Vladimir B. Ladinski

The Legacy of the Émigré Russian Architects in Former Yugoslavia

Vladimir B. Ladinski University American College Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia

Introduction

A century ago, between 11th and 16th November 1920, the evacuation of Crimea took place [1]. Under the command of General Baron Petr Nikolaevich Wrangel (1878-1928), the remaining White Army forces from south Russia left the Crimea Peninsula along with thousands of civilians [2]. Sergei Karpenko [3] estimated that about 126 ships ferried between 56,000 and 146,000 people to the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Greek island of Lemnos. This was the final retreat of the White forces and civilians from south Russia following the previous evacuations in March 1919 (from Odessa to Istanbul) and in January to March 1920 (from Odessa, Sevastopol and Novorussijsk to Turkey and the Balkans) [4]. This evacuation was in response to the military advances of the Red forces in the south of Russia during the Russian Civil Wars (1918-21), as they fought for control of the Russian Empire between the Red Bolsheviks and the White anti-Bolsheviks forces following the Russian revolutions of February and October 1917 and the outbreak of the First World War [5].

Between 1920 and 1922, Baron Wrangel stayed in Istanbul before moving to Sremski Karlovci, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now in AP Vojvodina, Serbia), where he stayed until 1927 [6]. Following his move to Brussels he worked as a mining engineer until his death in 1928. In 1924, during his stay in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Baron Wrangel became the founder and leader of the Russian All Military Union, the largest military-political organisation of exiled Russians, which aimed to support military emigres from Russia and the political struggle against the Bolsheviks [7].

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes emerged in the aftermath of the First World War as one of the new national states which were fully or partly, as in this case, on the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was proclaimed in Belgrade on 1st December 1918 by the Prince Regent Alexander I Karadjordjević (1888-1934), who become King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1921 [8]. The Kingdom was renamed as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 [9]. In outline, the Kingdom encompassed the territories of the pre-war Kingdom of Serbia (that included today’s North Macedonia and part of Kosovo) and the Kingdom of Montenegro (that also included part of today’s Kosovo), both allied with the Entente during the First World War, as well as parts of the former Habsburg’s Austro-Hungarian Empire that included the territories of contemporary Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Vojvodina, the Autonomous Province of Serbia). The new multi-ethnic country, with 12 million inhabitants according to the 1921 census and measuring 250,000 square kilometres, became the largest one in the Balkans [10].

The establishment of the new county was not without costs. Both the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro were occupied in 1915-18, and 1916-18 respectively and suffered significant losses during the First World War. Among the military, the number of dead has been estimated to 281,000 (278,000 in Serbia and 3,000 in

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Montenegro) and the civilian casualties between 300,000 and 650,000 in Serbia only [11]. In contrast, the Slovenian Government Communication Office [12] cites figures from the 2012 Brill’s Encyclopedia of the First World War stating 525,000 (275,000 military and 300,000 civilians) or 16.9 per cent dead out of the 3.1 million population in Serbia, and 13,000 or 6.5 per cent dead within the military of the 200,000 population in Montenegro, but provide no figures for the civilian casualties there. Furthermore, Boeckh [13] states that “the Serbs had suffered from immense war losses: about 1.2 million people had died as a result of direct or indirect consequences of war”. In turn, the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes required all the available resources to support the country post war reconstruction. This provided opportunities for those seeking sanctuary from the Russian Civil Wars which were enhanced by the cultural similarities. Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian are of the same group of Slavonic languages as the Russian, and majority of the population within the eastern part of the country was of Orthodox Christian religion as the Russians were. Equally, the King Alexander I is considered to have had strong ties and affection for the Russian Empire. He undertook part of his education at the Military School in St Petersburg, Russia, and his Godfather was the Czar Alexander II, The Emperor of Russia (1918-81) [14]. King Alexander’s I mother was Princess Zorka (originally Ljubica) of Montenegro (1864-90), whilst two of her sisters / his aunties were married into members of the Russian Imperial Family: Princess Militza (Milica) of Montenegro (1866-1951) was married to the Grand Duke of Russia Peter Nikolaevich (1864-1931) whilst Princess Stana (Anastasia) (1868-1935) was married initially to Prince George Maximilianovich Romanowsky (later the Sixth Duke of Leuchtenberg, 1852-1912) and then to the Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856-1929) [15].

Dr Mirolsav Jovanović [16] estimated that the number of refugees from south Russia in the Balkans was about 200,000 (1919-23), reducing to about 66,000 in the following three years (1924-26), before levelling around 55,000-60,000 during 1927-31. Furthermore, for Jovanović [17] some 60,000-70,000 of them had passed through the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and only about 40,000 stayed for a period of time. Based on the official 1921 Census [18] there were 25,615 Ukrainians and 20,568 Russians in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes thus making them 0.21 per cent and 0.17 per cent, respectively, of the overall population in the country. Also, at the proclamation of the Kingdom, some of the Russians were already in the west part of the country within the former parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire as First World War prisoners of war who decided to stay there after the end of the war [19].

Among those evacuated from Crimea, apart from the soldiers, there were members of their families, members of the imperial court and the provisional government, clergymen, businessman, intellectuals and professionals [20]. Therefore, this research investigates the contribution and the built legacy of the émigré Russian architects in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the successor states. This study provides further contribution to the increasing interest in the architecture and construction in the former Yugoslavia and its successor states, and is based on a review of mostly secondary sources, access to materials available in the National Archive of the Republic of North Macedonia, as well as visits to some of the remaining buildings.

The Legacy

The research into the Russian Civil Wars-related emigration into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by Jovanović [21] identified that about 60,000-70,000 émigrés had passed through the country and only about 40,000 stayed for a period of time. He has associated the temporary nature of their stay within the Kingdom with the ‘limited opportunities for their personal and professional development’, and identified, the capital Belgrade, as the most attractive destination where its accelerated post First World War development created opportunities for their employment. However, D. Lubačev [22] has pointed out that the available offer exceeded

640 Vladimir B. Ladinski the demand, leading to the Kingdom becoming only an interim destination on their journey to the more developed countries in the Western world.

Olga Latinčić [23] has identified that about 70 émigré Russian architects found refuge in Belgrade in the post 1917 Russian Revolutionary period and that their work represents 10 per cent of all of the 20,000 architectural design projects held within the History Archive (Istorijski Arhiv) in Belgrade. This figure can provide only an indication of the émigré Russian architects’ contribution to architecture in Belgrade alone. It can be argued that their contribution is possibly even higher, as it is conceivable that some of their design work might have been lost over the past century or that is incorrectly attributed. The latter may be due to the fact that some of them were not licensed to practice within the Kingdom, leading to their work being signed and therefore attributed to another architect [24]. Professor Georgi Konstantinovski [25] research on the work of architects in North Macedonia has identified about a dozen émigré Russian architects practicing in the country, mostly in the capital Skopje. During the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Skopje was the capital of a province within the country. Therefore, although it is possible to find some indication on the numbers and scale of the contributions of the émigré Russian architects in former Yugoslavia, it is difficult to get a more precise overall picture about their work and impact. This is supported by M. Cerović [26] who points out that the majority of the research to date has focused on the contributions of émigré Russian architects who stayed in the country and to the area where they worked within the country, thus providing a limited insight into their work outside the area and on their overall opus. Therefore, in absence of a comprehensive body of information and knowledge on the life and work of the émigré Russian architects in former Yugoslavia, their contribution to the architecture of the country will be presented through selected examples.

Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov (1864-1939) is probably one of the most prominent émigré Russian architects who settled within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats Slovenes, as per Nikolai Kalinin, Aleksandar Kadijević and Marina Zemljanichenko, the authors of the Russian monograph on his life and work [27]. Following his education at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, in 1887, aged 23, he moved to Yalta where two years later he was appointed the Chief Architect of Yalta, Crimean Peninsula [28]. There he worked on a variety of building projects including town planning and landscape architecture related projects. Out of the 61 recorded projects from this period, the Livadiya Palace (1909-11) on the outskirts of Yalta is considered as one of the most prominent [29]. This was the new imperial palace for Czar Nicholas II and his family used as their summer residence. The palace was spared by the Bolsheviks and used as a venue for the Yalta Conference in 1945, as well as a residence for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the USA delegation. In recognition for his work, Krasnov was appointed the Architect of the Imperial Court and the Court Chancellor, followed by his acceptance to the St Petersburg Academy of Arts. [30]. After his escape from the Russian Empire via Gallipoli he reached Malta where he stayed 1919-22 [31]. For Z. Skalamara [32], the invitation and support by the Association of Russian Engineers were instrumental in his move to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes where, according to Dr Aleksandar Kadijevic [33], he took a position as an inspector within the Ministry of Construction where he stayed until his death in 1939.

For the duration of his stay within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Krasnov remained active and achieved prominence through his work mainly in Belgrade, Serbia, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. His works include:

641 The Legacy of the Émigré Russian Architects in Former Yugoslavia

• Reconstruction of the Mediaeval Ružica Church located within the Belgrade Fortress, Kalemegdan, Belgrade (approx. 1922-25) [34]; • Reconstruction of the Royal Palace, Dedinje, Belgrade (with architect Živojin Nikolić) (approx. 1924-34) [35. 36]; • Reconstruction of the Njegoš Chapel (Mausoleum) (no longer exists), Mt Lovćen, Montenegro (approx. 1925) [37]; • The Building of the Ministry of Finance Building (now the Government of Serbia), 22 Kneza Miloša Street, Belgrade (approx. 1926-28) [38]; • The Building of the Ministry of Forestry and Mining, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Waterworks (now Ministry of Foreign Affairs), 24-26 Kneza Miloša Street, Belgrade (approx. 1923, 1926-29) [39] (Fig. 1); • The Archives of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije), 2 Karnegijeva Street, Belgrade (approx. 1928) [40]; • Renovation of the St George’s Church / Oplenac, (the Mausoleum of the Serbian Royal House of Karađorđević), Topla, Serbia; (completed in 1930) [41], • Design for the Palace of Justice (not built), Skopje, North Macedonia (approx. 1931) [42], • Interior for the House of the National Assembly, Nikola Pašić Square, Belgrade (approx. 1936) [43. 44] (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1 The Palace of the Ministry of Forestry and Mining, Belgrade by Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov (approx. 1928) (By Unknown - Museum of Science and Technology Belgrade, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77456373, Used with permission by the Museum of Science and Technology, Belgrade)

642 Vladimir B. Ladinski

Fig. 2 Drawing of the Interior for the House of the National Assembly, Belgrade by Nikolai Petrovich Krasnov (By Unknown - Museum of Science and Technology Belgrade, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=77440548, Used with permission by the Museum of Science and Technology, Belgrade)

Another prominent émigré Russian architect was Vasilij (Wilhelm) Fiodorovich von Baumgarten (1879-1962) who graduated from the Nicholas Pavlovich’s Engineering School (1900) and from the Nikolayevski Engineeing Academy (now St Petersburg Military Engineering-Technical University) (1905) in St Petersburg [45]. For the duration of his stay in his homeland his working life covered military service (reaching the rank of Major General), teaching at his alma mater (1908-14), working in the city administration in St Petersburg (1909-14) as well as private commissions in partnership or on his own. Following the November 1920 evacuation of Crimea, he stayed for a while in Istanbul and Gallipoli before moving to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In Belgrade he was appointed as an Architect in Chef in the Ministry of Army and Navy [46]. At the end of the Second World War he emigrated to Argentina where he stayed until his death in 1962 [47].

During his some two decades stay in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes he managed to leave a lasting legacy through his work in Serbia and North Macedonia that includes:

• The Army Headquarters of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 33 Kneza Miloša Street, Belgrade (approx. 1924-28) [48]; • The Officers’ Hall (lost in the 1963 Skopje Earthquake), Skopje, North Macedonia (1929) [49] (Figs 3-5); • The Russia Home of Emperor Nikolai II (Ruski Dom), Belgrade (1933) [50]; • National Mortgage Bank, Valjevo, Serbia (1939) [51].

643 The Legacy of the Émigré Russian Architects in Former Yugoslavia

Fig. 3 Officer's Hall, Skopje by Vasilij Fiodorovich von Baumgarten (By Unknown - The State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia (DARM), Skopje Department, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49566021)

Fig. 4 Officer's Hall, Skopje by Vasilij Fiodorovich von Baumgarten (By Unknown - The State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia (DARM), Skopje Department, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49566024)

644 Vladimir B. Ladinski

Fig. 5 Officer's Hall, Skopje (pre 1963 Earthquake) by Vasilij Fiodorovich von Baumgarten (By Unknown - The State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia (DARM), Skopje Department, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49566024)

One of the most prominent émigré Russian architects working predominantly in Vardar Banovina (Province) of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (now Republic of North Macedonia) was Ivan Grigorievich Artemushkin (1887-1950s?). There is limited information about him prior to his arrival into the Kingdom. It is known that he was mainly practicing on his own in the interwar period and to have moved to Bulgaria after the split between SFR Yugoslavia and USSR in 1948 [52]. He remained in the newly formed Republic of Macedonia within Yugoslavia after the Second World War and become one of the employees of the newly founded Architectural Department within the Ministry for Construction in Skopje in 1945 [53]. The following are considered to be among the most prominent examples of his work in Skopje, North Macedonia in the interwar period [54]:

• Private House for Dr Ruben (approx. 1927) (Fig. 6); • Private House for the Bojadžievi Brothers (approx.1931); • Private House for the Čitkuševi Brothers (approx. 1931); • Private House for the Radulovi Brothers (approx. 1934); • Private House for the Dikidžijan Family, (Arapska Kuka / Hotel Jadran) (approx. 1937) (Fig. 7).

645 The Legacy of the Émigré Russian Architects in Former Yugoslavia

Fig. 6 Private House for Dr Ruben, Skopje, by Ivan Fig. 7 Private House for the Dikidžijan Family Grigorievich Artemushkin (By Unknown - The State (Arapska Kuka / Hotel Jadran) as in 2019 Archives of the Republic of Macedonia (DARM), Skopje (Private archive of Vladimir Ladinski) Department, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=495 65570)

Conclusions

The end of the First World War, the Russian Revolutions and the Russian Civil Wars had created a unique set of circumstances that resulted in both the establishment of a new state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and a profound political change within the Russian Empire. If this was not the case, it is likely that the émigré Russian architects would not have come, at least not in those numbers, to the newly created Kingdom and worked there predominantly in the 20 years’ period 1921-41.

Considering the volume of the émigré Russian architects’ work in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and their wide spread across the seven successor states, it has not been possible to provide comprehensive coverage of their contribution within the limitations of this paper. As a result, this paper focuses on providing an outline of their contribution and presentation of their work through a number of selected key examples. A further limitation associated with the research is that some of the most representative examples are now government buildings and foreign embassies thus somewhat restricting access to the buildings and the information about them.

646 Vladimir B. Ladinski

The above three examples of the émigré Russian architects in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, provides an indication of their work and contribution to architecture, construction and built heritage on the territory of former Yugoslavia. It appears that those who arrived after serving the Russian Imperial family, like Krasnov, or those with a distinguished military record, like von Baumgarten, found similar positions within the newly created Kingdom. Since very little is known about Artemushkin it is difficult to establish if his position in the Kingdom was similar or different from the one in the Empire. In a way, it can be argued that the scope of their work was aligned within their position in the profession at least.

This research has focused on those who stayed in the Kingdom until the end of their life, like Krasnov until 1939, or those who have stayed until the end of the Second World War, like von Baumgarten, or even beyond, like Artemushkin. There are a number of others who stayed much shorter periods but, despite using the Kingdom as a staging point for their next move, have nevertheless left their mark. The limited opportunities for cross-border research appear to impact on the possibilities to create a fuller picture about their lives and work.

Yet, their presence and work have resulted in a lasting legacy that has not yet been well-researched or acknowledged, especially during the period of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It appears that ideological differences, that originally led to their emigration from the Russian Empire, have also resulted, for some of those who decided to stay longer, in somewhat of a repeat of their circumstances, where the Yugoslav Partisan supported in the final stages by the USSR Red Army liberated the country from the occupation by the Axis forces and their local sympathisers. Inevitably, in some instances it resulted in further emigration into Argentina, for von Baumgarten and into Bulgaria for Artemushkin.

The built legacy of the émigré Russian architects could be seen but not quite openly spoken about during the SFRY period, with some research interest emerging only in the late 1980s. To what extent this is a result of the clash of the political (capitalism vs socialism) or architectural (classicists vs modern) ideologies it is difficult to say.

The renewed interest in the years after the change of the political system and the dissolution of Yugoslavia is somewhat hampered since the legacy of the émigré Russian architects is spread among a number of jurisdictions within the newly independent states with their different priorities in conjunction with a somewhat reduced level of cooperation between them in comparison with the pre 1990 period. In this respect, a future cross border cooperation can be an important factor for better understanding and interpretation of the lasting legacy of the émigré Russian architects on the territories of former Yugoslavia.

It is truly sad that in the post Second World years the opportunity was missed to capture and record more fully their stories and achievements, as well as recognise their contribution whilst some of them who left Crimea 1919-20 are still alive.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thanks to The State Archives of the Republic of Macedonia (DARM), for making available in the Public Domain the historical images, as well as, to the Museum of Science and Technology in Belgrade who has made historic images publicly available and for their permission to include them in this paper.

647 The Legacy of the Émigré Russian Architects in Former Yugoslavia

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[23] O. Latinčić, ’Valerij Vladimirovič Staševski (1882-?)’ (Valeriy Vladimirvich Stashevsky (1882-?), Nasleđe, No.12, 2011, pp. 169-196, https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=1450-605X1112169L (Consulted on 20 September 2018). [24] Jahontov and Prosen, (Note 16). [25] G Konstantinovski, Graditelite vo Makedonija: XVIII-XX Vek (Architects in Macedonia: 18th-20th Century), in Macedonian, Skopje: Tabernakul, 2001. [26] Jahontov and Prosen, (Note 16). [27] I. Subotić, ’Prikaz knjige Архитектор Высочайшего Двора’ (Book Review ’The Architect of the Court of His Royal Higness’), in Serbian and Russian, Nasleđe, No. 5, 2004, pp. 193-196, https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=1450-605X0405193S (Consulted on 20 September 2018). [28] M. Mađanović, ’From Yalta to Thessaloniki – Nikolai Pretrovich Krasnov (1864-1939), a Versitile Russian Architect’, in A. V. Zakharova, S. V. Maltseva ad E. Yu Stanyukovich-Denisova (Eds.), Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of Articles, St Petersburg, NP-Print Publ., No. 6, 2016, pp. 661–667, p.661-667, DOI: 10.18688/aa166-9-71, http://actual-art.org/files/sb/06/Madanovic.pdf (Consulted on 19th January 2020). [29] Subotić, (Note 27). [30] Mađanović, (Note 28). [31] ibid. [32] ibid. [33] ibid. [34] ibid. [35] The Royal Family of Serbia, Press Kit, 2018, https://royalfamily.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Press-Kit-2018-ENGLISH.pdf (Consulted on 19 January 2020). [36] The Royal Family of Serbia, Exhibition Nikola Krasnov – Making Palace of the Yugoslav King“, https://royalfamily.org/exhibition-nikola-krasnov-making-palace-of-the-yugoslav-king/ (Consulted on 19 January 2020). [37] Subotić, (Note 27). [38] A. V. Konuzin, ’Our Duty is to Remember’, Serbia National Review, http://www.nacionalnarevija.com/en/tekstovi/Br%2026/Aleksandar%20Konuzin.html (Consulted on 19th December 2019). [39] ibid. [40] Mađanović, (Note 28). [41] Oplenac, The Mausoleum of The Serbian Rolay Family: St George’s Church, http://oplenac.rs/wpeng/?page_id=63 (Consulted on 19th Decmber 2019). [42] Konstantinvski, (Note 25), p. 42. [43] G. Gordić, M. Popović, ’Dom Narodne skupštine’ (National Assembly Building), in Serbian, Nasleđe, No. 3, 2001, pp. 85-88, https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=1450-605X0103085G (Consulted on 20 September 2018). [44] M. Popović, ’Zdanje Narodne skupštine: Pravci istraživanja i principi obnove’ (The National Assembly Building: Researh Directions and Principles of Reconstruction), in Serbian, Nasleđe, No. 4, 2002, pp. 9-34, https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=1450-605X0204009P (Consulted on 20 September 2018). [45] Электронное Кадетское Писъмо (Electronic Cadet Letter), ‘Русский кадетский некропролъ в Аргентине‘ (Russian Cadet Necripolis in Argentina), in Russian, Буэнос-Айрес (Buenos Aires), Но. 50, 2007, http://www.dk1868.ru/argentina/Kadet_nekropol.htm (Consulted on 19 December 2019). [46] M. Prosen, ’75 godina Ruskog doma u Beogradu’ (75 Years of the Russian Home in Belgrade), Nasleđe, No. 9, 2008, pp. 211-220, https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=1450-605X0809211P (Consulted on 20 September 2018). 649 The Legacy of the Émigré Russian Architects in Former Yugoslavia

[47] Электронное Кадетское Писъмо (Electronic Cadet Letter) (Note 45). [48] Konuzin, (Note 38). [49] Konstantinvski, (Note 25), p. 34.

[50] Prosen, (Note 46). [51] M. Prosen, ’Zgrada državne hipotekarne banke u Valjevu: nepoznato delo arhitekte Vasilija fon Baumgartena’ (The State Mortgage Bank Buildinh in Valjevo: An Unknown Work of the Architect Vaislije Fon Baumbarten), in Serbian, Zbornik, Muzej primenjene umetnosti, Beograd, No. 6, 2010, pp. 81-90, https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/15862242/ovde-mozete-preuzeti-ceo-zbornik-mpu-06-muzej-pri menjene-/81 (Consulted on 19 December 2020). [52] Konstantinovski, (Note 25), pp. 61-62. [53] ibid., p. 254. [54] ibid., p. 61-62.

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