British Writers, Including Virginia Woolf, E
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Society of Young Nigerian Writers Richard Adams Richard Adams, born in 1920, British writer of fiction and folktales for both adults and children. His best-known work is the novel Watership Down (1972; film version 1978), for which he received the Carnegie Medal (1972) and the Guardian Award (1973). This story about a community of rabbits and its search for a new warren is memorable for the power of its narration and its detailed, knowledgeable descriptions of the countryside and wildlife. The novel has also been interpreted as a political allegory offering a parallel between the various warrens that the rabbits visit and different systems of government and their effects. Richard George Adams was born in Newbury, Berkshire, England, and educated at Worcester College, University of Oxford, where he studied modern history and received his master of arts degree in 1948. Adams spent the years from 1940 to 1946 in the British army, serving during World War II (1939-1945). Prior to becoming a full-time writer, he was a successful civil servant from 1948 to 1974. Adams is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and the Royal Society of Arts. His other works include Shardik (1974) and Maia (1984), both set in the imaginary Beklan Empire; The Plague Dogs (1977), written in a similar vein to Watership Down; The Girl in a Swing (1980), one of his few works with a human main character; Traveller (1988), which recounts the events of the American Civil War (1861-1865) from the perspective of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's horse; and a collection of folktales, The Iron Wolf and Other Stories (1980). Almost all of Adams's works have received mixed critical reviews but enjoyed solid popular success. Fleur Adcock Fleur Adcock, born in 1934, New Zealand-British writer, who is best known for her poetry, which approaches everyday, domestic subjects with unexpected irony. Adcock was born in Papakura, a city in the north of North Island, New Zealand. From the age of five she attended various schools in England, where her father was a professor of psychology. She returned to New Zealand to study at Victoria University in Wellington, on the northeastern tip of South Island, and she received a master of arts degree in classical studies in 1955. She was a teacher and a librarian in New Zealand from 1958 until 1963, when she emigrated to Britain. She worked as assistant librarian at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Library, London until 1979, when she became a full-time writer. Her first collection of poetry, published in Wellington in 1964, was The Eye of the Hurricane, part of which was reprinted in Tigers (1967). These early books established Adcock's straightforward yet ironic style, which she has continued to apply to narratives about personal, social, and political matters, in such collections as the well-received In Focus (1977). Her sharp wit is offset by a relaxed poetic technique and by subtle precision. The Incident Book (1986) includes a series of poems about childhood, and another about men. The subjects of Time Zone (1991) range from domestic matters to questions of contemporary politics, such as the Romanian popular revolt against communist leader Nicolae Ceauşescu in 1989 and support for environmental causes, including the antinuclear stand. Her Selected Poems, published in 1983, was reissued in 1991. Adcock has also been an editor and translator. She edited the Oxford Book of Contemporary New Zealand Poetry (1981). Joseph Addison Joseph Addison (1672-1719), English essayist, poet, and statesman, whose work, particularly in the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator, strongly influenced 18th-century English taste and opinion. Addison was born on May 1, 1672, in Milston, Wiltshire, and educated at the University of Oxford, where he distinguished himself as a classical scholar. In 1699 he was granted a government pension, which he used for travel through Europe. In 1704, about a year after his return to England, Addison was commissioned by the government to write a poem celebrating the British victory that same year at the Battle of Blenheim, in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). His composition, “The Campaign” (1705), was such an aid to the Whig Party, which was then seeking control of the British government, that his position in both politics and letters was firmly established. From 1708 to 1710 Addison served in the British Parliament as a Whig. In 1709 he became a contributor to The Tatler, a periodical founded by his friend the essayist Sir Richard Steele. Two years later, Steele and Addison founded another periodical, The Spectator, for which Addison subsequently wrote the finest of his many essays. Addison's literary reputation reached its highest point in 1713, when his tragedy Cato was produced in London. It was translated into several languages, and such influential critics as the French writer and philosopher Voltaire pronounced it the finest tragedy in the English language. In the opinion of most critics today, however, this play, an artificial and undramatic work, was overestimated by Addison's contemporaries. Addison's literary reputation has suffered a decline since his own time, when he was widely considered the most important of English authors. He influenced the literary taste of the 18th-century, in part by resurrecting the neglected ballad form in essays in The Spectator. Alcuin or Albinus Alcuin or Albinus (735-804), English scholar and ecclesiastic, whose letters are among the most valuable sources of information about the social life and humanistic learning of 8th-century France. He was born in Yorkshire and educated at the cathedral school of York. He became the head of the school in 778. During a mission to Rome in 780, he became acquainted with Charlemagne. At the request of Charlemagne, Alcuin directed an educational program among the Franks from 781 to 790, thereby exercising lasting influence upon the intellectual life of the Western world. In 794 at the council held at Frankfurt he led the successful fight against adoptionism, a heretical belief then dividing the Catholic church. After a brief visit to his native country, Alcuin returned to France, where he was made abbot of St. Martin of Tours in 796. He wrote many letters, works on rhetoric, and poems. The impetus given to humanistic studies by Alcuin and his successors led not only to a revival of learning but also to the development of the Carolingian, or Caroline, minuscle, a script that influenced the handwriting of the Renaissance in Italy and, indirectly, the Roman letters of the early Italian typesetters, from which modern type is derived. Brian Wilson Aldiss Brian Wilson Aldiss, born in 1925, English writer, well known for his works of science fiction and for his advocacy of the establishment of science fiction as a literary genre. Aldiss was born in East Dereham, Norfolk, in eastern England, and moved to Devon, in southwestern England, when he was 12 years of age. He was educated at various public schools before he served with the British army in East Asia between 1943 and 1947. While working as a bookseller in Oxford from 1947 to 1956, Aldiss wrote his first book, The Brightfount Diaries (1955). His first work of science fiction was Non-Stop (1958). During the 1960s he was associated with another English science-fiction writer, Michael Moorcock, and his New Worlds magazine. Aldiss’s work of this period is characterized by innovative literary techniques and open treatment of sex as a theme. His novel Hothouse (1962) won a Hugo Award, given by the World Science Fiction Society. During the 1970s, Aldiss explored the experiences of a young soldier in Burma (now known as Myanmar) in a collection of novels entitled The Horatio Stubbs Saga. With Frankenstein Unbound (1973), he acknowledged the contribution made to science fiction by the novel Frankenstein (1818) written by English author Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. In Moreau’s Other Island (1980), Aldiss similarly invoked The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896) by English author H. G. Wells. The Helliconia sequence (1982-1985) is an epic trilogy encompassing the history of an entire planetary system. Aldiss edited dozens of anthologies and a critical journal entitled Science Fiction Horizons. His book reviews appeared in the Times Literary Supplement, the Guardian, and the Washington Post. His history of science fiction appeared as Billion Year Spree (1973) and later in an updated edition as Trillion Year Spree (1986). The motion picture Artificial Intelligence: AI (2001), written and directed by Steven Spielberg, was based on an Aldiss science-fiction story “Supertoys Last All Summer Long.” Aldiss brought out two works of autobiography in the late 1990s: The Twinkling of an Eye (1998) and When the Feast Is Finished (1999). He returned to the novel in the early 2000s with The Cretan Teat (2002), a contemporary story of corruption, and Super-State (2002), which takes place in the European Union 50 years in the future. Sir Norman Angell Sir Norman Angell (1872?-1967), English author and economist. Originally named Ralph Norman Angell Lane, he was educated at the Lycée de Saint-Omer, France, and the University of Geneva. His studies and his experience as a prospector, rancher, journalist, and editor made him an economist of vision and reputation. According to his principal doctrine, as expressed in The Great Illusion (1910) and The Great Illusion, 1933 (1933), modern nations are so closely related economically and socially that they are logically committed to cooperation with one another, rather than to economic competition, which inevitably leads to war. From 1929 to 1931 Angell served as a member of Parliament. He was knighted in 1931 and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1933 for his writings and lectures advocating peace.