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The Routledge History Handbook of Medieval Revolt

Justine Firnhaber-Baker, Dirk Schoenaers

Takehan, Cokerulle , and Mutemaque

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 Jan Dumolyn, Jelle Haemers Published online on: 29 Nov 2016

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Bruges and Ypres in sources: the in appear denly sud nouns proper colourful and enigmatic two France, Northern and Countries Low Southern After1280, theyearwhichin general a waverevoltsof struck thetextile- coterelus, meaning‘ruffian’or‘evildoer’. lesquebehaviourpopular andprocessionscredibly,derivedlessviewwas ourfrom it thatin or, carniva with connection of sort some imply also would which song, popular a denote to meant Other philologists, however, have claimed either that the term was a bastardisation of Tuesday. Shrove with associated possibly revelry popular of sort a implies which celebrating) fully April 1281, used the term rebelsduringtheir turbulent meetings, strikes, demonstrations.and comitalA inquiry, 3 heldon nationseems tobethat they were derived from theshouts andgestures collectively produced by expla plausible most the etymology, their on nor names these of meanings precise the on neither outrages, Bruges). Charters from 1280, the year of the rebellion itself, speak in general terms about the it called 1281 of inquiry comital first the while (sedition) ceditio a as it to refer simply accounts city Contemporary itself. Bruges from charter 1331 a of form the in Dutch, Middle in reference one only is there and 1297, and 1296 in documents, French verb textwrittena Flandre, twocenturies later. hasbeenItsuggested thattheword wasrelated theto Wielant’s Filips jurist the is explicitly this state to source first the although itself on apela et apele là meismes Cokerulle (the grave event which was and is called Cokerulle in the place October 1283, however, Count Guy de Dampierre of Flanders refers to the revolt as dated charter a In unpunished). remain cannot reason and God to according which facts horrible chas etdefaisoribleskiseloncDieuraisonnedoiventdemorersansetreamendei as generally more described again was it earlier days two dated count the by written and mutiny) The term ). ‘Cokerulle’ was supposedly a cry the rebels uttered as they were running through the streets, Naming collectiveactioninthelatermedieval kokerillen, translated by the sixteenth-­ conspiracions, Takehan, cokerulle (the bad handling), to refer to the Cokerulle rising, while in a letter letter a in while rising, Cokerulle the to refer to handling), bad (the meskeanche le Moerlemaeye, and mutemaque alliances (griefs, outrages, conspiracies, and alliances) and fait d’Ippre (the event of Ypres), and the more general terms Jan DumolynandJelleHaemers Mourlemai, or and Cokerulle Low Countries 2 Although historians and linguists have reached a consensus consensus a reached have linguists and historians Although 3 Muerlemaye makes only two appearances within Middle century linguist Cornelis Kiliaan as . They refer to instances of collective action action collective of instances to refer They Moerlemaye. 2 39 1 (the event of event (the Bruges de fait (many serious cases and Recueil des Antiquitéz de de Antiquitéz des Recueil ­producingcities theof celebrare hilaria (cheer- meffais (misdeeds). lequeil grief fait li esmuete (the Kyrie Eleison, mout de grief grief de mout griefs, - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 muracie, wapeninghe ganck of Owain Glyn DwˆGlyn Owain of was sometimes remembered by its leaders, as in the insurgency so-­ instance, for Wales, and England In names. proper given sometimes were actions valesque or ‘charivari’-like procession of fools. of procession ‘charivari’-like or valesque carni- a denote to seems word the which in Ypres’, of Fool the of Confession ‘The called text interpreted however, scholar, Another mob. noisy and and loud) out (shouting ‘personal names’, for specific events (as well as Cockerulle and Moerlemaeye there was also Friday , was Good there Moerlemaeye and Cockerulle as well (as events specific for names’, ‘personal roeringhe ries, in the Southern Low Countries, a great variety of common nouns or ‘generic terms’ (muete, for case the also was this perhaps Moerlamay). By now however, and wrongly dates it to 1282, also uses the name early sixteenth century, Wielant, who gives an otherwise confused account of the Bruges revolt the In later. centuries two forgotten entirely not also were origins its But denoted. originally it Moerlemaeye of 1280–1 itself, suggesting that the name was remembered better than the event (many moerlemaeys). Interestingly, there is no mention in this chronicle tradition of 1430 the Bruges in Geraardsbergen Dutch of revolt a the while calls chronicle general, Latin this in of ‘revolt’ elaboration for synonym a as chronicle) Latin this within expression the uses 1429, in Cassel of rising peasant the to referring C, word the has in general. Thus a fifteenth-­ rising of 1280–1, later clearly evolved into a common noun to denote popular collective action Dutch the that be to seems option plausible most the view, of point etymological an from Indeed, revolt. entire the for toto pro tivise this verb. According to that etymology Moerlemaye would mean ‘the muttering’, as a while mutter) (to morren saries. According to one historian it may be derived from the combination of time of the event and was used either by those who participated in the revolt or by their adver- the from dates also Cokerulle, like Moerlemaeye, name the that however, plausible, seems It medieval popularcollectiveactioningeneral. to uncommon not obviously features down’, upside turned world ‘the of sentiment valesque carni- the with also perhaps and populace, urban unruly an by produced utterances verbal and clearly appear they to have terms a ‘popular’ fascinating origin. The words two suggest links these with the to gestures, movements, regard with us eludes clarity philological full attestations, from the rallying cry ‘Haro’), and a third was named after the main weapons of the rebels (the rebels the of weapons main the after named was third a and ‘Haro’), cry rallying the from evoked the popular cries (‘La Harelle’ in Rouen, but this term was also used elsewhere, derived another South), the in ‘Tuchins’ (the pejorative a provided itself group rebel the of name the one in ways: different in named were 1382 around time same the at place took which revolts phenomenon inwhichtwocontiguoussoundsareswitched). muttering) and subsequently resulted in Martin These two specific names do not stand alone. Between the thirteenth and sixteenth centu- sixteenth and thirteenth the Between alone. stand not do names specific two These Bruges the to referred only originally which Moerlemaeye, noun proper the Moreover, . . . .). Of course, the Low Countries are not the only regions where specific collective specific where regions only the not are Countries Low the course, Of .). . . .). nhorofe verghaderinghe ongheoorloofde . .) were used to denote various forms of collective action, as were proper nouns, or nouns, proper were as action, collective of forms various denote to used were .) 7 . Some of these signifiers described subversive speech acts and illegal gatherings (mur- . .), while others still derive from the context of labour conflicts (takehan, conflicts labour of context the from derive still others while .), ad Monday , Hard as its title, and the early fifteenth-­ early the and title, its as Moerlemaye r’, both in the fifteenth century. fifteenth the in both r’, (fiercely waving one’s arms), invoking the image of an agitated an of image the invoking arms), one’s waving (fiercely mayen (or maye century copy of a charter dealing with a revolt in Bruges in 1319–20 od Tuesday , Good moerlemaeye (and its variants) had also become a generic term, and , as suggested by an early sixteenth-­ early an by suggested as cockarulle, in a variant spelling) was supposedly a suffix to substan- to suffix a supposedly was spelling) variant a in mye J. DumolynandHaemers (to mutter) was substantivised into substantivised was mutter) (to murmelen . . ) ohr dntd ye o pbi mblsto (loepe , mobilisation public of types denoted others .), murlemye as a result of ‘adjacent metathesis’ (a linguistic the Pentecost, of Wednesday Terrible the 6 40 5 Even if, as a result of the infrequency of their of infrequency the of result a as if, Even Morlamay (or in another manuscript of the text: 8 For France, Challet has shown that three that shown has Challet France, For called ‘Jack Cade rebellion’ or the ‘revolt or moerlen century chronicle century 4 (a Middle Dutch Middle (a moorlemay groot as a frequentative of frequentative a as morrelen moerlen or Flandria Generosa Flandria century satirical century vele moerlemaeys vele (the murmelye a Saint- ­ Mal moerelen ledich- pars Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 ‘peasant revolt’(eventhoughthe Jacqueriewasalsonotonlya‘peasantrevolt’). any case this in rebellion, a for term generic a became It peasant. archetypal the Bonhomme’, developed from a proper noun into a common noun, itself in all likelihood derived from ‘Jacques Dutch 1477 a revolt in Dijon was named the from derived directly ently the ‘Good Friday’ revolt. Friday’ ‘Good the analogy with the name given to the so-­ in period Romantic the during name this received them, of many killed and troops occupying French the out drove rebels Bruges the which ‘Bruges during example, for The 1302, May 18 purposes. of Matins’ ideological contemporary serving connotations different with terms using by events the reframe to consciously also sometimes or copyists, and chroniclers of tions time, modified by the mechanisms of oral transmission, by the more literarily inspired interven- shabby shoestheywore,suchastheBundschuhinBadenanditssurroundingsaround1500. the even and aldermen, the against rising butchers the to reference made which 1380s, the in often be remembered by the names of participants, such as the the authorities may or may not have considered to be justified on any given occasion. given any on justified be to considered have not may or may authorities the protests, whether unlawful or authorised, were part of the same process of claim-­ the events they describe, or in sources written shortly afterwards, but we shall also consider how assemblyof peaceful andthe hand citizens and the legal or one semi-­ the on categories such between distinction artificial ‘Maillotins’, in fact originally the ‘Maillets’ or mauls). political action considered by the authorities as illegal. as authorities the and by social considered action popular political any indeed or strikes labour as such actions’, ‘collective other and ‘riots’, given to it by Charles Tilly and others, encompasses both violent protest, such as ‘rebellions’ or sense the in politics’, ‘contentious term the Europe, medieval of context the In sciences. social to refer to political conflict. There are perhaps, however, better alternatives in the contemporary part of social-­ be to ‘rebellion’ and ‘revolt’ as such terms consider we if Yet protesters. medieval of motives from (derived counter-­ and memories official in bered of mobilisation, and how they were judged by elites, but also into how they were later remem- types different between distinguished they how events, such experienced rebels how into only historical-­ hoil dsrpin o te ra rsn hd lo eerd o anvlsu bhvor and behaviour carnivalesque to referred also ‘rumours’. had rising great the of descriptions chronicle earlier but historiography Victorian of product a is itself term The peasants. include only not called English ‘Peasants Revolt’ of 1381 which, as is now generally acknowledged, certainly did so-­ the like inventions, later are revolts to given names proper the of Many for actions. collective names and words ‘original’ the discussing in problems methodological additional remain still there contribution, present the in with dealing are we which that for terms contemporary available the composed who those sources. of memories and ideas the and action, the of result final the afterwards, or events the during place taking deliberations the in, give to rulers of ingness will- the forces, of balance the upon depended ultimately action collective any of ‘legitimacy’ Here we will prioritise names and terms found in documents which are contemporary with contemporary are which documents in found terms and names prioritise will we Here These signifiers, denoting popular collective action, are onomastic, etymological, and etymological, areonomastic, action, collective popular denoting signifiers, These Even if we agree to use ‘collective action’ or ‘contentious politics’ in their broadest senses, as mute maecken or ‘to set up a mutiny’. anthropological sources in themselves. In many cases they can provide insight not insight provide can they cases many In themselves. in sources anthropological 14 Thus, many names or terms used to denote collective action clearly changed over changed clearly action collective denote to used terms or names many Thus, scientific discourse, deprived of bias or connotations, these words can still be used or war) or revolt (a ‘turnover’), do not adequately reflect the actions and actions the reflect adequately not do ‘turnover’), (a revolt or war) or bellum 15 Other names, including perhaps the most famous one, the one, famous most the perhaps including names, Other ) and Angers for the for Angers and rebellionem) legal utterance of grievances, such as petitioning, on the other. All Takehan, Cokerulle,andMutemaque Mutemaque, a term, interestingly, derived from the Middle called ‘Sicilian Vespers’ and was actually originally called 10 eois Ms mdr trs sc a rebellion as such terms, modern Most memories. Rioting in the German-­ 41 9 Lyon was known for its 12 Even so, there remains an inevitably an remains there so, Even (from Tricoterie Knochenhauer rebellion in Lübeck speaking world would also or ‘club’). In ‘club’). or tricot Rebeynes (appar- 16 making which Jacquerie, 13 The 11 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 hs manuscript. of this copy a owned Savary) (Tassart 1423 in Tournai in insurgents the of one of son the ingly, tion happened when similar such assemblies were organised in opposition to a prince. Reveal- their place in society and were denied political agency. know to had who orders social lower the upon down looked discourses elite These texts. ative ideology informed by theology, Aristotelian philosophy, ‘mirrors for princes’, and other norm- to collective action. This was inspired both by legal discourse and by a general medieval political Unsurprisingly, contemporaryelitesourcesemployaconsistently negativediscourseinrelation Middle as such words High used Ages the in authors clerical upheaval, social about writing when instance, For days. earlier from texts clerical and documents, juridical Bible, the in present of already range words wide Latin a from derived are terms these of some that realise we course of but French), fifteenth-­ and fourteenth- on focus names changing might offer some insight into the meaning of We politics. popular contentious Kerels instead referred to urban rebels during the later revolt of 1379–85. of revolt later the during rebels urban to referred instead Kerels 1323–8, in a similar fashion to the French term the that sumed the by slain be must who ruffians dangerous and primitive as men these depicts Churls’ the of sing to want literary source from the end of the fourteenth century, is iey eoil utr o rblin ht rie te uvrie ed o te past. the of deeds subversive the praised that rebellion of culture memorial a lively maintained also Countries Low medieval late the of classes popular the publications, other in shown have we as However, particular. in elite ruling the and general in community urban regions mostly had a pejorative connotation because the protest was described as harmful to the these in rebellion of nomenclature remarkable The Tournai. and Mechelen of surroundings) the Namur; Loon, prince-­ the Luxemburg; Hainaut, Limburg, Brabant, Flanders, of duchies of counties the are These Countries. Low Southern theof principalities main the of some in protest political describe to authorities urban by used was true in other regions and languages. We will start with an analysis of the discursive register of their own, while the rebels themselves were also very creative in naming conflict seditious events, social as on language a developed Countries Low the in elites Urban discourse. learned people, conflict: political of forms Tournai, of city the compiled the firstof custumal in the Lowclerk Countries which systematically listeda and distinguished Boutillier, Jean century fourteenth late the by instance, For manuscripts. Latin on based sometimes discourse, learned more a contained vernacular the in ), the diet of the common people. This stereotype brings to mind the name of name another revolt in the Netherlands, the which took place in Haarlem, mind other smaller towns, and their to brings stereotype This people. common the of diet the caas), ende broot song the rebels are also mocked as people who eat ‘curd, whey, bread and cheese’ (wronglen, wey, author ofasourcehadforwritingabouttheevent. the which reason the on course of depended much distinguished; be can action collective on discourse euphemist a and pejorative a both So, heroes. rebel with identified people and arity, ‘counter-­ ore n ies (lge n eieis, eerlgcl hnmn o ntrl disasters natural or phenomena meteorological eruptions inundation, (storm, epidemics), and (plague disease on course monopole concerned assemblies and strikes amongst the people themselves, and memory’ of political subversion was used to legitimise rebellion, define group solid- group define rebellion, legitimise to used was subversion political of memory’ Terms relatingtolegalrepressionandmoralcondemnation , the mounted soldiers (as in the Middle French Middle the in (as soldiers mounted the ruters, 18 e or uvy ae cer ht a fo al xrsin wr ln from lent were expressions all from far that clear makes survey our Yet referred to the peasant rebels of the revolt of Maritime Flanders of Flanders Maritime of revolt the of rebels peasant the to referred Kerels commotio, involved violently plotting with others against a lord or his or lord a against others with plotting violently involved sédition . . .), or biblical stories (on the Sins or the Devil). the or Sins the (on stories biblical or .), J. DumolynandHaemers , and seditio, century documents written in the vernacular (Dutch and (Dutch vernacular the in written documents century Jacques. It has recently been suggested, however, that 42 , often also referring to an existing dis- existing an to referring also often tribulatio, 20 One interesting term, used in a Flemish bishopric of Liège; and the cities (and cities the and Liège; of bishopric Kerels (Churls). The Bruges song ‘We ). At first it was pre- was it first At routiers). 21 At any rate, in the in rate, any At 17 Also treatises Also conspira- 19 This Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 and lordship’ of the duke of Brabant (again in Brussels, 1446). in Antwerp in called 1435), ‘bad were adventures’ (Brussels, 1306), they or ‘excesses (as and abuses ‘misdeeds’ against the highness were kind this of actions Rebellious behaviour. rebellious or subversive criminalising and punishment justifying purpose: same the had all terms These unwillingness to behave properly. their and people the of intentions bad alleged the emphasise also all 1450) (’s-Hertogenbosch, jscap), in other regions in the Low Countries, they spoke of ‘unrest and factionalism’ (onrast ende parti- tts f oiia dsod ee fe dsrbd as (feuds), described often were discord political of states (agreements), venances fight each other. each fight the root of the French the of root the chronicler by werres ) des temps (le feuds’ Jacques de Hemricourt. The of term time ‘the or wars’, of time ‘the as described was instance, for century, fourteenth the of beginning the at Liège in Waroux the and Amans the also close to the vocabulary of war. The violent factional struggle between the noble lineages of terminology which described rebellion and factionalism was indeed quite similar and both were fine one. fine a was struggles factional ‘political’ more the and families and clans between place took which against decisions made by urban or higher authorities which were considered to be unjust. be to considered were which authorities higher or urban by made decisions against monopole were also commonly used by chroniclers to describe protests or other collective actions widespread patterninlatemedievalEurope. well-­ a as than rather place and time in variations great with though meaning, legal clear a developed also cases many in which terms riots, and disobedience, troubles, conflict, denote to vocabulary generic extensive an existed there short, olcie action. collective lords, social groups, factions, and parties, a phenomenon often closely intertwined with popular imity under a just ruler while the political reality was often one of division and conflict between 1340) Dutch (Ghent, Middle the from translation loan a fact in is term English (the sources, we find that some terms have a moral as well as a legal dimension. ‘Uproar’ is one such broots volck, surrounding area in Holland in 1491–2, during which the ‘People of Cheese and Bread’ (tKasen- eat onlybread,andnolongerthedairyproductessentialtodietofworkingclass. now could They living. of standard declining their against protesting foodstuffs, these of tions name by the frequency of collective actions in the Dutch-­ the in actions collective of frequency the by name French-­ other some in and 1477 in Dijon in used as term Dutch Middle same the mutiny’), ‘making (literally mutemaque noblemen robbing and killing the people were also considered to be guilty of of service the in bands armed Unruly clothing. factional of wearing the forbidding ordinance (in great contempt of the magistrate). the of contempt great (in loy ‘insubordination’, an called was 1446 in Liège) of east the to ringhe). wer- ochte opset (quaet quarrel’ or upset ‘bad a as denoted were 1379 and 1361 in Mechelen of of Bruges in 1360 manages to mention no fewer than ten terms which criminalised their deeds. The predominant political ideal of medieval society was always one of harmony and unan- and harmony of one always was society medieval of ideal political predominant The archival and chronicles in action collective denote to used terminology the examining In 34 29 feuds (feden), feuds (hatred), hayne A 38 Other chroniclers spoke about the about spoke chroniclers Other commocie van Casenbroot, , another typical term, took place in Ypres in 1369, while 1369, in Ypres in place took term, typical another conspiration, 23 Lue, 1477), Leuven, (beroerten: ‘troubles’ 36 32 In 1459 in the County of Hainaut, the Burgundian duke promulgated an promulgated duke Burgundian the Hainaut, of County the in 1459 In o isac, yia trs n lnes o ecie atos included factions describe to Flanders in terms typical instance, For 35 ) when factions took up weapons to weapons up took factions when d’amys) (guerres friends’ of ‘wars or (bands), bendes or parcialitez et divisions and English ‘war’), and the distinction between the private feuds private the between distinction the and ‘war’), English and guerre speaking towns, who must clearly have been inspired to adopt this adopt to inspired been have clearly must who towns, speaking Takehan, Cokerulle,andMutemaque 25 werre is derived from the Latinised Germanic word A revolt in Limburg (the main city of the eponymous duchy rebellichheyt genoemt tcaes ende broot) carried with them depic- scin) or (sections), sects 26 A document condemning the rising of the weavers the of rising the condemning document A 31 43 (ill-­ divisions et rancunes between these between partialitatés defined legal terminology. Of course, this is a is this course, Of terminology. legal defined dfeecs conflicts), (differences, ghescille 24 n ‘lne, icnet n sorrow’ and discontent ‘slander, and prilt) wie general while (partiality), partijlichede speaking cities of Flanders. of cities speaking 28 en grant desrision de ceulx de la dicte la de ceulx de desrision grant en The meetings of the apprentices will and divisions). and will ), while ‘tumult’ while oproer), who dissidentes partes meutemacquerie or and commocion werra (also werringhen 33 37 22 Also The 30 con- In 27

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 the weaverswhohadrisenagainstcitygovernment. denote to 1360 in Bruges in used instance, for was, it although frequent, less is Dutch Middle by acts or words’. or acts by The people called it the was promulgated in Liège after the repression of a revolt by Bishop Adolf de la Marck in 1331. or to incite to war’ against the prince any longer. and by the seduction of some ill-­ which had taken place hand over their privileges because of the people organising for political objectives without the permission of the authorities could be could accused of ‘making authorities alliances’. The Moerlemaye the rebels of Bruges of in 1280 were permission punished because the without objectives political for organising people ), as ‘commoners within a city rarely remain calm for a long time’. long a for calm remain rarely city a within ‘commoners as eren), (murmur- mutter’ to started ‘commonality the 1386 in ’s-Hertogenbosch of city Brabantine the in that event) the after time some so 1430, (around commented chronicle, Yeesten Brabantsche of Duke Philip the Good. the Philip Duke of policy the questioned publicly guilds craft the as day’ every people the among ‘produced were which ‘agitation’ and ‘rumours’ mentions instance, for 1452, of revolt Ghent the on narrative ), as one as rebelheden ), ende (oorloghe noted. chronicler rebellion’ and ‘war a as reign his to opposition military the following his interference in the County of Loon and the Prince Bishopric of Liège. He 1465 and 1467, when the future duke of Burgundy, described Charles the Bold, faced violent opposition course, which identified rebellion with warfare and hatred, is perhaps most prominent between ised or institutionalised ways were also often considered to be immoral and illegal. Countries. Low the in towns the of politics the of features general were speech rebellious and violence Verbal acts. speech to refer also could actions political subversive for used nouns As the proper nouns Cokerulle and certainly Moerlemaye would tend to suggest, many common amis, et (prismes kin’ and ‘friends their with other each fought burg’ were called were burg’ Luxem- of ‘Duke of title the of heirs rightful as dynasty Burgundian the accept to refused who outlines that their effect was only limited. community, were not allowed. Of course, the fact that such restrictions were regularly the repeated divide could which liveries factional wearing ‘oath-­ above, seen have we as and, (alliancez), verghaderinghe), ‘alliances’ Hainaut, ­century kind of assemblies or meetings) without the consent of the authorities. organise to particular, in craftsmen its and centre, textile small this of inhabitants the forbade Fearless the John Duke Geraardsbergen, unlawful meetings of artisans. In 1415, because of the recent upheaval which had taken place in nies’ which should not take place between members of guild communities. guild of members between place take not should which nies’ Bruges and Antwerp forbade citizens to ‘speak badly’ about the governors and mention ‘calum- . crijsschingen ende (roepinghen streets’ the all in crying and ‘shouting with accompanied was 1488 the about complained regularly against those who had the regiment in the town’. the in regiment the had who those against meetings, butnolongerwithoutpriorconsentoftheurban authorities. . . in allen straten). allen in . Meetings where ordinary people communicated on matters of public interest in more organ- Terms relatingtodangerousspeechacts,sounds,andbodilymovements 40 49 and the and rebelles Similarly, in December 1465, 13 cities under the authority of Liège had to had Liège of authority the under cities 13 1465, December in Similarly, 46 Guilds were still allowed to meet and to discuss their business during their during business their discuss to and meet to allowed still were Guilds In 1477 in Leuven, rebels were punished because they ‘had spoken out spoken ‘had they because punished were rebels Leuven, in 1477 In par l’ennort et seduction d’aucunes gens de mauvaise voulenté (at the instigation Loi de Murmure as it forbade any inhabitant to ‘move people to sedition 44 Likewise, chronicler Wein van Cotthem, the continuator of the of continuator the Cotthem, van Wein chronicler Likewise, and murmures willed people). The cities were warned not ‘to arm themselves (enemies of the country). The term The country). the of (enemies pays du ennemis J. DumolynandHaemers (whatever quelxconques convocacions ou assemblees aucunes guerres, divisions, et debatz (wars, divisions, and conflicts) 52 Illicit ‘gathering’ was also a common term to describe of the people, and the revolt in Bruges of Bruges in revolt the and people, the of rumores 44 41 , asmle’ (assamblees, ‘assemblies’ (sermens ), swearing’ Likewise in 1478 the citizens of Luxembourg 47 Fourteenth-­ 42 amicis et consanguineis). et amicis century urban ordinances in ordinances urban century 53 Similarly, any group of 50 45 In Liège, chroniclers Liège, In 48 A similar by-­ similar A 51 In fifteenth- 39 This dis- This in rebellen 43 law A Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 tions beforecomplainingaboutthegovernmentoftheircities. delibera- and meetings collective legitimate organised had they that fact the on focused rebels edly’ to hand over certain petitions to the authorities. for instance, the assembled artisans stated that they had ‘advised, deliberated and concluded unit- was often closely associated with notions like ‘common consent’ and ‘unity’. In Ghent, in 1449, verb by which protesters defined their collective actions, and in their own discourse this practice continuation ofthehistoryBrabant. of Leuven in 1360 was also strongly denounced by Wein van Cotthem in his above mentioned ringe) were prohibited. An earlier but similar ‘secret conspiracy’ (heimelijc opset) by the craftsmen vergade- onbehoirlicke ende opstel (gedelibereerden Mechelen of weavers the and fullers the of ings’ action. political in engage to sworn oath typical a indicating bezeghelte), ende (tverbind ratification’ and to have been of a more conspiratorial nature. In 1379 the weavers of Ghent had made a ‘league with the same meaning. Some of these implied an ‘out in the open’ character while others seem ), unaccompanied by adjectives with a pejorative meaning with such as adjectives ‘illicit’. by unaccompanied (verghaderinghe), ‘gathering’ a simply actions their called craftsmen the 1360, in composed alliance of letter a in done had they as Just rising. a after elite Brabant for the ratification of their ‘right to gather’ because it had been questioned by the urban obtained earlier. In a petition of 1378, for instance, the guildsmen of Leuven asked the duke of that of the authorities, always referred to customary law and to the rights and privileges they had legitimate be to actions. Their own considered vocabulary to describe were meetings and rallies, craftsmen although often overlapping with of gatherings themselves, guilds their or artisans the by composed fragments chronicle small occasional and petitions, letters, the in contrast, In people’. good he ‘had made an alliance, congregation and meeting in order to form an army to destroy all the exaggeration, some with undoubtedly because, death to sentenced was Groeninc Jan the weaver 1386, in Bruges in again and lord’, the of honour the against alliance an made had ‘they

ence’ and this political crime was punished severely by viol- the ‘with prince. and force’ ‘by formed allegedly had league The authorities. the by warning initial an after disbanded been not had which commonality’, big a of ‘gathering a by up set ‘league’, a high level of secrecy. The revolt of the town of Limburg in 1446 was described as a ‘bond’ or e oee banieren ). opener (met banners’ open ‘with square market the medieval Europe, and in Ypres in 1380 they were unfolded everywhere as craftsmen ran towards eerd o s the as to referred eren of sonder banieren). bani- met hevet gheweest nu dat (gheloepe again banners’ without or with ‘run a organise to Ghent pathisers of the Count. The comital charter which followed the event forbade the people from sym- killing fight a in ending Ghent, in ‘run’ a such organised craftsmen several 1311, August manner of carnivalesque revellers. carnivalesque of manner places, symbolic central unruly more the in or ceremony entry or procession a to similar fashion its orderly an in whether and space urban reclaim to order in demonstrating meant run’ a ‘organising or town’ the through ‘running speech; subversive than rather movement bodily of oploepe doen in Middle Dutch, and so-­ the was authorities the frightened which Another non-­ Another 56 While they were planning to go on strike in 1524, ‘deliberated upset and illicit meet- illicit and upset ‘deliberated 1524, in strike on go to planning were they While 54 Aggravating circumstances included being armed or organising a meeting with meeting a organising or armed being included circumstances Aggravating violent collective action undertaken by the guildsmen of the Low Countries Low the of guildsmen the by undertaken action collective violent lopinghe. 63 Banners were a common feature of popular collective action throughout 62 uig h so- ­ the During Takehan, Cokerulle,andMutemaque Justifying collectiveaction 58 61 course and its variants in Middle French). This action was one Indeed, ‘to assemble’ seems to have been the most common Thus, as a as Thus, 57 o 4 of ) Woensdach (Quade Wednesday’ ‘Bad called ald rn (loop, ‘run’ called 45 , the revolt in Limburg in 1446 was 1446 in Limburg in revolt the toto, pro pars 59 Also in Ypres (1369) and Bruges (1436) 64 60 n 41 mc smaller-­ much a 1401 In gheloop, 55 There were also other terms or lopinghe, or uploop scale Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 n ehln n Hset n epne o h itouto o flig il i tee iis In cities. these in mills fulling of Mechelen, they typically assembled in introduction taverns outside the city to discuss further plans. the to response in Hasselt and Mechelen in the beginning of the sixteenth century, for instance, such walkouts were organised by the fullers an called was action of type This serious. more even was city again servingasaparsprotototodenoteanuprising. each movements, and sounds popular with associated expressions and words all were 1479 in ergeslach (hitting on cymbals) in a Leuven revolt in 1360, or ‘running with the banner’ in Ghent mvmn’ n hi eyooy s el s hi ‘mtoa’ opnn o ‘trig p the up ‘stirring of component ‘emotional’ people’. their as well as etymology their in ‘movement’ typical medieval terms like terms medieval typical men had assembled in arms. in assembled had men Bruges, and other cities to refer to episodes in the turbulent history of the town in which crafts- Wauquelin. in 1360 was again described as a moyeterien took place in Mechelen in 1389, while the Brussels revolt of the weavers and butchers started with a shout (a shout a with started normally square, market important an usually city, their within place central a occupy would (a ‘armament’ an as known was way in which a labour strike was organised. The act of gathering in the central square of the city the or bells, of ringing the militias, guild of armaments the banners, of use the as such teristics, words’. ‘behaved badly in a tavern and elsewhere, and had run against the good men of town with fierce Lippyn de Keysere was forced to go on a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostella because he had attempt was made to cause a riot, but it was nevertheless considered dangerous. Antwerp citizen action, such as that in Bruges in 1344, or in Ghent in 1366. in Ghent in or 1344, in Bruges in that as such action, strike a describe to used term general a was community, the from labour productive holding The of France. The guilds, which from 1253 onwards had lost the right autonomously to organise to autonomously right the lost had onwards 1253 from which guilds, The France. of the of registers the in described was 1285 in Arras of until theauthoritiesgavein. working stop to decided collectively artisans the which during gathering any or meeting secret illicitus, a as it understood also Cange Du government. city the and employers their against traditionally been thought to describe a tumultuous and illegal assembly of Champagne workers, a conspiracy the has term mysterious rather in This France. in found regions other towards spreading also apparently region, is century fourteenth the during and (1290), Paris in Rouen mentioned (1286), is it Abbeville; and Arras like cities industrial other in afterwards shortly alternatively spelt word the is term intriguing most the undoubtedly context, this In and France. Northern Countries Low Southern the in recorded clearly first are actions guild and artisan when strikes, however, were already a common feature of urban politics by the mid-­ the rebels shouting ‘Down with the thirteen aldermen’, and ‘Abolish the tax on the Ghent the on tax beer’. the ‘Abolish and aldermen’, thirteen the with ‘Down shouting rebels the with assembly, armed this of element important an also was Sound 1353. in Ghent of city the The terms used for more specific types of collective action usually referred to certain charac- or leechganc 68 The related term 65 , or conspiratio, 66 In this context it is worth remembering that ‘mutiny’ or ‘commotion’, and hence also These variants are among the most common terms for collective action. For instance 67 , which literally means ‘going idle’ in the sense of collectively with- collectively of sense the in idle’ ‘going means literally which ledichganck, taskehem, (illicit meeting, conspiracy, or turmoil). In this sense a takehan is a is takehan a sense this In turmoil). or conspiracy, meeting, (illicit turba or roep auweet, from the French taquehein, in French or French in esmeute 73 69 Aconspirationemsivetaquehanum againstthealdermenandmayors ) in Veurne in 1324, in Veurne in (clockenslagen) ringing’ ‘bell like Terms ), as in the case of the of case the in as roepinghe), meutemaquerie by the fifteenth-­ ). These armed gatherings in which rebel artisans rebel which in gatherings armed These wapeninghe). J. DumolynandHaemers Strikes andtakehans taquehan, or 46 taquehain. It first appears in Douai (1244), and au guet (‘stand guard’) was also used in Ghent, in Dutch, contain a strong element of element strong a contain Dutch, in meute 70 , the central royal court royal central the Paris, de Parlement 71 at the Corn Market in Market Corn the at wapeninghe Workers collectively leaving the leaving collectively Workers , literally a ‘walkout’. At ‘walkout’. a literally uutganck, century court chronicler Jean de thirteenth century, 72 conventus Labour takehan, beck- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 man of the lower classes, similar to similar classes, lower the of man form manic far-­ word French related (the hands one’s tion by Von Wartburg, according to which takehan refers to the gesture and sound of clapping origin of the word but it has not been preserved in any Middle Dutch texts. The earlier explana- artisans whoassertedtheirmaterialandsymbolicpowerwithinthe town. (so nobody would organise a levy, or a takehan or any other taxation of his craft guild). craft his of taxation other any or takehan a or levy, a organise would nobody (so workers textile the forbids Béthune od smoe h strikes. who someone words [faire] takehan, [faire] between made was distinction a 1250, around dated Douai, of ordinance urban another a contemporary one, is not employed in this text. this in employed not is one, contemporary a although takehan, term the yet and wages, their increase to instead trying before, had had they than salaries lower for work to longer no agreed alliance this in Participants profit). common aliances fetes contre seigneur ou contre le commun pourfit (alliances made against the lord or against the such describes Beaumanoir de Philippe jurist French Northern contemporary the (1283), vaisis means a ‘labour debate. strike’, as this is clearly philological the context in which it appears. the In his upon that agree implicitly light historians most obscure, remain new term the of origins shed the Although may appears word this which in documents (an assembly against the city, by whichever craft guild). craft whichever by city, the against assembly (an fust ce ke mestier quel de vile, le tre takehan, be it a man or a woman. Furthermore, it was also forbidden to organise an whoever for city the from banishment year’s one and pounds 60 of fine a mandated Douai portion which one takes, as in a ‘tax’. A ‘tax’. a in as takes, one which portion form Dutch Middle later a Similarly, take’. ‘to means which in general, and is of Germanic, probably Dutch origin. Indeed, there is an Old Dutch verb France Central and Northern to there from spread have to seems regions, neighbouring its and French-­ the from sources in used first is which to word, this seem that takehan agree the mentioned have who scholars All strike. labour a or gathering thorised action. lective has Symes Carol reason, col- of type this in displayed support good mutual and association equal of principles the emphasised With kept. was Mary Blessed the of candle a which in chest banners without the town government’s authorisation. They also symbolically seized a reliquary self-­ of act forbidden a standards, their with town the through ran and city, the of management bad their and authorities the defied themselves, a jug which contains such a measure. outlawed the giving of help or advice to people who organised a organised who people to advice or help of giving the outlawed passage suggests that a that suggests passage being calledatakehan). this without money, gather and themselves among consult to order in (assemble Taquehan dit among which was the right to of Count the lord, Evreux, their in exchange to for payment of commune their debts, their but they abandoned still explicitly retained had many privileges, towns These Paris). near Seine, the (on Mureaux Les and Meulan of communes the to given rights earlier confirms 1375, in fined 50poundsandbanishedforayear. contre le vile, or to those who obstructed or disturbed the work of others. Perpetrators would be But how should the word itself be explained? The internal letter -h- suggests a Germanic a suggests -h- letter internal The explained? be itself word the should how But These juxtapositions seem to imply that a takehan was something other than merely an unau- fetched. In a later contribution Wartburg suggested that it was instead derived from the Ger- (to take something violently) and violently) something take (to taken 74 and someone who someone and asanlée A takehan was clearly not a spontaneous riot; it was a well-­ a was it riot; spontaneous a not clearly was takehan A was a kind of kind a was taskehem 82 78 Takehan, Cokerulle,andMutemaque se pourront assembler pour eulx conseiller et tailler senz ce quil puist estre ial, nte odnne y h adre o Dui strictly Douai of aldermen the by ordinance another Finally, que nul ne faiche ban ne taskehem ne autre assise de sen mesthier sen de assise autre ne taskehem ne ban faiche ne nul que 80 Jaques Bonhomme. Jaques A fourteenth-­ means taquin 79 can also be a measure of wine, and a and wine, of measure a be also can taecke or impedes the work of others, in other in others, of work the impedes or oevre laisce or tax. A charter from Charles V of France, of V Charles from charter A tax. or assise 47 organisation as they had no right to use these use to right no had they as organisation 76 ), may be considered colourful but colourful considered be may frappeur), for ‘John’, giving a comic name for a for name comic a giving ‘John’, for Han In January 1245, the city government of government city the 1245, January In century bylaw enacted by the aldermen of 75 More careful analysis of the historical the of analysis careful More means a measure, a part, or part, a measure, a means taecke or an or takehan speaking area of Flanders of area speaking organised action of action organised Coutumes de Beau- assanlée ki fust ki assanlée asanlée encon- is takecanne takehan 81 This takan 77 face In Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 ble the commoners neither to ask for money nor to take it) without the permission of the the of permission the without it) aldermen. take to nor money for ask to neither commoners the ble takehan but it does forbid term the mention explicitly not does 1287, and 1261 between dated weavers, Douai the of background and collective claims. Unsurprisingly, fourteenth- ­ Unsurprisingly, claims. collective and background common a with people assembling purpose: same the had movements these of each Indeed, ­century communes on the one hand, and rebel gatherings in the later Middle Ages on the other. sidered as conspiracies (in the meaning of con- be also can associations these purposes, economic for gathering elites were these Though – the sum paid to join the guild – and also with the merchant the with also and – guild the join to paid sum the – geld again disappeared. it that after but term French a general become had it century fourteenth the By purpose. that goal, including setting up strikes, other forms of workers’ solidarity, and gathering money for socio- primarily a with action collective any ‘alliance’, any to refers ‘takehan’ that of the tax’? At any rate, the evidence and the various etymological hypotheses seem to suggest associating it with ‘hands’? Or does that to similar connection between a the French name Jacques in and the man’, common ‘a denoted perhaps and Countries Low eval from the given name suggested,Wartburg as derived, be this Could -han ? suffix the for explanation another there is Or meetings. such in gathered money the with and ‘monopoly’ or ‘alliance’, gathering, a strike. a with associated to alluding be form hybrid a be thus would Takehan obstruct’. also ‘to means languages, Germanic can root Germanic thus the and while ‘task’ organisation’ one’s class ‘working literally out, carry to needs someone Picard Old The origin. Germanic and Romanesque both from word composed a is it takehan that is one) strongest difficilior- could establish. could pole, in the sense of a cartel to agree on prices. This is something both artisans and merchants very suspicious of this practice. An ordinance issued by the so-­ always were governments urban that reason the was This funds. strike potential as used also these called are guilds sources craft the to belonging boxes’ ‘mutuality Dutch Middle later In ‘box’. or fund charity a up build to tax internal an ably fact they were prohibited from doing so. doing in from prohibited were they when fact petition, a over handing for procedure the on advice taken and met had latter The (made takehan together), suggesting a meaning related to related meaning a suggesting together), takehan (made ensemble taquehan fait eussent the industries, artisanal in the workers with associated sources to the In addition in general. action collective contributed his ‘portion’ of everyone the which solidarity from fund. But alliance, the an word by can agreed also refer trade, a to within socio- tax a that: the exactly that means takehan conclude to right seems it considered, evidence the All action. collective potential any for in preparation money of gathering to that or at least fund, to a strike butions f evn n Mcee, he ascain o coh ecat taig n og distance. long on trading merchants cloth of associations three Mechelen, and Leuven of the in twelfth and thirteenth emerged centuries in the associations Low Countries, such as Such the itself. organisation the and fee subscription the both mean Parallels can be drawn here with the word ‘guild’, which is derived from the West Germanic Within the context of thirteenth-­ of context the Within 86 principle in textual criticism according to which the most difficult reading is the the is reading difficult most the which to according criticism textual in ­principle The term takehan should perhaps be simultaneously associated both with an illegal illegal an with both associated simultaneously be perhaps should takehan term The 83 This document also points to the practice of making voluntary or forced contri- 84 also includes references to merchants, who who merchants, to references includes also Français Moyen du Dictionnaire Meetings of the innkeepers of Lille in 1434 were also called ‘monopoles’. called also were 1434 in Lille of innkeepers the of Meetings Han (Jan or John) which was the most common forename in the medi- (later tasque assanler le kemun ne por rouver deniers ne por prendre deniers (to assem- J. DumolynandHaemers only denote a derived meaning, as in ‘the gathering gathering ‘the in as meaning, derived a denote only -han century textile workers, such a contribution was prob- was contribution a such workers, textile century and modern French modern and take conjuratio), referring to the names given to the twelfth- 85 Yet another etymological possibility (in the (in possibility etymological another Yet rising? Were Pirenne and Espinas right in in right Espinas and Pirenne Were Jacquerie rising? 48 cmo t dfeet old different to common hemmen, and it is clear that they were were they that clear is it and bussen century urban craftsmen would craftsmen urban century called ) is the amount of work work of amount the is tâche) Hanse of Bruges, or the or hanse huit hommes or , which can which hansa, economic ­economic ­ eswardeurs in in take mono Gilde lectio lectio 87 ­

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 the governmentoftown. occasions the ‘commoners’ used the discourse on the ‘commune’ with the aim to participate in ogy of ogy in the 1280s but also in the centuries to come, the craftsmen regularly would use the terminol- the which artisans word used for ‘commonality’ was Dutch The text. this in earlier mentioned Moerlemaye, the in participated moe ‘rm bv’ smlr atrs cu weey pcfc ae rfr toparticular refer names specific speech actsorbodily movementsortoforms ofsolidarityandorganisation frombelow. whereby occur patterns similar above’, ‘from terms and imposed names the from apart if, analyse to Europe medieval for overview comparative to to a come general extended be geographically perhaps denote should to in Countries Low the revolts used terms and names of overview short This written. a be to to revolts remains degree medieval large of history oriented linguistically more A ‘illegal’. action political considertheir not certainly would and ‘gathering’ a of speak would themselves ‘mutineers’ the ‘mutiny’, as artisans of assembly armed an describe would latter the While action. collective of forms these of nomenclature the on the opinion different very a denoted had authorities have the as well as to seem ‘loepe’ like term a speech acts or and bodily movements they used in mobilising for action. Surely, both the rebels Moerlemaye and Cokerulle like names while claims, and wishes express to made commoners urban the and citizens associations elite both which the to referred etc. ‘gathering’ ‘guild’, ‘Takehan’, actions. political respective both the authorities and their opponents used a common discursive register to legitimise their rebellion the in participating people the opinion of beliefs the and by coloured were They arbitrarily. chosen not certainly were actions collective an was conflicts to Naming referring words and names result, immoral. a As politics. and popular medieval late of feature illegal essential as it condemned or in centuries action following collective the inspired and justified either and indirectly opinions and future, influence near the would in nouns memories proper and common these of connotations and tions denota The event. the victory, to given name the military decide could victorious were a who those because as important as was conflict a such in hand upper the gaining Perhaps, dominance. and recognition political about one also but definitions, not about was struggle action a only collective a of name the about authorities the and ‘rebels’ between struggles the Bruges aldermen had ordered ‘all citizens who had collected money in commonality’ to hand these commonality’ sums over in to the money authorities. collected had who citizens ‘all ordered had aldermen Bruges the the main abbey in the town. The rebellion of 1255 freed them of this paternalism. this of them freed 1255 of rebellion The town. the in abbey main the within these monopoly of the wealthy merchants. The fullers, shearers, and weavers clearly assembled money r ueuly qipd o tan boue iin Te yblc oe o nmn creates naming of power social and even symbolic legal power; The it either maintains vision. the social order absolute or subverts attain it. who to groups equipped between unequally are struggle permanent a always is upheaval Bourdieu, social Pierre classifying paraphrase and To naming conflicts. discursive of history a also is it confrontations; armed or quarrels political to reduced be cannot politics contentious medieval of history The prince-­ the Sint-­ in government urban the over took guilds, the of deans the guldarum, the 1255, in instance, For purposes. collective for gathering money of practices to ring political their of decades awareness. Just the as their fellow in citizens some centuries associations earlier, they their used words as describe to register linguistic same the use and meentucht bishopric of Liège) in a successful attempt to destroy the political and economic and political the destroy to attempt successful a in Liège) of bishopric guldes since 1237, which they spent for charity though not without interference of to describe themselves. As we have shown elsewhere, on such on elsewhere, shown have we As themselves. describe to gemeente 90 Takehan, Cokerulle,andMutemaque meentucht, a loan translation of the Latin 89 Clearly, the ordinance referred to the artisans who had Conclusion 49 the authorities suppressing it. Yet, it. suppressing authorities the or Truiden (a town in town (a Truiden communitas. Indeed, 91 gild when refer- The discursive The discursive 88 In 1280, In decani - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2

11 10 5 8 7 6 9 1 4 3 2

tions populairesenEuropeauxXIVeetXVesiècles,Paris:Calmann-­ Presses universitaires, 2014, pp. (eds), fifteenth-­ in politics popular there ‘Was Harvey, I. gical elementsinaforthcomingpublication. litur- and chronological using by revolts denote specifically which names these on elaborate will We University Press,2013,pp. 181–92. See alsoH.Skoda,MedievalViolence:PhysicalBrutalityinNorthernFrance,1270–1330,Oxford:Oxford Société d’Emulationpourl’étudedel’histoireetdesantiquitéslaFlandre,15,1857–61,pp. 143–6. F. Chauvau and P. Prétou (eds), und dieRevolutionierbarkeit Europas,Stuttgart:Steiner, 2004. Moyen-­ Âge’, du in N. fin Gonthier (ed.), la à révoltés des dénomination la sur réflexions nom: le par ‘L’exclusion Challet, V. Oxford: OxfordUniversityPress, 1995. L. Warnkoenig and A. Gheldolf, Firnhaber- ­ Justine and suggestions, Hawes for correcting our English, professor emeritus Luc De Grauwe for his very helpful etymological We dedicate this chapter to Daniel Lievois (1940–2014), historian of medieval Ghent. We thank Claire 1110, fol. 170r; De Smet, De 170r; fol. 1110, Ms. Municipale, Bibliothèque Douai, 268r); fol. 437, Ms. text: same the of version another in not (but gie van den prinsen ende graven van den foreeste van buc, dat heet Vlaenderlant, Ypres: Lambin, 1839, pp. see for instance Bruges, Public Library, Ms. 436, fol. 167r and J.-J. Lambin (ed.), the chronicle, this of elaborations Dutch Middle the of some in case the De Keyser, ‘Cokerulle en Moerlemaye’, pp. 381–2; De Smet, “Moerlemaye” (1280–1281)’, C. Wyffels, ‘Nieuwe gegevens betreffende de 13de eeuwse “demokratische”his expertopiniononthismatter. stedelijke opstand: de Brugse adjacent-­ The 1305, Brussels:Hayez,1864,vol.5,p. 68. historienamen’, onze van museum het in Cokerulle: en ‘Moerlemaye coterel’, – Eleison Kyrie – ‘Cokerulle Hendrix, G. also See B). ms. in ‘cockerulle’ (or ville’ ‘covela crians et renges longues par arengiez vile la avant coururent et 289: p. (ed.), Smet De J. J. 691; 679, 102–4, pp. 3, vol. 1906–66, Imbreghts, et Kiessling Brussels: vols, 7 Flandre, en drapière l’industrie de l’histoire à relatifs p. 1939, 133, historiques, questions des Revue pp. 1892, 11, Letterkunde, en Taal- pp. 1965, Letterkunde, en Taal- voor mie Acade- Vlaamse Koninklijke de van mededelingen en Moerlemaye’, Verslagen en ‘Cokerulle Keyser, De R. and thepartisans’,Revuebelgedephilologieetd’histoire,72,1994,pp. 761–91. pp. 1998, Patrimonium, Archeologisch het voor Instituut Zellik: Contributions, Historical and Archaeological (eds), Wielemans A. and Ervynck, A. Dewilde, M. in reconsidered’, Cockerulle the centuries): 14th 13th–early (late Ypres of industry cloth the in conflicts jverheid’, lakenni- de over hinterland zijn en Ieper tussen conflict een (1280–1285): Cokerulle ‘De Hooghe, F. first versionofthischapter. R. Sprandel (eds), Sprandel R. Voraussetzungen. ihre und 1380–84 von and Friedland K. in Jahrhunderts’, 14. des Hälfte zweiten der in Lübecks Sozialgeschichte zur Studien Knochenhaueraufstände Lübecker ‘Die Brandt, von A. Bourgogne, 7,1935,pp. 337–56. réunion’, la de lendemain au Dijon à l’opinion sur notes 1477: juin 26 du “mutemaque” pp. lexicologique’, note petite populaire: ‘Émotion Tournier, M. 1979, pp. Jack Cade’s Rebellion of 1450, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991; R. Davies, 121–5; M. Tournier, 147–55; A. Bardoel, ‘The urban uprising at Bruges, 1280–81: some new findings about the rebels the about findings new some 1280–81: Bruges, at uprising urban ‘The Bardoel, A. 147–55; The McFarlane Legacy, New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997, pp. Handelingen van het Genootschap voor Geschiedenis, 143, 2006, pp. 129–208; P. Blickle and A. Thomas (eds), metathesis hypothesis seems to be the most credible one. We thank Luc De Grauwe for Grauwe De Luc thank We one. credible most the be to seems hypothesis metathesis , Köln: Böhlau, Köln: Brandt, von Ahasver für Gedächtnisschrift Nordeuropa. Hanse, Lübeck, Propos d’étymologie sociale, Lyon: ENS, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 33–66; A. Voisin, ‘La , vol. 4, p. 290; I. Diegerick, ‘Le fou d’Ypres’, fou ‘Le Diegerick, I. 290; p. 4, vol. chronicorum, Corpus L’exclusion au Moyen Âge, Lyon: Université Jean Moulin, 2007, pp. Bulletin de la Commission royale d’histoire, 132, 1966, pp. 13–14; M. Mollat and P. Wolf, Clameur publique et émotions judiciaires de l’Antiquité à nos jours, Rennes: Histoire de la Flandre et de ses institutions civiles et politiques jusqu’à l’année Baker and Dirk Schoenaers for their very useful comments on the on comments useful very their for Schoenaers Dirk and Baker 82–92; G. Doudelez ‘La révolution communale de 1280 à Ypres’, à 1280 de communale révolution ‘La Doudelez G. 82–92; J. DumolynandHaemers 369–78; H. Eymael, ‘Kokerellen’, Eymael, H. 369–78; , Brussels: Hayez, 1865, vol. 4, vol. 1865, Hayez, Brussels: Flandriae, chronicorum Corpus 26; G. Espinas and H. Pirenne (eds), Pirenne H. and Espinas G. 26; Notes 50 century England?’, in R. Britnell and A. Pollard A. and Britnell R. in England?’, century Bundschuh. Untergrombach 1502, das unruhige Reich Ypres and the Medieval Cloth Industry in Flanders: in Industry Cloth Medieval the and Ypres Corpus chronicorum, vol. 1, p. 160. This is also , 67, 1966, pp. 1966, 67, Biekorf, , 75, 2004, 75, politique, du langages Les Mots: Ongles bleus, Jacques et Ciompi: les révolu- Lévy, 1970. 167–8. See for instance, I. Harvey, Excellente Cronike van Vlaenderen, van Cronike Excellente , 70, 1969, pp. 1969, 70, Biekorf, The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dw 393–443; M. Boone, ‘Social Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse voor Tijdschrift Dits de cronike ende genealo- 39–40, 109, 128–37; Recueil de documents de Recueil 153–5; A. Viaene, A. 153–5; Annales de la la de Annales Annales de Annales 299–303; 373–88;

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Ordonnances dePhilippeleBon,p. 244). (ed.), Pauw De N. landen, 94,1979,p. 190. Turnhout: Gruuthuse-­ Politics, het in broodspel’, Popular en kaas- ‘Het “Kerels” Scheurkogel, J. contra and “Ruters” weerwraak: Communication en hoon handschrift’, Queeste,11,2004,pp. 1–43. Europe: van lied Medieval ‘Een Brinkman, Late H. in People Brepols, 2014. the of Voices See on this the introduction to J. Dumolyn, J. Haemers, H. R. Oliva Herrer, and V. Challet (eds), History, 10,2013,pp. 169–89. middle-­ fifteenth-­ in rebellion pp. and memory ‘Social Haemers, J. more, Boutillier’stextwasprintedinBrugesbyColardMansion1479(duringaperiodofturmoil). Dievoet, canon et civil practique de général coustumier gran le ou rurale (Somme lier A discussion of the text in P. Lantschner, reich, Stuttgart:Thorbecke,2014,p. 226. Mauntel, C. in Examples 61), Mertens, ‘Woelingen te Brugge tussen 1359 en 1361’, in 1361’, en 1359 tussen Brugge te ‘Woelingen Mertens, 443–63; J. Dumolyn and J. 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Praktiken und Narrative im spätmittelalterlichen Frank­ spätmittelalterlichen im Narrative und Praktiken Tat. und Wort in Gewalt wapenlop etc. were used in German-­ concursus, Takehan, Cokerulle,andMutemaque conjuratio, The Logic of Political Conflict in Medieval Cities: Italy and the South Baker, inthisvolume. Bijdragen en Mededelingen betreffende de Geschiedenis der Neder- der Geschiedenis de betreffende Mededelingen en Bijdragen Uplop – Seditio. Innerstädtische Unruhen des 14. und 15. Jahr- 15. und 14. des Unruhen Innerstädtische Seditio. – Uplop Defoort, 1847, vol. 2, pp. 448, 454, who invented this invented who 454, 448, pp. 2, vol. 1847, Defoort, aufrure, , p. Bon, le Philippe de Ordonnances 51 , 53, 1952, pp. 1952, 53, Biekorf, crieg, Ordonnances de Philippe le Bon pour les duchés de duchés les pour Bon le Philippe de Ordonnances passim; P. Monnet, etr Ghent’, century zweyung, 1477. Het algemene en de gewestelijke privi- gewestelijke de en algemene Het 1477. speaking territories of the Holy Roman , Brussels: [n. n.], [n. Brussels: Wyffels, Carlos Album ) was printed in 1603; see G. Van G. see1603; printedin was ) twidracht, 90–2: it was J. Kervyn de Let- de Kervyn J. was it 90–2: Ordonnances de Philippe le Bon, Cahiers Bruxellois , 40, 2009, Villes d’Allemagne au Moyen 3, 2011, 36, History, Social missehel, 140), Cultural and Social and Cultural geschelle, quade avonturen quade stozze, P&P, The - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:27 26 Sep 2021; For: 9781315542423, chapter2, 10.4324/9781315542423.ch2 37 36 35 34 33 32 41 40 39 38 44 43 42 45 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 order’, p. 39). (ed.), Blockmans in 1477)’, (mai Namur, 1477 (C. Douxchamps-­ mans (ed.),1477,p. 433). 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(eds), Poulsen B. and Netterstrøm B. J. of introduction For concrete examples, see the publication quoted in n. 33. A similar consideration can be found in the 1467, P.BlommaertandC.Serrure(eds),Ghent:Annoot-­ tfolc ( onder daeghelijcs maecten onleede ende remours veele zeere Dewelke ders’, P&P,214,2012,pp. 45–86. J. Dumolyn and J. Haemers, ‘ 233. ForLuxemburg,seePetit,‘LeLuxembourg’,pp. 424–5. Gilliodts-­ L. ordonnances delaprincipautéLiège,Brussels:Gobbaerts,1878,pp. 591and594). Ende die ghemeinte op die heren begonden vaste te murmureren . murmureren te vaste begonden heren die op ghemeinte die Ende , Brussels: Service public fédéral public Service Brussels: 1425 –1467, Hainaut, justice, 2010,pp. 138, 156,176,203,368). 246, de comté le pour Bon le Philippe de Ordonnances Such ordinances were promulgated in 1435, 1437, 1440, 1442, 1447, and 1463 (J.-M. Cauchies (ed.), Dumolyn andHaemers,‘ et ilhenesetaisetantoist(Bormans(ed.), Recueil desordonnances,p. 219). assemblee, l’arat on quoy pour cheu que chose d’aultre parlerat dis, deseur conseilhiers dez ou mestiers dez exprez commandement ou especial mandement sens ensemblez Liege de citeit delle communalteit le metterat Quiconcques 2006, p. 200. la principauté de Liège’, Bormans (ed.), manieren (Gilliodts-­ p. 1852, Serrure, (C. rechte in begherde ochte sochte here den vore hi die saken eeneghe omme toesprake qualec ende worden met dade oploep andren enen Die Brabant’, in ‘1477 Uytven, (Van hadden p. 264). dbewyndt die dieghoene jegen spreken te woorde gemeynten Der (1250–1468), Geneva:Droz,1997,pp. 341–3. Xhayet, G. see 1408, and 1320 in Liège ­ Vandecasteele- Bruges: Romains, des roi d’Autriche, duc Maximilien, sous I. Diegerick, Hayez, 1839–69,vol.2,p. 279). geliggen op een stat (J.-F. Willems (ed.), assambloient enfestesetducasses,attoientdecoppoientgens. livrees et devises, et tellement que par manière de grant compaignie et meutemacquerie, les dis compaignons se Plusieurs grans seigneurs s’efforchoient ou dit pays de avoir grant cantité de compaignons portans leurs robes de de-Stad, Maaseik, Bree, Bilzen, Beringen, and Dilsen-­ and Beringen, Bilzen, Bree, Maaseik, de-Stad, 7); ( J.-M. Cauchies,LaLegislationprincièrepourleHainaut,ducsdeBourgogneetpremiersHabsbourg Hochon’s Arrow: Van Severen, Van Dat . Dat Correspondance des magistrats d’Ypres députés à Gand et à Bruges pendant les troubles de Flandre Recueil des ordonnances, p. . , 119, 2013, p. 2013, 119, Âge, Moyen Le Van Severen,Inventairedesarchives,vol.2,p. 330). eenigher in doene te uploop of upsprake eeneghe zonder zullen laten paisible elcandren zy . Bulletin de la Commission royale des anciennes lois et ordonnances de la Belgique, 47, “A badchicken” , Bruges: Gailliard, 1877, vol. 3, p. 3, vol. 1877, Gailliard, Bruges: Bruges, de ville la de archives des Inventaire The Social Imagination of Fourteenth-­ “A bad chicken was brooding”: subversive speech in late medieval Flan- Lefevre, ‘Le privilège de Marie de Bourgogne pour le comté de Namur , p. 1477, , Ghent: Annoot-­ Ghent: Antwerpen, stad der van coren de sijn Dit (1427–1506), Brussels:Servicepublicfédéraljustice,1982,p. 497). J. DumolynandHaemers De Brabantsche Yeesten of Rymkronyk van Braband, 3 vols, Brussels: 217; C. Masson, ‘La Paix de Fexhe, de sa rédaction à la fin de Réseaux de pouvoir et solidarités de parti à Liège au Moyen Âge Moyen au Liège à parti de solidarités et pouvoir de Réseaux 239); Tournai, 1424 (Lantschner, ‘Revolts and the political the and ‘Revolts (Lantschner, 1424 Tournai, 239); ’, p. 37. 52 695; G. 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Bourin, M. in question’, la de état un siècle: XIVe aux Allemagne en urbaines révoltes ‘Les Monnet, P. see revolts, denote to p. 1906, Braeckman, Vuylsteke, J. Godding (ed.),OrdonnancesdePhilippeleBon,p. 256. française deRome.MoyenÂge,TempsModernes,96,1984,pp. 872–91. well as turmoil, see R. Trexler, ‘Correre la Italy terra: collective insults in the late Middle Ages’, in and general in sources French in used also dans la société urbaine flamande à la fin du Moyen Âge’, violence la de l’usage et métiers de gens les commocions: et assemblees coursses, ‘Armes, Boone, M. 1996, p. 300. Brugse documenten uit de grote opstand van 1436–1438’, Ghent: Annoot-­ Ghemeenlic vergadert zynde . 2014, pp. 153–69. Sevilla, de Universidad publicaciones de Secretariado Seville: publica, esfera como medieval comunidad La Guilds of Leuven, 1378’, in R. Oliva Herrer, V. Challet, J. Dumolyn, and M. A. Carmona Ruiz (eds), J. 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(eds), Billen C. de and brugeoise Deligne C. révolte in 1488’, la de cadre le dans l’individu sur collectivité la Lecuppre- ­ de triomphe E. le urbain: and l’espace Haemers J. Bruges: About 120). p. 3, vol. stad Gent: Tijdvak van Jacob van Artevelde, 1336–1349, 3 vols, Ghent: Annoot-­ p. 1907, 3, Belgique, la de constitutionnelle de Gand de 1360–1369’, ‘De XIII schepenen af la traductionfrançaisedeJehanWauquelin),P.DeRam(ed.),Brussels:Hayez,1854,vol.2,p. 569. Nederlanden, Antwerp: De Sikkel, 1947, p. Maes, L. respectively, See, siècle, Paris:AubierMontaigne,1982,p. 299. Tournier, ‘Émotion populaire’, p. van denBranden,‘Clementynboek(1288–1414)’,BulletindesArchivesd’Anvers , 25,1920,p. 369). Onredelic ghewandelt heeft in tavernen ende eldere, ende goeden lieden oploep ghedaen heeft met fellen woerden (J. pp. 63–81. 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Telechea, Solorzano J. in centuries’, 13th–16th Mechelen, and Flanders medieval late in craftsmen of resistance peaceful and petitions burgensium: petitionem ‘Ad Haemers, J. also See p. 1987, Press, University Nebraska Lincoln: 1302–1390, Arteveldes, the of Age the in Ghent City: in Oliva Herrer J. Dumolyn, ‘The vengeance of the commune: sign systems of popular politics in late medieval Bruges’, de Gand,17,1909,pp. 184–97. p. 254), see also V. Fris, ‘L’émeute de Gand en février 1479’, p. 364; Ghent: 364; of Hasselt in 1508: J. Gessler, ‘Die Pierts. Topografische, taal- en geschied- en taal- Topografische, Pierts. ‘Die Gessler, J. 1508: in Hasselt of volres den van uutgenge , Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Cornell NY: Ithaca, Arras, Medieval in Life Public and Theatre Stage: Common A of the fullers of Mechelen in 1524: Willemsen, ‘La grève des foulons’, p. foulons’, des grève ‘La Willemsen, 1524: in Mechelen of fullers the of uutganc (Fris (ed.), (Fris huusen haren uut bannieren hueren met liepen ende et al. (eds), , A. Salmon (ed.), 2 vols, Paris: Picard, 1899–1900, vol. 1, vol. 1899–1900, Picard, Paris: vols, 2 (ed.), Salmon A. Beauvaisis, de Coutumes Le Compte des recettes et dépenses du roi de Navarre en France et en Normandie de Normandie en et France en Navarre de roi du dépenses et recettes des Compte Le Busl: Koninklijke Brussels: Brabant, en Vlaanderen in ambachten der oorsprong De La comunidad medieval, p. , Logroño: Instituto de Instituto Logroño: Europea, medieval ciudad la en populares grupos Los La ville de Saint-­ de ville La 228, 296). Similar examples for other towns of the Low Countries can Countries Low the of towns other for examples Similar 296). 228, J. DumolynandHaemers , 22 vols, Paris: vols, 22 race, troisième la de France de rois des Ordonnances Trond au Moyen Âge: Des origines à la fin du XIVe siècle, XIVe du fin la à origines Des Âge: Moyen au Trond 54 283; D. Nicholas, tenu leurs conseils et monopoles (G. Espinas, Bulletin de la Société d’histoire et d’archéologie , 2 vols, Paris: Pub- Paris: vols, 2 implicite, légitimité La The Metamorphosis of a Medieval , vol. 2, vol. Gent, van Dagboek Truiden (for this and the and this (for Truiden 150. The context in Acta Historiae Acta Verslagen en Verslagen 117; and 117; Les origi- 130.