007 and 2009, and thanks to habitat loss 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2015, from file:// that’s chiefly due to agriculture expansion, the lark F: \ Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World – may not have long to live. Ethiopia checklist. html. 2. Baptista LF, Trail PW, Horblit HM. White- 27. Conclusion collared Pigeon (Columba albitorques). In: Generally, in Ethiopia the various ecosystems of high delHoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, biological importance as far as birds concerned are D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds). Handbook of the threatened by several anthropogenic and natural factors Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, which needs strong conservation action. The most Barcelona. (Retrieved from important threatening factors are flooding, shrinkage of http://www.hbw.com/node/54101 on 12 lakes and wetlands due to livestock grazing, industrial November 2015). and agricultural development, the expansion of 3. BLI (Bird Life International). Birds are very cultivated land, the negative attitude of people in some useful indicators for other kinds of areas towards some birds particularly those that biodiversity. Presented as part of the Bird Life damage crops and burning to control long grasses. State of the world's birds website. 2013. Therefore, dramatic change in outlook and policy to Available from: reverse these threatening factors are urgently required. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casest Based on the surveyed knowledge in the scientific udy/79. Accessed on: 18/04/2016. literature we recommended the following points: 4. BLI (Bird Life International). State of the implementing eco-friendly on the development of world’s birds: indicators for our changing constructions, infrastructures and huge industries. The world. Cambridge, UK: Bird Life status of endemic birds visiting waste disposal sites International. 2004. should be studied so as to manage their decline from 5. Clement P. Black-headed Siskin chemical contamination in the freely cast-off wastes. (Carduelisnotata). In: DelHoyo, J., Elliott, A., As well, the presence of aquatic birds in the dumping Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. site may have an ecological implication on the (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World deterioration of wetlands. Thus, further ornithological Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved survey should be conducted on details of avian from http://www.hbw.com/node/61351 on 12 ecology. Unless timely, protective policy intervention November 2015). measures put in place, there might be a serious 6. Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute. Ethiopia’s environmental degradation which ultimately ends up national biodiversity strategy and action plan with a complete collapse of the whole ecosystem. 2015-2020. 2015. Policy-makers need to develop policies and practices 7. IUCN and UNEP-WCMC. The World that distinguish between situations where conservation Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), and development goals are compatible and situations August 2014. Cambridge, UK: UNEP- where there may be conflicts. Therefore, seeking an WCMC. innovative way of saving the endemic birds of 8. Vivero Pol, JL. A guide to endemic birds of Ethiopia, autecological and behavioral studies of a Ethiopia and Eritrea. Shama Books, Addis focal bird species attempt to identify the environmental Ababa, Ethiopia. 2001. factors that influence population processes and 9. Weldemariam Tesfahunegny Bezabh. A guide behavior, with the global and regional catastrophe that to a complete annotated checklist of the birds witnessed the disappearance of ecosystems to inform

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