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THE MESSAGE OF THE BETRAYAL IN FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE OF THE SONG “YOUR BETRAYAL”
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By YOHANES MARTIN NUGROHO SAPUTRO Student Number: 104214060
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
Never retreat
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I dedicate this thesis to my awesome parents
Paulus Sri Iriyanto & Lusila Kurniawati
Also my beloved friends & family of B-10 SASING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My highest gratitude goes to my savior and guidance, Jesus Christ. I would also like to thank to my best thesis advisor Adventina Putranti, S.S.,
M.Hum. for her guidance in finishing my study and to my thesis co-advisor Arina
Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum for her important suggestion on this study. I also would like to thank Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M.Hum., Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani S.S., M.Hum.,
Francisca Kristanti S.Pd., M.Hum., and all the supporting units at Sanata Dharma
University who have assisted me in finishing my study.
I will not complete my education unless my family support me along the way here. Mr. Irianto and Mrs. Irianto, you are my greatest parents. Also I would like to thank my beautiful auntie Fira for her support and especially to my adorable niece whose smile always inspires me.
I would also give my deepest gratitude to Antonia Dumasari Putrianti who never gives up on me. My special & greatest thanks go to my friends in crime:
Anto, Rama, Hans, Matheus, Dita, and Qee. My hero who are all of my friends and family of B-10 Sasing: Daniel, Nino, Joe, Albert, Moko, Widya, Icha, Rosa,
Danis, Yanis, Anang, Andrew, Nia, Tia, Kons, Vania, Hugo, Wiwik, Dona, Danti,
Lita, and Marsha. My deepest thanks also goes to my supporting team of Lectio St. Hieronimus Wedi and OMK paroki Wedi.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xiii ABSTRACT ...... xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 3
CHAPTER II: REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 6 1. Theory of Semantics ...... 6 2. Theory of Figurative Language ...... 7 . a. Simile ...... 8 b. Metaphor ...... 8 c. Personification ...... 8 d. Synecdoche ...... 9 e. Metonymy ...... 9 f. Hyperbole ...... 10 g. Irony ...... 10 h. Paradox ...... 10 i. Dead Metaphor ...... 11 j. Allusion ...... 11 3. Types of Meaning ...... 11 a. Conceptual Meaning ...... 12 b. Connotative Meaning ...... 13 c. Social and Affective Meaning ...... 13 d. Reflected and Collocative Meaning ...... 14 e. Thematic Meaning ...... 15 4. Contextual meaning ...... 16 a. Local Context ...... 16 b. Sentential Context ...... 17 c. Topical Context ...... 17
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d. Global Context ...... 18 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 19
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 20 A. Object of the Study ...... 20 B. Approach of the Study ...... 20 C. Method of the Study ...... 21 1. Data Collection ...... 21 2. Data Analysis ...... 21
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT ...... 23 1. Analysis on the Figurative Language ...... 23 a. Metaphor ...... 25 1. An Evil Feeling Attacks (Line 3) ...... 25 2. My body's shaking, there's no turning back (Line 4) ...... 26 3. Don't take your eyes off the trigger (Line 5) ...... 26 4. So here we are, I'm in your head (Line 9) ...... 26 5. Pay the price for your betrayal (Line 13) ...... 26 6. My heart is pounding as I say goodbye (Line 20) ...... 26 7. How could you kill me and lie to my face? (Line 24) ...... 27 b. Dead Metaphor ...... 27 1. You were told to run away (Line 11) ...... 27 2. Your betrayal, your betrayal (Line 14) ...... 27 3. I was told to stay away (Line 15) ...... 27 4. Now that we can't be together (Line 25) ...... 27 c. Hyperbole ...... 28 1. Am I going insane? (Line 1) ...... 28 2. My blood is boiling inside of my veins (Line 2) ...... 28 3. I'm not to blame if your world turns to black (Line 6) ...... 28 4. As your eyes start to blister (Line 7) ...... 29 5. There's just no hope for a final embrace (Line 8) ...... 29 6. Is it my turn to die? (Line 19) ...... 29 7. So now I dance in the flames (Line 21) ...... 29 8. You said that we'd be forever (Line 23) ...... 29 d. Irony ...... 30 1. I love you crying and screaming my name ...... 30
2. The Message of Betrayal Conveyed Through the Figurative of Speech “Your Betrayal” Song Lyric a. Contextual Meaning ...... 30 i. Metaphor ...... 31 ii. Dead Metaphor ...... 34 iii. Hyperbole ...... 37 iv. Irony ...... 39
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 41
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 43 APPENDICES: Lyric of “Your Betrayal” – Bullet for My Valentine ...... 45 Table of Figurative Language ...... 46
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ABSTRACT
SAPUTRO, YOHANES MARTEN NUGROHO. The Message of The Betrayal in Figurative Language of the Song “Your Betrayal”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2017.
This thesis begins with the researcher’s awareness about figurative language in a rock song lyric entitled “Your Betrayal” by Bullet For My Valentine. Figurative language conveys an intended message about song writer’s life experience which is represented through the song lyric. Then, it is expected that the reader or listener not only feel the similar life experience with the song writer through the song lyric, but also believe that it is representing theirs own true life experience. The researcher is interested in figuring out how figurative language conveys the intended message from the song’s writer to the reader or the listener. The objectives of this study are designed into two problems. The first problem is to find figurative language found in “Your Betrayal” song lyric. The second problem is to explain the intended message from the song writer about betrayal through the meaning of figurative language in the song lyric of “Your Betrayal”. The approach of this study is a semantic approach, which helps to elaborate the analysis to find out the intended message of the song writer through figurative language. The primary source of the research is a song lyric “Your Betrayal” by Bullet For My Valentine which has a rock genre. The secondary sources of this research are several related studies (Harmastuty and Tasmin’s thesis) and related theories of semantics analysis and the theory of meaning in figurative language from Knickerbocker, K.L & Reninger’s theory. The results of the study are: first, there are four figurative languages found in “Your Betrayal” song lyric. They are metaphor, hyperbole, irony, and dead metaphor. On the other hand, the other aspect is about the contextual meaning of figurative language that is applied in “Your Betrayal” song lyric according to Dash’s theory. Global context and local context have the main role in order to elaborate the intended message of the song writer about betrayal. Those types of contextual meaning show the message of the song writer conveyed through the meaning of figurative language.
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ABSTRAK
SAPUTRO, YOHANES MARTEN NUGROHO. The Message of The Betrayal in Figurative Language of the Song “Your Betrayal”. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.
Tesis ini bermula dari kesadaran penulis tentang Bahasa figuratif dan yang terdapat pada lirik lagu berjudul Your Betrayal dari Bullet For My Valentine yang bergenre rok. Dalam Bahasa figuratif, disampaikan pesan tersirat tentang pengalaman hidup penulis yang diwakilkan melalui lirik lagu. Kemudian, hal ini diharapkan agar para pembaca atau pendengar tidak hanya merasakan kesamaan pengalaman hidup dengan penulis lagu melalui lirik lagu tersebut, tetapi juga meyakini bahwa lirik lagu tersebut mewakili pengalaman hidup mereka yang sesungguhnya. Peneliti tertarik dalam menemukan Bahasa figurative yang dapat menyampaikan pesan tersirat dari penulis lagu kepada pembaca atau pendengar. Tujuan penelitian ini dirancang menjadi dua formulasi masalah. Formulasi masalah yang pertama ialah untuk menemukan Bahasa figuratif yang dapat ditemukan di dalam lirik lagu Your Betrayal. Formulasi masalah yang kedua ialah untuk menjelaskan pesan tersirat oleh penulis lagu tentang pengkhianatan melalui makna Bahasa figurative yang terdapat di dalam lirik lagu Your Betrayal. Pendekatan di dalam studi ini adalah pendekatan semantic, yang dapat membantu menguraiakan analisis untuk menemukan pesan tersirat dari penulis lagu melalui Bahasa figuratif. Data utama dalam penelitian ini merupakan lirik lagu Your Betrayal dari Bullet For My Valentine yang memiliki jenis music rok. Data kedua dari penelitian ini merupakan beberapa studi terkait (Harmastuty dan Tasmin skripsi) dan teori-teori yang berkaitan dengan analisis semantic dan teori makna Bahasa figuratif dari teori from Knickerbocker, K.L & Reninger. Hasil penemuan dari study ini adalah: Pertama, adalah empat gaya Bahasa yang ditemukan di dalam lirik lagu Your Betrayal. Gaya bahasa tersebut adalah metapora,hiperbola, ironi, dan metapora tak bermakna. Sedangkan aspek lain tentang makna kontekstual yang digunakan dalam lirik lagu “Your Betrayal” menurut teori Dash. Konteks global dan konteks lokal mempunyai peran utama di dalam menjabarkan pesan tersirat dari penulis lagu tentang pengkhiantan. Kedua konteks tersebut menunjukkan pesan dari penulis lagu yang disampaikan melalui makna dalam Bahasa figuratif.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
According to Jakobson, language is human property that is used to communicate with each other (1960: 353). Basically, language has six functions in our daily life as referential, emotive, phatic, metalingual, and poetic. It means that human use language as tool to express their feeling, ideas, thought, opinion, and even emotion. In order to deliver the message about all of those things, they are represented in interconnect words which has meaning.
In linguistics, semantic study is dealing with the relationship between the meaningful elements of language and the outside world (Lehman, 1983: 5).
Kreidler adds, semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meaning. In very general terms, semantic is the knowledge that the study all the aspects of meaning. It is a particular theory to understand the essence of meaning.
There are some types of meaning that are studied in the semantics, one of them is figurative meaning.
Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963: 367) explains that figurative language is sometimes called metaphorical language, or simple metaphor, because its Greek ancestor “Metaphereien” means to carry meaning beyond its literal meaning.
Confusion and misunderstanding possibly happen when figurative language is used in daily life due to its ambiguous meaning. To interpret the meaning of figurative language depends on the writer or speaker address it. Even though it is
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hard to use, we still can find figurative language applied in spoken way or literary works. It means that figurative language offers rich and profound meaning. Song is one example of literary work which is applied the usage of figurative language to convey the intended message of the song writer.
Song is one of the most attractive ways to express human feeling and idea which combining the beauty and the harmony in a melody. According Joseph
Machlis (1995: 78), a song is defined as a short lyric composition for solo voice based on a poetic text. There are many messages delivered in a song which especially through lyric. Lyrics have big influence in songs because they express messages and arise the imagination of the listener. Mostly, song lyrics contain figurative language .that is used to convey the message from song writer idea or emotion. The figurative language that applied in song lyric mostly convey a message which share about the writer feeling, ideas, emotions, even life experience of the song writer.
In this research, the writer tries to find figurative language found in “Your
Betrayal” song lyric by Bullet For My Valentine. Then, through the meaning of figurative language which has found. It can reveal the intended message about betrayal experience of the song writer. This song tells about a woman who betrays her lover. Moreover, the writer take the data based on Top Billboard charts as the references of popular music for rock song genres.
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B. Problem Formulation
From the background of the study, this study formulates the problems as follows:
1. What the figurative languages are found in song lyrics of Your Betrayal by
Bullet For My Valentine?
2. How is the intended message about betrayal conveyed through figurative
languages in song lyrics of “Your Betrayal” by Bullet for My Valentine?
C. Objectives of the Study
As shown above, this study has two objectives. First is to find out the figurative languages that is used in song lyrics of Your Betrayal by Bullet For My
Valentine. Second, the result of the first objective lead the writer to elaborate about the intended message about betrayal from the song’s writer that is conveyed through the figurative language contained in “Your Betrayal” song lyric.
D. Definition of Terms
The following explanations are the definition of some particular terms that used by the writer:
According to Luhmann, a message is an utterance that gives rise to the receiver's selection through a release mechanism or interpretation (1987: 196). He asserted also that a messages can be of imperative, indicative or optional nature. A human sender, an individual or a group, may believe to have a message for
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everybody and for all times and vice versa, someone may think everything is a message to him/her.
Hornby states that betrayal is the action of betraying somebody or something or the fact of being betrayed (1995: 102). It often considered as the act of supporting a rival group, or it is a complete break from previously decided upon or presumed norms by one party from the others. Someone who betrays others is commonly called a traitor or betrayer.
Joseph Machlis (1955: 78) defines song in his book of the enjoyment of music, as a short lyric composition for solo voice based on a poetic text. He added that in song’s lyrics reflects the pattern of life in rural areas, the art song issues from the culture of cities (1955: 10). While, lyrics is defined as a short poem that can be sung which the word consist of meaningful term along with rhyme or even repetition that can be sung (Ade & Okuyene, 2008: 90).
Knickerbocker and Reninger state that figurative language is sometimes called metaphorical language, or simple metaphor, because its Greek ancestor
“Metaphereien” means to carry meaning beyond its literal meaning (1963: 367).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
Some studies below support the analysis and methodology of this research, particularly in analyzing the types of figurative language and its meaning. There are two people who had researched about types of figurative language and a person who had researched about the meaning of figurative language. The first writer is Fransiska Neny Kris Harmastuty, who has done a undergraduate thesis entitled A Study of Figurative Language in The Script’s Album No Sound without
Silence. Harmastuty analyzes the figurative language found in the lyrics of the
Script’s album “No sound without Silence”. She found ten types of figurative language in that lyric, namely metaphor, simile, hyperbole, meiosis, idiomatic expression, rhetorical questions, metonymy, irony, sarcasm, and personification.
She also analyzes the predominate type of figurative language in the lyrics of The
Script’s album “No sound without Silence”.
In order to analyze the data, Harmastuty uses the theories by Lakoff and
Jhonson, Jay, and Colston. She also uses descriptive qualitative analysis method and observation methodology. She collects the data from the online resources. The data gathered from seven songs in No Sound without Silence album.
The second writer is Stefiana Natalia Tasmin. Tasmin has accomplished a study with title Revealing the Idea of Class Struggle through Figurative Language and Allusions in Kahlil Gilbran’s “We and You”. In her study, Tasmin tries to identify and interpret the meaning of figurative language and allusions used in
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Kahlil Gibran’s poem “We and You”. The result in her first analysis found several figurative language contained in Kahlil Gibran’s poem, there are simile, metaphor, personification, symbol, and allusion. The second analysis is about the contribution of the figurative language and allusions in revealing the class struggle by relating the figurative language and allusions with the theories.
The Marxism approach is used to reveal the idea of class struggle in this poem. Theory of figurative language, theory of capitalism, social stratification, social classes, and class struggle are used as the guideline to support the analysis in her study.
In contrast to Harmastuty who analyzes the predominate type of figurative language in the lyrics of The Script’s album “No sound without Silence”. This study analyzes the intended message about betrayal from the song writer through the meaning of figurative language found in “Your Betrayal” song lyric. The data which are analyzed in Harmastuty’s and Tasmin’s study also different with this study, that used song lyric of “Your Betrayal” by Bullet for My Valentine as the primary data. Haramastuty’s and Tasmin’s way of identifying the figurative language are adopted in this study.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Semantics
According to Kreidler, semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meaning. In very general terms, semantic is the knowledge that the
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study all the aspects of meaning. It is a particular theory to understand the essence of meaning.
Semantic change in the context of words describes the gradual shift in he conventional meaning of words, as people use them in new types of context and this usage become normal. Often in the course of semantic change, a word shifts its meaning to the point that the modern meaning.
2. Theory of Figurative Language
Figurative language is mostly used in song lyric to beautify and vary the sentence to make the song more interesting and attractive towards the reader.
Moreover, figure of speech helps the song writer to convey the intended message through the figurative language that applied in the song. The existence of figurative language is not only to create a dramatic essence to entertain readers, but also give effectiveness, persuasion and emotional effect in order to transfer the message of the song.
According to Knickerbocker and Reninger in the book entitled
Interpreting Literature (1963: 367) that figurative language is sometimes called metaphorical language, or simple metaphor, because its Greek ancestor
“Metaphereien” means to carry meaning beyond its literal meaning.
In this research, the theory of figures of speech from Knickerbocker and
Reninger is used as the guideline to analyze the figures of speech meaning in
“Your Betrayal” by Bullet For My Valentine song lyric. There are several kinds of figures of speech which are stated by Knickerbocker and Reninger.
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a. Simile
Simile is a stated comparison with “like” or “as” (Knickerbocker and
Reninger, 1963: 367). McCrimmon added that it is compares one thing is like the other thing (1984: 283).
E.g. : "My love is like a red rose” (by Robert Burns, “My Love Is Like Red Rose” in Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 370).
The simile occurs in word “like”, since its compares “My Love” with “Red
Rose”. It shows the similarity between “my love” and “red rose”, even though they are totally different things. The writer wants to describe that love as beautiful as a rose. Red rose is usually implied beautiful things. b. Metaphor
Knickerbocker and Reninger stated that metaphor is an implicit comparison, without “like” or “as” (1963: 367). It does not say that A is like B, but states that A is B (McCrimmon, 1984: 283).
E.g.: “Life’s but a walking shadow” instead of saying life is like a walking shadow (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 367).
From the example above, the writer wants to explain the similarity of two things. The writer does not use word “like” or “as” like a simile. The purpose is to make good sound and also to create good sense toward the reader. c. Personification
Personification is figure of giving human characteristics to an object, animal, or an abstract idea. Personification is metaphor, of course, in the sense
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that there is implied comparison between non-human and human being.
(Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 367).
E.g.: “These honor comes, a pilgrim gray” (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963:
367).
The sentence above shows that “The Honor” has human being characteristics, since followed by the verb “comes”. In this case, the writer wants to give a special sense to the word “honor”. d. Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a figure using the part for the whole. (Knickerbocker and
Reninger, 1963: 367).
E.g.: “fifty winters (year) passed him by” or using the whole part. E.g.: “The halcyon year’ means, the summer (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 367).
The sentences above called as synecdoche because of the word “winter” is a part of the year. So this sentence means “fifty years passed him by”. The second example, the sentence is using the whole thing stands for the part of the thing. In this case, the whole year stand for the summer. e. Metonymy
According to Knickerbocker and Reninger, metonymy is a figure for describing one thing by using the term for another thing closely associated with it
(1963: 367).
E.g.: “the crown” used for “the King” (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 367)
From the example above, “The crown” is identical with “The King”, a person who leads a kingdom or empire.
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f. Hyperbole
Knickerbocker and Reninger asserted that hyperbole is a figure of an exaggeration used for special effect (1963: 367). Hyperbole also known as overstatement. It can be “humorous or grave, fanciful or restrained, convincing or unconvincing” (Perrine, 1969: 10).
E.g.: “Go and catch the falling stars” (by John Donne, “Go and Catch a Falling
Star” in Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 402).
It is called hyperbole due to exaggerated meaning that tell about impossible thing to do. Because there is no man can catch the falling star if it is translate literary. g. Irony
Irony is a statement of which the real meaning is completely opposed to its professed or surface meaning.
E.g.: “the czar is the voice of god and the shall live forever” (by Carl Samburg,
“The People Yes”, in Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963: 427).
The meaning of the sentence above is “czar is an authoritarian individual”.
The czar actually is not the choice of God and shall live forever. The writer wants to give an ironic sense that opposite to the real meaning. h. Paradox
Paradox is a statement whose surface obvious meaning seems to be illogical, even absurd, but which make good sense upon closer examination.
E.g.: “light is the darker thing in physics” (Knickerbocker and Reninger, 1963:
367)
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The word “light” and “physics” is the part of sense similar to human having a legs and hands for making a good sense. i. Dead Metaphor
Dead metaphor is a metaphor which has lost its figurative meaning through endless use.
E.g.: “the back of the chair”; “the face of the clock” (Knickerbocker and
Reninger, 1963: 368).
In the sentence “the back of the chair”, shows the specific part of the chair, which become the central part of the topic. And also the sentence “the face of the clock” shows the specific part of the clock, which becomes the central part of the topic. j. Allusion
Allusion is a reference to some well known place, event, or person. Not a comparison in the exact sense, but the figure in the sense that it implies more than its narrow meaning.
E.g.: “No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be” (Knickerbocker and
Reninger, 1963: 368).
The example above means that the subject “I” was not Prince Hamlet and also do not want to be him.
3. Types of Meaning
Geoffrey Leech asserted that Semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes
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more and more pressing (1981: 9). Leech (1981) acknowledges three main points about study of meaning. The first is that it is mistaken to try to define meaning by reducing it to the terms of sciences other than the science of language, e.g. to the terms of psychology or chemistry. The second is a. Conceptual Meaning
Conceptual meaning (sometimes called ‘denotative’ or ‘cognitive’ meaning) is widely assumed to be the central factor in linguistic communication
(Leech 1981: 9). Leech added that there are two structural principles in all linguistic patterning: CONTRASTIVENESS and STRUCTURE. Contrastive features underlie the classification of sounds in phonology, for example when labeling to a sound defines it positively (+) by what features it possesses and negatively (-) for features it does not possess (1981: 9-10). While structure is the principle by which larger linguistic units are built up out of smaller units: or by which we are able to analyze a sentence syntactically into its constituent parts
(1981: 10). Moreover, It is often given visual display in a tree-diagram:
(Leech 1981: 10)
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As can be seen, that becomes the example of how syntax is applied on a language. Leech also asserted that language which by other means than by conceptual meaning, such as expletive words like Oh! Ah! Oho! Alas! And Tally ho! Would not be a language at all (1981: 12). b. Connotative Meaning
Connotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual meaning (Leech
1981: 12). Its means that connotative word has allegory meaning than its lexical meaning. For instance, the word woman is defined conceptually by three features
(+ human, - male, + adult), while connotative translate the word woman become attribute of referent (which the word refers to). It is not only tell us about physical characteristics, but about the psychological and social properties (‘gregarious’, subject to maternal instinct’). In addition, Leech explain that connotative meaning are vary according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual (1981: 13). c. Social and Affective Meaning
Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of it use (Leech !981: 14). Its means that within the same language also has differentiate on its dimensions and style. There are several variation in dimensions of socio-stylistic according to Crystal and Day, Investigating English
Style:
DIALECT (the language of a geographical region or of a social class)
TIME (the language of the eighteenth century, etc)
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PROVINCE (language of law, of science, of advertising, etc)
STATUS (polite, colloquial, slag, etc)
MODALITY (language of memoranda, lectures, jokes, etc)
SINGULARITY (the style of Dickens, of Hemingway, etc)
In a more local sense, social meaning can include what has been called the illocutionary force of an utterance. For example, whether it is to be interpreted as a request, an assertion, an apology, a threat, etc. The sentence I haven’t got a knife has the form and meaning of an assertion. If it is said to the waiter in a restaurant, it can be assumed as a request such as please bring me a knife. Affective meaning is often explicitly conveyed through the conceptual or connotative content of the words used. Factors such as intonation and voice timbre (tone voice) has important role in affective meaning. Tone voice could reflect our emotions, for instance when we adopt impolite tone to express displeasure by a tone biting sarcasm. d. Reflected and Collocative Meaning
Reflected meaning is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense (Leech 1981:16). The synonymous expressions The Comforter and
The Holy Ghost, both referring to Third Person of the Trinity. The Comforter sounds warm and ‘comforting’ although in the religious context, it means ‘the strengthener or supporter. While The Holy Ghost sounds awesome. Geoffrey leech
(1981:17) stated that collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meaning of words which tend to occur in its
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environment. Pretty and handsome have the meaning of ‘good-looking’, but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur or collocate:
girl boy boy man woman car pretty flower handsome vessel garden overcoat colour airliner village typewriter
(Leech 1981: 17) e. Thematic Meaning
Thematic meaning is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis. It is often felt, for example, that an active sentence such as (1) has a different meaning from its equivalent (2) although in conceptual content they seem to be the same (Leech
1981: 19). For example
(1) Mrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize
(2) The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie Smith
Those sentences suggest different context, since the active sentence seems to answer an implicit question ‘what did Mrs Bessie Smith donate?’, while the passive sentence seems to answer an implicit sentence ‘who was the first prize donated by?’. Thematic meaning also deal with a matter of choice between alternative grammatical constructions.
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4. Contextual Meaning
In linguistics, context carries tremendous importance in disambiguation of meanings as well as in understanding the actual meaning of words. Therefore, the meaning of words is not always explicit. According to
Dash (2008), the term context refers to an immediate linguistic environment
(rarely detached or isolated) in which a particular word occurs. Since it is not always explicit, it may be hidden within the neighboring members of a word used in a piece of text. Miller and Leacock (2000) have classified context into two types: (a) local context and (b) topical context. While the local context refers to one or two words immediately before and after the key word (KW) under investigation. The topical context refers to the topic of the text where the KW has been used.
Dash argued that in certain readings, information acquired from the local context and the topical context may be sufficient, but these are not enough for understanding all possible meaning variations of a word. To acquire more information, Dash have classified contexts into four broad types (2008: 22). a. Local Context
According to Dash Local context refers to the immediate environment of the KW in a sentence where it has occurred, encompassing its immediately preceding and succeeding words (2008: 26). The local context provides us necessary information to know if the KW holds idiomatic relation with its neighboring members. Information obtained from local context is also useful for understanding lexical collocation of words used in a lexical block. The local
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context also can informs if the KW shows meaning variation due to its relation with the neighboring words, even if there is no idiomatic relation between the words. b. Sentential Context
The sentential context refers to a sentence where the Key Word has occurred. It supplies syntactic information to know if the Key Word has any explicit or implicit syntactic relation with the other words used in the sentence
(Dash, 2008: 26). The sentential context allows us to explore if there is any variation of meaning of the Key Word due to its relation with the other members located far away. c. Topical Context
Dash explain that the topical context refers to the topic discussion and focusses on the content of a piece of text (2008: 27). For example, in English, based on the variation of the topic the word “shot” refers to “firing”, “drinking”,
“hitting a ball by bat”, “kicking a ball”, “putting a ball in the net”, “distance between a player and the hole”, “taking a snap”, “giving an injection”, or “making love”, etc (Dash, 2004). It means that to understand the implication in language that is vary, we should extract relevant information from the topic to catch the change of meaning of the Key Word. So that, reference to the topical context becomes instrumental for obtaining necessary information to elaborate actual contextual meaning of the Key Word.
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d. Global Context
Words are interlinked with other words as well as with extralinguistic reality (Verschueren, 1981: 337). So does the meaning of words. The meaning of
Key Word is not only related to the meanings of other words occurring within local context, sentential context, and topical context, but also to extralinguistic reality surrounding the linguistic acts taken by language users (Dash, 2008: 28).
For instance, the verbs forms of language usually evoke a scene of action constituting an agent, a patient, an item, a place, and a time. All coordinated in a particular discourse (Fillmore, 1977: 82). Means that to understand the meaning of verb has to consider of all elements in a cognitive interface to realize its denotative, connotative, and figurative meaning. For example, the following sentence taken from the Bengali corpus:
(a) O to ekŃā baipokā, sārādin bai khāoyā or kāj. He indeed (is) a bookworm, whole-day book eating (is) his work. ‘He is indeed a bookworm, eating books whole day is his work’. (Dash, 2008 : 28)
To understand the actual meaning of the Key Word (i.e., khāoyā) in sentence (a), we need information from the global context, since information available is not sufficient for understanding the actual meaning of Key Word.
Since the Key Word is used in the sense of “always reading books”, we can understand it only when we are able to know the literal and metaphoric meanings of baipokā. The literal meaning of baipokā is “a larva of a moth or beetle which feeds on the paper and glue used in books” (Illustrated Oxford Dictionary1988) and metaphoric meaning is “a person devoted to reading”. Once we are able to understand that a human being is metaphorically referred to as baipoka, we realize
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that the Key Word is used here not in literal meaning but in metaphoric meaning from the external world, that supplies vital cues of place, time, situation, interpretation, pragmatics, discourse, demography, geography, society, culture, ethnology, and various other things (Allan 2001: 20). Since the global context builds up a cognitive interface between language and reality, we often refer to it to understand: who says, what is said, to whom it is said, when it is said, where it is said, why it is said, and how it is said. Thus, the global context becomes a valuable source of information for meaning disambiguation of words, and it helps us to understand if the Key Word has any meaning variation.
C. Theoretical Framework
Some theories reviewed in this study are explained in term of their importance and how do they contribute in analyzing the two problem formulation mentioned earlier in the previous chapter. This study depends on semantic theory, syntax theory, theory of figure of speech and theory of contextual meaning answer the problems of the study.
Semantic theory and theory of figures of speech are applied to solve the first problem formulation. According to Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963), there are several figures of speech that is used in language.
Theory of contextual meaning is used by the researcher to elaborate the intended message conveyed through figures of speech in “Your Betrayal” song lyric. By using these theory of contextual meaning and syntax, the second problem can be answered.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
This research analyzed the types of the figurative language that occur in a song entitled “Your Betrayal” by Bullet For My Valentine, and the intended message conveyed from the song writer about betrayal through the figurative language. That song taken from the most hits international music website, Top Billboard. Moreover, the song which is took is about broken heart theme in order to make it easier in analyzing the data. The broken heart song’s theme is chose to support the data analysis in order to find out the application of diction that can be seen through the occurrence of the figurative language.
B. Approach of the Study
This study used semantics as the approach. Frawley (1992) asserts that semantics is the study of meaning such as expressive meaning, descriptive meaning, and social meaning. The goal of this research is to find the intended message of betrayal seen through the figurative language meaning, the semantics approach provides the methods to reach the goal. In further analyzing, this study also used pragmatics as the approach. This semantic approaches also applied to reveal the intended message of the song writer about betrayal that employed in the figurative language in the song lyric.
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C. Method of the Study
The library research has taken to reveal the problem formulation. The song’s lyric of “Your Betrayal” by Bullet For My Valentine will be used as the main data in order to do the analysis. While, these song is chose based on the top rate rock’s song in Top Billboard, which is the most famous website of music. The theories employed are taken from linguistic books.
1. Data Collection
The data choses from the online resources, www.billboard.com. Then, the song’s lyrics took from www.metrolyrics.com, which the most famous website for musical entertainment in international. This website as the reference for the researcher found out the top hits song about broken heart’s theme during 2000-2015.
The data which took were based on purposive sampling. After searched and collected the data, each datum explained to find out the figurative language and the intended message about betrayal from the song writer through the meaning of figurative language in the song lyric.
2. Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, there were several processes. Two problems were analyzed in this study. The first problem is about the types of figurative language that used in the song lyrics. The second problem is about the intended message about betrayal from the song writer through the meaning of figurative language in the song lyric. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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The first step, the writer look for a song’s lyrics entitled “Your Betrayal” by to represent rock genre which have broken heart theme’s song through www.billboard.com as the reference. After that, the writer copying the lyrics from found www.metrolyrics.com and www.oldielyrics.com.
Next, in the second step, the writer decided the problem formulations of the research: (1) to identify the types of figurative language which can be found in the song lyric. (2) to elaborate the intended message of the song writer about betrayal through figurative language in the song “Your Betrayal”.
The third step, the writer observed the figurative language that found in that song’s lyrics. From the figurative language then it is expected can elaborate the metaphorical meaning in the song lyric. Then, the first problem was solved.
After that, the semantics analysis which focused on contextual meaning was done in order to solve the second problem formulations. The writer tried to elaborate the intended message of the song writer about betrayal that is conveyed through the figurative language. This will help the writer to investigate the intended message of the song writer through the figurative language in the song lyrics. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter contains the analysis which divided into two main parts, based on the two problem formulations in chapter I. The first part will identified the figures of speech that occur in “Your Betrayal” by Bullet For My Valentine song’s lyric. There are several types of figures of speech that will be the guideline to identified the figures of speech in “Your Betrayal” song lyric, based on
Knickerbocker and Reninger theory.
The second part will answer the second problem. The purpose of the second problem is to elaborate the intended message of the song writer conveyed through the figure of speech in song lyrics of “Your Betrayal”. The theory of contextual meaning will help the writer to solve the second problem.
1. Analysis on the Figurative Language
“Your Betrayal” was written by Matthew “Matt” Tuck who is the vocalist of Welsh heavy metal band, Bullet for My Valentine. The title of the song already told the audience about the message in the song lyric is about unfaithfulness and dishonesty in a relationship. Through this song, the writer try to share the writer emotions and feeling about broken heart experience of the writer. It is very obvious that the writer feel so much paint and disappointment in the writer’s heart. Furthermore, this song represent desire to take revenge on former lover who has cheated and ran off with someone else. Figurative language is used in this
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song lyric will be used to deliver the message about the writer’s feeling and
emotion toward the writer’s personal experience. Table below shows the
identification of figurative language that seen in each line. Then, it will explain
further.
Figurative Language in the Song “Your Betrayal”
NO. SENTENCE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE LINE 1. Am I going insane? HYPERBOLE 1 2. My blood is boiling inside of HYPERBOLE 2 my veins 3. An evil feeling attacks METAPHOR 3 4. My body's shaking, there's no METAPHOR 4 turning back 5. Don't take your eyes off the METAPHOR 5 trigger 6. I'm not to blame if your world HYPERBOLE 6 turns to black 7. As your eyes start to blister HYPERBOLE 7 8. There's just no hope for a final HYPERBOLE 8 embrace 9. So here we are, I'm in your METAPHOR 9 head 10. I'm in your heart METAPHOR 10 11. You were told to run away DEAD METAPHOR 11 12. Soak the place and light the METAPHOR 12 flame 13. Pay the price for your betrayal METAPHOR 13 14. Your betrayal, your betrayal DEAD METAPHOR 14 15. I was told to stay away DEAD METAPHOR 15 16. Those two words, I can't obey METAPHOR 16 17. Pay the price for your betrayal METAPHOR 17 18. Your betrayal, your betrayal DEAD METAPHOR 18 19. Is it my turn to die? HYPERBOLE 19 20 My heart is pounding as I say METAPHOR 20 goodbye 21. So now I dance in the flames HYPERBOLE 21 22. I love you crying and IRONY 22 screaming my name 23. You said that we'd be forever HYPERBOLE 23 24. How could you kill me and lie METAPHOR 24 to my face?
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25. Now that we can't be together DEAD METAPHOR 25 26. There's just no hope for a final HYPERBOLE 26 embrace 27. So here we are, I'm in your METAPHOR 27 head 28. I'm in your heart METAPHOR 28
As can be seen from the table above, there are 28 lines in song lyric of
“Your Betrayal” which contain figurative language expression. Means that the
whole lyric of “Your Betrayal” has figurative language meaning. There are four
types of figurative language expressions found in the lyric. They are hyperbole,
metaphor, dead metaphor, and irony. The hyperbole expression occur in 9 lines.
Then, 13 lines are categorized as metaphor. In line 11, 14, 18, and 25 containing
dead metaphor expression. While, the figurative language expression of irony can
be found in line 22.
The analysis below will give further analysis several lyrics which included
in figurative language expression that have classified in table above.
a. Metaphor
There are 13 sentences classified as metaphor in “Your Betrayal” song
lyric. Then, the following sentence will be taken as the sample data to give
explanation about the metaphorical meaning in the sentence.
1) An evil feeling attacks (Line 3)
In line 3, the metaphor lies in word “evil feeling”. The word “evil” refers to
bad moral character to act something harmful. It does not have literary meaning
about kind of bad spirit such as Satan.
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2) My body's shaking, there's no turning back (Line 4)
The metaphor lies in word “My body’s shaking” which is signify about uncontrollable emotion that feel by the writer due to his anger. Shaking is not literary means about dancing activities or kind of movement. It implies the emotion of anger & worries of the song writer toward what will happen in the song writer’s relationship with the song writer’s girl friend.
3) Don't take your eyes off the trigger (Line 5)
The sentence above has a metaphorical meaning that the writer asked someone to not run away from the trouble they have made. The metaphorical word lies in words “your eyes” (some body) and “trigger” (the trouble that have made).
4) So here we are, I'm in your head (Line 9)
The metaphor expression also can be found in line 9 “So here we are, I'm in your head”. It is not literary means that a man really fill inside someone head. But it is a figurative language which means that someone always think about the existence of the writer in everyday of life.
5) Pay the price for your betrayal (Line 13)
The sentence above reflected a metaphorical meaning. It is compared to the word “price” as the risk or the consequence that the writer give to someone who betray the writer’s trust.
6) My heart is pounding as I say goodbye (Line 20)
The sentence above informs about someone’s state of anxiety through the word “My heart is pounding” combined with the adverb “goodbye”. So it is containing metaphorical meaning.
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7) How could you kill me and lie to my face? (Line 24)
The word “kill” in the sentence above is not literary, which means a death condition of the writer due to violence action. But it is metaphorically means that the writer got depth disappointment. Then, the word “lie to my face” means that the writer obviously recognize the untruth of someone who is trusted by the writer. b. Dead Metaphor
Dead metaphor can be defined as a metaphor that lost its figurative language. Means that it is stated the real or literal meaning. Because of the lost in figurative meaning, dead metaphor has different meaning with metaphor. In
“Your Betrayal” song lyric, there is five sentences that identified as dead metaphor. They are:
1) You were told to run away (Line 11)
It is stated about a declarative sentence that is someone is ask for run away.
This sentence have a real meaning about the topic of some is ask to go away.
2) Your betrayal, your betrayal (Line 14)
The sentence above also include in declarative sentence, since its inform of someone who does a betrayal act.
3) I was told to stay away (Line 15)
This sentence has literal meaning that the subject “I” had been told by someone to keep the distance with something forbidden.
4) Now that we can't be together (Line 25)
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The sentence above inform the real meaning of two person that cannot stay together anymore. So, it does not convey a figurative meaning at all. c. Hyperbole
In “Your Betrayal” song lyric, there are 8 lyric that contain a hyperbole meaning. Those sentences are:
1) Am I going insane? (Line 1)
Hyperbole expression is contained in lyric Am I going insane? Found in line 1.
The hyperbole expression lies in the word “insane”, which means an extreme mentally disordered. It has exaggerate meaning since it used the word insane. It has a meaning that the writer get very depressed or frustrated in his life.
2) My blood is boiling inside of my veins (Line 2)
The lyric my blood is boiling inside my veins on line 2 has exaggerate meaning since how come that blood can be boiled inside veins. Veins is a part of human body which is impossible to be boiled like a water. The lyric in this line wants to show that the writer is in rage. The writer’s feeling filled with rage is compare to boiling blood.
3) I'm not to blame if your world turns to black (Line 6)
The lyric “I'm not to blame if your world turns to black” expresses hyperbole meaning. The words “your world turns to black” have an excessive meaning that the someone’s life will only feel sadness, gloomy and sorrow in the entire of their life. The world “black” also convey a hyperbole expression since its overstatement like there is no light anymore and all colorful things will turn into plain.
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4) As your eyes start to blister (Line 7)
The lyric “as your eyes start to blister” on line 7 has hyperbole meaning since the words “your eyes start to blister” means the eyes get bad injured which probably causing blind.
5) There's just no hope for a final embrace (Line 8)
The overstatement meaning lies on word “no hope”. It signifies the great depression of the writer’s life and seems like there is nothing can do anymore to change everything. Therefore, this sentence is categorized as Hyperbole expression.
6) Is it my turn to die? (Line 19)
The exaggerate meaning occurs in word “die”. It seems like the writer knows about when he died. It is actually about a question from the writer that is it his turn to losing her love? So the word “die” is implied about situation or condition in losing some one.
7) So now I dance in the flames (Line 21)
The hyperbole expression contains in word “dance in flame”. It has exaggerate meaning since there is no one that can survive in state of get fire.
8) You said that we'd be forever (Line 23)
The word “be forever” is categorized in hyperbole expression. The overstatement lies on the condition that human being can live in eternity. In fact that all human being will die someday.
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d. Irony
There is only one lyric classified as irony figures of speech. Irony is a statement of which the real meaning is completely opposed to its figurative meaning. The irony occurs in line 22.
1) I love you crying and screaming my name
The irony can be seen in words “love” that contrasted with “crying”. How a person could feel love at when seeing somebody crying out loud in sadness. So since it conveyed a contradiction meaning between “love” and “crying”, it is called as irony.
2. The Message of Betrayal Conveyed Through The Figures of Speech In “Your Betrayal” Song Lyric
After identified the types of figurative language that contained in “Your
Betrayal” song lyric. The second problem will elaborate about the intended message from the song’s writer about betrayal that seen through the figures of speech contained in the song lyric. In order to relate the figure of speech which have identified with the intended message from the song’s writer, contextual meaning will be used to answer second problem formulation. a. Contextual Meaning
According to Dash, context carries tremendous importance in disambiguation of meanings as well as in understanding the actual meaning of words. Therefore, the meaning of words is not always explicit (2008). the term context refers to an immediate linguistic environment (rarely detached or isolated) in which a particular word occurs. There are four types of contextual
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meaning that can be used to find out and elaborate the real meaning in a word.
There are local context, sentential context, topical context, and global context. In order to analyze the contextual meaning of the intended message from the song’s writer of “Your Betrayal” about betrayal through the figures of speech. The researcher will relate the figurative language contains in the song lyric with the contextual meaning in doing this analysis.
i. Metaphor
1) My body’s shaking, there’s no turning back (Line 4)
According to the theory of figures of speech, the sentence “My body’s shaking” In “Your Betrayal” song lyric by Bullet For My Valentine contains metaphorical meaning. The sentence of “My body’s shaking contains a metaphor meaning that implied in the word. It means to say about uncontrollable emotion of the writer which makes the writer cannot control himself.
The sentence “My body’s shaking, there’s no turning back” in line 4 has local contextual meaning. In order to comprehend the intended message. It is easier to comprehend the intended meaning by analyzing the literal and metaphorical meaning of the Key Word. The lyric has to be analyze in whole sentence to see the message. The Key Word in this sentence is “shaking” which has verb part of speech. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the literal meaning of “shaking” is to move or make something move with short quick movements from side to side or up and down (Hornby, 1995: 1079).
The word “shaking” in this lyric is related with emotional experience of the song writer. Metaphorically, “my body’s shaking” implies about
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uncontrollable emotion of the writer toward his feel of anger about something bad that has happened. The use of verb “shaking” also gives an impression toward the reader about how mad the writer is. The lyric “My body’s shaking, there is no turning back”, also supports the idea of song writer’s anger as can be seen in line
2.
2) Pay the price for your betrayal (Line 13)
Based on figurative language, the metaphorical meaning in sentence “pay the price for your betrayal” lies in word “the Price”. If we interpret the word “pay the price” in whole sentence’s context, its means that “pay the price” is about a consequence or a revenge. Thus, this lyric can be classified into metaphor sentence.
According to the theory of contextual meaning by Dash, the lyric “Pay the price for your betrayal” has contextual meaning. Then, we can translate the meaning in this sentence to reveal the intended message of the song writer through the connotative word of “pay the price”. The word “Pay” has a lexicon meaning to give some body money for work, goods, services, etc (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995: 851”. While “the price” means an amount of money for which something may be bought or sold (Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary, 1995: 916).
Then, if we relate this sentence with metaphor meaning using global context analysis. We can see the intended message of the writer tell about an act to take a revenge towards the writer’s ex-lover because of the betrayal that happened. “Pay the price” is meaning to say that someone has to take the risk or
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revenge of what have done. In this lyric, the song writer implies the emotion of anger or revenge towards the reader. the lyric “pay the price for your betrayal” also reveal the main message in this song about betrayal.
3) My heart is pounding as I say goodbye (Line 20)
The sentence above has a metaphorical meaning in word “pounding”. It is represented the feel of anxiety toward something that have done. The word
“pounding” which combine with noun “my heart” and the adverb “goodbye” give figurative meaning about a feeling of anxiety because the act of parting. So,
“pounding” is metaphorically has a meaning about feeling of anxiety.
The word “pounding” according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary, has literal meaning about a sound or feeling something beating heavily (Hornby, 1995: 903). The word “pounding” included as verb.
“Pounding” in line 20 of “Your Betrayal” song lyric becomes the key word that represented intended message of the song writer. It can be seen form contextual analysis. The word “pounding” implies the emotion of the song writer about worries and anxiety because person who the song writer love will leave with someone else. It becomes the trigger of anxiety feeling from the writer about what will happen toward theirs relationship. It is expected that the listener can imagine and feel the experience of worries and anxiety from the song writer.
4) How could you kill me and lie to my face? (Line 24)
In the sentence “How could you kill me and lie to my face?” in line 24.
The figurative language in this sentence can be seen through the words “kill” and
“face”. The word “kill” has a metaphoric meaning about feel of great
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disappointment or desperate of something. It seems like as painful as death. While
“lie to my face” has a metaphoric meaning about something that can be seen or recognize so obviously.
The word “kill”, based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary means that cause something or somebody to die (Hornby, 1995: 650). It is included the part of speech of verb. Then, the word “face” literary means the front part of the head from the forehead to the chin (Hornby, 1995: 413). It is considered as a noun
Then, the words “kill” and “face” are the key word in the lyric “How could you kill me and lie to my face?” if it is seen from contextual meaning. It is included in global context analysis. Those two key words has the intended message about the writer’s unsuspected which also questioning, how a beloved person that the song writer trust can do something that makes the song writer feel so disappoint. This lyric also reflected that the song writer can recognize obviously about the disappointment that happened. The song writer arises the feeling of disappointment and desperate towards the reader through the lyric of
“How could you kill me and lie to my face?” ii. Dead Metaphor
1) You were told to run away (Line 11)
The lyric above contains a dead metaphor figurative language expression.
It is contained dead metaphor due to it has no figurative language meaning. The words “told” and “run away” in lyric “you were told to run away” stated literal meaning about imperative expression. The lyric means that someone is ask for run
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away or go away. Since it is stated the real meaning, it is classified as dead metaphor.
The word told itself is the past form of tell. According to Meriam Webster, it has literary meaning about to give information. While the word “run away” has a literal meaning of to leave quickly in order to avoid or escape something.
The lyric “you were told to run away” has two key words which related to local contextual meaning. They are “told” and “run away”. Those words represented about imperative expression of the song writer. The song writer wants to ask someone to leave the song writer away. This lyric express the request of the song writer toward someone that the song writer love to avoid or leave the songs writer soon. This lyric has obvious meaning that can be understood by the listener.
2) Your betrayal, your betrayal (Line 14)
In “Your Betrayal” song lyric in line 14 also considered as dead metaphor figurative language expression. It is stated an information about betrayal that have done by someone. Therefore, it has no figurative meaning.
In literal meaning according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, betrayal is the action of betraying somebody or something or the fact of being betrayed (Hornby, 1995:102).
The lyric “your betrayal” in line 14 has a global contextual meaning, which emphasizes the intended message about betrayal experience of the song writer.
The key word which can be seen in word “betrayal”, give a clear message toward the listener about the action of betray from the person who is loved by the song writer. The song writer tries to emphasizes the bitter experience of the song writer
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about betrayal through this lyric. The listener will also easily catch the intended message about betrayal that conveyed in this lyric.
3) I was told to stay away (Line 15)
The sentence “I was told to stay away” on line 15 also represents dead metaphor figurative language. The meaning on this sentence is can be seen obviously through the sentence. It is stated about someone who ask for stay away or keep the distance that reflected in words “told” and “stay away”.
The literal meaning that can be seen in Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. The word “stay away” means to remain or continue in certain distance.
In contextual meaning, the key word of this lyric is “stay away”. It is reflected the song writer’s imperative expression to get in far distance from the song writer’s life. The lyric “I was told to stay away” signifies the writer feeling of hatred being close with someone. Through this lyric, the listener is expected to get the message or request from the song writer toward someone to not get too close with song writer.
4) Now that we can't be together (Line 25)
The lyric “now that we can’t be together” in line 25 of “Your Betrayal” song lyric is categorized as dead metaphor. Similar with the three sentences that have discussed above, this lyric contains no figurative meaning. It can be seen through the real meaning of this lyric which stated about the circumstances or life condition of two people that cannot be a part as one anymore. It is implied through the word “can’t” and “together”.
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Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary¸ the word “can’t” is to be able to do or make something. Due to there is a negation word, it has negative meaning. Then, the word “together” means in or into one place, mass, collection, or group (Meriam Webster online Dictionary).
If it is analyzed through contextual meaning analysis, the lyric “now that we can't be together” in line 25 has a contextual meaning. It is reflected the song writer’s hope about being apart with someone that the song writer love, due to the betrayal that have done by the person the song writer love. The negative expression also signifies the meaning of unwillingness of the song writer feeling to have a relationship with someone that the song writer love. It can be seen obviously by the word “can’t” that combined with the word “together”. The listener will immediately get the intended message from the song writer, that the song writer no longer love the song writer beloved anymore.
iii. Hyperbole
1) Am I going insane? (Line 1)
The figurative language that contains in this lyric can be categorized as hyperbole. The hyperbole expression occurs in the word “insane”, which is means an extreme mentally disordered. It has exaggerate meaning since it used the word insane.
In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, the words “insane” has a literal meaning as not sane; mad (Hornby, 1995: 615).
The key word in the lyric “am I going insane” is “insane”. When it is analyze through contextual meaning theory. This lyric has local context meaning.
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It is implied the song writer’s doubtfulness about the illogical state condition of the song writer. The illogical thing is about the song writer’s madness toward a person who betrays the song writer. The lyric “Am I going insane?” wants to show the message of the song writer’s emotion. Its tells the reader about how confuse and mad the song writer is toward the doubtfulness in the song writer’s life.
2) My blood is boiling inside of my veins (Line 2)
The figurative language in the lyric “My blood is boiling inside of my veins” is occurred in word “boiling”. It has an exaggerate meaning of furious feeling of the song writer.
Considered as literal meaning, the word “boiling” means to be heated to the point where it forms bubbles and turns to the steam (Hornby, 1995: 121).
In this lyric is also included as global context meaning. The Key Word which is conveyed the intended message of the writer. Is in the word “boiling”.
The word “boiling” in the lyric “My blood is boiling inside of my veins”, has a connotative meaning that shows the anger of the feeling about the betrayal action that have made by the song writer beloved. The word boiling shows the limitation of an anger from the song writer’s emotion. This lyric reveal about the furious of the song writer. The reader will feel of anger through this lyric.
3) I'm not to blame if your world turns to black (Line 6)
The hyperbole expression in the lyric “I'm not to blame if your world turns to black”, can be seen from the words “world” and black”. Those two words has exaggerate meaning since the world could be implies as the whole entire life of
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someone would be turn into “black”, which means that totally black out or can be implied as death.
If it is seen from literal meaning, the word “world” means the earth with all its countries and people (Hornby, 1995: 1377). While, the word “black” means the very darkest colour; the opposite of white (Hornby, 1995: 110).
In contextual meaning, the lyric “I'm not to blame if your world turns to black” has global context meaning. Through this lyric, the song writer wants to signify his revenge to someone. The writer tries to show the intended action to make someone feel the same disappointment and suffering for what have done in the song writer’s life. The word “your world” could be implied as the life of a person who the song writer wants to take revenge. Than word “turns to black” is implied about the feeling experience of a great disappointment, suffering, depressed, and probably death. Through this lyric, the reader is expected to feel about the revenge of the song writer toward somebody who has betray the song writer.
iv. Irony
1) I love you crying and screaming my name (line 22)
The irony expression in the lyric “I love you crying and screaming my name” lies on word “crying” and “screaming”. The word “love”, which is means about feeling of affection toward something that related with positive term. In contrary with the word “crying”, which is means shedding tear due to pain, distress, or sorrow. This lyric is categorized as irony, because of the contrary of word “love” with “crying”.
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In literal meaning, the word “crying” means shed tears in distress, pain or sorrow. While the screaming is give a long, loud, piercing cry or cries expressing extreme emotion or pain, in literary meaning.
The lyric “I love you crying and screaming my name”, has two key words which has contextual meaning. They are “love” and “crying”. This lyric signifies the sadistic characterization of the writer. It shows that the writer is so furious, then want to see the person who betray the song writer feel suffered and asking for forgiven toward the writer.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The song lyric Your Betrayal by Bullet For My Valentine is one of the example in how figurative language is applied on song lyric. In this song lyric, it can be identified four types of figurative languages. There are metaphor, hyperbole, irony, and dead metaphor. The metaphor occurs in 11 lyrics on “Your
Betrayal” song lyric. It can be seen the words “evil feeling” in line 3 contain a metaphor meaning. Then in line 4, the words “body’s shaking” have metaphorical meaning. The words “eyes” and “trigger” in line 5 considered as metaphor. In line
9 is identified as metaphor through the word “head”. Line 10 also has metaphor in the word heart. Line 12 the words place and light convey a metaphor. The word
“pay the price” in line 13 also has metaphorical meaning. The metaphorical meaning can be seen in words 16 “words” and “obey”. The words “pounding” and
“goodbye” contain metaphorical meaning in line 20. Line 24 in words “kill” and
“my face” contain metaphor. Dead metaphor figurative language can be found in line 11,14,18, and 25. Then, the hyperbole expression can be seen in line 1 in word “insane”. Then word “boiling” in line 2. Word “black” in line6. “Blister” in line7. The words “hope” and “die” in line 8 and 19. Also in words “flames” and
“forever” in line 21 and 23. The last but not least, the figurative language of irony occurs in line 22 in word “love” and “crying”, which have contrastive meaning.
The meanings of the figurative language that is applied in Your Betrayal song lyric, has contextual meaning that related with the intended message of the song
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writer. The intended message of the song writer is about betrayal that have done by a person who the song writer love most. Through the intended message in figurative language meaning, the reader is expected to feel the same emotional experience about the anger, the revenge and the desperation of the song writer
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Tasmin, Stefiana Natalia. “Revealing the Idea of Class Struggle through Figurative Language and Allusions in Kahlil Gibran’s ‘We and You’”. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2017.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. Lyric Of Your Betrayal By Bullet For My Valentine
YOUR BETRAYAL
Am I going insane? My blood is boiling inside of my veins
An evil feeling attacks My body's shaking, there's no turning back
Don't take your eyes off the trigger I'm not to blame if your world turns to black As your eyes start to blister There's just no hope for a final embrace
So here we are, I'm in your head I'm in your heart
You were told to run away Soak the place and light the flame Pay the price for your betrayal Your betrayal, your betrayal
I was told to stay away Those two words, I can't obey Pay the price for your betrayal Your betrayal, your betrayal
Is it my turn to die? My heart is pounding as I say goodbye So now I dance in the flames I love you crying and screaming my name
You said that we'd be forever How could you kill me and lie to my face? Now that we can't be together There's just no hope for a final embrace
So here we are, I'm in your head I'm in your heart
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APPENDIX 2. Table of Figurative Language
NO. LYRIC FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE LINE 1. Am I going insane? HYPERBOLE 1 2. My blood is boiling inside of HYPERBOLE 2 my veins 3. An evil feeling attacks METAPHOR 3 4. My body's shaking, there's no METAPHOR 4 turning back 5. Don't take your eyes off the METAPHOR 5 trigger 6. I'm not to blame if your world HYPERBOLE 6 turns to black 7. As your eyes start to blister HYPERBOLE 7 8. There's just no hope for a final HYPERBOLE 8 embrace 9. So here we are, I'm in your METAPHOR 9 head 10. I'm in your heart METAPHOR 10 11. You were told to run away DEAD METAPHOR 11 12. Soak the place and light the METAPHOR 12 flame 13. Pay the price for your betrayal METAPHOR 13 14. Your betrayal, your betrayal DEAD METAPHOR 14 15. I was told to stay away DEAD METAPHOR 15 16. Those two words, I can't obey METAPHOR 16 17. Pay the price for your betrayal METAPHOR 17 18. Your betrayal, your betrayal DEAD METAPHOR 18 19. Is it my turn to die? HYPERBOLE 19 20 My heart is pounding as I say METAPHOR 20 goodbye 21. So now I dance in the flames HYPERBOLE 21 22. I love you crying and IRONY 22 screaming my name 23. You said that we'd be forever HYPERBOLE 23 24. How could you kill me and lie METAPHOR 24 to my face? 25. Now that we can't be together DEAD METAPHOR 25 26. There's just no hope for a final HYPERBOLE 26 embrace 27. So here we are, I'm in your METAPHOR 27 head 28. I'm in your heart METAPHOR 28